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DOCUIENT ROOM,MENT ROOM 36-412
- RESEARCH LABORATORY OF ELECTRONICS
MASSACHUSETiS INSITI-UTE OF TECHNOLOGY
I
BASIC DATA OF ELECTRICAL DISCHARGES
i
SANBORN C. BROWN
W. P. ALLIS
TECHNICAL REPORT 283
JUNE 9, 1958
FOURTH EDITION
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RESEARCH LABORATORY OF ELECTRONICS
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
r
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11
The Research Laboratory of Electronics is an interdepartmental
laboratory of the Department of Electrical Engineering and the
Department of Physics.
The research reported in this document was made possible in part
by support extended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Research Laboratory of Electronics, jointly by the U. S. Army (Signal Corps), the U. S. Navy (Office of Naval Research), and the U. S.
Air Force (Office of Scientific Research, Air Research and Development Command), under Signal Corps Contract DA36-039-sc-64637,
Department of the Army Task 3-99-06-108 and Project 3-99-00-100.
-
I
I
I
MASSACHUSETTS
INSTITUTE
OF
TECHNOLOGY
RESEARCH LABORATORY OF ELECTRONICS
June 9, 1958
Technical Report 283
BASIC DATA OF ELECTRICAL DISCHARGES
Sanborn C. Brown
W. P. Allis
Fourth Edition
I_
I
_
Table of Contents
I.
II.
Potential Energies:
Vx,
Ii 1
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1
.
1
. . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Electron affinities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
a.
Excitation and ionizat ion potentials of atoms
b.
Excitation and ionizat tion potentials of molecules
c.
Collision Probabilities
a.
b.
c.
.
.
.
.
· . . . . . .·
..........
.
'.
.
.
.
.............
. . .
.. . . .
6
Elastic collisions by electrons, Pc
1.
H2 and He ............
.
2.
H, H
.·· ·. · ·. ·
.··.
.. ·. · ·
and D
..........
.........
.
3.
Na, Rb, K, Cs
4.
Hg, Zn, Cd ...........
.· ·.
5.
Th ...............
·.
6.
Ne, A, Kr, Xe
7.
8.
02, N 2 , CO ...........
CO 2 , NO.
9.
NH3, H20, HC1
.·
·.
·
.
·.
.
· ·.
.
.
.
.
.
.·...
· ·
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.· . . · ·· . .
.........
.
· ·. · ·. · ·...
.
.
.
.··.·
·.
7
.·
·.
7
.
.·
8
.· ·
.
.
.·
·
.
.
. .
8
.
.·
9
. . .
9
. . . . . . . . . . . . .... 10
.....
. ....
.
.
.
10.
CH4 , C 2 H 6 ' C 3H 8
.
11.
12.
HCN, CzH Z .H '
CC14 .
13.
14.
15.
16.
C6H 6 C2H 4 .
CH4, CH6 C3H
C4H10
CHC1 3, CH 2 C1 2, CH 3C1 .
CH 3 OH, CH 3 F, CH 3 NH 2 .
17.
n-
18.
(CH 3 ) 3 CH, (CH3 ) 3 N
19.
C 2 H 5 OH, (CH 3 ) 2 0
20.
(CH 3 ) 2 0, (CH 3 ) 2 NH, (CH 3 ) 2 CH 2
. . .10
. . . . . . . ......11
. . . . . . . . .
.
......
...
. .
. . . . .
.
.
. . . .... 11
................
12
................
12
................
13
................
13
................
14
................
14
. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
C3H7OH, CH5OH, CH3OH, H20
.
....
................
15
................
16
................
17
. . . . . . . . ................
21.
Butane, isobutane
22.
n-Pentane, tetramethyl methane .
15
18
. . . .
. . .......19 ...
Potential energy curves
1.
Hydrogen ............
. . . . . . . . . . . . .... 20
2.
Oxygen .............
. . . . . . . . .
. . . .... 21
Inelastic collisions by electrons
................
2
3
1.
Qx for Hg ............
2.
3.
Pi and Px for He, H2, Ne, A . .
He ...............
.........
4.
Ne ...............
.
..
5.
A................
.
........
6.
Kr ...............
. . . . . . . . . . . . ....2 9
7.
Xe ...............
. . . .
iii
_
I
I__
. . . . . . . . . . . . .... 24
.......
2
........
..
.......
...
. ...
7
7...
8
...... 30
Table of Contents
8.
Zn . .
9.
Cd . .
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
.
·.
.
.
H2 . .
NO,
CO, . N.
. . Ne.
e.
f.
. . . . .
L
.
*
.
·
.
.
·
.
.
HS .
19.
20.
CH 4 ..
........
Benzene, Xe ........
21.
Propylene . .
.
*
. . . . . . . . . . .
·
·........ .. 31
,,,........
.
. 32
*
.
.
.
*
.
.
.
........
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
........
38
.. 39
.
........
.39
· · · · · · ·.........40
·
*
.
.
*
..
· · · · ·........
*
..
........
·
.
38
,·,,........
.
. . . . . . . .
.
.35
.........
.
..
.
.. 34
........
.
.
.
· · · ·
· ,,,........
*
. . . . . . . . .
.
·
.
C 2 N2 . . . . . . . . . . .
H O
.
........ 31
.
.
CzH Z ............
NO .............
.
.
CO, NO,
NO, C
Ne
. . . . .
N2, O, CO,
C2H2
· · · · · ·.........40
.
42
.........
.
. 41
43
Ethylene, acetylene, water, me zthane , carbon dioxide,
*
.
.
.
.
.
· ,·,,........
.
44
Electron attachment
1.
2.
Qa for H ..........
P a for CO.
.........
3.
NO .............
4.
O
5.
F..............
6.
SF 6 .
Z
. . . . . . . . . . . ...
. . . . 45
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
. . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . 46
. . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . 46
.....
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
. . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . 47
............
Electron detachment
1.
H
in He, Ne, A, Kr and Xe
2.
O in He and A
3.
O in Ne
4.
O in Kr and Xe .......
5.
HinH, O
6.
F
7.
Cl
in Ne ..........
8.
9.
Cl
C1
in He, A, Xe
in Kr ..........
. . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . 48
......
. . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . 50
. . . . . . . . . . . .......
in O
2
in Ne, Kr, Xe
10.
C1 in ClOin;
11.
S,
Br,
I
12.
C,
P,
Li
andN
.
Z
. . .
. . . . . .
.
50
. . . . . . . . .... . . . 51
. . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . 52
. . . . . . . . . . . ...
. . . . 52
.
. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . 53
. .
O
in Ne
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . 51
in HzO
. . . . .
.
in Ne ......
.. . . . .
. . . . . . ....
53
. . . . . . . . . . . ...
. . . . 54
. . . . . . . . . . . ...
. . . . 54
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55
Elastic collisions by ions, P
1.
Cs+, K+, Li+ in He
2.
Cs+, K+, Li+ in Ne
. . . . . . . . ...
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
iv
___
.
.
*
krypton, nitrogen, argon
d.
..
*
. . . . .
2
.
