ENGINEERING
TECHNICAL
FIELD
INFORMATION
NOTES
DATA
TECHNICAL
RETRIEVAL
REPORTS
TEXTS
CURRENT AWARENESS
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The
only.
or use of
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this
information
evaluation
product
or
service
S.
information
and
convenience
conclusion
to
by
the
exclusion
of
FIELD NOTES
ROAD OBLITERATION
By
When
an existing road
prism.
Some
to be put
Technician
Engineering
Civil
treatment
is
Pearson
Larry
Wallowa-Whitman
Forest Region
National
reconstructed segments of the old road remain outside
scars
of these
back into productive
6
of the new
must be made for aesthetics and to enable the land
use.
re-storing
The Wallowa-Whitman
facilities
The
mile.
best results
work
Forest
public works contracts
in
$1000 per
National
the
has included
Costs have ranged
for road reconstruction.
when
have been obtained
the ground to nearly original
obliteration of paralleling
old
from $400 to
the specifications call for
cross section.
manage-ment
This article contains
of our procedures
be done
in
of road-obliteration
samples
and
field
each individual
results
Figs.
1
plans and specifications
through 8. Obviously
on
case must be dependent
and photographs
the extent
the area its
use and
work
of the
to
visual
needs.
Old existing embankments may be used
reconstruction
design.
natural condition
can
is
as
The embankments
restored. In
some
instances the
be hauled from the new construction
Obliteration
completely
involves-a rather minor
reclaiming
to the original
amount of work
1
shows the
results
have been pulled into the old ditch
1
part of the
ground
line
fill
in
in
and a
-
material
cuts in the old roads.
most
instances.
It
It
can result
does require
Reseeding and
fertilizing
in
creative
of obliteration work. The cut and
line.
prior to the time this photo was taken.
as
reverse procedure can be used
and used to
the land and enhancing aesthetic values.
thought and planning. Figure
shoulders
a barrow source and removed
are removed
fill
was done
just
i
L
ysf
r
-
va
Work
loca-tion
Figure
An
example of removing a
facility
is
shown
in
Figure
fill
Result
of Obliteration
the old road and using the material in constructing
The dashed
2.
of old road. This photo
in
1.
was taken
lines
just
in
after
the photo indicate the
the
w
r
U
ý
ýf ý
x
ý
ý
f
fF
r
AcýE
rrý
1
Figure
1
y
2.
C
y
- Removed
2
Fill in
approximate
embankment was removed.
the Old
Road
the
new
new road
Material from the
area
now
appears
as
Figure
4 shows the
the photo to
lines
in
in
location
3.
results
-
road
fill
in a
cut area in the old road. The
Fig. 3. Dashed
lines
in
the photo
of old road.
of
Results
Filling
in
a Cut in the Old
Road
of using the excess material from the cut shown on the
the old roadbed.
The new road
the photo indicate the approximate
prism
now
location
f
Illi
dashed
fill
new
a flat cut slope for the
indicate the approximate
Figure
was used to
construction
iw
Figure
4.
- New Road
3
Prism
appears
as
a through
of the old roadbed.
left side
cut.
The
in
Figure
5
roadway
shows the aesthetic value
was
approximate
to
utilized
fill
in
in
obliterating the old road.
old roadbed to original
ground
The
level.
material from
The
dashed
new
lines
indicate
of old road.
location
ýr
ýý
a
fs
r
7s
Figure
-
5.
The Scar of the Old Road
Obliterated
construc-tion.
Figure
6 shows a process used to remove the
extending
the cut bank
The dashed
at
lines
old roadbed from view at a point
across the old roadbed with material
indicate where
the other end of the through
Figure
6.
-
the cut bank
was extended.
The same
cut.
Extension of a Cut Bank to Block the
View of Old Roadbed
4
of a
hill
by
from the new road
process was used
TYPICAL SECTION
5
5
UT
5
Deposit
5
Material
EXISTING
CUT
-ti
ROAD
FILL
SCARIFY
NOTE
1
2
3
Warp around.. lLtrees and boulders over 3 Dia...
Dimensions shown are maximum distances.
Reduce them when ordered by the Engineer.
Scarification
will
be done on
all
sections
of
the
const-ructionas
old
roadbed not overlaid by-the new
shown on the plans.
Remove
and dispose
of
culverts
in
existing
roadway as directed by the Engineer. This
work is considered incidental to obliteration.
Figure
7.
