V
M E S ‘9 8
Science In Service To Animals
DNA Vaccines
VETERINARY MEDICAL EXPERIMENT STATION
COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
THE UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA
ATHENS, GEORGIA
V
M E S ‘98
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
College of Veterinary Medicine
The University of Georgia
Athens, Georgia 30602
July 1, 1997 to June 30, 1998
22nd Annual Report
Enhancing animal production, profitability, and well-being by improving animal health.
This 22nd Annual Report is published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.
Director: Dr. Harry W. Dickerson
Managing Editor: Mary Hooper
Writer and Associate Editor: Robin Tricoles
Designers: Jimmy Davidson and Lari Cowgill
Cover Design: Lari Cowgill and Kip Carter
Illustrator: Kip Carter
Photographers: Vivian Dixon and Joey Rodgers
This report may be viewed in Adobe Acrobat form at www.vet.uga.edu/testbed/html/vmes98.pdf
VMES Objectives
Over the years, the Veterinary Medical
Experiment Station has supported a wide
range of research projects touching almost
every critical aspect of human life, from
the food we eat and the clothes we wear to
our physical, emotional, and economic
health and the quality of our environment.
This tradition continues as is evident in the
profiles of 1997-98 research described in
this report. The past year’s projects
encompass efforts aimed at improving productivity and health of poultry and livestock, bettering life’s quality for companion animals, and tackling tough interdisciplinary problems in biotechnology and
disease surveillance.
Prior to their initiation, each of these
projects was evaluated for scientific merit,
importance to animal health, consideration
for experimental animal welfare, and role
in meeting the research objectives of the
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station.
2
These objectives are the following:
To improve the health and productivity
of domestic livestock, poultry, fish, and
other income-producing animals and
wildlife through research.
To assist in preventing disease
epidemics by providing laboratory
resources and highly skilled scientific
personnel.
To assist in protecting human health
through the control of animal diseases
transmissible to man.
To improve the health of companion animals which serve to enrich the lives of
humankind.
To train new scientists in animal health
research in order to provide continuity
and growth in this area of veterinary
medicine.
Contents
2
VMES Objectives
4
Report of the Director
5
DNA Vaccine Overview
6
Poultry
12
Fish
13
Cattle and Other Ruminants
16
Horses
18
Swine
19
Wildlife
21
Companion Animals
24
Financial Highlights:
Research Funding
24
Georgia Livestock and Poultry:
Inventories and Values
24
Georgia Farm Cash Receipts
25
Research Contracts and Grants
27
Administrators and Advisors
28
Researchers
31
Selected Publications
All programs and activities of the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station are
conducted without regard to race, color, national origin, age, sex, or handicap.
3
Report Of The Director
It is with pleasure that I present the 22nd (and for myself, the first as Director) Annual
Report of the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station. It has been an exciting year, highlighted by
the completion of the new research building of the Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center,
which was officially opened on June 12, 1998. This excellent facility provides state-of-the-art
research laboratories dedicated to the enhancement of poultry health and production. Our second
new building, the Animal Health Research Center, is nearly complete as well and should be online in the fall of 1998. Together, these two facilities will ensure that the VMES attracts and
retains top-notch animal researchers engaged in the science and technology that sustains
Georgia’s animal and human populations.
Many other exciting developments are underway. Within the next few months, we hope to
initiate a national and international search for an Eminent Scholar in Animal Vaccine
Development, a position created by the Georgia Research Alliance and the Georgia General
Assembly. This scholar’s positive impact on our VMES program will be immense and will
greatly benefit the state’s animal industries.
In efforts to raise the critical mass of the station’s personnel and resources, VMES
researchers are engaged in university-wide collaborative programs such as the Interdisciplinary
Environmental Toxicology Program, and federally funded research training grants. In the near
future, several of our researchers will be involved in new initiatives in genomics and
computational biology, emerging and reemerging animal diseases, and food safety. A combined
DVM/PhD degree program is in the planning stages, and when initiated, will meet a critical need
for new clinical and basic scientists in veterinary medicine. Through efforts such as these, the
VMES ensures its leadership role in animal health research.
Our mission remains important to the people of Georgia. The Veterinary Medical Experiment
Station plays a major role in research on animal health problems of present and
potential concern to our state’s livestock and poultry industries. Our food animal
industries are valued at more than $3.2 billion. In addition, sales of livestock,
poultry, and their products account for more than half of Georgia’s annual farm
income. A commitment at the state level to conduct research on animal health is
a smart investment, particularly in view of the limited availability of federal
funding specifically targeted for animal health research.
Station researchers, using a science-based approach, addressed many challenging animal health problems this year in areas of infectious diseases, disease
diagnosis, and disease treatment and prevention. The 22nd Annual Report
provides a brief description of many of the VMES supported projects during the
fiscal year of 1997-98. Additional information on these projects can be obtained
by contacting the VMES office or the investigators themselves. A list of
publications resulting from these studies is included in this report for your
perusal.
Finally, beginning with this issue and in each subsequent VMES Annual
Report, we plan to focus on a specific new research area, technology, or breakthrough that is sure to have a critical impact on animal health. This will be done
through a cover illustration and an accompanying article. This year our topic of
interest is DNA vaccination (page 5).
I hope that you find this year’s report of interest and welcome your comments regarding our present and future research efforts.
Harry W. Dickerson, BVSc, PhD
4
DNA Vaccines
Ever since Dr. Edward Jenner’s famous experiment in 1796, which introduced
vaccination as a preventive measure against small pox, doctors have been using vaccination to prevent many diseases in humans and animals. Conventional vaccines consist of
the disease agent that has been killed or modified so it no longer can cause disease.
When the vaccine is administered, the body recognizes it as a foreign substance and an
immune response, which protects the individual from that specific disease, is induced. If
the disease agent is encountered again, antibodies and lymphocytes (immune cells)
attack and kill it.
After an immune response is induced as a result of a natural infection or
vaccination, the body typically makes antibodies and lymphocytes against proteins that
make up the disease agent. In general, the flow of molecules at the cellular level is DNA
to RNA to protein. The genetic information contained in the DNA is transferred to
RNA, which is used by the cell machinery to synthesize proteins, which are the building
blocks of the cell or disease agent. So, each protein that makes up the disease agent has
a corresponding gene (segment of DNA). Using molecular biology,
we can extract DNA from a disease agent and isolate the gene that
contains the information for the protein that induces a protective
immune response.
DNA vaccines are genes from a disease agent that are
injected directly into the body. The cells of the body take up the
DNA, and proteins are synthesized through the natural flow of molecules in the cell (DNA to RNA to proteins). Because those proteins resemble the proteins that make up the disease agent, they are
recognized as foreign by the body, and an immune response is
induced. This is the basis behind DNA vaccination.
A tremendous amount of research has been conducted on
DNA vaccines, and the future of DNA immunization appears very
Dr. Mark Jackwood, Associate Professor at the Poultry
bright. DNA vaccines have been shown to be safe and extremely
Diagnostic and Disease Laboratory, analyzing nucleic
effective for a wide variety of disease agents.
acid data.
E
F
D
G
C
B
A
DNA (B) is extracted from the disease agent (A) and made into a DNA vaccine (C). The DNA vaccine is injected intramuscularly (D)
into a chicken, which produces sensitized macrophages (E). These sensitized macrophages communicate their information to immune
cells (F), which produce antibodies (G). The antibodies, in conjunction with immune cells, destroy the disease agent.
5
Poultry
Georgia’s poultry industry dominated the state’s animal agricultural dollars with
more than $2.5 billion in annual revenue in 1996. The state’s poultry industry is
continuing to expand as broiler production in Georgia increased from 20.6
million per week in 1995 to 22.2 million per week in 1996. The urbanization of
northern Georgia is causing the broiler expansion to occur primarily in the state’s
southern section. Because of the intensive management system, poultry
producers emphasize disease prevention. VMES scientists have responded to
industry demands by developing vaccines to prevent infectious diseases. They
are also helping to improve poultry health by developing inexpensive, rapid, and
accurate methods for disease diagnosis. Although the primary poultry health
concerns are respiratory diseases, recent efforts have been initiated to control
type J avian leukosis virus, a major cause of the tumor, myeloblastosis.
Researchers are also focusing on the reduction of potential human pathogens on
poultry products nationwide.
6
Increasing Resistance to Marek’s Disease
via Immune Modulation
Diagnostics for Avian Enteric Coronavirus
Infections in Commercial Poultry
The overall objectives of this project are to
establish the importance of natural killer (NK)
cell-like activity in the innate ability of chickens to resist Marek’s disease virus (MDV)
infection and to then determine whether modulation of this natural immunity (NK cell activity) could be used as part of Marek’s disease
prevention programs.
We have assessed NK-like activity of
chickens having haplotypes reported to confer
either resistance, N-2a chickens (B13), or sensitivity, P-2a chickens (B21), to MDV. The
results from cytotoxicity assays indicate N-2a
chickens have greater killing capabilities by
NK cells than the P-2a chickens. The N-2a
chickens displayed greater killing at one, two,
and three weeks of age, with the increase
becoming significant by the third week. We
have also compared NK activities in two commercial lines of broilers: Arbor Acres line and
Perdue line. Between these two broiler lines
we found the Perdue birds to have significantly
higher natural cytotoxic ability. Studies were
performed to assess the efficacy of possible
immune modulators on susceptibility to
Marek’s disease. NK cell activity was assayed
at day 7 postvirus challenge (day 14 postmodulation). Surviving birds were euthanized, and
necropsy with histopathology was performed
at six weeks for determination of disease susceptibility, organ involvement, and severity of
disease. In the broiler line (Arbor Acres), the
immunomodulator significantly increased the
NK-like cytotoxic activity. Comparison of
immunomodulated birds with birds that
received only virus suggests that the
immunomodulator may be a protective factor
against Marek’s disease in this broiler line.
Denise I. Bounous, Steven E. Poet, William L.
Ragland, Mark A. Goodwin
dbounous@calc.vet.uga.edu
Virus neutralizing polyclonal antibodies
were developed in rabbits using multiple
immunizations of adjuvant plus purified cell
culture-origin sucrose gradient purified avian
enteric coronavirus (AEC). The antibodies
were used to develop 1) an indirect immunofluorescent antibody detection system (IFA)
for either AEC or anti-AEC antibody after
infection; 2) fluorescent detection of AEC in
frozen tissue sections; and 3) immunohistochemical detection of AEC in formalin-fixed
tissue sections. The IFA system was adapted to
96 well microtiter plates to increase throughput. The latter antibody technique is currently
being used as part of the eradication plan to
detect flocks naturally infected with AEC, so
they can be eliminated to prevent spread to
other poultry farms. Bovine enteric coronavirus was found to infect commercial turkeys.
Infection of poultry with this virus leads to
confusion in AEC eradication programs. We
have developed seven monoclonal antibodies
(Mabs) against AEC surface proteins. These
Mabs are being used in the IFA test to differentiate AEC infection from bovine coronavirus
(BCV) infection in cell cultures and birds.
Genes coding for the S surface viral protein of multiple AEC isolates have been
sequenced and primer sets constructed to identify these genes. Polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) assays have been developed based on
these primers. These PCR primers and additional primer sets are currently being investigated for in situ use as probes for AEC. In
addition, sequences coding for AEC viral protein S are being cloned into vectors for production of vaccinal quantities of this viral protein
for test immunization.
Thomas P. Brown, Doris D’Souza, Laura Kelly,
AnaPatricia Garcia
tbrown@arches.uga.edu
Differential Diagnosis of Infectious
Laryngotracheitis Viruses by PCR
Infectious Laryngotracheitis is a severe
acute respiratory disease of chickens caused by
Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV), a
member of the family Alphaherpesviridiae.
During 1994-1995, ILT outbreaks were reported in Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas, and
Delaware. These outbreaks caused severe
financial losses to the poultry industry. The
major obstacle against the effective control and
prevention of the disease is the inability to
clearly and easily determine the source of outbreaks. Therefore, discrimination of ILTV
strains of different pathogenicity, and particularly of field isolates from vaccine strains, is a
major necessity. The main objective of this
project is to develop a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test capable of distinguishing
among ILTV strains circulating in the field.
We have identified restriction enzyme site differences in the gE gene, and the upstream
region of the ICP4 gene. Digestion of PCR
products with specific enzymes, deduced from
the sequence data obtained during this year’s
project, has allowed us to characterize field
isolates as either “chicken embryo origin
(CEO) like,” or “tissue culture origin (TCO)
like” vaccine strains. Most importantly, we
have identified restriction enzymes that produce restriction fragment length polymorphism
(RFLP) patterns unique to some of the field
isolates analyzed. These indicate that specific
mutations are acquired by field isolates at
these particular areas of the genome, for example, digestion of PCR products of the seven
field isolates with enzymes DdeI, MnLI,
and Ple.
Maricarmen García
mcgarcia@arches.uga.edu
process of producing a recombinant chicken
beta-defensin.
Recombinant peptides will be used to
characterize the complete spectrum of antimicrobial activity against avian pathogens.
Moreover, development of resistance to these
endogenous antibiotics by pathogenic bacteria
can be studied using recombinant defensins.
Ultimately, it may be possible to manipulate
this endogenous defense system to enhance
disease resistance in poultry.
Barry G. Harmon and Mark W. Jackwood
harmonb@calc.vet.uga.edu
Recombinant Vaccines for Infectious
Bronchitis Virus
The main objective of this proposal is to
develop a recombinant vaccine for infectious
bronchitis virus (IBV). A plasmid expression
vector that works in an avian cell line is being
used to express the immunogenic spike glycoprotein of IBV. The expressed protein is being
characterized and tested for its suitability as a
subunit vaccine in chickens. In addition, a
newly redesigned nucleic acid vaccine for IBV,
which provides higher expression of the IBV
spike glycoprotein, was tested and found to be
efficacious when given to young chickens by
intramuscular injection at 1 and 14 days of
age. We are currently examining the immune
response generated by that vaccine, as well as
testing for its suitability when given in ovo.