.
.
. . . . .
Hg . .
18.
22.
. . . . .
.
. .
.
__
55
56
...
Table of Contents
g.
3.
Cs + , Rb + , K + , Na + , Li + in
4.
H+, H,
5.
H in H 2 .........
.
.
6.
K+ inN
.. .
.
.
H 3 in H
2
..
, 02, H 2 .....
.
. .
.
. .
.
.
.
. . . . 56
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
. .
.
. .
.
. 57
. .
57
.
. . . . 58
.
Inelastic collisions by ions
1.
h.
A. . .
. . . . . . . . . . ...
. . . . . . 58
K+ in Ne, A, Kr, Xe . .
Charge transfer, Pt, Qt
1.
2.
H+ in H 2 .........
.
+
A+ in A; He
+
in He
+
....
3.
Hg in Hg.
4.
Inelastic ion-atom collisions
5.
........
+
in Kr; H
+
+
H
6.
O in A; N
7.
O+ inN
2
+
in Xe; H
+
.
.
*
.
.
*
*
.
.
*
.
.
*
*
.
.
.
*
in A; C+ in Xe; Ne+ in A; Ne+ in He
+
.
in A; O in He.
*
.........
.
.
*
.
.
.
A1 and Li ions in H ....
.
.
.
59..
60
.
.
61...
.
.62
.
.63
.
.
.
62..
.
.
8.
59..
*
.
.
.
.
63..
.
64
.
65..
.
65..
.
66
.
66...
.
67..
67
..
.
.
68
.
68..
.
69
.
*
9.
10.
11.
Si and Be ions in H ....
C2+ in A, Ne, He .....
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
N + in A, Ne, He .....
A+
13.
O+ , CO
.
.
in A, Ne, He .....
N 2 in A .
.
. .
.
.
.
.
*
.
.
.
.
+
+
*
*
.
.
O in Kr, Br , C in Xe .
N+ in Kr .
. ......
17.
O+ inHO, H
0+ in A
18.
Summary . .
. . . . .
*
.
.
.
.
.
*
*
*
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
*
*
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
*
.
*
.
.
.
.
.
.
*
i.
.
.
*
.
.
.
.
+
15.
16.
.
.
+
H in A; D+ in A, Kr, Xe.
.
.
2
12.
14.
.
.
.
.
Photoabsorption
1.
A, Ne and He.
. . .
2.
K .
. .
3.
HZ
4.
N
5.
02.
6.
03.
7.
CO.
8.
CO 2.
9.
NO.
. ..
.
. . . . . . . . .
. ... . . .
. .
. .
...........
· . .
..
. . . 71
.
.........
70
.
71
. . . . . . . ...
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
2
.
.
.
.
. .
. . . .
. . .
. . . .
...
.
.
.
.
.
.
. .
. . . . . . . .
. .
10.
N
.0.
11.
C 2 H2 .
12.
HO . . . .
13.
CH 4
.
. . . . .
.
.
...
. ...
.o..
.
.
. .
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.....................
. . ..
. 72
. .
. 73
. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 74
.
.
.
. . . . . . . ...
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. .
. .
..
..
. . .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . ..
......
.....
. . . . . . . . . ....
V
_
_
. 75
. . . 76
77
. 78
79
Table of Contents
III.
14.
NH3
15.
CH
4
..............................
Surface Phenomena
a.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..80
.............
81
..........................
.
82
Secondary emission, yi
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
1.
Li+, K+, Rb+ onA1
2.
He+ , Ne + , A+ on Ni.
3.
Angle of incidence He+ on Ni ..................
+
......................
83
.
. 84
4.
K
5.
He
6.
He++, Ne++
7.
He
8.
A+ on H
9.
N2
10.
He
11.
A+ on H 2, N 2 , O-treated Pt
+
+2
2
+
H2 H+ on H -covered Pt; N2+ N' on NZ-covered Pt;
12.
84
on Al, Ni, Mo ....................
85
He++, He 2 on Mo ...
He
A++
,He
N,
Kr,
Xe++
86
86
on Ta ....................
87
0-treated Ta .
A
Xe
Kr
87
0+ on 0 2 -covered Ta
NonN2 -covered Ta; O,
Ne
on Mo .............
on W.88
90
°2' 0+ on O0-covered Pt.91
13.
+
H , NaH+ on Cu; K + onAl; Li + onAl; Rb
13.
H
14.
b.
c.
A
+
+
+
on Cu, Al, Au; H
on Cs-Ag
.
on Ni.
on A
onAl;
. . . ...............
91
...............
92
-O
Effective secondary emission, y
1.
Ne + , A+ in Ne, A + , Kr + , Xe + onCu.
.
.
.
. .
.........
2.
A+ on Na, Ba, Mg, Ni, Pt, Cu, Fe
. .
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.........
+
Kr
+
on Mo and A
+
on BaO .
.
.
.
.
.
93
4.
Hg on Fe .............
.
. .
.
.
.........
5.
H 2 on Al .............
.
. .
.
.
.........
.94
6.
H 2 on Ni .............
.
. .
.
.
.........
.95
7.
N 2 on Pt, Na, Hg .........
. .
.
.
.
. ......
95
8.
Benzene, toluene, cyclohexane on Al
. .
.
.
.
.........
96
.94
94
Ion conversions
1.
H+ to H- on Ni
.........
...............
96
2.
N+ to N- on Ni
..........
...............
96
3.
0+ to O,
...............
97
4.
Positive carbon dioxide ions to negative carbon dioxide
O0+ to 02 on Ni .
. . .
.......
97
.......
98
Electron emission from electron bombardment
From Cu, Ag, Mg, Ba.
..............
Photoelectric emission
1.
Work Functions ..................
....... .99
vi
---
.
Ne , A,
1.
e.
92
.
3.
ions on Ni ...................
d.
.
--
- I
Table of Contents
IV.
2.
Yields from Al, Cd, Zn.
. .
3.
Yields from Ta, Mo, W, Pd.
Motions of Electrons and Ions ....
a.
c.
.
102
. .
.
.
.
.
. .
. ....
.
103
. .
.
.
.
.
.
. . ....
.
104
Drift velocity of electrons
1.
He
............
. . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . 106
2.
Ne
............
. . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . 106
3.
A.............
. .
4.
A in N
.
5.
H Z.
6.
D2
7.
N2
.
8.
02
.
9.
Air ............
z.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
. .... .
.
. 107
. .
.
.
. .
.
.
.
. .... .
.
.
..
. . . . . . .
.
107
108
. . . . .... . . . 108
. . . . . . . . ..... . . . . .1
09
. . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . 109
10.
C12,
11.
N 0.
.
12.
NH 3
.
13.
14.
b.
. . . . . .........
. . .
Br 2 , I2 .
.
. .
.
.
.
.
. .
.
...........
NH3, H20, HC1, C5H12 .
NO, CO, NO, CO . . .
.
. .
.
. .
.
.
.
.
. ....
.
. .
.
.
.
. .
.
. .
. .
.
.
.
. .... .
.
.
.
. ....
.
. .
