Winter Chill Requirement in Coastal Douglas-fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco)
Publication reference:
KD Jermstad1, DL Bassoni, KS Jech, NC Wheeler,GA
Ritchie, DB Neale2 (2003) Mapping of quantitative trait
loci controlling adaptive traits in coastal Douglas fir. III.
Quantitative trait loci-by environment interactions.
Genetics 165: 1489-1506
1
Institute of Forest Genetics, USDA-Forest Service, Placerville, CA
2
Department of Plant Sciences, UC Davis, Davis, CA
Institute of Forest Genetics
Simply Inherited Traits
Complex Traits
Cr1: Major gene of resistance in sugar pine
to white pine blister rust
Most adaptive traits:
phenology (dormancy related)
cold-hardiness
drought-tolerance
incremental height
QTLs for Adaptive Traits in Coastal Douglas-fir
SP_5701
LG1
2.5
0.7
4.6
1.3
3.8
1.3
1.1
1.2
0.4
0.8
OP_AD09_920
OP_K01_1110
BC_422_1450
OP_AG05_610
OP_D19_1120
OP_AN10_590
OP_AI03_650
OP_E16_800
OP_E12_1500
OP_E12_1700
OP_G16_950
Cr1(MGR)
OP_F03_810
BC_432_1110
-10.0
LG2
Alphatubulin
3.7
4.2
9.1
Pm1011_a
Pm1147_a
Pm1011_b
29.4
Pm1052_j
45.1
Pt2356_d
60.0
62.0
68.5
70.0
77.0
EF-1
Pm1486_a
Pm1383_a
CABBP_1
Pm1174_a
103.0
106.0
106.1
110.0
117.0
118.1
121.5
131.0
138.0
146.3
40S_RPS2
DER1-like
Pm1592_a
CABBP_2
UGT
Pt2006_b
Pm1496_a
ACRE146
TBE
Pt2291_g
Cohort
Cohort
1
2
0.0
Pm1504_b
16.6
Pm1052_c
26.7
33.3
Pm1611_b
Pm1301_a
Cohort
7.0
1
2
66.4
76.0
78.6
80.0
Pm0343_a
F3H
Pm0123_a
MAD
94.1
Pm1052_a
147.2
LG5
LG4
Cohor
t
Cohor
t
Pt2957_a
20.0
LEA-II
38.0
43.2
47.0
48.0
Pm1480_a_MMIP
Pt2553_a
PRS
MT-like
70.0
75.0
79.6
ANT
SAHH
Pm1486_e
88.0
Formin-like
1
LG6
Cohort Cohort
Cohort
2
1
LG7
0.0
40S_RPS3
13.3
20.2
Pm1505_b
Pm1505_a
43.8
45.0
Pm1558_a_VIP3
PolyUBQ
Pm1009_a
82.1
Pm1185_a
69.0
Pm1052_d
114.4
Pm1588_a
1
2
2
52.1
53.8
55.0
64.1
Cohort
Cohort
Pm1009_b_MT-like
PLD
Pm1420_a
11.1
17.5
26.4
27.0
31.5
37.0
40.9
49.6
54.0
Coho
rt
Coho
rt
Pt2356_e_ASO
Pm1090_c_ERD15
Pt2988_a
PtTAM_5_a
Pm1081_a
Alpha tubulin
Pm1052_k
Pm1590_a_LP3-1
LP3
1
2
Pm1090_a
13.4
Bud flush
LG8
LG11
OP_T15_650
10.2
BC_090_725
17.5
Pm1548_a
26.0
eIF
43.8
51.2
53.0
59.0
65.1
Pm0339_a
Pm1567_a
TL
CHS
Pm1145_a
Coho
rt
Coho
rt
Fall cold hardiness (buds)
Cohort1
Cohort
5.9
8.6
17.0
22.8
Pm1551_a
Pm1336_b
PolyUBQ
Pm1490_a
65.0
70.4
Pm1276_a
Pt2703_a
1
2
1
2
Fall cold hardiness (stem)
Fall cold hardiness
(needles)
Spring cold
hardiness (buds)
Spring cold
hardiness (stem)
Spring cold hardiness
(needles)
20.7
BC_315_325
Institute of Forest Genetics
Environmental Signals Influencing Adaptive Traits
winter
winter chilling
chilling
spring
spring temperature
temperature
Growth
Growth Initiation
Initiation
√
moisture
moisture availability
availability
photoperiod
photoperiod
Growth
Growth Cessation
Cessation
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Growth Initiation Experiment: 2 x3 Factorial Design
429 progeny from a full-sib cross segregating for date of budflush
Vegetative propagation (32 cuttings per progeny)
Treatments were replicated
Winter
Winter chill
chill
(hours
C)
(hours ~4
~4ooC)
(ambient)
(ambient)
Spring
Spring
flushing
flushing
temp
temp ((ooC)
C)
(greenhouse)
(greenhouse)
750
10
15
1500
20
10
15
20
Recorded the number of days to budflush
Institute of Forest Genetics
Winter chill treatments had a significant effect on days to budflush
(p ≤ 0.0001).