Mark W. Jackwood
mjackwoo@arches.uga.edu
Antimicrobial Peptides in Broiler Chickens
Antimicrobial peptides are important components of innate disease resistance in vertebrate and invertebrate animals. These peptides
arm phagocytic leukocytes and mucosal
epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tract with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity and serve as the first line of
defense against microbial pathogens. Recently,
we discovered the cDNA sequences for two
chicken and two turkey heterophil antimicro bial peptides, referred to as betadefensins. We will now attempt to sequence
the genes that encode the avian defensins and
then study the regulation and expression of
these genes. We have cloned the cDNA
sequences for a chicken peptide and are in the
Victoria Leiting works on DNA fingerprinting of Mycoplasma organisms.
7
Avian Mycoplasmosis
The avian mycoplasmas,
Mycoplasma gallisepticum
(MG) and Mycoplasma.
synoviae (MS) occur as eggtransmitted infections causing
respiratory, joint, and tendon
disease in chickens and
turkeys. The objectives of this
study were to improve detection and control measures for
avian mycoplasma infection,
to study pathogenesis, and to
determine the incidence of
avian mycoplasmas by DNA
“fingerprinting.” A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
with random primers
(RAPD), developed for rapid
identification of specific
strains of MG and other avian
mycoplasmas is now routinely used to identify (fingerprint) specific strains and
identify sources of infection.
A library of avian mycoplasma isolates containing several
hundred
isolates has proven
Dr. Susan Sanchez perpares an ELISA test to
to be very useful in studying
detect Pasteurella multocida.
strain variation. In addition,
PCR primers that detect all
known mycoplasmas, followed by cutting the
PCR product with specific enzymes, were utilized to identify specific strains of MG. MG
strains could be categorized into at least six
groups by this method. This may provide a
method of “fingerprinting” that would not
require prior isolation of the organism, which
is often very difficult and might take up to
three weeks.
MG vaccine strain ts-11, previously
shown by us to be effective in multiple age
commercial egg operations for MG control and
eradication, has been studied in broiler breeders. This strain was very effective in the field,
and measurable protection continued for the
life of the flock. MG, which is pathogenic for
chickens and turkeys, is widespread in wild
house finches and now seems to be on the
decline. Few new cases were identified. A
model for consistent reproduction of clinical
synovitis with field strains of MS was developed. This method will prove useful in studies
evaluating antibiotic medication and/or vaccination. In collaboration with Dr. Dusan
Bencina at the University of Ljubljana in
Slovenia, the hemagglutinin (HA) of MS was
identified as a virulence factor. HA positive
clones were pathogenic, whereas HA negative
strains were not. These results improve our
ability to detect and control MG and other
mycoplasmas in commercial poultry.
Stanley H. Kleven, Willie D. Hall, Marcus
Head, Kathy Turner, and Victoria Leiting
skleven@arches.uga.edu
8
Neuraminidase is a Conserved Antigen of
Pasteurella multocida
“Sometimes there breaks out in the poultry-yard a disastrous disease, commonly
known as chicken cholera. The animal which
is prey to this infection is without strength,
trembles and has drooping wings.” Louis
Pasteur spoke these words in 1880 when he
revealed his fowl cholera vaccine to the Paris
Academy of Sciences. Pasteur, now known as
the father of modern microbiology, developed
the first attenuated-live vaccine effective
against infection. Live vaccine strains are still
used today to prevent fowl cholera. However,
the available live vaccine strains are often too
pathogenic for use in chickens, and killed vaccines induce protection only against closely
related strains of Pasteurella multocida, the
bacterium responsible for the disease. We propose to create a recombinant vaccine that will
induce protection against all P. multocida
strains. We have cloned and sequenced a gene
present in all strains of P. multocida.
Furthermore, we have protected chickens from
fowl cholera using recombinant protein from
this gene. The long-term goal of our research
is to create an effective broadly protective vaccine against fowl cholera that can be inexpensively used by Georgia poultry producers.
Margie D. Lee
leem@calc.vet.uga.edu
The Distribution of Virulence Specific-Genes
among Avian Escherichia coli Isolates
Although usually commensal residents in
mammals and birds, a small percentage of
Escherichia coli isolates can cause disease in
their hosts. Virulence of any microbe is dependent on the organism’s genetics. We have
examined the distribution of specific virulence
genes among avian E. coli encountered in
northern Georgia. Genes encoding for
hemolysins and toxins were absent in avian E.
coli as determined from either polymerase
chain reaction (PCR) or Southern blots. Other
genes, such as the capsule gene kps and sialic
acid-binding lectin sfa, are present in avian E.
coli but at a low frequency. Emphasis has been
placed on looking at the distribution of P-fimbrial genes among avian E. coli. We looked
specifically at the adhesin protein of the P-pili,
PapG. This protein determines specificity of
disaccharides recognized by the pili. In
uropathogenic E. coli, there are three PapG
alleles, PapGJ96, PapGIa, and PrsG, that recognize three different galactosyl disaccharides
present on the glyolipids of red blood cells.
The PapG allele, PapGIa, is the only adhesin
that has been identified in avian E. coli by
either PCR or Southern blot. This gene was
present in 25% of the E. coli isolates
examined.
Hemolysin is one type of virulence factor
that assists in the pathogenesis of E. coli.
Currently, hemolytic activity in E. coli has
been attributed to one of two alpha hemolysin
genes found in either uropathogenic of enterohemorrhagic E. coli. Hemolytic avian E. coli
isolates, however, lack both these E. coli
hemolysin genes. A “new” E. coli gene, hylE,
was identified which lacked the conserved
amino acid sequence and accessory genes
common to alpha hemolysin. The hlyE gene
was found to map at position on the E. coli
chromosome where virulence genes are commonly found in uropathogenic E. coli. In
cloning another E. coli hemolysin gene, an E.
coli gene was identified that was similar to a
Salmonella virulence gene. We are currently
investigating the distribution of this “new”
gene among E. coli pathogenic for poultry.
Characterization of these virulence genes will
assist in our development of probes and crossprotective vaccines against avian E. coli.
John J. Maurer
jmaurer@arches.uga.edu
Investigation of Hatchery Disinfectant
Efficacy and Effect on Broiler Production
Hatchery sanitation has a significant
impact on chick quality. The proper use of disinfectants is essential. A disinfectant with great
promise as a hatchery sanitizer due to its low
cost, efficacy, and low level of toxicity is
hydrogen peroxide. Aerosol bacterial counts,
egg moisture loss, hatchability, chick quality,
and broiler productivity were measured in eggs
exposed to hydrogen peroxide fogging and
compared with eggs not exposed to disinfectant during the incubation period. The efficacy
of hydrogen peroxide was also evaluated in the
presence of severe challenge with
Staphylococcus aureus contaminated eggs.
There was a significant reduction in aerosol
bacterial counts within the hatcher when incubators were fogged with 3% hydrogen peroxide when compared with water-fogged
machines, even in the face of high bacterial
challenge. Eggs exposed to hydrogen peroxide
lost a significantly greater amount of moisture
during incubation, but hatchability was not
affected. The use of hydrogen peroxide as a
hatchery sanitizer did not affect broiler livability, body weight, or feed conversion but did
reduce the incidence of retained yolk sacs in
42-day old chickens.
Jean E. Sander and Jeanna L. Wilson
jsander@arches.uga.edu
Incorporation of Computer-Assisted
Learning in Poultry Disease Training
The poultry industry in the United States
is a $40 billion industry, which requires the
attention of qualified experts in the field of
poultry health. An explosion of knowledge is
occurring in veterinary and agricultural sciences. The study of poultry health is highly
specialized with a few select students entering
the field. Because the majority of students lean
in other directions, many veterinary and agricultural curriculums are unable to maintain
poultry health courses. A computerized autotutorial learning system for the study of poultry diseases is being developed to fill this educational void. The main objective of this computer program is to support the teaching of
anatomy and pathology of different poultry
species. The disease topics are presented by
organ system and etiology. Basic information
such as a glossary, detailed postmortem directions, description of the types of poultry, and
information on husbandry practices such as
biosecurity is offered to the student to accommodate every level of knowledge. The format
of the program uses the Internet through
Netscape with only local use allowed. Links
are provided within the program to allow the
student to access a selected topic for study, or
the student can proceed through the program
from beginning to end. Images are incorporated in the text to allow the student to see the
lesions associated with each disease.
Jean E. Sander
jsander@arches.uga.edu
Investigation of Natural Disease Outbreaks
and Field Trial Studies
Respiratory disease
was investigated in one
broiler operation. Viral
serology, isolation, and
polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) were used to identify
the primary agent as infectious bronchitis. Secondary
bacterial infection with
Bordetella avium,
Escherichia coli, and
Ornithobacterium
rhinotracheale (ORT) was
confirmed by bacterial culture of tracheal swabs.
Modification of the vaccination program helped to
alleviate the problem.
Aspergillus fumigatus
was isolated from young
chicks with early mortality
and respiratory problems.
Recommendations from our
clinical veterinarians helped
the integrator to bring the
problem under control.
Hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) serology, virus
isolation, and PCR tests
Dr. Jean Sander performs a preliminary examination
revealed that Arkansas 99
of day-old chickens prior to microbiological tests.
strain of infectious bronchitis virus was the cause of a
9
respiratory problem in a broiler operation.
Modification of the vaccination program
brought the problem under control. The estimated annual saving is more than $100,000.
The PCR technique has permitted generation of more useful and timely information
than classical diagnostic techniques for infectious bronchitis and mycoplasmas. Research
continues and new PCR tests will be applied to
diagnostics as applications are developed.
Diagnostic Services Laboratory activity is
represented by 5,107 accessions, 20,481 bacterial procedures, 979 antimicrobial susceptibilities, 56,832 enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent
assay (ELISA), 17,632 infectious bronchitis
hemagglutination-inhibition (IBV-HI) tests,
22,000 histopathology slides, 248 diagnostic
PCR tests, and 579 necropsies.
Stephan G. Thayer, R. Kenny Page, George N.
Rowland, Thomas P. Brown, Jean E. Sander,
John R. Glisson, Stanley H. Kleven, Pedro
Villegas, Stanley A. Vezey
sthayer@arches.uga.edu
Isolation, Identification, and Control of
Avian Viruses
Several molecular techniques, including
polymerase chain reaction (PCR), reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR),
restriction fragment length polymorphism
(RFLP), and in situ hybridization, were used to
analyze important sequences of the nucleic
acid of field strains of infectious bursal disease
virus (IBDV). One strain from Georgia was
similar in sequence to Delaware E variant
strain, a second strain was similar to the GLS
strain also reported from the Delmarva area,
and a third strain was similar to the pathogenic
classic standard strain. The results obtained
were similar with all the molecular techniques
evaluated. Analysis of portions of the viral
Dr. Pedro Villegas examines a tissue culture for lesions associated with infection
of avian viruses.
10
nucleic acid indicated that the genetic variation
observed among the IBDV isolates are due to
natural genetic drift rather than to selective
pressures.
Four pathogenic adenoviruses isolated
from field cases associated with inclusion body
hepatitis were classified as group E adenovirus, using restriction patterns of extracted
viral DNA generated by the restriction endonucleases BamHI and HindIII. These results confirmed the pathogenicity of the isolates.
A rapid method to identify strains of
infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has been
developed. Using neuraminidase to treat the
allantoic fluid obtained from chicken embryos,
a hemagglutination reaction indicates the presence of the IBV. The method had a 98% correlation when compared with RT-PCR, which is
considerably more expensive.
Pedro Villegas
Pedrov@arches.uga.edu
Large Molecular Weight Plasmid Role in
the Pathogenesis of Avian E. coli
Financial losses due to colibacillosis cost
the poultry industry hundreds of millions of
dollars annually. Virulence traits of bacterial
organisms are encoded by specific genes located on the bacterial chromosome or on large
molecular weight (MW) plasmids. Escherichia
coli strain V-1 (V-1wt) is a well characterized,
pathogenic avian strain isolated from a broiler
chicken with colisepticemia, which contains
several plasmids, two of which are high MW
plasmids.
We are looking for a genetic marker (designated epv) that indicates the putative virulence gene located on the virulence plasmid,
pWT3 (of E. coli strain V-1), and we want to
determine what this virulence factor contributes to the mechanism of pathogenicity in
avian disease. The organisms to be tested
include E. coli strain V-1wt, E. coli strain V1wt restored with the virulence gene, and
appropriate positive and negative controls. The
ability of the organisms to kill chicken embryonated eggs will be used as a measure of virulence for the organisms tested. Twelve-day-old
chicken embryos will be inoculated with
approximately 102 colony forming units
(CFUs) of the appropriate isolate, which is
deposited into the allantoic fluid. In another
procedure, 102 CFUs will be inoculated into
the yolk sac of six-day-old embryos. Embryos
will be candled daily. The number of deaths
will be recorded, and tissues will be taken for
reisolation and histopathology. Previous statistical analysis has shown us the Embryo
Lethality Assay performed with 20 embryos
/group repeated at least three times is sufficient
sampling for statistical analysis. Once the epv
gene is delineated, we want to compare the
mechanism(s) of pathogenicity between the
wild-type organism and the wild-type organ-
ism without the epv gene. The results of the
embryo lethality will then be used to decide
the challenge model for adult chickens to
further the understanding of the virulence
mechanism(s) associated with pWT3 of E. coli
strain V-1wt.
Richard E. Wooley, Penelope S. Gibbs ,and
Thomas P. Brown
rwooley@calc.vet.uga.edu
Evaluation of Mechanism of Tendon Failure
in Heavy Meat Type Birds
In heavy meat type birds, lack of tendon
integrity and associated lameness are poorly
understood. The specific role of growth rate,
management practices, and strain of bird in the
genesis of the problem is not clear. Tendons
may fail with no apparent lesion to explain
cause. A procedure to detect alteration in fibrillar collagen type would help define a prefailure
change in tendon quality. Utilization of monoclonal antibodies to procollagen type I and collagen type III in an immunodection procedure
has been developed to show differential
responses of avian tendon to heat, exercise,
and rupture. Eighteen day-old embryonic tendon explants grown at 43oC had decreased
procollagen and expression. Treadmill exercise
for four weeks increased procollagen collagen
with no change in collagen III. In ruptured tendons, the staining in tendon fibers was diminished for both procollagen I and collagen III.