.
110
.
.
110
. .
.
111
. . . . . . .
. . . . .... . . . 112
. . . . . . .
. . . . .... . . . 112
. . . . . . .
. . . . .... . . . 113
. .
.
Mean energies of electrons
1.
He
............
2.
A, Ne ...........
. . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . 114
3.
H2
.
. .
.
.
. .
. .
.
. .... .
.
.
114
4.
H
.
. .
.
.
. .
. .
.
. ....
.
. .
115
5.
Br 2 , C12, I
.
. .
. .
.
. ....
. .
6.
N2, 02, Air ........
7.
CO 2 , NO, NO, CO.
8.
NH 3 , H2O, HC1, C 5H 1 .
............
and D
2
.
. . . .
.
.
.
. .
.
.
. .
. . . . . . .
....
.
.
.
.
.
. ....
.
. .
.
113
115
. . . . .... . . . 116
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
. . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . 117
Drift velocities of ions
1.
2.
He+ in He; Ne + in Ne; A + in AL
He+2 and He+ in He.
3.
4.
Ne+2 and Ne+ in Ne .....
A+ and A + in A.......
5.
Kr+ in Kr; Xe+ in Xe ....
6.
Kr 2 , Kr + in Kr.......
7.
Xe 2 , Xe + in Xe.
8.
Hg+ in He .........
. .
.
.
. .
. .
.
. ...
. . .
9.
Hg+ in Ne .........
. .
.
.
.
.
. .
.
. .
.
.
.
. .
.
10.
Hg
11.
N,
+
.
.
. .
.
. ...
. .
. .
20
. . . . ...
. . . . 121
..................
. . ..
118
1
. . . . . . . . . . ...
. . .
. 122
122
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
__
.
. . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .....
vii
_
.
. . . . . . . . . . ...
. . . . 119
.
2
.
.................
in A .
NinN
. .
. . . . . ..
..
1 2
3
.
123
. ...
. .
. .
124
. ...
. .
.
124
.
.125
.
Table of Contents
...
12.
13.
14.
Ions in He, H,
16.
All ions in N
17.
Na+ in He,
Ne, A, Kr, Xe
.
.
.
2 in N
Water vapor clustering ............
Ce+ in He, N
. .
. .
.
. .
.
.
.
.
b.
. .
....
126
...
. 127
....
127
...
. 128
as a function of temperature
.
.
.
129
.........
130
...
.................
Ambipolar .
.........
........
131
Production and Decay of Ionization ...........
a.
.........
132
Electron ionization
1.
Constants A and B..............
2.
3.
. . . . .
Ionization per centimeter for He, Ne, A, Kr, Xe
.........
.133
.........
........
134
.........
135
4.
Ionization per centimeter for N 2 . . . . . . . . .........
137
5.
Ionization per centimeter for 02 ........
6.
Ionization per centimeter for Air, N,
7.
Ionization per centimeter for H,
8.
VO in i = i
exp[h(V - V)
]
........
137
.........
138
.........
........
139
Ionization per centimeter for Hg ........
.........
139
........
9.
10.
Ionization per centimeter for CO 2 ....
. .
Ionization per centimeter for H 2 O, C H5OH.
.........
140
........
11.
Ionization per centimeter for HC1, CO 2 .
.........
........
142
12.
Ionization per centimeter for SF 6
.........
........
143
13.
Ionization per centimeter for CC1zF2, CF3CF 5
14.
Ionization per centimeter for Air, C2H5C1, C5H12, C2H5Br,
144
15.
SF 6 , CHC1 3 , CC14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
....
.....................
Ethyl alcohol.
16.
Ionization per centimeter for cyclohexane, toluene, benzene
....
145
17.
Ionization per volt for Ne, A, He, Kr, Xe, Air
18.
Ionization per volt for A-Ne mixtures .........
19.
Ionization per volt for H 2 ..
H2....
D Z ......
........
.
.
141
........
......
. . . . . . .
143
145
...
.
146
...
.
147
...
.
148
Electron attachment
1.
NO..........................
...
.
149
2.
O2 .............
...
.
149
3.
Air ..........................
...
.
150
4.
Freon, CF3SF 5
...
.
150
5.
HC1..........................
...
.
151
6.
C12 , Br2,12.
...
.
151
7.
HZO ..
...
.
153
....................
.....................
.
viii
_
.............
126
Diffusion coefficients
1.
V.
...........
. .0.
.......................
15.
18.
d.
+
3
O2inO
°CO+ .in 2CO
03
.
Table of Contents
8.
9.
c.
d.
VI.
b.
c.
.........
NO.
.
.
.
...............
154
...............
SO2 . . . . . . . . . .
11.
NH 3
1Z.
N2O in A, N 2 , and N 20.
13.
A+NH3 ; He + NH3; NH3; N
..
. . . . . . . . . .
..........
...............
+ NH3.
154
. . ...155
155
. . . . . . . . . .
. . ...156
Electron-ion recombination
. . . . . . . . . . ... . .
......
. . . . . 15 7
1.
Radiative
2.
Dissociative . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . 1 5 8
3.
Three-body
. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . 15 8
......
Ion recombination
1.
Air ..........
. . . .
2.
O0
. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . 1 6 0
..........
..........
. . . . . . ... . . . . . . . 15 9
. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . 1 61
Direct current
1.
SO 2 , NO, CO 2 , Air, H 2 .
. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . 1 6 2
2.
A...........
. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . 1 6 3
3.
H2
..........
. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . 16 4
4.
5.
N 2 ..........
Air ..........
. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . 1 6 5
. . . . . . . . . . ... .
. . . . . . 16 6
Alternating current
1.
R-F, Ne........
*
.
.
. . . . . . . . . . . .... . . 167
Z.
R-F, H 2
*
.
.
. . . . . . . . .
3.
R-F, N 2 .
*
.
.
. . . . . . . . . . . .... . . 168
4.
Low-pressure, R-F, H 2
*
.
.
. . . . . . . . . .
5.
U.H.F., A, H2 , He, Ne, Air .
........
.......
. . .... . . 167
. .... . . 168
. . . . . . . . . . . .... . . 169
Time lags
. . . . . . . .
....
1.
Low overvoltage
2.
High overvoltage ....
. . . .... . . 170
. . . . . . . . . .
.......
. .... . . 170
. . . . . . . . . . . .... . . 171
Atoms
Ne
..........
2.
A...........
3.
He
4.
H2
. . . . . . . . . . . .... . . 172
................
.172
..........
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....
173
..........
. . . ..
173
. . . . . . . . . ...
Temperature
1.
Electron temperature in Hg arc
Cathode Phenomena.
a.
.
10.
1.
b.
. . . . . . . . . . . . ...153
.........
Electron Energies
a.
VIII.
S.
Breakdown.
a.
VII.
Hz
.........
. . . . . . . . . . . .... . . 174
. . . . . . . . . . . .... . . 175
Cathode fall
ix
-
_T1
Table of Contents
2.
. . . . . . . . . . 176
Voltage (various cathodes and gases) . .
177
Thickness (various cathodes and gases). .............