-
Sample of Typical
5
Road
Obliteration
Plan
ROAD OBLITERATION
The existing road
The
the ground.
depth
sufficient
three inches.
staked
and
30
be obliterated
old roadbed
to loosen
but
no
in
full
for this item shall include
both
on
width and to a
case to a depth less than
Dips shall be full width of
of 100 to 300
feet
road skewed between
shown on
as
plans and staked
the
for the
scarified
the surface
and constructed
off centerline
be on a per mile
shown on
as
be
shall
dips shall be placed at intervals
Drainage
by the engineer.
Payment
will
shall
as
20
the plans.
scarification
and drainage
dips and
basis.
Figure
8.
METRICATION
-
Sample of a Typical
- SURVEYING
BY THE INTERNATIONAL
By
Civil
B.
Specification
CONVERSION FACTORS
SYSTEM OF UNITS
SI
W. Hostrop
Engineer Washington
Office
INTRODUCTION
conver-sion
All
units recorded
preferred metric
work
For additional
factors.
show
the English
information
please refer to
units followed
engineering
be employed
ASTM
E380-72
by the
notation
in tables
titled
by
of
Metric
Guide.
Those conversions
of the user.
normally employed
in
surveying
Not only the American Society
of Civil Engineers American Congress
Photogrammetry
for all future
optional
should
units in parenthesis. In addition standard
powers of ten both plus and minus should
exponential
Practice
for engineering
SI
on
for Testing
Surveying
require that all units be expressed
publications.
measurements
in
Consideration
the Forest
is
are tabulated
Materials
and Mapping
in
Service Directives System.
convenience
but the American Society
and American Society
both the English
being given to include
6
here for the
of
and the SI systems
these conversions
as
DEFINITIONS
common
Only those units
to the surveying
profession are included.
Unit
Quantit
Length
metre
m
Mass
kilogram
kg
Time
second
s
Temperature
kelvin
K
Angle
radian
rad
pascal
Pa
Plane
Pressure
Area
square
Volume
cubic
metre
metre
INTERMEDIATE
A partial
by recommended
listing
-
-
N/m2
m2
-
m3
UNITS
of permissible
preference
Formula
Symbol
SI
alternative
non-SI
units
follows
Time -
use seconds
whenever possible
alternative
units are minutes
hours
days
etc.
Temperature
the Kelvin
-
the use of the Celsius scale
is
permissible in Engineering
in lieu
scale.
of
per-missible
Angles
when
the radian
is
not a convenient
alternative is the arc degree
and
its
unit for plane angles the only
decimal
submultiples
not minutes
and seconds.
PREFIXES SI APPROVED
Approved
prefixes for use are listed
Factors
Multiplication
1
101
000 000 000
109
000 000
106
1
Previously
other prefixes
communities.
micron 10.-6
Prefix
000 000 000 000
1
-ý
here.
or units
The more popular
and angstrom
2
10-10.
104
Symbol
T
tera
G
M
giga
mega
were in common
are hecta
SI
use in the United
hecto
The continued
102
use
7
deka
States engineering
101
of these prefixes
deci
10-1
and scientific
centi
10-2
and units should be avoided.
contd.
Multiplication Factors
1
000
0.001
0.000 001
0.000 000 00
l
0.000 000 000 001
Prefix
SI
Symbol
103.
kilo
k
10-3
milli
m
10-
6
micro
u
10-
9
nano
n
Pico
p
femto
f
atto
a
10-12
0.000 000 000 000 001
10-1
0.000 000 000 000 000 001
10-1
5
s
FACTORS
Foot
Foot
Inch
To
From
Length
1960-CGPM
metre
US Survey
1960CGPM
metre
metre
1960-CGPM
Link 1960-CGPM
Mile 1960-CGPM
Rod 1960-CGPM
Yard 1960-CGPM
metre
Chain
metre
metre
metre
metre
Vara Florida/
Arpent
Mass
side
of
metre
/
Arkansas
metre
Avoirdupois
kilogram
Avoirdupois
Ton Assay
Ton Long 2240
kilogram
kilogram
lbm
kilogram
Ton Short 20001bm
The
United
previously
Geodetic
-Other
in
States
use
Control
legal
JAn asterisk
3.048
in
kilogram
Survey foot
the United
Net
still has
given
is
that
States. All other
to be
values for the vara
following
value
recomputed
and arpent
a conversion
factor
exist.
values
are the
for the
new
Check
indicates
that
8
all
new
2.540
E-02
9.144
8.476
488
E-01
5.867
400
E01
1.609
5.029
E-01
E03
E00
E-01
by
891
E- 05
4.535
924
E-0l
2.834
952
E-02
2.916
667
E- 02
1.016
047
9.071
847
Code
6
legislation.
are zero.