The peritenon and epitenon, however, had
increased reactivity to both collagen types
indicative of prior injury to the tendons.
Changes in level of expression of collagen type
correlated with changes in the regulatory proteins TGFB messenger RNA.
Dr. George N. Rowland
growland@arches.uga.edu
Dr. George Rowland prepares tissue sections of avian tendon to aid in detemining why these
tissues fail in heavy meat birds.
11
Fish
Georgia’s aquaculture industry continues to expand with its greatest increase in
channel catfish. Since 1995, pond acreage for catfish farming has grown from
6,000 to 8,000 acres. Major areas of disease concern continue to be losses caused
by channel catfish virus and the bacteria Flavobacterium columnare and
Edwardsiella ictaluri. Furthermore, there have been extensive losses in Georgia
this spring because of the protozoan parasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis or Ich.
In addition to Georgia’s food fish industry, there is an increasing interest in
ornamental fish production. As Georgia’s aquaculture industries continue to
grow, research aimed at improving the health of aquatic animal species will
ultimately help growers reduce production costs and improve profits.
12
Role of Signaling Phosphoproteins in
Catfish Antibacterial Innate Resistance
Catfish Immune Response to Plasmid
Vaccination
Nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCC) are the
teleost equivalent of mammalian natural killer
cells. NCC lyse protozoa and tumor cells and
NCC may participate in anti-bacterial resistance by the release of cytokines and amplification of inflammatory responses. We have
recently identified an antigen receptor (i.e.,
natural killer receptor protein-1/NCCRP-1) on
the membrane of NCC. Cross-linkage of this
receptor with monoclonal antibody or
tumor/protozoan antigen initiates a downstream signaling process that eventually activates cytotoxicity. A major consequence of this
activation/signaling process is the phosphorylation of many different intermediate proteins
necessary for NCC function. In the present
study, we identified different “species” of
phosphoproteins. NCCRP-1 was phosphorylated on both tyrosine and serine residues. This
was identified in Western blots using monoclonal antibodies specific for phosphotyrosine
and phosphoserine residues. BOX-1 motifs are
proline-rich consensus sequences found on the
N-terminus of NCCRP-1 and on different
cytokine receptors, on growth hormone receptors, and so on. These motifs are the known
docking sites for JAK kinases. NCC membrane
lysates were treated with the chemical crosslinker DSS, and it was found that JAK-2 was
physically associated with NCCRP-1.
Additional data suggesting that NCCRP-1 is an
important signaling phosphoprotein was the
presence of STAT-6 in NCC cytosol preparations. Evidence that this protein may be associated with transcriptional activation was shown
by demonstrating that STAT-6 translocates to
the NCC nucleus. These studies demonstrated
that NCCRP-1 may be responsible for both
signaling responses and gene transcriptional
activation.
Liliana Jaso-Friedmann and Donald L. Evans
devans@calc.vet.uga.edu
Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)
farming accounts for approximately half the
total aquaculture production and farm gate
value in the United States. Compared with terrestrial food animal production industries, very
little is known about the health management
aspects of channel catfish, especially with
regard to infectious disease. As with most
commercially important food animals, there is
a pressing need for safe, effective, and inexpensive vaccines in the channel catfish culture
industry. DNA-mediated vaccines, or plasmid
vaccines, are a rapidly emerging variation of
subunit vaccines. The long-range goal of this
research is to develop safe, effective, and
affordable plasmid vaccines for infectious diseases important to the channel catfish culture
industry. The current objective in pursuit of
this goal is to investigate the catfish immune
response, both humoral and cellular, generated
by immunization with a plasmid vaccine. Our
laboratory has demonstrated that foreign protein genes under the control of mammalian
transcription promoters will be expressed by
channel catfish cells both in vitro and in vivo.
Our expectations are that, at the end of this
project, we will have demonstrated that channel catfish will mount a humoral and cellmediated immune response against an in vivo
expressed foreign antigen delivered by plasmid
vaccination. These observations will provide
preliminary data that will facilitate funding for
future research towards the development of
vaccines targeted against specific channel catfish disease agents, such as channel catfish
virus and the bacterium Edwardsiella ictaluri.
Steven E. Poet and Donald E. Evans
poets@calc.vet.uga.edu
Cattle and Other Ruminants
Cattle, sheep, and goats are three of Georgia’s important food-animal ruminants.
They are considered ruminants because their four-chambered stomach enables
them to digest copious roughage, which is inedible for direct human
consumption. These three industries have gone through recent dynamic changes.
The beef and dairy industries have liquidated their herds because of a relatively
large cattle supply, high grain market, and low milk and beef prices. Today’s cattle producers are working with narrow profit margins and must watch their
expenses more closely than ever. Consequently, biomedical researchers are
challenged to provide these industries with ways to maintain healthy animals,
which will help reduce production costs. Mastitis, Johne’s disease, brucellosis,
pasteurellosis, pneumonia, Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR),
Parainfluenza-3 (PI-3), and leptospirosis continue to challenge the immune
systems of Georgia’s cattle herds. Ruminant herd health as it pertains to food
safety is also a major concern to consumers and producers. Scientists need to
investigate pathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and other
food-borne organisms as to their origin, transmission, and prevalence.
Surface Immunity against Fescue Toxicosis
Tall fescue is a major cool weather forage
in the humid areas of the eastern and southern
United States. The fescue plants are naturally
infected with an endophyte fungus
(Neotyphodium coenophialum) that is important for persistence of the grass and for maximum forage production. Endophyte-infected
tall fescue contains ergot alkaloids. Cattle
grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue absorb
these alkaloids and develop fescue toxicosis,
which results in decreased weight gains and
calving rates. The negative effect of fescue
toxicosis is estimated to exceed $750 million
annually. Various strategies have been developed to reduce or prevent fescue toxicosis.
Nevertheless, to date, no management or treatment procedure has proved successful. Our
research group has been investigating the possibility of immunizing cattle against the effects
of the ergot alkaloids. We have developed a
vaccine that stimulates antibodies that will
bind to the ergot alkaloids. In the present
study, we are investigating whether the induction of surface immunity (production of antibodies in the mucus covering the digestive
tract) will prevent the absorption of the ergot
alkaloids in ingested fescue forage. Phase one
of the study will determine if surface antibodies can be induced by a combination of injection of the vaccine and nasal infusion of the
vaccine. The surface immune system is a unit,
and stimulation at any internal surface will
result in antibody production at all internal surfaces. Based on the results of this phase, an
efficacy trial will be done where immunized
and placebo-immunized cattle will be grazed
on endophyte-infected tall fescue. The efficacy
of this vaccine will be determined by measuring the urinary excretion of ergot alkaloids. We
have determined that cattle excrete ergot alkaloids 24 hours after starting to graze endophyte-infected tall fescue. If these trials are
successful, more extensive trials will be
designed to determine the optimum dose and
the number of vaccinations needed to provide
long-term protection against fescue toxicosis.
Donald L. Dawe, Frederick N. Thompson,
Nicholas S. Hill*, and John A. Stuedemann**
dldawe@calc.vet.uga.edu
*Crop and Soil Sciences
**Southern Piedmont Conservation Research
Center
The Role of Parasite Adhesion Proteins in
the Disease Process
Parasites exploit molecules on the surface
of host cells by producing adhesion proteins
capable of binding to them. The parasite’s goal
is to enhance its survival, which as a consequence contributes to the development of disease in humans and animals. The adhesion proteins produced by the parasite are therefore of
considerable interest, as blocking their interaction with host molecules should interfere with
an important step in the disease process. The
focus of work in this laboratory is to better
understand these interactions between parasite
adhesion proteins and the host molecules they
bind. The starting point of this research is a
family of adhesion molecules in the parasite
Plasmodium falciparum, an agent of human
malaria. During the past year, the complete
sequence of the gene encoding a new adhesion
molecule has been obtained, and work is
underway to determine how it interacts with
13
Dr. Fred Thompson, a recognized authority in fescue toxicosis, has been working
in this area of research for 15 years.
target molecules on host cells. Using the DNA
sequence of this gene, several other putative
adhesion molecules have been identified.
There are significant similarities between P.
falciparum and several parasite pathogens of
veterinary importance, most notably species
Babesia (parasites of cattle, horses, and dogs).
The techniques and reagents developed for the
study of adhesion molecules in Plasmodium
are now being used to detect similar molecules
in Babesia. The discovery of novel adhesion
molecules in Babesia will allow these techniques to be adapted to the detection of adhesion molecules in a wider array of pathogenic
parasites that impact human and animal health,
such as Cryptosporidium and Eimeria. These
adhesion molecules are expected to provide
important new targets for development of vaccines and antiparasite drugs.
David S. Peterson and David Allred*
dpeterso@calc.vet.uga.edu
*University of Florida
Sequential Western Blot Analysis of Bovine
Humoral Immunity to Paratuberculosis
14
Johne’s disease (paratuberculosis) caused
by Mycobacterium avium subs. paratuberculosis (MPTB) is a chronic wasting disease of
ruminants that spreads slowly and may be present in a herd for years prior to diagnosis. In
the United States, it is estimated that the prevalence of infection is between 5-20%. Infected
cows have diarrhea, decreased milk production, and body condition. Losses to the dairy
industry alone exceed $1.5 billion per year.
Though controversial, MPTB may also be a
human pathogen. Crohn’s disease is a chronic
transmural inflammatory disease of the intestinal tract that has clinical and pathologic features similar to paratuberculosis. The sequential humoral immune response to MPTB is not
well studied, and this lack of information hinders development of serologic tests that target
molecules recognized early in the immune
response. The objective of this project is to
analyze by Western blot, the sequential
humoral immune response of calves infected
with MPTB. Our long-term goal is to develop
serologic diagnostic assays that have greater
potential to diagnose this chronic disease than
is currently possible. Detection of early infection would allow producers a better tool to
identify and eliminate MPTB infected cattle
and limit spread to other animals and the environment.
Holstein calves obtained from herds with
MPTB test-negative status were orally inoculated with MPTB strain 19698. A Western blot
assay to detect MPTB antibody has been
developed utilizing enhanced chemiluminescence. Serum samples are collected and analyzed every four weeks for antibody to MPTB
by Western blot. Preliminary data suggest that
by 18 months postinfection, three of six MPTB
challenged calves have developed an immune
response to an antigen comigrating at the same
apparent molecular mass. One other MPTB
challenged calf has a similar weak immune
response that is considered suspicious. This
immune response is not seen in sera from any
control calves. Antibody from only one of the
MPTB challenged calves identified this antigen before 15 months indicating that the number of MPTB calves mounting an immune
response to this antigen is significantly
increasing. Identification of MPTB specific
antigens may provide candidate molecules that
can be targeted for improved diagnostic assays
for this chronic disease.
Gordon A. Hullinger, Murray E. Hines II,
John R. Cole, Charles A. Baldwin
gah@tifton.cpes.peachnet.edu
A Survey of Genes Expressed in Bovine
Skeletal Muscle
Beef, a major food commodity, is comprised of the products of genes expressed in
bovine muscle tissue, yet our knowledge of
these genes is currently limited. Accordingly,
as a first step toward the identification, characterization, genetic mapping, and monitoring of
expression of muscle genes influencing beef
quality traits, we have initiated a bovine muscle EST (Expressed Sequence Tag) project.
This work involves the isolation and partial
sequencing of numerous unique cDNAs from a
bovine skeletal muscle cDNA library. The
sequences can be analyzed in light of
their homologies to the expanding databases of
human sequences; inferences can be made
about their map locations via comparative
mapping; and the set of sequences provides a
basis for further study into the molecular regulation of muscle structure and function.
Royal A. McGraw
mcgraw@bscr.uga.edu
The Use of in situ Hybridization to Detect
Bovine Cytokines in Tissue
Cytokines are a diverse group of low molecular weight proteins that modulate virtually
all biological processes. In infectious diseases,
cytokines are particularly important, because
the outcome of an infection depends largely on
the interplay between the infectious agent and
the cytokines induced by the host and modulated by the agent. Studying the interactions
between the infectious agent and the cytokine
can best be done through in situ hybridization,
a process allowing for visualization of the
cytokine within the tissue using nucleic acid
probes. We have made probes to many of the
main bovine cytokines, including interleukin
(IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor
(TNF)-α , interferon (IFN)-γ , and IFN-α .
Using in situ hybridization, we have examined
the presence of these cytokines in tissues from
cattle infected with Mycobacterium bovis and
foot-and-mouth disease. In tuberculous cattle,
TNF-α and IL-10 are prominent cytokines.
Interleukin-10 is noted for its ability to dampen the cellular immune response, perhaps
allowing M. bovis to persist. In foot-and-mouth
disease, two anti-viral cytokines, IFN-α and
IFN-γ, are produced in the acute infection, but
in quantities insufficient to overcome the
extremely rapid proliferation of the virus.
Corrie Brown
corbrown@calc.vet.uga.edu
In situ hybridization for vesicular stomatitis viral nucleic acid in neurons of cerebral cortex.
15
Horses
The Georgia horse industry is experiencing significant growth as more than
250,000 horses reside in this state. Equine-related services contribute about $750
million to the state’s economy. These numbers are expected to rise as Georgia’s
population continues to grow. The number of new equine training programs in
the Southeast continues to expand, and more professional trainers have moved to
the Southeast. With this growth comes an increasing concern about equine colic
and laminitis. These diseases cause major losses to the equine industry. Thus,
VMES researchers have focused on identifying better ways of treating horses
with these diseases. To date, researchers have determined the effects of bacterial
toxins absorbed during serious episodes of colic, developed treatment methods
that inhibit action of some of the toxins, developed improved techniques to anesthetize horses, and identified the earliest changes that occur in the digit of horses
that develop acute laminitis. It is the researchers’ collective goal to learn more
about the development of these diseases so that appropriate measures can be
designed to prevent them in the future.