3.
Thickness against voltage ...................
4.
Current density
1.
b.
.
......................
178
Back diffusion
1.
2.
c.
Inert gases ..........................
Molecular gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
179
.
.....
179
Sputtering
.
...........................
I
180
1.
Cu, Fe
2.
Ge, C.
............................
. 180
3.
Ni, Hf.
............................
. 182
4.
Ag, Ti
............................
. 182
5.
Cr, Si.
............................
. 183
6.
Au, Al
............................
. 184
7.
Ir, Nb.
............................
. 184
8.
Th, Mo
............................
. 185
9.
Re, W.
............................
. 185
10.
Pd, Co
............................
. 186
11.
Pt, V.
............................
. 186
12.
W.
............................
. 187
13.
Rh, Zr
............................
. 187
14.
U, Ta.
............................
. 188
.
. .
.
x
'1
177
...
I
_
I
____
__ ___
__
___
·
__I
__
_____I
I.
POTENTIAL ENERGIES
I(a). Table of excitation and ionization energies of atoms in electron volts obtained from
spectra by means of the conversion factor,
VX = hc/e = 1.2398 X 10 -
4
volt-cm.
R
Atomic
Number
Element
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
H
He
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
11
Na
12
Mg
V
m
V res
10. 198
19.80
1.26
2.38
1.97
16.62
21.21
1.85
5. 28
4.96
7.48
10.3
9.15
12.7
16.85
Vil
Vi 2
Vi 3
13. 595
24. 580
5. 390
9. 320
8. 296
11.264
14.54
13. 614
17.418
21. 559
54.400
75. 62
18.21
25. 15
24.376
29. 60
35. 15
34.98
41.07
122.42
153.85
37.92
47.86
47. 426
54.93
62. 65
63.5
±0. 1
2. 709
2.1
5. 138
47.29
2.712
7. 644
15.03
71.8
+0. 1
78.2
+0. 1
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
Al
Si
P
S
C1
A
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
Se
Br
Kr
Rb
Sr
0.78
0.91
11.55
1.880
1.43
0.81
0.26
0.94
2.11
0.85
0.43
0.42
1.38
4.00
0.88
1.31
3. 14
4.93
6.95
6. 52
8.92
11.61
1.61
1.886
1.98
1.97
2. 03
2.89
2.28
2.40
2.92
3.31
3.78
4.03
3.07
4.65
6.28
5. 984
8. 149
10.55
10. 357
13.01
15. 755
4. 339
6. 111
6. 56
6. 83
6.74
6. 764
7.432
7.90
7.86
7. 633
7. 724
9.391
6. 00
7.88
9.81
18.82
16.34
19. 65
23.4
23.80
27.6
31.81
11.87
12.89
13.57
14.2
16.49
15. 64
16. 18
17.05
18. 15
20. 29
17.96
20.51
15.93
18. 7
28.44
33.46
30. 16
34.8
39.9
40. 90
45. 9
51.21
24. 75
28. 14
29. 7
31
33. 69
30. 64
33.49
36. 16
36.83
39.70
30. 70
34.21
28. 3
+0. 1
9.91
1.775
Y
Zr
Nb
Mo
0.52
1.34
6. 10
7.86
10. 02
1.56
1.798
1.305
1.83
2.97
3.18
9.75
11.84
13. 996
4. 176
5. 692
6.38
6. 835
6.88
7. 131
(continued on next page)
1
21.5
21. 6
24.56
27.56
11.026
12.23
12.92
13.90
15.72
32. 0
35.9
36. 9
40
43. 6
20. 5
24.8
28. 1
29.6
Atomic
Number
Element
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
52
V
V
Vil
Vi 2
1.07
1.05
3.16
3.36
4.48
3.57
3.80
3.02
4.33
5.35
7.23
7.36
7.46
8.33
7. 574
8.991
5. 785
7.332
8.64
Te
1.31
5.49
9.01
53
54
55
I
Xe
Cs
8.32
8.45
1.39
10.44
12. 127
3.893
14.87
16. 60
15.92
19.42
21.48
16. 904
18.86
14.6
16.7
+0. 5
18.8
+0.5
19.0
21.2
25. 1
56
Ba
1.13
1.57
5.810
10.00
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
La
0.37
1.84
Ce
Pr
Nd
Pm
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
Hf
Ta
74
W
75
Re
76
Os
8.7
77
Ir
9.2
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
Pt
Au
Hg
T1
Pb
Bi
Po
85
At
m
0.81
0.41
0.81
3. 73
0.37
0.102
1.14
4.667
2.66
1.42
res
5.61
(6.91)
(5. 76)
(6.31)
11.43
12.3
5.6
5.67
6.16
(6.74)
(6.82)
(11.2)
11.24
(12)
2.19
6.2
6. 15
5.5
7.7
2.3
7.98
2.35
7.87
12. 10
14.7
14.9
16.2
+0. 5
17.7
+0. 5
16. 6
+0.5
17
+1
17.0
±0.3
18.54
20.5
18. 751
20.42
15.03
19.3
19.4
+1.7
20. 1
+1.7
3.74
4.63
4.886
3.28
4.38
4.04
8.96
9.223
10.434
6. 106
7.415
7.287
8.2
+0.4
9.2
±0.4
(continued on next page)
2
____I
_I
Vi 3
31.9
30.3
32.8
36. 10
44.5
28.0
30.7
24.8
31
33
32.1
34.6
±0. 7
37
+1
19.17
19.5
34. 2
29.8
31.93
25.6
27.3
+0.8
29.3
±0.9
Atomic
Number
Element
Vm
86
Rn
6. 77
87
Fr
88
89
Ra
Ac
90
Th
V
Vi
8.41
10. 745
3.98
+0. 10
5. 277
6.89
+0. 6
Viz
Vi3
21.4
29.4
+1. 8
+1.0
22. 5
+1. 8
10. 144
11. 5
+0.4
11. 5
33.5
+1. 5
20.0
+1.0
91
92
Pa
U
4
The resonant level V r is the lowest excited level from which electric dipole radiation can take place.
If there is an excited level, not part of the ground state multiplet,
which is lower than V r, it is a metastable level V m
.
[The data from columns 5, 6, and 7 are taken from W. Finkelnburg, W. Humbach,
Naturwiss. 42, hft. 2, 36-37 (1955).]
3
__
I(b).
Excitation and Ionization for Molecules
Molecule
Br
Vr
Vil
Molecule
12.8
2
17.8
CH20
11.3
H2
CH 3 Br
10. 0
HBr
13.2
CH 3 C1
10. 7
HCN
14. 8
9. 1
HC1
13.8
11.5
15.6
CH 4
14. 5
HF
17.7
CN
14
HI
12. 8
6.0
14.1
H20
10.0
14.4
H2S
CS
Cs
10. 6
I2
CS2
10.4
IBr
11.6
C 2 H2
11.6
IC1
11.9
C 2 H4
12. 2
N2
C2 H 6
12. 8
NH 3
C6H 6
9. 6
C7H8
8. 5
CH3I
NO
7.6
12.6
10.4
2.3
6.1
9.7
15.5
11.2
5.4
9.5
NO 2
11.0
10. 1
N20
12.9
C 2 H 5 Br
10.2
02
C2 H 5 N
9. 8
C 2H5OH
11.3
CH 3 COCH 3
10. 1
4
_
13.2
F2
CO2
__
C12
12.9
CO
__
Vi
BrCl
CH 3 I
___I_
Vr
__
__
7.9
12.5
S2
10. 7
SO2
13.1
I(c).