WC1500_FT10
WC1500_FT15
WC1500_FT20
WC750_FT10
WC750_FT15
WC750_FT20
53.1 (0.2)
39.9 (0.2)
23.3 (0.2)
106.4 (0.4)
101.0 (0.7)
82.8 (1.2)
No. of
Days
Number of days (SE) to budflush under different treatments
750 - 15
750 - 15
1500 - 15
1500 - 15
90
90
105
105
115
115
125
125
(h, degrees C)
30
30
40
40
50
50
60
60
70
70
180
180
160
160
140
140
120
120
100
100
80
80
60
60
40
40
20
20
0
0
20
20
frequency
frequency
Tthe effect of winter chill
Tthe effect of winter chill
on spring bud flush
on spring bud flush
Days to bud flush
Days to bud flush
“On average, trees receiving 750 hours of
chilling took over 60 days longer to achieve
terminal bud flush (dormancy release) than
trees that received 1500 hours of chilling.
Perhaps more importantly, only 76% of the
trees receiving 750 h actually broke bud during
the study, compared to 98% for those
receiving “normal” chill sums of 1500 hours
The 750 hour winter chill treatment was
apparently inadequate to break dormancy in
nearly a quarter of the trees and retarded bud
flush in the remainder.”
http://dendrome.ucdavis.edu/NealeLab/supplemental.html
Institute of Forest Genetics
LG2
Genetic Mapping Growth Initiation
ƒ DNA extracted from progeny needle tissue
ƒ Progeny genotyped for 74 informative and evenly spaced markers
ƒ QTL mapping
ƒ ANOVA (QTL x Environment)
Genetic mapping of QTL that interact with the environment
LG2
0.0
MI-Pm1504_b
18.6
20.0
26.7
33.3
MI-Pm1052_c
WC1500-FT10
PI-Pm1611_b
FI-Pm1301_a
53.7
MI-Pm1611_e
66.4
FI-Pm0343_a
78.6
FI-Pm0123_a
94.1
PI-Pm1052_a
113.1
FI-Pm1413_b
147.2
PI-Pm1090_a
Institute of Forest Genetics
LG2
Genetic Mapping Growth Initiation
ƒ DNA extracted from progeny needle tissue
ƒ Progeny genotyped for 74 informative and evenly spaced markers
ƒ QTL mapping
ƒ ANOVA (QTL x Environment)
LG2
0.0
MI-Pm1504_b
18.6
20.0
26.7
33.3
MI-Pm1052_c
WC1500-FT10
PI-Pm1611_b
FI-Pm1301_a
53.7
MI-Pm1611_e
66.4
FI-Pm0343_a
78.6
FI-Pm0123_a
94.1
PI-Pm1052_a
113.1
FI-Pm1413_b
147.2
PI-Pm1090_a
Genetic mapping of QTL that interact with the environment (field sites)
Institute of Forest Genetics
NCBI BLASTn (EST db)
Accession
Query
E value
coverage
Description
PmIFG_1301 no function found (numerou
ES425653.1
pm_OSU_shoot_ 005D07 Douglas-fir cold deacclimating cDNA library 2003-2004 (CD_2003-04)
ES425055.1
pm_OSU_shoot_ 053D11 Douglas-fir maximum cold hardiness cDNA library 2003-2004 (MH_2003-04)
EX412585.1 GQ03613.B7_K09 GQ036 - Shoot tip - Active growth Picea glauca cDNA
Accession
PmIFG_1611
ES428844.1
CN641130.1
DR552780.1
Accession
PmIFG_1052
DR745555.1
DR161983.1
CF471742.1
CF401163.1
CF391260.1
Description
similar to plasma membrane major intrinsic protein 3 (numerous hits among conifers & plants)
pm_OSU_shoot_ 053A11 Douglas-fir cold deacclimating cDNA library 2003-2004 (CD_2003-04)
294H05_556833 Douglas-fir cDNA library PmIFG_73-6
WS03224.C21_C20 WS-MC-N-A-20 Picea glauca cDNA clone WS03224
Description
Ribosomal protein
RTCU1_30_B12.g1_A029 Roots plus added copper 5', mRNA sequence
RTFE1_15_B12.b1_A029 Roots minus iron 3', mRNA sequence
RTDS1_6_D01.g1_A015 Drought-stressed loblolly pine roots 5', mRNA sequence
RTWW1_10_C03.g1_A015 Well-watered loblolly pine roots WW1 5', mRNA sequence
RTDR3_4_A08.g1_A022 Loblolly pine roots recovering from drought DR3 5', mRNA sequence
60%
60%
46%
6e-147 90%
3e-145 90%
5e-28 69%
Query
E value
coverage
75%
57%
75%
Max
ident
Max
ident
4e-179
4e-120
3e-118
92%
90%
89%
Query
coverage
E value
Max
ident
34%
34%
34%
34%
34%
9e-10
9e-10
9e-10
9e-10
9e-10
65%
65%
65%
65%
65%
Noteworthy: there are no cold-hardiness QTLs on LG 2