Evaluation of the Effect of Polymyxin B
Sulfate on ex vivo Endotoxemia in Horses
three doses of polymyxin B sulfate significantly inhibited endotoxin-induced tumor necrosis
factor. Inhibition was slightly better against E.
coli endotoxin, as compared with S. minnesota.
Preliminary results indicate that the 10,000
units polymyxin B sulfate/kg dose effectively
inhibited 90% of endotoxin-induced tumor
necrosis factor activity for up to 6 hours,
whereas the 1,000 units/kg dose inhibited 75%
of endotoxin-induced tumor necrosis factor
activity for 3 hours. The latter dose would
cost only approximately $10 for a single treatment for a 450 kg horse. Signs of drug toxicity
were not detected. Our ultimate goal is to identify an affordable, safe, and effective dose of
polymyxin B sulfate for the treatment of
equine endotoxemia in the clinical setting.
Michelle H. Barton and Anna Parviainen
mbarton@calc.vet.uga.edu
Gram-negative bacterial septicemia and
acute gastrointestinal disease are leading causes of death in foals and adult horses, respectively. The high mortality rate in these diseases
is associated with the release of bacterial endotoxin. Once in the blood, endotoxin binds to
and activates leukocytes to secrete mediators,
such as tumor necrosis factor, which in turn
channel the host’s defense mechanisms toward
self-destruction and shock. The purpose of this
proposal is to evaluate polymyxin B sulfate, an
antibiotic that binds endotoxin, thereby neutralizing its toxic effects.
This project involved an ex vivo model of
equine endotoxemia in which three doses (100,
1000, and10,000 units/kg) of polymyxin B sulfate or saline (time and drug control) were
given as an intravenous bolus to eight
healthy horses. Blood was drawn at various
times before and after the administration of
polymyxin B sulfate (or saline) and
Escherichia coli or Salmonella minnesota
endotoxin (1 ng endotoxin/ml blood) were
added to heparinized blood ex vivo. After a
4-hour incubation, the plasma was assayed
for tumor necrosis factor activity. To date,
all eight horses have received the three
doses of polymyxin B sulfate or saline, and
tumor necrosis factor activity results have
been compiled on six horses for all three
doses of polymyxin B sulfate and on three
horses that received the saline control.
As expected, incubation of blood with
endotoxin induced tumor necrosis factor
activity ex vivo. In horses given saline as a
Dr. Anna Parviainen is preparing serum for an
control, tumor necrosis factor activity was
ex vivo test for exdotoxin-leukocyte binding in
consistently induced by endotoxin. All
horses.
16
Endotoxin Antagonists: Characterizing their
Interaction with Equine Monocytes
Diseases characterized by endotoxemia
remain the largest cause of death in horses
nationwide. In equine veterinary practice,
endotoxemia occurs most frequently in horses
with colic and foals with septicemia. For these
reasons, we have initiated studies designed to
identify the mechanisms by which endotoxin
causes its deleterious effects and have initiated
treatments to prevent these effects. The results
of our previous studies indicated that peripheral blood monocytes play a key role in the
development of many of the complications
associated with endotoxemia. Consequently,
the goals of this study were to characterize the
binding of fluorescent endotoxin molecules to
horse monocytes using flow cytometry and
then to determine if unique endotoxin molecules isolated from nitrogen-fixing organisms
from plants would serve as antagonists of
endotoxin activity in horses. Initially, we determined that excessively high concentrations
(10 µgrams/ml) of commercially available fluorescent endotoxins had to be used to detect
their binding to the horse monocytes. These
concentrations exceeded those measured in the
circulation of horses with colic by more than
1,000-fold. We then adapted a new method to
label endotoxins with fluorescent markers ourselves and were able to detect significant binding to horse monocytes at 6-10 ng/ml. The
results of these experiments will allow us to
more accurately characterize the binding of
endotoxins to horse cells at concentrations that
occur in natural cases of colic.
James N. Moore, Donald L. Evans, and
Russell W. Carlson*
jmoore@calc.vet.uga.edu
*Complex Carbohydrate Research Center
ty associated with abdominal surgery in horses.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the
effect of a bioresorbable HA-membrane on
experimentally induced adhesion formation
and anastomotic healing in horses.
The effect of a HA-membrane on postoperative adhesion formation was evaluated in 12
healthy horses using an established model of
serosal trauma to induce intra-abdominal adhesions. Ventral midline celiotomies and two
hand-sewn, jejunal resections and end-to-end
anastomoses were performed. Two separate
areas of the jejunum were briskly rubbed 100
times using sterile, dry gauze, and three simple
interrupted chromic gut sutures were placed in
the abraded area. In treated horses (n=6), HAmembranes were applied to the jejunum to
completely cover the anastomoses and abraded
areas of jejunum. Nontreated horses (n=6)
served as controls. Horses in both groups were
euthanatized ten days after surgery. The
abdominal cavity was evaluated for adhesion
formation and the jejunal anastomoses evaluated histologically for quality of healing.
Fibrous adhesions were associated with
both abraded jejunal sites in all six control
horses. Of the treated horses, only one abrasion site of one horse formed an adhesion.
There were significantly fewer adhesions at the
jejunal abrasion sites in the HA-membrane
group as compared with the control group.
There were no differences in anastomotic healing between groups.
The results of this study suggest that in
horses at an increased risk of intra-abdominal
adhesion formation, the use of HA-membranes
during exploratory celiotomy may reduce the
morbidity and mortality associated with
abdominal surgery.
P. O Eric Mueller, William P Hay,
Barry G. Harmon, and Lisa Amoroso
emueller@calc.vet.uga.edu
Effect of a Hyaluronate Membrane on
Adhesions and Anastomotic Healing in
Horses
Intra-abdominal adhesions are a common
cause of postoperative intestinal obstruction
and mortality in horses. Adhesions become a
clinical problem when they compress or distort
the intestine and lead to intestinal constriction
or incarceration, predisposing the patient to
intestinal obstruction and signs of abdominal
pain. A bioresorbable hyaluronate membrane
(HA-membrane) has been developed to reduce
postoperative adhesion formation in people.
The HA-membrane is placed on the intestine
to prevent serosal-serosal or serosal-peritoneal
apposition during the early postoperative healing. Agents that reduce adhesion formation
without adversely effecting normal peritoneal
healing may reduce the morbidity and mortali-
Dr. Eric Mueller examines a client’s horse at the Large Animal Teaching Hospital.
17
Swine
Many of Georgia’s hog producers have recently converted their finishing units
into farrowing houses. More hog operations are sending their two-week-old pigs
to nurseries in neighboring states and to finishing floors and packing plants in
the Midwest. Propelling this change was the closing of the state’s only major
swine processing plant in June 1996.
With these changes in production scheme, biomedical researchers are focusing
on the health needs of a sow production system. Georgia scientists are working
to improve herd health by eliminating porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), pseudorabies, and brucellosis. With respect to food safety, VMES
scientists are testing ways to reduce the numbers of microbial agents in
Georgia’s hog farms, thereby reducing human foodborne pathogens.
Inflammatory Cytokine Expression in Swine
Lymphoid Tissue Experimentally Infected
with Mycobacterium avium Serovar 2
infected (160 days postinoculation) with M.
avium serovar 2 by morphological localization
of cytokine mRNA by in situ oligoprobe
hybridization. Preliminary data suggest a
marked increase in TNF expression, a mild
increase in IL-8 expression, and a mild
increase in IL-1 expression in mandibular
lymph nodes from infected swine. A mild
increase in IL-6 expression was observed in
tonsils from infected swine. This data on localized cytokine expression (in vivo) at a stage of
disease where a cell-mediated response is
active in resolution of the disease should allow
development of more effective vaccine.
Murray E. Hines II, Kendall S. Frazier,
Corrie C. Brown
mhines@tifton.cpes.peachnet.edu
Swine mycobacteriosis (tuberculosis) is a
common cause of carcass condemnation in
South Georgia swine. Once the infection is
established in a swine herd, it is difficult to
effectively prevent or eliminate the disease.
Mycobacterium avium infections in swine are
of great economic importance to swine producers in Georgia and other regions with high
swine populations. The maximum incidence of
detectable lesions often corresponds to traditional slaughter weights. As clinical signs are
usually not apparent at slaughter, considerable
financial loss to producers occurs due to carcass condemnations. Evaluation of in vivo
mRNA cytokine profiles in lymphoid tissue
from swine infected with M. avium should
allow the elucidation of cytokine interactions
involved in clearance of the organism and resolution of lesions. We hypothesize that the
cytokine secretion profile in infected swine
lymphoid tissue is altered from the normal
state by local factors
present on or secreted by M. avium;
thereby preventing
an appropriate
immune response
capable of effective
clearance and prevention of disease.
Our objective is to
evaluate the inflammatory cytokine
mRNA expression
(TNF, IL-1, IL-6,
and IL-8) of swine
lymphoid
tissue (mandibular
lymph node and ton- Dr. Corrie Brown testing swine for Mycobacterium avium.
sil) experimentally
18
Wildlife
Georgia’s wildlife habitat is continually changing as more people and domestic
animals move into the countryside. This change brings concerns about disease
interaction among wildlife, domestic animals, and humans. In addition, hunting,
a popular form of wildlife recreation, adds hundreds of millions of dollars to
Georgia’s economy, and as such, depends on the health of the state’s wildlife.
VMES researchers are studying many wild species, including white-tailed deer,
wild turkeys, wild swine, foxes, raccoons, skunks, small rodents, and songbirds,
to learn more about each animal’s role in disease maintenance and transmission.
Recent research projects have involved diseases such as rabies, Escherichia coli
O157:H7, leptospirosis, ehrlichiosis, Lyme disease, pseudorabies, swine
brucellosis, sarcoptic mange, and mycoplasmosis. Although research objectives
vary by project, the main goals are to determine the importance of each disease
to the health of wildlife, domestic animals, and people, and to devise ways to
minimize that disease’s undesirable impact. At times, researchers have identified
wildlife as a key part of a specific disease problem, but there also are numerous
instances in which studies clearly demonstrate that wildlife is not involved.
Either way, research provides the understanding that is required before rational
solutions are possible to maintain a healthy environment for Georgia’s people
and animals.
P-selectin Regulation in Epizootic
Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Infection
The epizootic hemorrhagic disease viruses, along with the closely related bluetongue
viruses, cause a devastating disease in whitetailed deer commonly known as hemorrhagic
disease. These viruses occasionally cause disease in cattle, and the bluetongue viruses cause
significant morbidity and mortality in sheep.
Although it is known that these viruses infect
and kill the cells that line blood vessels resulting in severe hemorrhage, infection of these
cells no doubt triggers other events that either
potentiate or ameliorate the disease. P- and Eselectin are proteins that are expressed on the
surface of the cells lining the blood vessels
when these cells are activated by a variety of
insults. When expressed, these proteins direct
the migration of cells involved in cellular
immunity, inflammation, or hemostasis to sites
of vascular injury. Little is known, however,
about the expression or role of selectins during
viral infections. We have found that both P and
E selectin are expressed on the cells lining the
blood vessels during epizootic virus infection,
both in vitro and in vivo. Expression was higher in cattle, which rarely develop disease following infection, than in the extremely susceptible white-tailed deer. This low-level of
selectin expression in white-tailed deer following infection with epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus may partially explain the extreme
susceptibility of deer to these viruses.
Elizabeth W. Howerth and David E. Stallknecht
ehowerth@calc.vet.uga.edu
Survey of Wild White-tailed Deer in
Georgia for Escherichia coli O157:H7
Veterinary student Debbie Perzak, a participant in the Merck Summer Scholar Research
Program, working on vesicular stomatis virus.
Cattle are a source of the human foodborne pathogen Escherichia coli O157:H7.
Deer also are suspected as a source because of
recent isolations of the bacteria from deer
feces and confirmation of venison as the
source of two small clusters of human disease
19
in Oregon. The objective of this study was to
determine if white-tailed deer in Georgia carry
E. coli O157:H7.
During summer 1997, more than 300 fresh
deer fecal samples were collected from the
ground at five Georgia wildlife areas. During
autumn 1997, nearly 400 fecal samples were
collected directly from hunter-killed deer at the
same locations plus an additional area. Fecal
samples were cultured for E. coli O157:H7.
All samples collected from the ground
were culture-negative. Three samples (0.8%)
collected directly from deer were positive for
E. coli O157:H7. The three isolates were from
77 deer sampled (3.8%) during November at
one area. Two of the three isolates had identical DNA fingerprints. All three isolates produced Shiga-like toxins 1 and 2. Samples of
frozen processed meat from the three positive
deer were culture-negative for E. coli
O157:H7.
Results of this study suggest that the overall prevalence of E. coli O157:H7 is low in
free-ranging deer; however, there may be focal
areas where deer harbor the bacteria. Cattle
were present in the vicinity where the positive
deer were found, but they also were present at
other sites where deer were culture-negative.
Additionally, the results suggest that contamination of meat did not occur during field dressing and processing of the three deer carrying
E. coli O157:H7.
John R. Fischer, Tong Zhao, and
Michael P. Doyle*
jfischer@calc.vet.uga.edu
*Food Science and Technology
Experimental Infection of Deer Mice with
Vesicular Stomatitis Virus
Vesicular stomatitis (VS) is a viral disease
of cattle, horses, and swine, that causes substantial economic losses to livestock producers.
The epidemiology of this disease is currently
undefined, but it is suspected that the virus is
maintained in a vertebrate/insect vector cycle
20
involving wildlife. To determine if native wild
rodents may be involved in this cycle, a pilot
study involving experimental infection of 100
deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus) with
vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), New Jersey
(NJ) serotype, was performed. The virus used
in this study was originally isolated from sand
flies collected on Ossabaw Island, Georgia.