Electron Affinities
Atom
Electron Volts
H
0.76
He
-0.53
Li
0.34
C
1.37
N
0.04
0
3.80
F
3.94
Ne
-1.20
Na
0.08
Mg
-0.87
Al
-0. 16
S
2.06
C1
3.70
A
-1.0
Br
3. 54
I
3.22
Hg
1.79
From L. B. Loeb, "Fundamental Processes of Electrical Discharges
in Gases" (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1939), p. 297.
5
II.
COLLISION PROBABILITIES
The probability of collision Pc is defined as the fraction of particles scattered out of
a collimated beam per centimeter path per millimeter pressure at 0°C.
Similarly the
"probability" of any event occurring on collision, such as excitation Px or ionization Pi,
is the fraction of particles suffering that event per centimeter path and millimeter pressure.
The probability P is related to the cross section q by
P = Lq/760 cm-
(mm Hg)
where L is Loschmidt's number, or
P = 3. 5357 q
where q is in square angstrom units.
The mean free path I is given by
/po P cm
=
and the mean free time
1/T
= v/
=
T
by
5.93107 X 107 u 1 /2 p
P sec-1
Here u = mv /2e is the energy in electron volts, and p
pressure in millimeters of mercury.
p
= 273. 16 p/T is the "reduced"
does not express a pressure, but a concentra-
tion
N/V = 3.5357 X 1016 Po molecules/cm
3
Cross sections are sometimes given in units of r a
Hartree units, k=
2
2
0.87981 A , and energies in
V/13.605.
If q(0) is the differential cross section for elastic scattering into unit solid angle at
to the incident direction,
an angle
qc
=
q(0)
f
r sin 0 dO
A more important quantity is the cross section for momentum transfer.
qm =
f
q(0) (1 - cos 0) 2
In general, qm
<
sin 0 dO
qc; experimental values of Pc should be "corrected" to Pm in all gas
discharge applications.
6
60
50
40
30
20
10
or
IOTS
II al.
"Probability" of collision in Hz , He.
R.
A.
L.
L.
B. Brode, Revs. Modern Phys. 5, 257 (1933)
V. Phelps, O. T. Fundingsland, S. C. Brown, Phys. Rev.
Phys. Rev. 84, 563 (1951)
J. Varnerin, Jr.,
Gould, S. C. Brown, Phys. Rev. 95, 897 (1954)
84, 559 (1951)
DU
P.
25
03
4
5
6
7
VOLTS
II aZ.
"Probability" of collision in atomic hydrogen.
A. A. Kruithof, L. S. Ornstein, PhysicaZ,
611 (1935)
20
VELOCITY (CM/SEC)
II aZ.
Collision cross section for electrons in
deuterium and hydrogen.
*All references under figures indicate the sources of the experimental data.
7
-
---
-
--
---
L'
O Oe
A AUU
2000
1800
1600
1400
PC
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
,RVOLTS
II a3.
"Probability" of collision in the alkali metals.
R. B. Brode, Revs. Modern Phys. 5, 257 (1933)
P
II a4.
"Probability" of collision in Hg, Zn, Cd.
R. B. Brode, Revs. Modern Phys. 5, 257 (1933)
H. Margenau, F. P. Adler, Phys. Rev. 79, 970 (1950)
8
__
P
0
I/V-VOLTS
II a5.
"Probability" of collision in thallium.
R. B. Brode, Phys. Rev. 37, 570 (1931)
150
140
130
120
110
I00
90
80
Pc
A
70
60
50
I
40
\
30
20
I0
0)
2
5 6
34
7
8
9
10
1/voLTs
II a6.
"Probability" of collision in Ne, A, Kr, Xe.
R. B. Brode, Revs. Modern Phys. 5, 257 (1933)
9
-
..
13C
12C
IC
10C
9C
8C
7C
6C
PC 5
4C
3C
2C
I0
2
O
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
I 3o
/VOLTS
II a7.
"Probability" of collision in 0 2 , N 2 , CO.
R.
B.
257 (1933)
Brode, Revs. Modern Phys. 5,
90
80
70
60
50
PC
1
;
:
;
8
9 I(0
'
40
30
"
20
10
0
2
3 4
5
6
7
VOLTS
II a8.
"Probability" of collision in CO 2 , N 2 0.
R. B. Brode, Revs. Modern Phys. 5, 257 (1933)
10
'" -
I---
I40
20
00
80
PC
40
20
n
"0
I
2
4
3
5
6
7
VOTS
II a9. "Probability" of collision in NH 3 , H20, HC1.
E. Briiche, Ann. Physik 1, 93 (1929); 83,
1065 (1927)
160
150
140
130
120
OH
110
100
Pc
90
80
0H6
70
Q
OH
4 _
/L\
60
50
40
30
20
10
u
II alO.
I
Z
6
1356
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
"Probability" of collision in CH 4, CzH 6,
C3H 8 .
R. B. Brode, Revs. Modern Phys. 5, 257 (1933)
11
-
--
P
-0 LTRq
II all.
"Probability" of collision in HCN, CH
2.
F. Schmieder, Z. Elektrochem. 36, 700 (1930)
P,
VOLTS
II a2.
"Probability" of collision in CC14.
W. Holst, J.
Holtsmark,
Kgl. Norske Videnskab. Selskab. 4, 89 (1931)
12
·I
MbU-
_
_
240
220
200
180
-
I
CH
160
140
6
_
-/
P
120
C2 H4
100
80
60
_6H
40
-
20n
0
1
2
3
v
II a13.
4
5
VOLTS
"Probability" of collisions in C 6 H 6 , C 2 H 4 .
W. Hoist, J. Holtsmark, Kgl. Norske Videnskab. Selskab. 4, 89 (1931)
pI
II a14.
"Probability" of collision in CH 4 , CZH 6 , C 3 H 8 , C 4 H10.
E. Briiche, Ann. Physik 4, 387 (1930)
13
-
--
----------
oanLUU
180
,At
160
140
/7\
Ij
100
^^
=r
oU
CH C13 -
3
111'
120
PC
1-
I
/
1-1
-I I'
\_
N,
CH2C12
CHCI
\3
CRf1
VU
_
J\_
rT
f
fl
'-t
J .
)
1
0
-
I
-
-
I
-
3
2
-
4
5
/VOLTS
II a15.
"Probability" of collision in CHC1 3,
CH2Cl,
CH3C1.
W. Holst, J. Holtsmark, Kgl. Norske Videnskab. Selskab. 4, 89 (1931)
Pc
0
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
,/VOLTsS
II a1 6 .