E03
E02
definition
will be
meter value.
digits
EOl
6.479
legal ratios that
subsequent
E-0l
E00
Multiply
foot
local
0004/
000
680
680
344
200
000
2.011
on the legal 15 U.S.
based
by
1200/3937
2.011
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kilogram
Pound Avoirdupois
Ounce
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
To
From
Grain
Multiply
employed. The
Pressure
To
From
Inch of mercury
60F
N/m2
newton/metre2
Kelvin
Degree Fahrenheit
degree
Celsius
degree
Celsius
Degree Kelvin
Mean
Sidereal
Minute
second
solar
Mean
second
second
solar
Minute Sidereal
second
Second Sidereal
second
Angles
6.894
757
tk
s
s
s
To
From
by
-
32/1.8
tk
-
273.15
Multiply
s
E03
E03
tf
tc
s
by
273.15
tc
tc
To
From
Hour
85
Multiply
K
Degree Celsius
Hour
3.376
To
From
Temperature
Plane
N/m2
newton/metre2
PSI
Time
Multiply
by
E03
E03
3.600
000
3.590
170
6.000
000
5.983
617
E01
E01
9.972
696
E-01
Multiply
by
Degree angular
radian
rad.
1.745
329
E-02
Minute angular
radian
rad.
2.908
882
E- 04
Second angular
radian
rad.
4.848
137
E- 06
796
E-02
000
E-01
Grad angular
radian
rad.
1.570
Minute angular
degree
angular
1/60
Second angular
degree
angular
1/3600
Grad angular
degree
angular
9.000
Area
To
From
Arpent Arkansas
J
metre2
Acre
JThe
JThe
metre2
unit pascal
exact
value
Pa
is
will be
4.046
substituted
856
for
newton/metre2
422 E03.
9
Multiply b
m2
m2
N/m2
in
3.442
638
4.046
856
the near future.
E00
E00
Y
E03
E03
From
Area
J
Hectare
metre2
2
Foot
Inch
To
contd.
metre2
2
metre2
Mile 2
metre2
2
Chain
metre2
Section
metre2
Township
metre2
Rod
metre2
Yard
metre2
Acre-Foot
metre3
Board-Foot
metre3
Foot
3
Yard
metre3
U.
Gallon
S.
metre3
Liquid
metre3
3
metre3
Liter
Flow
From
Foot
3
metre
Cable
metre
Mile nautical
metre
Palm
metre
Hand
metre
Span
metre
Cubit
metre
Cubit Biblical
metre
metre
Military
JSince the SI System recommends
minus of three the hectare
megameter2
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
like
the
prefixes
angstrom
is
10
988
4.046
856
2.589
988
E06
E02
E06
9.323
957
E07
2.529
084
EO
8.361
274
E-01
E- 02
E- 04
by
482
E03
2.359
737
E-03
2.957
353
E-05
3.785
412
E- 03
7.645
549
E-01
1.000
000
E- 03
2.831
by
E- 02
685
by
800
560
000
000
E00
E02
E03
000
E-01
E-01
4.572
000
000
5.537
2
E-01
1.828
1.852
7.620
1.016
1.524
E- 02
E-01
E-01
7.62
values
1
1.233
2.194
of ten that are multiples
not used. For larger areas
Mm2.
2.589
Multiply
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
for the exponential
6.451
Multiply
m3/s
/s
E04
000
304
600
9.290
To
From
by
Multiply
metre3 /second
Fathom
Pace
1.000
To
/second
Miscellaneous
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
m2
To
From
Volume
Multiply
use kilometer2
Km2
plus or
or
EXAMPLES
The
2.54
factor for converting
X
1
inch
to
1
metre
is
10-2 exactly or 0.0254 exactly. Rules
precision
significant
digits rounding
listed as
and notation
E380-72.
11
2.540
000
E-02. This factor equals
for mathematics regarding
accuracy
can be found in greater detail
in
ASTM
WASHINGTON OFFICE DIVISION OF ENGINEERING NEWS
OPERA TIONS
Harold
Strickland
L.
Assistant Director
But Not Seen
Visible
Yes
they.
Forest
How
are there but
how much
about some of those Forest
Outlook
attention
for Timber in the
did
you pay
Economics
to
them What The
map you
names on that
and the geographic
boundaries
National
recently used.
and Marketing Research publications
United States formerly
Timber Trends
Demand and
and
prim-itive
prepara-tion
Price
There are write-ups of
long there
Forest
Service signs.
you
like
and
illustrations.
of
wild and scenic rivers conversion
Perhaps
eastern wilderness
you have been
studies
involved
all
etc.
in
of
the
these.