Viremia was detected in infected mice during
postinoculation days one through three. Virus
was isolated from various tissues from 96 of
100 mice from postinoculation days one
through seven, and virus isolation results were
confirmed by polymerase chain reaction
(PCR), immunohistochemical detection of
virus in tissues, and in situ hybridization of
viral RNA in tissues. Following this pilot
study, a series of experiments were conducted
to compare the outcome of infection in deer
mice with two different strains of VSV-NJ. The
Ossabaw Island strain was compared with a
VSV-NJ isolate from a recent VS outbreak
(1995) in Colorado, with emphasis on development of viremia, clinical outcome, and distribution of virus in tissues. The Colorado strain of
VSV-NJ produced a significantly higher level
of viremia and caused central nervous system
disease sooner than the Ossabaw Island strain
of VSV-NJ. Further experiments using this
deer mouse model are planned to investigate
the effects of route of inoculation and dose of
virus on development and extent of viremia,
the effects of pregnancy on infection, and
eventually, the potential for viremic deer mice
to infect appropriate insect vectors. Results
from this study provide the first evidence that a
vertebrate host can become viremic and thus
provide a source of VSV-NJ to biting arthropods and eventually livestock. Results also
indicate that the deer mouse can provide a
valuable research tool to further study vector
competence of suspected biting insect species.
David E. Stallknecht, Elizabeth W. Howerth,
and Todd E. Cornish
dstall@calc.vet.uga.edu
Companion Animals
Companion animals reside in 55 million U.S. homes. These animals include an
estimated 66 million cats, 58 million dogs, 88 million fish, 40 million birds,
13 million small animals (rabbits, hamsters, and gerbils), and 8 million reptiles.
Companion animals’ popularity can be attributed to aging baby boomers looking
to pets for companionship after their children leave home. And while U.S. pet
ownership is at an all-time high, these animals are living longer than their
predecessors because of medical advances. Longer life, however, means more
age-related diseases and ailments, such as cancer, neural degeneration, kidney
dysfunction, poor circulation, decreased respiratory capacity, and decreased liver
function.
It is up to biomedical researchers to come up with treatments for these and other
diseases and ailments that affect companion animals. Nevertheless, unlike other
research areas, no federally funded support exists for studies that specifically
benefit companion animals. Yet, many of these studies affect human medicine.
For example, articificial hip studies were initially performed on dogs in order to
develop a model for replacing diseased hips in humans. Now older dogs
routinely undergo joint replacement. This is just one of many examples of how
biomedical research benefits both human and animal health.
Canine Hepatocerebellar Degeneration: A
Potential Model of CDGS1
Dr. Paige Carmichael explains the pathogenesis of CHD to a group of visiting pathologists.
Canine Hepatocerebellar Degeneration
(CHD) is an insidious and debilitating neurologic disorder that has been described in
Bernese Mountain Dogs, although it is conceivable that other breeds may also be affected.
We have determined that this syndrome is an
autosomal recessive inherited cerebellar cortical degenerative disease that has consistent
hepatic involvement. CHD is biochemically
and morphologically similar to a recently
mapped human genetic disorder known as
Carbohydrate-deficient Glycoprotein
Syndrome type 1 (CDGS1). We are studying a
group of related purebred Bernese Mountain
Dog puppies with CHD and intend to examine
both the pathogenesis of Purkinje cell degeneration in this newly described disease in dogs as
well as probe the underlying molecular genetic
basis of the disease. Development of a genetic
test for carrier animals will provide an effective and humane way to breed healthy animals
and to prevent the perpetuation of this disease
within the breed.
K. Paige Carmichael and Royal A. McGraw
kpc@calc.vet.uga.edu
21
Pharmacokinetics of Troglitazone, a New
Anti-diabetic Agent in the Cat
Diabetes mellitus is an important
endocrine disease in the cat. About 50% of
diabetic cats have the noninsulin-dependent
form characterized by several metabolic alterations, most prominently hyperglycemia
caused by increased hepatic glucose output,
increased gluconeogenesis, and hyperlipidemia. Currently, diabetic cats are treated
either with insulin or the oral drug, glipizide.
Both treatments are associated with problems.
Cats have variable responses to insulin, and
large fluctuations in glucose occur frequently
making insulin treatment a frustrating experience for the owner and dangerous for the cat.
Glipizide treatment is not successful at all in
many cats or is successful only for a limited
time period. Both lead to an increase in insulin
concentrations, which causes weight gain and
deterioration in the insulin resistant state. The
thiazolidinedione, troglitazone, has recently
been approved for the treatment of diabetes in
people. This drug improves insulin resistance,
hyperglycemia, and hyperinsulinemia in both
diabetic and nondiabetic obese patients and
leads to a normalization of the hyperlipidemia.
This drug might also be valuable in the treatment of the diabetic cat.
To use troglitazone in the diabetic cat, we
established pharmacokinetic parameters for
troglitazone by single dose intravenous and
oral administration studies in healthy normoglycemic cats first. This information is necessary before troglitazone can be given to diabetic animals.
Margarethe Hoenig, Duncan C. Ferguson
mhoenig@calc.vet.uga.edu
The Effect of Canine Distemper Virus on
Mouse Motor Neuron Viability and
Physiology
Canine distemper virus infects both pet
and wild canids producing severe disease of
the immune, respiratory, gastrointestinal and
nervous systems. Untreated animals that survive the acute illness usually die from fatal
encephalitis. The neuropathology produced by
CDV is similar to that produced in Multiple
Sclerosis. In spite of this, little information
exists concerning the exact cellular mechanisms of this virus in the nervous system.
Current control of the virus in the pet dog population entails vaccination. In spite of these
control measures, CDV is still a leading cause
of infectious encephalitis in dogs. In Georgia
alone, CDV was second only to parvovirus in
the number of infectious disease cases reported
to the Georgia Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratories between 1993-1995 (420 cases/3 years).
The reasons for continued existence of the disease include unvaccinated animals, vaccine
failure, persistence of the virus in wild canids,
and the existence of an inadequately controlled
roaming dog population. A study of CDV in
the gray fox population of the southeastern
states found that the disease occurred in 78%
of the dead or sick foxes studied. It is noteworthy that 75% of the animals were from
Georgia. In addition, CDV infection has also
been reported in coyotes in Georgia and South
Carolina. Therefore, it is likely that CDV will
continue to be a significant threat to domestic
canids and wildlife in Georgia. This warrants
additional research in understanding its mechanisms of action at the cellular level, as well as
the development of more effective treatment
and control measures. The objective of the current study is to develop an in vitro model system that can be used to study the action of
CDV at the cellular level. Currently, we are
using mouse spinal cord tissue to grow motor
neurons in cell culture, and electrical recordings to measure the activity of these cells
before and after infection with CDV, in an
effort to better understand the cellular action
of CDV.
Julie A. Coffield
coffield@calc.vet.uga.edu
Assisted Reproductive Techniques for the
Treatment of Canine Infertility
Dr. Gina Michels performs a physical examination on a diabetic cat.
22
Due to the increasing numbers of valuable
canine patients being seen by the Veterinary
Medical Teaching Hospital for reproductive
problems, this research has been undertaken to
provide new clinical therapeutic modalities for
many of these otherwise untreatable diseases.
Although assisted reproduction rarely offers a
cure, it does allow for the procreation of valued but otherwise sterile patients. The following is a summary of the canine specific
research paid for by VMES funds where we
investigated the harvesting of oocytes, in vitro
maturation of oocytes, in vitro capacitation of
canine spermatozoa, and two in vitro fertilization techniques.
Harvesting of oocytes by the dissection
method was significantly (p<0.05) the best collection technique and will provide adequate
numbers of oocytes for subsequent maturation
and fertilization studies. When the oocytes
were matured in several media, we found that
the addition of estral serum from a dog was
significantly (p<0.05) best for oocyte maturation. The matured oocytes were fertilized using
fresh, chilled, and frozen dog semen, and we
found that the addition of progesterone and
caffeine significantly (p<0.05) increased the
sperm binding and penetration of the egg’s
zona pellucida. These treatments lead to successful in vitro fertilization of oocytes with
41.8% penetration by sperm cells at 24 hours
and the production of male and female pronuclei in 8% of oocytes.
The successful maturation and fertilization
dog oocytes will allow us to develop in vitro
techniques to treat infertile dogs at the College
of Veterinary Medicine. This will be the only
fertility recourse for some of these extremely
valuable, infertile dogs.
Richard Fayrer-Hosken
rfh@calc.vet.uga.edu
Artificial Infection of Ticks with Canine
Ehrlichiosis Agent
Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis is an acute
hemorrhagic disease caused by Ehrlichia canis
and transmitted by the brown dog tick,
Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The tick maintains
infection with these bacteria for an extended
time, thereby serving as both vector and reservoir. In this study, a system was developed for
artificially infecting ticks through capillary
feeding of cell culture material and blood. Two
groups of pathogen free, unfed adult ticks were
allowed for 24 hours to imbibe cell culture
material containing E. canis or Ehrlichia chaffeensis, a human pathogen not known to be
transmitted by R. sanguineus. Additional ticks
were fed uninfected cell culture material. Ticks
A Rhipacephalid tick is being examined under
a stereomicroscope.
were then removed from the feeding apparatus,
held in humidity chambers, and groups of individuals serially sampled and tested for evidence of infection. Results demonstrate that
artificial feeding resulted in apparent infection
with E. canis, but not E. chaffeensis, in some
of the ticks, although overall efficiency of
infection was relatively low. Artificially fed
ticks survived more than 60 days postfeeding,
and no significant differences were found in
survival of ticks fed infected culture material
as compared with those fed uninfected cells.
Additional evaluation of the mechanisms
involved in infection of ticks with Ehrlichia
spp. is integral to our understanding of the
transmission of these important veterinary
pathogens.
Susan E. Little
slittle@calc.vet.uga.edu
23
Financial Highlights
Research Funding
Funding Source*
VMES Budget
Federal Grants and Contracts
State Grants and Contracts
Private Grants and Contracts
Fiscal Year ‘97
Fiscal Year ‘98
$2,887,931
$2,984,133
1,282,230
1,327,683
109,770
142,650
2,104,767
2,904,553
Excluding carryover funds
*
Georgia Livestock and Poultry: Inventories and Valuesa
Species
Cattle
Beef
Dairy
Hogs
Poultry
Broilers
Non-broilers
Eggs
Turkeys
Horses and Ponies
a
Number on Farms
and/or Produced
Production Value
1,392,000
98,000
$497,220,000
355,680,000 b
1,640,000
209,200,000
1,182,800,000
19,869,000
4,867,000,000
175,000
2,276,890,000
17,112,000
358,941,000
2,591,000
251,000
125,500,000
Based in part on information published by the Georgia Agricultural Statistics Service, Athens, Georgia
Includes value to dairy cattle and milk produced
b
Georgia Farm Cash Receipts
Crops and Farm Forest (43.8%)
Poultry and Eggs (44.3%)
Dairy Products (4.2%)
Meat Products (6.9%)
Other Livestock (0.8%)
24
Research Contracts and Grants
Allen, S.W. Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of transdermal
fentanyl patches in cats and their effect on serum cortisol concentrations. American College of Veterinary
Surgeons, $10,000.
The use of Monocryl in feline ovariohysterectomy.
Mallinckrodt Veterinary, Inc., $4,000.
Barton, M.H. Evaluation of the effects of polymyxin b on
ex vivo endotoxemia in horses. American Veterinary
Medicine Foundation, $12,998.
The effects of endotoxin on equine leukocyte receptor
expression. U.S. Department of Agriculture, $16,561.
Bounous, D.I. Genetic resistance through cellular immune
mechanisms during the early phase of Marek’s disease
infection. U.S. Poultry and Egg Association, $32,261.
Brown, S.A. Choice of antihypertensive agents in cats.
Morris Animal Foundation, $31,386.
Obesity, systemic hypertension, and progressive renal
disease in dogs. Morris Animal Foundation, $25,673.
Potential benefits of benazepril in cats with chronic
renal insufficiency. Novartis Animal Health, $12,022.
Brown, T.P. Study of spiking mortality of turkeys. North
Carolina State University, $64,310.
Diagnostics for avian enteric coronavirus infections in
commercial poultry. U.S. Department of Agriculture,
$10,205.
Budsberg, S.C. Comparison of perioperative analgesic
effects of meloxicam and butorphanol in dogs undergoing stabilization of the stifle for cranial cruciate rupture. Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Inc.,
$42,150.
Dreesen, D.W. Antibody response to Rab Avert in veterinary students. Chiron Behring GmbH & Co., $55,994.
The evaluation of safety and immunogenicity of a new
chromatographically purified rabies vaccine (CPRV) in
healthy adult volunteers. Connaught Laboratories, Inc.,
$19,424.
Edwards, G.L. Afferent mediation of Amylin action.
Amylin Pharmaceuticals, $3,000.
Effect of CLA Supplementation in Dogs. Hill’s Pet
Nutrition, Inc., $70,000.
Evans, D.L. Analysis of chicken lymphocytes responding
to Campylobacter extracts. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, $10,000.
Streptococcus intial infections in trout and tilapia. U.S.
Department of Agriculture, $133,200.
Fayrer-Hosken, R. Development of a natural injectable
sterilant vaccine for dogs and cats and the elucidation
of a synthetic sterilant vaccine for dogs and cats. Spay
Safe LLC, $729,687.
Immunocontraception in African elephant using
porcine zona pellucida vaccine. Humane Society of the
United States, $28,990.
Investigating potential for PZP immunosterilization of
feral pigs. The Nature Conservancy, $7,500.
Ferguson, D.C. Production of a highly sensitive canine
thyrotropin immunoassay using bioluminescence.
Georgia Institute of Technology, $46,000.
Finco, D.R. Beneficial effects of an ultralow phosphorus
diet on dogs with induced chronic renal failure. The
IAMS Company, $28,966.