"Probability" of collision in CH 3 OH, CH 3 F, CH 3 NH 2 .
F. Schmieder, Z. Elektrochem. 36, 700 (1930)
14
0no
fl
*vv
180
I
160
l
--
I
n-C3H70OH
--
-
I
140
/
120
Ir
\C2H§ OH
\-
I
-I
/
PC
100
80
60
1I
1
r
\J
~CH3 0H
I
I
I--
40
H2 0
20
n
so....
;
I
X:
I
A
V
L
I
7
JVOLTS
II a17.
"Probability" of collision in n - C 3 H 7 OH,
F.
Schmieder, Z.
Elektrochem.
C 2 H5OH, CH 3OH, H0.
36, 700 (1930)
220
200
,-f
I
II
I
i
160
,,,
I
140
p
\
I
II
I
120
rUn I\
I.-3) 3
100
I
80
'
13"U
/(CH 3 ) 3-CH
-
/
60
20
_
.
Vo
2
I
a
I
OF
I
Co
D
6
7
VOLTS
II a18.
"Probability" of collision in (CH 3 ) 3 CH, (CH 3 ) 3 N.
F.
Schmieder, Z.
Elektrochem.
36, 700 (1930)
15
·_
I_
I
Pc
I
VO"ProbabiLTsion
in CH5OH,
II a19.
(CH3)O.
"Probability" of collision in CH5700H,
(C19H
3 )2 0
F. Schmieder, Z. Elektrochem. 36, 700 (1930)
16
180
r
.
.
.
160
140
.
IIn
120
PC
---
C----
CI
.-
\
XII I
100
80
"I
N-1
"Z,
1-1I--
/;
60
40
----
- (CH
3 )2
0
(CH
3) 2
NH
.
20
r _
%-/
)
.
1
2
3
(CH3 ) 2 CH 2
I
..
I
I
Jl
_
_
5
6
7
/VOLTS
II aZO.
"Probability" of collision in (CH
F.
Schmieder,
Z.
3 ) 2 0,
Elektrochem. 36,
17
(CH
3 ) 2 NH,
700 (1930)
(CH
3 ) 2 CH 2 .
220
200
180
160
140C
P
'_
120
100
80
-
-
BUTANE
x x x ISOBUTANE
60
7
40
20
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
./V OLTS
II a2 1.
"Probability" of collision in butane, isobutane.
F. Schmieder, Z. Elektrochem. 36, 700 (1930)
18
o)n
.CAV
C-
2
180
160
40
I
_
11
120
-
\
f
100
/
80
t_
I
n- PENTANE
60
--- x---
TETRAMETHYL
METHANE
40
20
n
vO
0
II a22Z.
1
2
3
4
5
"Probability" of collision in n-pentane,
F.
Schmieder, Z.
Elektrochem.
19
6
7
tetramethyl methane.
36, 700 (1930)
20
tr
o
> 16
z
o
w 12
0
CD
8
z
U
it
z
0
4
0
"2
I13~
2
I
H +H
H+H4
I-
z
0
II bl.
H+H
I I~u
3
4
2
NUCLEAR SEPARATION (ANGSTROMS)
211
Potential energy curves for electronic states of H and H lying
within 20 ev of the ground state.
H. S. W. Massey, E. H. S. Burhop, Electronic and Ionic Impact
Phenomena (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1952), p. 230
50
1
z
o 40
00
W
Lu 30
CD
W
)
z
z
20
0
I0
Ir
W
10
z
0
1
2
3
4
NUCLEAR SEPARATIONS (ANGSTROMS)
Potential energy curves for higher energy states of H 2 .
H. S. W. Massey, E. H. S. Burhop, Electronic and Ionic Impact
Phenomena (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1952), p. 231
II bl.
20
---
·--
---
--
--
I
()
o
0-J
z
0
rr
o
C)
LLJ
I
>-
_J
Iz
LLI
0
a_
NUCLEAR SEPARATION (A)
II bZ.
Potential energy curves for the 02 molecule.
H. S. W. Massey, E. H. S. Burhop, Electronic and Ionic Impact
Phenomena (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1952), p. 257
21
_
_
I0
z
0
IJ
LK
z
o
0
LL
I-Q)
LlJ
,
-
II bZ.
1.
'
2
I
1.5
NUCLEAR SEPARATION (A)
2
2.5I
Two possible sets of potential energy curves for 02.
H. S. W. Massey, E. H. S. Burhop, Electronic and Ionic Impact
Phenomena (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1952), p. 263
22
II_
_
0
C-
(A
U)
o
13
VOLTS
II cl.
Q12 - cross section for electron collision exciting 63P
in mercury;
Z
from 6 3 P 1
Q 2 1-- cross section for collision of second kind with
electrons returning 63P 2 to 6 3 P 1 in mercury.
C. Kenty, J. Appl. Phys. 21,
1309 (1950)
5x
6
7
8
9
VOLTS
II cl.
Calculated cross sections for excitations of 73S
level in mercury.
C. Kenty, J. Appl. Phys. 21,
1309 (1950)
23
I _
_
I
from 61S
0
5x
6
VOLTS
Excitation function for 6 3 P states of mercury.
II cl.
C. Kenty, J. Appl.
Phys. 21, 1309 (1950)
2.0
z
0o
0
0
0
/
-
/
1.2
1.0
P,
i
/
0.8
z 0.6
O
0.4
F-
0.2
0
J
a
Q_
/
3
10
/
14
12
16
_/
0.6
0.4
0.2
II c2.
--
-
I
Px
P.
/
0.8
0
- -
/
03
0
I
/
J
LL
Ne
/
1.8
1.6
1.4
18
20
VOLTS /
22
24
26
2~
H
N~~~~e/
//
8
10
12
14
16
18
VOLTS
20
24
22
26
28
"Probability" of excitation and ionization in He, H 2 , Ne, A.
M. J.
Druyvesteyn, F.
M
Penning, Revs. Modern Phys. 12, 87 (1940)
24
I
--
IloiQ
I I I
l I I I I
I I I I
I I I I
I I I I
14
I
12
H-
Il~~~
~ 0
z
n
8
Hz
LJ
6
C-)
4
2
2S
23S
19.5
II cZ.
20.0
23P
205
21.0
21.5
ELECTRON ENERGY (VOLTS)
22.0
Excitation of metastable levels in He.
G. J.
Schulz,
R. E.
Fox, Phys. Rev. 106,
25
____
1179 (1957)
P
O10
ELECTRON ENERGY (VOLTS)
II c2.
"Probability" of ionization in He, Ne.
P.
T.
Smith, Phys. Rev. 36, 1293 (1930)
A,
)O
ELECTRON
II c2.
ENERGY (VOLTS)
"Probability" of ionization in neon.
W. Bleakney,
Phys. Rev. 36,
1303 (1930)
26
I
I
10.0 x
9.0
/
He +
/
8.0
7.0
6.0
/
5.0
a
-__ /.
4.0__
3D
2.0 24'58_
24.0
25.0
_____
C'_____
26.0
_____
27.0
28.0
ELECTRON
II c3.