Before
Have
too
areas roadless area review
which have graphs charts
of some of
studies
special
areas to wilderness
will
be a new poster-and-small-metal-sign catalog with
the need for accuracy
ever considered
boundaries
or the geographic
came to be
in
in
the portrayal
illustrations
of the Forest
names shown on the maps we publish or
how
of all
Service
those graphics
the report
concern-ing
The
Cartographic
on
Department of Agriculture
names shown on our maps
correct geographic
The Cartographic
WO
unit in the
of Engineering Operations
Division
the Board of Geographic
are accurate
and to provide
Names
the
group
represents
the
to insure that geographic
Board with information
names.
unit maintains
and boundary changes.
Before
the official
Forest
atlases
showing each National
maps
Forest
boundary
Modifi-cation
general format National
Records are
also
of National
Forest
maintained
Forest
all
by
Series
boundaries
this
are published they
and geographic
unit for the publication
Boundaries.
12
are edited
names by personnel
in
Establishment and
for
this unit.
The Cartographic
unit also
They
Service conditions.
other special
of the
Cooperative
Forest
Lew
Glover
heads
WO
this
Divisions of Timber
their
special
and
Cartographic
talents
maps
mentioned
showing Forest
Congress
botanical
earlier as
Lands
Management Research
and
drawings
well as for the
Management
Fire
others.
Ed Marshall
His principal assistant
unit.
Robert
maintenance.
atlas
Geographic Names. Hazel
add
members of
for
graphs covers
charts
prepare
Fire Control
and
for boundaries
also
maps
special
material for the publications
illustrative
publications
prepares
Driskell
Hartman Monroe Weston
is
responsible
Davis and Marjory
Josephine
needed for publications
to complete the illustrations
is
the representative to the Board of
like
Herfurth
those
mentioned above.
IMPROVEMENTS
TECHNOLOGICAL
Heyward
Taylor
T.
of Engineering
Assistant Director
road-way
rela-tionship
Generated Graphics
Computer
Resource managers
agree with
planners
teams and private
interdisciplinary
Confucius that one picture
citizens
worth a thousand words.
probably
will
Computer programs
all
are
near-by
now
on
available
UNIVAC
the
on a photograph.
procedure
This
is
1108 for displaying a perspective
help diverse groups
will
view of a section
of people
of a proposed road to the terrain. These computer-generated
photographs are highly
understand
how
resources.
effective
For example one can actually see
using computer-generated
We
have
you
many
visitors
opportunity
have
graphics
Our display
of an engineering
excellent
If
NOTE
trees a
meadow
how
a display
to
for
the Division
you
to
you would
the Directorss
which you would
including
visibly
like
please
Office
is
ready
willing to loan us for
13
us
will affect
an
ground or a barn. By
for
staking.
know.
for a
change
Do you
have
awhile
countries.
your favorite project.
let
help
road
plots on
the user
there are ample opportunities
some from foreign
introduce
shown
be
will
the
close the proposed road will be to
for these situations
board outside
project
procedure
to an existing
a salmon spawning
well in advance of any construction
locating changes
display
sources. This
proposed road or an improvement
the
eagles nest a group of aspen
EDITORS
information
visualize
perspective
of a
This display
would
be
an
a
report-ing
Region
their
experiences
a forthcoming
in
program and graphic
the computer
testing
months. They are enthused with the
several
on
have been
2 personnel
possibilities
article
procedures
of the program and
will
for
be
in Field Notes.
CONSUL TA TION AND STANDARDS
Charles R. Weller
Assistant Director
A
Information System.
Transportation
design of format and data characteristics.
TSPP
ready
by
for initial use
and
test
late
various
Handbook.
Surveillance
a traffic
A renewed
Operations.
The Washington
as
Project
which we hope
a
traffic
is
being
recurring questions
regulation
may be necessary to
in
manuscript form and
desiring assistance in planning
made
Lands
to develop
and designing
and adopt a Service-wide
present
plans an early review
analysis
concerning
the applicability
and future
indicate that
traffic
situations
commercial users and the government.
made by Region
needs. These questions
satisfy
be
they are completed.
a shared responsibility between
of a study team problem
many
will
TSPP.
contact
is
as
has been published
Forest
Office Engineering and
result
are receiving
specific
Any
System Planning
the system
road maintenance agreement for cost-share agreement areas and other
where maintenance
program
effort
handbook
recently met to complete
be kept informed of progress and asked
will
of the system
This
project should
surveillance
cooperative
We
Transportation
next year. Regions
elements
distributed to Regions and Forests.
Road
The
has been assigned responsibility for developing
to review
Traffic
work group
Service-wide
new
management
of the cost-share
road
1.
of
CFR 212
to
or revised regulations
objectives.
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14
GPO 869.210