Role of n-3/n-6 fatty acids in the development of
degenerative joint disease: A dog stifle model. Hill’s
Pet Nutrition, Inc., $16,500.
Garcia, M. Development of polymerase chain reaction
diagnostic method capable of distinguishing among
infectious laryngotracheitis strains. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, $3,650.
The effects of carprofen on the ground reaction forces
in a canine chronic stifle osteoarthritis model. Pfizer,
Inc., $28,279.
Hanson, W.L. Evaluation of potential antileishmanial
drugs in animal models. U.S. Army, $207,000.
Crowell-Davis, S.L. Effect of litterbox location on normal
and inappropriate elimination behavior in cats. The Pet
Care Trust, $8,758.
Dickerson, H.W., Jr. Can a DNA vaccine induce cutaneous immunity in fish? Cornell University, $20,065.
Harmon, B.G. Carrier state for toxin-producing bacteria
in cattle. U.S. Department of Agriculture, $16,010.
Hoenig, M.E. Development of a specific and sensitive
assay for feline insulin and proinsulin. Morris Animal
Foundation, $11,600.
25
Jackwood, M.W. Genetic drift in the Arkansas serotype of
infectious bronchitis virus. U.S. Poultry and Egg
Association, $61,298.
Recombinant vaccines for infectious bronchitis virus.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, $5,320.
Kleven, S.H. Avian mycoplasmosis. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, $3,620.
Maurer, J.J. Identification of virulence specific genes in
avian Escherichia coli by RAPD PCR. U.S. Poultry
and Egg Association, $22,247.
The distribution of virulence specific genes among
avian Escherichia coli isolates. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, $1,990.
McCall, J.W. Antifilarial drug testing in dogs. World
Health Organization, $160,540.
Experimental chemotherapy of filariasis and screening
of filaricides. World Health Organization, $104,696.
Filariasis repository research services. National
Institutes of Health, $227,160.
Standardization of a model for canine ehrlichiosis
using tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) induced infections of Ehrlichia canis in beagles. Georgia State
University/Georgia Research Alliance, $30,000.
Standardization of a model for canine ehrlichiosis
using tick (Rhipicephalus sanguineus) induced infections of Ehrlichia canis in Beagles. Merial Limited,
$30,000.
McGraw, R.A. Genetics of between-breed resistance to
nematode infection in sheep. Louisiana State
University, $136,146.
Murray, T.F. Affinity labels for opioid receptors.
University of Maryland, Baltimore, $53,759.
Development and evaluation of alternate baits for
delivery of V-RG rabies vaccine to wildlife. Georgia
State University/Georgia Research Alliance, $66,650.
Development of scientific information on animal traps
for selected wild vertebrate species. U.S. Department
of Agriculture, $53,334.
Southeastern cooperative wildlife disease study.
Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife
Agencies, $194,920.
Rawlings, C.A. Stress incontinence due to intrinsic
sphincter deficiency (ISD). Ethicon, Inc., $132,680.
In vivo evaluation of resorbable urethral stent in the
canine cystoscopy model. Indigo Medical, Inc.,
$80,000.
Ritchie, B.W. Post-graduate support in zoo/exotic animal
pathology. Zoo Atlanta and Riverbanks Zoo, $36,000.
Rowland, G.N. Evaluation of mechanisms of tendon failure in heavy meat-type birds. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, $2,190.
Sander, J.E. Enumeration of bacteria before and after disinfection of various types of SLAT material used to
house broiler breeders. Riverdale Mills Corporation,
$4,029.
Investigation of hatchery disinfectant efficacy and
effect on broiler production. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, $2,660.
Stallknecht, D.E. Mycoplasma gallisepticum in house
finches and other wild birds. U.S. Poultry and Egg
Association, $34,249.
Dextrorotatory opioids as probes for PCP receptors.
National Institutes of Health, $488,249.
Thayer, S.G. Investigation of natural disease outbreaks
and field trial studies. U.S. Department of Agriculture,
$18,980.
New reactor for drug discovery libraries. Bend
Research, Inc., $32,400.
Thompson, F.N. Evaluation of vaccines against fescue
toxicosis. U.S. Department of Agriculture, $22,634.
Screening of compound derivative libraries for adenosine receptor affinity. Bend Research, Inc., $3,807.
Villegas, P. Inoculation study of Marek’s disease virus.
Pfizer, Inc., $13,014.
Nettles, V.F. Assess possible risk factors for exposure to
Ehrlichia. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
$40,949.
26
Development and evaluation of alternate baits for
delivery of V-RG rabies vaccine to wildlife. Merial
Limited, $66,650.
Isolation, identification, and control of avian viruses.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, $6,585.
Administrators and Advisors
Board of Regents
Edgar L. Jenkins, Vice Chairman
Stephen R. Portch, Chancellor
Tom Thompson, President
Georgia Milk Producers, Inc.
J. Tom Coleman, Jr., Savannah
State-at-Large (2002)
James L. Muyskens, Senior Vice
Chancellor - Academic Affairs/Deputy
John Walters, President
Georgia Pork Producers Association
A. W. Dahlberg, Atlanta
State-at-Large, (2004)
Lindsay Desrochers, Senior Vice
Chancellor - Capital Resources/Treasurer
Alan Habagger, President
Georgia Poultry Federation
Hilton H. Howell, Jr., Atlanta
State-at-Large (1999)
Arthur N. Dunning, Senior Vice
Chancellor - Human and External
Resources
Ed Taylor, President
Georgia Veterinary Medical Association
The University System of Georgia
Charles H. Jones, Macon
State-at-Large (2002)
Donald M. Leebern, Jr., Atlanta
State-at-Large (2005)
David H. Averitt, Statesboro
First District (1999)
John Hunt, Tifton
Second District (2004)
Thomas E. Daniel, Vice Chancellor External Affairs
Jerry Case, Past President
Georgia Veterinary Medical Association
Council to the Advisory Board
William K. Chatham, Vice Chancellor Facilities
Barry A. Fullerton, Vice Chancellor Student Services
E. Michael Staman, Vice Chancellor Information/Instructional Technology/CIO
Glenn Smith, Executive Vice President
Georgia Cattlemen’s Association
Melinda Woliver, Director
Equine Division
Georgia Equine Advisory Board
Wayne Dollar, President
Georgia Farm Bureau
Shannon L. Amos, Columbus
Third District (2000)
The University of Georgia
Juanita P. Baranco, Morrow
Fourth District (2005)
University & College Administrators
Bill Moore, Executive Director
Georgia Milk Producers, Inc.
Elridge W. McMillan, Atlanta
Fifth District (2003)
Michael F. Adams, President
The University of Georgia
Roger Bernard, Executive Secretary
Georgia Pork Producers Association
Kenneth W. Cannestra, Atlanta
Sixth District (2001)
Joe L. Key, Vice President for Research
and Associate Provost
The University of Georgia
Abit Massey, Executive Secretary
Georgia Poultry Federation
Edgar L. Rhodes, Bremen
Seventh District (1999)
S. William Clark, Jr., Waycross
Eighth District (1999)
Keith W. Prasse, Dean
College of Veterinary Medicine
James Scroggs, Executive Director
Georgia Poultry Lab Improvement
Association, Inc.
Harry W. Dickerson, Director
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
Kelly Scott, President
Georgia Ratite Council
Veterinary Advisory Board
M. Randy Clayton, Director
Georgia Sheep and Wool
Betts Berry, President
Georgia Cattlemen’s Association
James Strickland, Extension Veterinarian
The University of Georgia
Edgar L. Jenkins, Jasper
Ninth District (2001)
Thomas F. Allgood, Sr., Augusta
Tenth District (2000)
Glenn S. White, Lawrenceville
Eleventh District (2005)
Officers and Staff
Lee Brooks, State Veterinarian
Georgia Department of Agriculture
Bill Taff, Chairman
Equine Advisory Board
S. William Clark, Jr., Chairman
27
Researchers
Allen, Douglas, Jr., DVM, MS, Associate Professor and
Hospital Director, Large Animal Medicine, (706) 542-5558
Allen, Sheila W., DVM, MS, Professor, Small Animal Medicine,
and Associate Dean for Academic Affairs, (706) 542-5728
Aron, Dennis N., DVM, Professor, Small Animal Medicine,
(706) 542-6387
Baldwin, Charles A., DVM, PhD, Associate Professor, Tifton
Diagnostic Laboratory, (912) 386-3340
Barsanti, Jeanne A., DVM, MS, Professor, Small Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-6379
Barton, Michelle H., DVM, PhD, Associate Professor, Large
Animal Medicine, (706) 542-8319
Berman, Frederick W., DVM, PhD, Assistant Research
Scientist, Physiology and Pharmacology, (706) 542-0167
Bienzle, Dorothee, DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Pathology,
(706) 542-5847
Bounous, Denise I., DVM, PhD, Associate Professor, Pathology,
(706) 542-5846
Brackett, Benjamin G., DVM, PhD, Professor, Physiology and
Pharmacology, (706) 542-5859
Broderson, J. Roger, DVM, MS, PhD, Professor, Pathology,
and Director of Animal Care, (706) 542-5938
Brown, Cathy A., VMD, PhD, Assistant Professor, Athens
Diagnostic Laboratory, (706) 542-5917
Brown, Corrie C., DVM, PhD, Professor and Head, Pathology,
(706) 542-5842
Brown, Scott A., VMD, PhD, Associate Professor, Physiology
and Pharmacology, (706) 542-5857
Brown, Thomas P., DVM, PhD, Associate Professor, Avian
Medicine, (706) 542-2066
Budsberg, Steven C., DVM, MS, Associate Professor, Small
Animal Medicine, (706) 542-6574
Calvert, Clay A., DVM, Professor, Small Animal Medicine,
(706) 542-6378
Carmichael, Karen P., DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor,
Pathology, (706) 542-5834
Caudle, Alfred B., DVM, Professor, Large Animal Medicine,
(706) 542-6322
Chambers, Jonathan N., DVM, Professor, Small Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-6313
Coffield, Julie A., DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Physiology
and Pharmacology, (706) 542-5979
Cole, John R., Jr., PhD, Professor, Tifton Diagnostic
Laboratory, (912) 386-3340
Colvin, Billy M., PhD, Professor, Tifton Diagnostic Laboratory,
(912) 386-3340
Cornelius, Larry M., DVM, PhD, Professor, Small Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-6314
Crowell-Davis, Sharon L., DVM, PhD, Professor, Anatomy and
Radiology, (706) 542-8343
Davidson, William R., MS, PhD, Professor, Wildlife Disease
Study, (706) 542-1741
Dawe, Donald L., DVM, PhD, Professor, Medical Microbiology
and Parasitology, (706) 542-5793
28
Dickerson, Harry W., Jr., BVSC, PhD, Professor, Medical
Microbiology and Parasitology, and Director, Veterinary
Medicine Experiment Station, (706) 542-5734
Dookwah, Hugh D., DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Anatomy
and Radiology, (706) 542-5595
Downs, Myron O., DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Small
Animal Medicine, (706) 542-6317
Dreesen, David W., DVM, MPVM, Professor, Medical
Microbiology and Parasitology, (706) 542-5789
Dzimianski, Michael T., DVM, Research Associate, Medical
Microbiology and Parasitology, (706) 542-8449
Edwards, Gaylen L., DVM, MS, PhD, Associate Professor,
Physiology and Pharmacology, (706) 542-5854
Egger, Christine M., DVM, Assistant Professor, Small Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-6432
Evans, Donald L., MS, PhD, Professor, Medical Microbiology
and Parasitology, (706) 542-5796
Fayrer-Hosken, Richard, BVSC, DVM, PhD, MRCVS,
Associate Professor, Large Animal Medicine,
(706) 542-6451
Ferguson, Duncan C., VMD, PhD, Professor, Physiology and
Pharmacology, (706) 542-5864
Finco, Delmar R., DVM, PhD, Professor, Physiology and
Pharmacology, (706) 542-5870
Fischer, John R., DVM, PhD, Assistant Research Scientist,
Wildlife Disease Study, (706) 542-5700
Frazier, Kendall S., PhD, Assistant Professor, Tifton Diagnostic
Laboratory, (912) 386-3340
Garcia, Maricarmen, PhD, Assistant Professor, Avian
Medicine, (706) 542-5656
Glisson, John R., DVM, MAM, PhD, Professor, Avian
Medicine, (706) 542-5652
Greenacre, Cheryl B., DVM, Assistant Professor, Small Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-2376
Greene, Craig E., DVM, MS, Professor, Small Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-6380
Hall, D. Gregory, DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Pathology,
(706) 542-5832
Halper, Jaroslava, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Pathology,
(706) 542-5830
Harmon, Barry G., DVM, PhD, Professor, Pathology,
(706) 542-5831
Hawkins, Larry L., DVM, Associate Professor, Large Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-6320
Hay, William P., DVM, Assistant Professor, Large Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-6368
Hines, Murray E., II, DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Tifton
Diagnostic Laboratory, (912) 386-3340
Hnilica, Keith A., DVM, MS, Assistant Professor, Small Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-6350
Hoenig, Margarethe E., Dr. med. vet., PhD, Professor,
Physiology and Pharmacology, (706) 542-5869
Hollett, R. Bruce, DVM, MS, Associate Professor, Large
Animal Medicine, (706) 542-5508