Institute of Forest Genetics
Winter chill associated with apical oxidative stress
(grape, poplar, maize)
List of candidate genes for oxidative stress
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
ƒ
Ascorbate peroxidase √ (LG 13; ABA-responsive gene)
glutahathione reductase
thioredoxin h √
glutathione-S-transferase √ (LG2, 113 cM; Pm1413_b)
sucrose synthase √
catalase
SNF-2
phospholipid-hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase
pyruvate carboxylate
superoxide dismutase √
ƒ Candidate gene work for cold-hardiness and drought tolerance
(Krutovsky and Neale, 2005, Genet 171:2029-204; Eckert et al. (in prep)
ƒ Association studies in DF
(Eckert et al. (in prep.)
ƒ JGI (DOE) award “carbon sequestration in forest trees”
(Jeff Dean, Glenn Howe, Deborah Rogers, Kathie Jermstad, David Neale)
Institute of Forest Genetics
http://dendrome.ucdavis.edu/NealeLab/index.html
Research
Allele Discovery of Economic Pine Traits (ADEPT)
Allele Discovery of Economic Pine Traits II (ADEPT 2)
Conifer Translational Genomics Network (CTGN) (CAP) www.pinegenome.org
Conifer Comparative Genomics Project (CCGP)
Comparative RE-Sequencing in Pinaceae (CRSP)
Agenda2020 Project
Adapt Project
Ecosystem Genomics and Forest Health Network (EGFHN)
Poplar Biofuels Genome Project (PBGP)
Sequoia Sempervirens Genome Project (SSGP)
White Pine Genome Project (WPGP)
Institute of Forest Genetics
Will shorter winters severely impede growth initiation?
Institute of Forest Genetics
ScienceDaily (Apr. 16, 2008) — The world's
ScienceDaily
(Apr.
— The
oldest
recorded
tree16,
is 2008)
a 9,550
yearworld's
old
oldestin
recorded
tree is
a 9,550
old
spruce
the Dalarna
province
ofyear
Sweden.
spruce in the Dalarna province of Sweden.
Epigenetic control of phenology in Norway Spruce
Kvaalen H, Johnsen O. 2008. Timing of bud set in Picea
abies is regulated by a memory of temperature during
zygotic and somatic embryogenesis. New Phytol. 1:49-59
Søgaard G, Johnsen O, Nilsen J, Junttila O. 2008. Climatic
control of bud burst in young seedlings of nine
provenances of Norway spruce. Tree Physiol. 2:311-320
Johnsen, Ø., Fossdal, C.G., Nagy, N., Mølmann, J.,
Dæhlen, O.G. & Skrøppa, T. 2005 Climatic adaptation in
Picea abies progenies is affected by the temperature during
zygotic embryogenesis and seed maturation Plant, Cell and
Environment 28:1090-1102
Johnsen, Ø. & Skrøppa, T. 1996 Adaptive properties of
Picea abies are influenced by environmental signals during
sexual reproduction Euphytica 92:67-71
Johnsen, Ø., Skrøppa, T., Junttila, O. & Dæhlen, O.G. 1996
Influence of the female flowering environment on autumn
frost hardiness of Picea abies progenies Theoretical &
Applied Genetics 92:797-802
ScienceDaily (Apr. 16, 2008) — The world's
ScienceDaily
(Apr.
— The
oldest
recorded
tree16,
is 2008)
a 9,550
yearworld's
old
oldestin
recorded
tree is
a 9,550
old
spruce
the Dalarna
province
ofyear
Sweden.
spruce in the Dalarna province of Sweden.
Findings of Johnsen’s work:
• Norway spruce has evolved a flexible adaptive
mechanism we may call adaptive plasticity
• seedlings can adjust dormancy/growth
transitions according to temperature received
during embryogenesis
• this ability makes Norway spruce less
vulnerable to adverse effects of climate
change, and enhances the competitive ability
of the species
• the ability to express adaptive plasticity is
probably subjected to genetic variation
• adaptive plasticity may then be favoured
during density dependent selection
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