_____
~
~
32.0
33.0
_____~~~~~~~~~~~
29.0
30.0
31.0
~
ENERGY (ELECTRON VOLTS)
Ionization cross section in He by electron impact.
R. E. Fox, Research Report 60-94439-4-R2,
Electric Corporation, Aug. 15, 1956
Westinghouse
-IA
16.0x I1
S
IO
I'.U
Af"
I
7-
NEON
120
10.0
8.0
jN
05
6.0
f
40
21.56
2.0
1
L
AF
0
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
ELECTRON ENERGY (ELECTRON VOLTS)
II c4.
Ionization cross section for neon.
R. E. Fox, Research Report 60-94439-4-RZ, Westinghouse
Electric Corporation, Aug. 15, 1956
27
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
18.0,
0
(j
ELECTRON ENERGY (ELECTRON VOLTS)
II c5.
Ionization cross section for argon.
R. E. Fox, Research Report 60-94439-4-RZ, Westinghouse
Electric Corporation, Aug. 15, 1956
2
w
a
a
2
C
ELECTRON ENERGY (VOLTS)
II c5.
"Probability" of ionization in argon.
R. E. Fox, W. M. Hickam, T. Kjeldaas, D. J. Grove,
Phys. Rev. 84, 859 (1951)
28
An
Mo
ELECTRON ENERGY
(VOLTS)
II c5.
"Probability" of ionization in argon.
W. Bleakney, Phys. Rev. 36, 1303 (1930)
§
T
/
4
A.
14
KRYPTON
I0
8
6
4
2
14.00
14.10
14.20
14.30
14.40
ELECTRON ENERGY (VOLTS)
II c6.
Relative ionization probability for ionization to the 2P 3 /2 state in krypton.
R. E. Fox, W. M. Hickam, T. Kjeldaas, Phys. Rev. 89, 555 (1953)
29
-I
-
--
Z
W
I0
Z
o
14.0
14.5
15.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
ELECTRON ENERGY (VOLTS)
II c6,
Relative ionization probability for ionization to the 2P1/
state in krypton.
R. E. Fox, W. M. Hickam, T. Kjeldaas, Phys. Rev. 89, 555 (1953)
I-
z
w
o
z
o
11.5
II c7.
12.0
14.0
13.0
13.5
12.5
ELECTRON ENERGY (VOLTS)
14.5
Relative ionization probability for ionization by electron impact in xenon.
R. E. Fox, W. M. Hickam, T. Kjeldaas, Phys. Rev. 89, 555 (1953)
30
8
7
-
U)
Z
cc
A6
InZ/qR
i
Pn6
11
1
tz
4
I4
Z
i-
W
D C
0
z
0
0v
Z-
9.0
.4
I
.8
IQZ
I.ELECTRON
ACCELERATING
11.
I/
I.
I
IVOLTAGE
.
5.-
4
SO
ELECTRON ACCELERATING VOLTAGE
II c8.
"Probability" of ionization in zinc.
W. M. Hickam, Scientific Report 1819, Westinghouse Research
Laboratory, March 31, 1954
B
7
E
4
P
Cd
ci
Z
Z
z)
5
-4
0
9
X
M
z
0
Z
Z
2
11~~
8.5
II c9.
9.0
9.5
10.0
10.5
11.0
11.5
12.0
12.5
ELECTRON ACCELERATING
VOLTAGE
13.0
13.5
14.0
"Probability" of ionization in cadmium.
W. M. Hickam, Scientific Report 1819, Westinghouse Research
Laboratory, March 31, 1954
31
.
..
,,_____._
7
10.5
11.0
ELECTRON
II c10.
11.5
ENERGY (VOLTS)
"Probability" of ionization in mercury.
W. B. Nottingham,
Phys. Rev. 55, 203 (1939)
9-
8
-
7
6
!
a'-
I
o
'L I/I
2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
ELECTRON ENERGY (VOLTS)
II c10.
"Probability" of ionization in mercury.
W. B. Nottingham, Phys. Rev. 55, 203 (1939)
32
ii
20
18I
20
I
-
-
--
-
6-
a0
-
-
10
o~~~,
8
6
4
--
II{j-I
2
2-
0
10
20
30
40
-
50
- -
60
70
80
90
100
ELECTRON ENERGY (VOLTS)
II c lO.
"Probability" of ionization in mercury.
W. B. Nottingham, Phys. Rev. 55, 203 (1939)
HgD
z
It2
S
3/
0
M
co
ZZ
W
C,
x
Z)
0
E1
10.4
II clO.
I
10.6
10.8
I
_
o_
_
/~~~~~~O
11.0
11.2
11.4
11.6
11.8
ELECTRONACCELERATING VOLTAGE
12.0
12.2
"Probability" of ionization in mercury.
W. M. Hickam, Scientific Report 1819, Westinghouse Research
Laboratory, March 31, 1954
33
_
---------
aL
'0
ELECTRON ENERGY(VOLTS)
II cO.
"Probability" of ionization in mercury.
W. Bleakney, Phys. Rev. 35, 139 (1930)
D
aW
0
(O
0
0
(a
0
U
iO
ELECTRON ENERGY (E V)
II c 1 .
Ionization cross sections of hydrogen on electron impact.
34
I
6n
z
>.-
rr
cr
Fr
Iw
0:
fr
z
Z
r
C-)
z
0
4
ELECTRON ENERGY (VOLTS)
II c1Z.
"Probability" of ionization for electrons in NO, 02.
H. D. Hagstrum, Revs. Modern Phys. 23,
35
_
_
185 (1951)
-- -l
25 x 10
2
a
I
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
23 24
22
ELECTRON ENERGY(ELECTRON VOLTS)
II c12.
Ionization cross section for nitrogen.
R. E. Fox, Research Report 60-94439-4-R2,
Electric Corporation, Aug. 15, 1956
36
1
Westinghouse
50x 10'
8
B2
CO+
4(
+19 . 67
3
/
5(
O
/A2=I6.53
C0
2(3
._
IK
'X2
I0
_
13
II c12.
=+14.0 I
__
_
14
15
16
17
18
19 20 21
ELECTRON ENERGY(ELECTRON VOLTS)
22
Ionization cross section for carbon monoxide.
R. E. Fox, Research Report 60-94439-4-R2, Westinghouse
Electric Corporation, Aug.
15,
37
-
-- I
L
1956
IrS
Pi
T
I
o
150
300
450
600
750
ENERGY OF ELECTRONS (VOLTS)
II c13.
"Probability" of ionization in N,
0 z, CO, NO, CH2
z
J. T. Tate, P. T. Smith, Phys. Rev. 39, 270 (1932)
co
z
5Z
I-
z
x
D
U
0
z
0
)0
ELECTRON ENERGY (VOLTS)
II c14.
"Probability" of ionization in acetylene.
J. T. Tate, P. T. Smith, A. L. Vaughan, Phys. Rev. 48, 525 (1935)
38
ji
Z
-
m
z
w
D
CL
z
2o
9
)O
ELECTRON ENERGY(VOLTS)
II c15.