Howerth, Elizabeth W., DVM, PhD, Associate Professor,
Pathology, (706) 542-5833
Hullinger, Gordon A., DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Tifton
Diagnostic Laboratory, (912) 386-3340
Jackwood, Mark W., MS, PhD, Associate Professor, Avian
Medicine, (706) 542-5475
Jacobs, Gilbert J., DVM, Associate Professor, Small Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-6375
Jacobsen, Karen L., DVM, MS, Associate Professor, Large
Animal Medicine, (706) 542-9321
Jain, Anant V., PhD, Senior Public Service Associate, Athens
Diagnostic Laboratory, (706) 542-5919
Jaso-Friedmann, Liliana, MS, PhD, Associate Research
Scientist, Medical Microbiology and Parasitology,
(706) 542-5808
Kaswan, Renee L., DVM, Sr. Research Vet. Ophthalmologist,
Small Animal Medicine, (770) 687-9997
Kemp, Douglas T., D. Pharm., Clinical Pharmacy Associate,
Teaching Hospital, (706) 542-5510
Kleven, Stanley H., DVM, PhD, Research Professor and Head,
Avian Medicine, (706) 542-5644
Latimer, Kenneth S., DVM, PhD, Professor, Pathology,
(706) 542-5844
Lee, Margie D., DVM, PhD, Associate Professor, Medical
Microbiology and Parasitology, (706) 542-5778
Li, Wan-I Oliver, DVM, MS, PhD, Associate Professor,
Physiology and Pharmacology, (706) 542-5853
Liggett, Alan D., DVM, PhD, Associate Professor, Tifton
Diagnostic Laboratory, (912) 386-3340
Little, Susan E., DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Medical
Microbiology and Parasitology (706) 542-8447
Lowder, Michael Q., DVM, MS, Assistant Professor, Large
Animal Medicine, (706) 542-6431
Lukert, Phil D., DVM, PhD, Professor, Medical Microbiology
and Parasitology, (706) 542-5795
Mahaffey, Edward A., DVM, PhD, Professor and Associate
Dean for Public Service and Outreach (706) 542-5716
Mahaffey, Mary B., DVM, MS, Professor, Anatomy and
Radiology, (706) 542-8321
Martin, Charles L., DVM, MS, Professor, Small Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-5602
Maurer, John J., PhD, Assistant Professor, Avian Medicine,
(706) 542-5071
McCall, John W., PhD, Professor, Medical Microbiology and
Parasitology, (706) 542-8449
McDonnell, John J., MS, DVM, Assistant Professor, Small
Animal Medicine, (706) 542-7415
McGraw, Royal A., MS, PhD, Associate Professor, Physiology
and Pharmacology, (706) 542-0661
Medleau, Linda, DVM, MS, Professor, Small Animal Medicine,
(706) 542-2377
Miller-Liebl, Doris M., DVM, PhD, Professor and Director,
Athens Diagnostic Laboratory, (706) 542-5915
Moore, James N., DVM, PhD, Professor and Head, Large
Animal Medicine, (706) 542-3325
Mueller, P. O. Eric, DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Large
Animal Medicine, (706) 542-7367
Munnell, John F., VMD, PhD, Associate Professor, Anatomy
and Radiology, (706) 542-8342
Murray, Thomas F., PhD, Professor and Head, Physiology and
Pharmacology, (706) 542-3014
Nettles, Victor F., DVM, MS, PhD, Professor and Director,
Wildlife Disease Study (706) 542-1741
Neuwirth, Lisa, DVM, MS, Associate Professor, Large Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-6381
Newman, Louis E., III, DVM, PhD, Professor and Director,
Tifton Diagnostic Laboratory, (912), 386-3340
Odend’hal, Stewart, DVM, PhD, Associate Professor, Anatomy
and Radiology, (706) 542-5551
Parks, Andrew H., MA, Vet MB, MS, MRCVS, Associate
Professor, Large Animal Medicine, (706) 542-6372
Peterson, David S., PhD, Assistant Professor, Medical
Microbiology and Parasitology, (706) 542-5242
Poet, Steven E., DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Medical
Microbiology and Parasitology, (706) 542-4784
Prasse, Keith W., DVM, PhD, Professor, Pathology, and Dean,
(706) 542-3461
Purinton, Paul T., DVM, PhD, Professor, Anatomy and
Radiology, (706) 542-8302
Quandt, Jane E., DVM, MS, Assistant Professor, Small Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-6386
Ragland, William L., III, DVM, PhD, Professor, Avian
Medicine, (706) 542-5647
Rakich, Pauline M., DVM, PhD, Associate Professor, Athens
Diagnostic Laboratory, (706) 542-5568
Rawlings, Clarence A., DVM, PhD, Professor and Head, Small
Animal Medicine, (706) 542-6385
Reeves, David, DVM, Associate Professor, Large Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-9330
Ritchie, Branson W., DVM, MS, PhD, Associate Professor,
Small Animal Medicine, (706) 542-6316
Roberts, Arthur W., MS, Public Service Associate, Athens
Diagnostic Laboratory, (706) 542-5568
Roberts, Royce E., DVM, MS, Professor and Head, Anatomy
and Radiology, (706) 542-8309
Rowland, George N., III, DVM, PhD, Professor, Avian
Medicine, (706) 542-5084
Sander, Jean, DVM, MAM, Associate Professor, Avian
Medicine, (706) 542-5058
Sangster, Lowell T., DVM, MS, Assistant Professor, Tifton
Diagnostic Laboratory, (912) 386-3340
Selcer, Barbara A., DVM, Professor, Anatomy and Radiology,
(706) 542-8305
Sharma, Raghubir P., DVM, PhD, Professor, Physiology and
Pharmacology, (706) 542-2788
Smith, Frederick G., DVM, PhD, Associate Professor, Anatomy
and Radiology, (706) 542-5550
Stallknecht, David E., MS, PhD, Assistant Research Scientist,
Wildlife Disease Study, (706) 542-7952
Steffens, Walstine L., PhD, Associate Research Scientist,
Pathology, (706) 542-5536
Stiles, Jean, DVM, MS, Assistant Professor, Small Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-6369
Styer, Eloise L., PhD, Public Service Associate, Tifton
Diagnostic Laboratory, (912) 386-3340
29
Supakorndej, Prasit, MS, PhD, Assistant Research Scientist,
Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, (706) 542-8449
Thayer, Stephan G., MS, PhD, Senior Public Service Associate,
Avian Medicine, (706) 542-5057
Thompson, Frederick N., Jr., DVM, PhD, Professor,
Physiology and Pharmacology, (706) 542-5862
Trim, Cynthia M., BVSC, MRCVS, Professor, Large Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-6318
30
Villegas, Pedro, DVM, PhD, Professor, Avian Medicine,
(706) 542-5085
Weiss, Raul, DVM, Associate Professor, Athens Diagnostic
Laboratory, (706) 542-5914
White, Susan L., DVM, MS, Associate Professor, Large Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-6319
Williamson, Lisa, DVM, MS, Associate Professor, Large
Animal Medicine, (706) 542-9323
Wooley, Richard E., DVM, PhD, Professor and Head, Medical
Microbiology and Parasitology, (706) 542-5825
Selected Publications
Allen, S.W., Chambers, J.N.: Computer assisted instruction of
fundamental surgical motor skills. J. Vet. Med. Educ. 24:25, 1997.
Brown, S., Langford, K., Tarver, S.: Effects of certain vasoactive agents on the long-term pattern of blood pressure, heart
rate, and motor activity in cats. Am. J. Vet. Res. 58:647-651,
1997.
Anderson, D.E., Allen, D., St. Jean, G., Parks, A.H.: Use of a
multifenestrated indwelling lavage system for treatment of
septic digital tenosynovitis in cattle. Aust. Vet. J. 75:796799, 1997.
Brown, T.P., Garcia, A., Kelley, L.: Spiking mortality of turkey
poults: 1. Experimental reproduction in isolation facilities.
Avian Dis. 41:604-609, 1997.
Anderson, M., Palmer, R., Aron, D.N.: Improving pin selection
and insertion technique for external skeletal fixation.
Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. 19:485-494, 1997.
Brown, T.P., Garcia, A., Sellers, H., Kelley, L.: Spiking mortality of turkey poults: 2. Effect of six different in vitro disinfection techniques on organ homogenates capable of reproducing SMT. Avian Dis. 41:906-909, 1997.
Aron, D.N., Selcer, B.A., Smith, J.D.: Autogenous tensor fascia
lata graft replacement of the patellar ligament in a dog. Vet.
Comp. Orthop. Traumatol. 10:141-145, 1997.
Arttamangkul, S., Ishmael, J.E., Murray, T.F., Grandy, D.K.,
DeLander, G.E., Kieffer, B.L., Aldrich, J.V.: Synthesis
and opioid activity of conformationally constrained dynorphin A analogues: Part II. Conformational constraint in the
“address sequence.” J. Med. Chem. 40:1211-1218, 1997.
Barsanti, J.A.: Management of urinary tract infections in dogs.
Ir. Vet. J. 30:385-392, 1997.
Barton, M.H., Ferguson, D.C., Davis, P.J., Moore, J.N.:
The effects of pentoxifylline infusion on plasma 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha and ex vivo endotoxin-induced tumor
necrosis factor activity in horses. J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther.
20:487-492, 1997.
Barton, M.H., Moore, J.N., Norton, N.: Effects of pentoxifylline infusion on response of horses to in vivo challenge
exposure with endotoxin. Am. J. Vet. Res. 58:1300-1307,
1997.
Barton, M.H., Morris, D.D., Norton, N., Prasse, K.W.:
Hemostatic and fibrinolytic indices in neonatal foals with
presumed septicemia. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 12:26-35, 1998.
Baskett, A., Barton, M.H., Norton, N., Anders, B., Moore,
J.N.: Effect of pentoxifylline, flunixin meglumine, and their
combination on a model of endotoxemia in horses. Am. J.
Vet. Res. 58:1291-1299, 1997.
Browning, R., Jr., Schrick, F.N., Thompson, F.N., Wakefield,
Jr., T.: Reproductive hormonal responses to ergotamine and
ergonovine in cows during the luteal phase of the estrous
cycle. J. Anim. Sci. 76:1448-1454, 1998.
Budsberg, S.C.: Outcome assessment in clinical trials involving
medical management of osteoarthritis in small animals. Vet.
Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract. 27:815-823, 1997.
Buhr, R.J., Cason, J.A., Rowland, G.N.: Feather retention
force in broilers ante-, peri-, and post-mortem as influenced
by carcass orientation, angle of extraction, and slaughter
method. Poult. Sci. 76:1591-1601, 1997.
Buhr, R.J., Cason, J.A., Rowland, G.N.: Feather retention
force in broilers ante-, peri-, and post-mortem as influenced
by electrical and carbon dioxide stunning. Poult. Sci.
76:1602-1606, 1997.
Calvert, C.A., Hall, G., Jacobs, G.J.: Clinical and pathological
findings in doberman pinschers with occult cardiomyopathy
that died suddenly or developed congestive heart failure. J.
Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 210:505-510, 1997.
Calvert, C.A., Jacobs, G.J., Pickus, C.W.: Signalment, survival, and prognostic factors in doberman pinschers with
end-stage cardiomyopathy. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 11:323-331,
1998.
Calvert, C.A., Kraus, M., Jacobs, G.: Possible late potentials
in four dogs with sustained ventricular tachycardia. J. Vet.
Intern. Med. 12:96-102, 1998.
Berman, F., Murray, T.F.: Domoic acid neurotoxicity in cultured cerebellar granule neurons is predominantly mediated
by NMDA receptors that are activated as a consequence of
excitatory amino acid release. J. Neurochem. 69:693-703,
1997.
Chambers, J.N., Selcer, B.A., Sullivan, S.A., Coates, J.R.:
Diagnosis of lateralized lumbosacral disk herniation with
magnetic resonance imaging. J. Am. Anim. Hosp. Assoc.
33:296-299, 1997.
Brandon, C.I., Srivastava, P.M., Heusner, G.L., FayrerHosken, R.A.: Extraction and quantification of acrosin,
beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, and arylsulfatase-A from
equine ejaculated spermatozoa. J. Exp. Zool. 279:301-308,
1997.
Choi, H., Murray, T.F., DeLander, G.E., Schmidt, W.K.,
Aldrich, J.V.: Synthesis and opioid activity of [D-Pro10]
Dynorphin A- (1-11) analogues with N-terminal alkyl substitution. J. Med. Chem. 40:2733-2739, 1997.
Brown, C.C.: A review of three pathology-based techniques for
retrospective diagnosis of rinderpest, with comparison to
virus isolation. Res. Vet. Sci. 63:103-106, 1997.
Brown, C.C.: Emerging diseases: What veterinarians need to
know. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 9:113-117, 1997.
Brown, S.A., Crowell, W.A., Brown, C.A., Barsanti, J.A.,
Finco, D.R.: Pathophysiology and management of progressive renal disease in dogs. Bri. Vet. J. 154:93-109, 1997.
Clare, A., Medleau, L.: Mosquito bite hypersensitivity in a cat.
Vet. Med. 92:728-733, 1997.
Clark, J.D., Rager, D.R, Crowell-Davis, S.L., Evans, D.L.:
Housing and exercise of dogs: Effects on behavior, immune
function, and cortisol levels. Lab. Anim. Sci. 47:500-510,
1997.
Clark, T.G., Dickerson, H.W.: Antibody-mediated effects on
parasite behavior: Evidence of a novel mechanism of immunity against a parasitic protist. Parasitol. Today 13:477-480,
1997.
31
Colbert, M.C., Hall, D.G., Kimball, T.R., Witt, S.A., Lorenz,
M.I., Kirby, M.L., Hewett, T.E., Klevitsky, R., Robbins,
J.: Cardiac compartment-specific overexpression of a modified retinoic acid receptor produces dilated cardiomyopathy
and congestive heart failure in transgenic mice. J. Clin.
Invest. 100:1958-1968, 1997.
Forrester, D.J., Davidson, W.R., Lange, Jr., R.E., Stroud,
R.K., Alexander, L.L., Franson, J.C., Haseltine, S.D.,
Littell, R.C., Nesbitt. S.A.: Winter mortality of common
loons in Florida coastal waters. J. Wildl. Dis. 33:833-847,
1997.
Cornelius, L.M.: Interpreting increased liver enzyme activity in
dogs. Vet. Med. 92:876-881, 1997.
Foutz, T.L., Rowland, G.N., Evans, M.A.: An avian modeling
approach for analyzing bone loss due to disuse. Trans. Am.
Soc. Agric. Eng. 40:1719-1725, 1997.
Coy, S.L., Lee, M.D., Sander, J.: Intrastrain-variation of
lipopolysaccharide of Pasteurella multocida in turkeys. Am.
J. Vet. Res. 58:755-759, 1997.
Foutz, T.L., Rowland, G.N., Evans, M.A.: Vibration techniques
to test avian bone in vivo. Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng.
40:1727-1731, 1997.
Creekmore, T.E., Fletcher, W.O., Stallknecht, D.E.:
Evaluation of two oral baiting systems for wild rodents. J.
Wildl. Dis. 34:369-372, 1998.
Frazier, K., Colvin, B.M., Hullinger, G.A.: Postmortem diagnosis of accidental cocaine intoxication in a dog. Vet. Hum.
Toxicol. 40:154-155, 1998.
Cross, A.R., Budsberg, S.C., Keefe, T.J.: Kinetic gait analysis
assessment of meloxicam efficacy in a sodium urate-induced
synovitis model in dogs. Am. J. Vet. Res. 58:626-631, 1997.
Frazier, K., Colvin, B.M., Styer, E.L., Hullinger, G.A.,
Garcia, R.: Microcystin toxicosis in cattle due to overgrowth of blue-green algae. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 40:23-24,
1998.
Cross, A.R., Chambers, J.N.: Ununited anconeal process of the
canine elbow. Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. 19:349361, 1997.
Dickerson, H.W., Clark, T.G.: Immune response of fishes to
ciliates. Annu. Rev. Fish Dis. 6:107-120, 1997.
Downs, M.O., Miller, M.A., Cross, A.R., Selcer B.A., Abdy,
M.J., Watson, E.: Liver lobe torsions and liver abscess in a
dog. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 212:678-680, 1998.
Dreesen, D.W.: A global review of rabies vaccines for human
use. Vaccine 15:S2-S6, 1997.
Dubey, J.P., Rollor, E.A., Smith, K.E., Kwok, O.C.H.,
Thulliez, P.: Low seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in
feral pigs from a remote island lacking cats. J. Parasitol.
83:839-841, 1997.
Duke, T., Egger, C.M., Ferguson, J.: Cardiopulmonary effects
of propofol infusions in llamas. Am. J. Vet. Res. 58:153156, 1997.
Edwards, G.L., White, B.D., He, B., Dean, R.G., Martin,
R.J.: Elevated hypothalamic neuropeptide Y levels in rats
with dorsomedial hindbrain lesions. Brain Res. 755:84-90,
1997.
Ennulat, D., Brown, C.A., Brown, S.A.: Mitogenic effects of
epidermal growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor
on canine and equine mesangial cells in vitro. Am. J. Vet.
Res. 58:1308-1313, 1997.
Fayrer-Hosken, R.A., Brooks, P., Bertschinger, H.J.,
Kirkpatrick, J.F., Turner, J.W., Liu, I.K.M.: Management
of African elephant populations by immunocontraception.
Wildl. Soc. Bull. 25:18-21, 1997.
Finco, D.R., Brown, S.A., Barsanti, J.A., Bartges, J.W.,
Cooper, T.L.: Reliability of using random urine samples for
“spot” determination of fractional excretion of electrolytes
in cats. Am. J. Vet. Res. 58:1184-1187, 1997.
Finco, D., Brown, S., Barsanti, J., Brown, C., Crowell, W.,
Brown, C., Cooper, T.: Effects of dietary protein/calorie on
cats with induced renal failure. Am. J. Vet. Res. 59:575-582,
1998.
Fischer, A., Mahaffey, M.B., Oliver, J.E.: Fluoroscopicallyguided percutaneous disk aspiration in ten dogs with discospondylitis. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 11:284-287, 1997.
32
Garcia, M., Gerchman, I., Meir, R., Jackwood, M.W.,
Kleven, S.H., Levisohn, S.: Detection of Mycoplasma
meleagridis and M. iowae from dead-in-shell turkey
embryos by polymerase chain reaction and culture. Avian
Pathol. 26:765-778, 1998.
Gerwick, W.H., Wise, M.L., Soderstrom, K., Murray, T.F.:
Biosynthesis and cannabinoid receptor affinity of the novel
eicosanoid, conjugated triene anandamide. Adv. Exp. Med.
Biol. 407:329-334, 1997.
Glaus, T., Hoffmann-Lehmann, R., Greene, C.E., Glaus, B.,
Wolfensberger, C., Lutz, H.: Seroprevalence of Bartonella
henselae infection and correlation with disease status in cats
in Switzerland. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:2883-2885, 1997.
Gregory, C.R., Harmon, B.G., Latimer, K.S., Hafner, S.,
Campagnoli, R.P., McManamon, R.M., Steffens, W.L.:
Malignant chromatophoroma in a canebrake rattlesnake
(Crotalus horridus atricaudatus). J. Zool. Wildl. Med.
28:198-203, 1997.
Gregory, C.R., Latimer, K.S., Niagro, F.D., Roberts, A.W.,
Campagnoli, R.P., Pesti, D.A., Ritchie, B.W., Lukert,
P.D.: Investigations of eastern equine encephalomyelitis
virus as the causative agent of psittacine proventricular dilation syndrome. J. Avian Med. Surg. 11:187-193, 1997.
Gregory, E., Barnhart, H., Dreesen, D.W., Stern, N.J., Corn,
J.L.: Epidemiologic study of Campylobacter spp. in broilers: Source, time of colonization, and prevalence. Avian Dis.
41:890-898, 1997.
Hafner, S, Latimer, K.: Cutaneous mast cell tumors with pulmonary metastasis in a hen. Avian Pathol. 26:657-663, 1997.
Hall, D.G., Steffens, W.L., Lassiter, L.L.: Lafora bodies associated with neurologic signs in a cat. Vet. Pathol. 35:218-220,
1998.
Hay, C.W., Chu, Q., Budsberg, S.C., Clayton, M.K., Johnson,
K.A.: Synovial fluid interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor,
and nitric oxide values in osteoarthritis secondary to cranial
cruciate ligament rupture. Am. J. Vet. Res. 58:1027-1032,
1997
Hay, W.P., Baskett, A.: Lameness caused by a ganglion in a
mare. Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. 18:1352, 1996.
Hay, W.P., Baskett, A., Abdy, M.J.: Complete upper airway
obstruction and syncope caused by a subepiglottic cyst in a
horse. Equine Vet. J. 29:75-76, 1997.
Jaso-Friedmann, L., Leary, III, J.H., Evans, D.L.: Receptorassociated phosphorylation following monoclonal antibody
or synthetic peptide binding to nonspecific cytotoxic cells. J.
Receptor Signal Transduction Res. 18:67-90, 1998.
Hay, W.P., Baskett, A., Gregory, C.R.: Testicular interstitial
cell tumor and aplasia of the head of the epididymis in a
cryptorchid stallion. Equine Vet. Educ. 9:240-241, 1997.
.
Hay, W.P., Moore, J.N.: Management of pain in horses with
colic. Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet. 19:987-990, 1997.
Johnston, S.A., and Budsberg, S.C.: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids for the management of
canine osteoarthritis. Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim.
Pract. 27:841-862, 1997.
He, B., White, B.D., Edwards, G.L., Martin, R.J.: Longerterm fourth ventricular 5-thioglucose increases body fat in
the rat. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 217:168-172, 1998.
He, B., White, B.D., Edwards, G.L., Martin, R.J.:
Neuropeptide Y antibody attenuates 2-deoxy-D-glucose
induced feeding in rats. Brain Res. 781:348-350, 1998.
Heard, D.J., Ginn, P.E., Neuwirth, L.: Mycobacterium aviumintracellular infection in a white-faced saki (Pithecia pithecia). J. Zool. Wildl. Med. 28:185-188, 1997.
Hnilica, K.A., Angarano, D.W.: Advances in immunology:
Role of T-helper lymphocyte subsets. Compend. Contin.
Educ. Pract. Vet. 19:87-93, 1997.
Hoffman, R.W., Luttrell, M.P., Davidson, W.R., Ley, D.H.:
Mycoplasmas in wild turkeys living in association with
domestic fowl. J. Wildl. Dis. 33:526-535, 1997.
Howerth, E.W., Stallknecht, D.E., Dorminy, M., Pisell, T.,
Clarke, G.R.: Experimental vesicular stomatitis in swine:
Effects of route of inoculation and steroid treatment. J. Vet.
Diagn. Invest. 9:136-142, 1997.
Kajon, A.E., Brown, C.C., Spindler, K.R.: Distribution of
murine adenovirus type 1 in intraperitoneally and intranasally infected adult outbred mice. J. Virol. 72:1219-1223, 1998.
Kelley, L.C., Mahaffey, E.A., Bounous, D.I., Antczak, D.F.,
Brooks, Jr., R.L.: Detection of equine and bovine T and B
lymphocytes in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues.
Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 57:187-200, 1997.
Kenny, J.S., Kisaalita, W.S., Rowland, G.N., Thai, C. Foutz,
T.: Quantitative study of calcium uptake by tumorigenic
bone (TE-85) and neuroblastoma x glioma (NG108-15) cells
exposed to extremely-l92-frequency (ELF) electric fields.
FEBS Lett. 414:343-348, 1997.
Keskintepe, L., Morton, P.C., Smith, S.E., Tucker, M.J.,
Simplicio, A.A., Brackett, B.G.: Caprine blastocyst formation following intracytoplasmic sperm injection and defined
culture. Zygote 5:261-265, 1997.
Keskintepe, L., Simplicio, A.A., Brackett, B.G.: Caprine blastocyst development after in vitro fertilization with sperm
frozen in different extenders. Theriogenology 49:1265-1274,
1998.
Hullinger, G.A., Hines II, M.E., Styer, E.L., Frazier, K.S.,
Baldwin, C.A.: Pseudocytoplasmic inclusions in tongue
epithelium of dogs with canine parvovirus-2 infections. J.
Vet. Diagn. Invest. 10:108-111, 1998.
Khan, B., Omar, S., Kanyara, J.N., Warren-Perry, M.,
Nyalwidhe, J., Peterson, D.S., Wellems, T.E., Kaniaru, S.,
Gitonga, J., Mulaa, F.J., Koech, D.K.: Antifolate drug
resistance and point mutations in Plasmodium falciparum in
Kenya. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 91:456-460, 1997.
Hullinger, G.A., Sangster, L., Colvin, B.M., Frazier, K.:
Bovine arsenic toxicosis from ingestion of ashed copperchrome-arsenate treated timber. Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 40:147148, 1998.
Kirkpatrick, J.F., Turner, Jr., J.W., Liu, I.K.M., FayrerHosken, R.A., Rutberg, A.T.: Case studies in Wildlife
immunocontraception: Wild and feral equids and whitetailed deer. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 9:105-110, 1997.
Idris, A.B., Bounous, D.I., Goodwin, M.A., Brown, J.,
Krushinskie, E.A.: Lack of correlation between microscopic lesion scores and gross lesion scores in commercially
grown broilers examined for small intestinal Eimeria spp.
coccidiosis. Avian Dis. 41:388-391, 1997.
Kleven, S.H.: Changing expectations in the control of
Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Acta Vet. Hung. 45:299-305,
1997.
Idris, A.B., Bounous, D.I., Goodwin, M.A., Brown, J.,
Krushinskie, E.L.: Quantitative pathology of small intestinal coccidiosis caused by Eimeria maxima in young broilers. Avian Pathol. 26: 731-747, 1997.
Jacobs, G.J., Calvert, C.A., Eades, S.: Transmission and interpretation of cardiac medical images using a desktop audiovisual teleconferencing system. J. Vet. Med. Educ. 24:56-62,
1997.
Jacobs, G.J., Calvert, C.A., Kaufman, A.: Neutropenia and
thrombocytopenia in three dogs treated with anticonvulsants. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 212:681-684, 1998.
Jacobs, G.J., Cornelius, L., Burrow, M.F., Sherding, R.,
Eades, S., Calvert, C.A.: Interpretation of Endoscopic
images of the gastrointestinal tract following electronic
transmission using an interactive videoconferencing system.
J. Vet. Med. Educ. 24:52-55, 1997.
Knutson, K.L., Hoenig, M.: Subnuclear localization of protein
kinase C delta in beta cells. Biochem. Mol. Med. 62:50-57,
1997.
Koos, B.J., Kruger, L., Murray, T.F.: Source of extracellular
brain adenosine during hypoxia in fetal sheep. Brain Res.
778:439-442, 1997.
Koushik, S.V., Sundararaju, B., McGraw, R.A., Philips, R.S.:
Cloning, sequence, and expression of kynureninase from
Pseudomonas fluorescens. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 344:
301-308, 1997.
Latimer, K.S., Jameson, P.H., Crowell, W.A., Duncan, J.R.,
Currin, K.P.: Disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex
infection in a cat: Presumptive diagnosis by blood smear
examination. Vet. Clin. Pathol. 26:85-98, 1997.
Latimer, K.S., Niagro, F.D., Rakich, P.M., Campagnoli, R.P.,
Ritchie, B.W., McGee, E.D.: Investigation of parrot papillomavirus in cloacal and oral papillomas of psittacine birds.
Vet. Clin. Pathol. 26:158-163, 1997.
Jaso-Friedmann, L., Leary, III, J.H., Evans, D.L.: NCCRP-1:
A novel receptor protein sequenced from teleost nonspecific
cytotoxic cells. Mol. Immunol. 34:955-965, 1997.
33
Latimer, K.S., Niagro, F.D., Williams, O.C., Ramis, A.,
Goodwin, M.A., Ritchie, B.W., Campagnoli, R.P.:
Diagnosis of avian adenovirus infections using DNA in situ
hybridization. Avian Dis. 41:773-782, 1997.
Maurer, J.J., Brown, T.P., Steffens, W.L., Thayer, S.G.: The
occurrence of ambient temperature-regulated adhesins, curli,
and the temperature-sensitive hemagglutinin TSH among
avian Escherichia coli. Avian Dis. 42:106-118, 1998.
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