"Probability" of ionization in nitric oxide, NO.
J. T. Tate, P. T. Smith, A. L. Vaughan, Phys. Rev. 48, 525 (1935)
F-'
Hn
ELECTRON ENERGY(VOLTS)
II c16.
"Probability" of ionization in cyanogen, CN
2
.
J. T. Tate, P. T. Smith, A. L. Vaughan, Phys. Rev. 48, 525 (1935)
39
3
en
D
-r
2
z
co
zI-)
0
Q
n
11.0
II c17.
12.0
13.0
14.0
15.0
16.0
ELECTRON ENERGY(VOLTS)
17.0
18.0
19.0
Ionization potentials of water.
W. C. Price, T. M. Sugden, Trans. Faraday Soc. 44, 108 (1948)
U)
-
z
D
ICC
x
0
Q~
pZ
W
cr
r
W
o
C)
Z
.0
ELECTRON ENERGY (VOLTS)
II c18.
Ionization potentials of hydrogen sulphide.
W. C. Price, T. M. Sugden, Trans. Faraday Soc. 44, 108 (1948)
40
·a
U14
II c19.
16
18
20
22
ELECTRON ENERGY (VOLTS)
24
26
"Probability" of ionization for CH 4 from methane.
C. A. McDowell, J. W. Warren, Faraday Soc. Discussions 10, 53 (1951)
4
ci
z
OH 34
OH 4
r
H2
4
m
z
0r
o
Z
W
z
I
_
II
II c19.
12
13
14
15
ELECTRON ENERGY (VOLTS)
16
17
"Probability" of ionization for CH4, CH3, and CH2 from methane.
C. A. McDowell, J. W. Warren, Faraday Soc. Discussions 10, 53 (1951)
41
on
()
F-
z
>-
cto
r_
Z
L.
rr
Z)
0
Y
1u
11U
I
1
1
13
Ito
I
I
I
ELECTRON ENERGY (VOLTS)
II c20.
Ionization probability of benzene and xenon.
R.
E.
Fox, W. M
Hickam, J.
4Z
Chem. Phys. 2Z, 2059 (1954)
0)
Iz
I>-
z
W
rn
I-zZC
LUJ
W
M
Z
0
9.5
II c21.
13.5
14.5
10.5
11.5
12.5
ELECTRON ENERGY(VOLTS)
Ionization probability of propylene.
R. E. Fox, W. M. Hickam, J. Chem. Phys. 22, Z059 (1954)
43
Iz
Z
)-
a
zCn
Ibi
0
UI-
10
II c22.
11
16
15
14
13
12
ELECTRON ENERGY (VOLTS)
Ionization efficiency of ethylene, acetylene, water, methane,
carbon dioxide, krypton, nitrogen, and argon.
F. P. Lossing, A. W. Tickner, W. A. Bryce, J.
1254 (1951)
44
I
17
Chem. Phys.
19,
on..
,- 24
't..l
LVV A 1(1 -
A
N
/
.1 I 'YL
-ant
---
'"
"
y()(
"Du
0
o
120
"I
80
40
1
O.1I
II dl.
0.2
0.4
0.7
2
4
7
I
ELECTRON ENERGY (ev)
10
20
40
70
100
Cross sections for radiative attachment of electrons by neutral hydrogen atoms.
H. S. W. Massey, E. H. S. Burhop, Electronic and Ionic Impact Phenomena
(Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1952), p. 335
ELECTRON ENERGYIN VOLTS
II d2.
"Probability" of formation of O- ions from carbon monoxide
as a function of the energy of the impacting electrons.
H. D. Hagstrum, J. T. Tate, Phys. Rev. 59, 354 (1941)
45
I
-
-
I-
z
wa
I-
z
o
z
w
4
zw
ELECTRON ENERGY INVOLTS
II d3.
"Probability" of formation of O ions from nitric oxide as
a function of the energy of the impacting electrons.
H. D. Hagstrum, J. T. Tate, Phys. Rev. 59,
354 (1941)
2
2
it
CZ
C
z
C
I.
2
0O
ELECTRON ENERGY IN VOLTS
II d4.
"Probability
of formation of O ions from oxygen.
H. D. Hagstrum, J. T. Tate, Phys. Rev. 59, 354 (1941)
46
()
Z
Z
o r
Zm
4
ELECTRON ENERGY IN ELECTRON VOLTS
II d5.
F
ion current as a function of electron energy.
A. J. Ahearn, N. B. Hannay, J. Chem. Phys. 21, 119 (1953)
5500 _ -I-
z
w
r4
I
I-n
---
--
-
-
-
---
-
I
----
-
z
a:
2
1
1500
0
0
1000
'1
o)
---
---
X 250
X2500
.000
a:
w
o
z
--
/
X 2500
2500 -
2
m
4
CD 2
z
aZ
I
XI
1n
_1 _
JVV
Ij
/
n_
V
o
I
C
,J
5
/
10
Ilr/
15
__
20
Il
I
/ ii - 25
30
35
I
40
4' 5
50
ELECTRON ENERGY IN ELECTRON VOLTS
II d6.
SF 6 ion current as a function of electron energy.
A. J. Ahearn, N. B. Hannay, J. Chem. Phys. 21, 119 (1953)
47
A
I
0
a:-
0
20
40
60
JVOLTS
II el.
Atomic collision detachment cross sections of H
Ne, A, Kr, and Xe.
J.
B. Hasted,
Proc. Roy. Soc.
(London) A212,
in He,
235 (1952)
cr\
40
'I
3-
O
20
TOTAL
i-,r-~-L-.l,
L LtU I
10
nrrl
·
I··rlT
UII UL I AUMM
Vl
I
ELASTIC
,
_
,
100
_
e'UU
300
.
.
+UU
VOLTS
II el.
"Probabilities" of collision for H
T. L. Bailey, C.
1446 (1957)
J.
May, E.
E.
48
in He.
Muschlitz, Jr.,
J.
Chem. Phys. 26,
I
o
0a
)o
VOLTS
II e 1.
"Probabilities" of collision for H in Ne.
T. L. Bailey, C. J. May, E. E. Muschlitz, Jr., J. Chem. Phys. 26,
1446 (1957)
0
)O
VOLTS
II el.
"Probabilities" of collision for H in A.
T. L. Bailey, C. J. May, E. E. Muschlitz, Jr., J. Chem. Phys. Z6,
1446 (1957)
49
F
40
,
20
20
0r
0
II e2.
20
40
60
Atom collision detachment cross sections of O in He and A.
J. B. Hasted, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A2 12, 235 (1952)
o-
WIv
0o
1-V-OLTS
II e3.
Atom collision detachment cross section of O
J.
B.
Hasted, Proc. Roy. Soc.
50
I
in Ne.
(London) A212, 235 (1952)
4.,\
+U
0- IN Kr
_-
_ii
2lo.v
CL-
0
O- IN Xe
l
--------
.--
-
20
-------
40
60
VOLTS
II e4.
Atomic collision detachment cross sections of O
in Kr and Xe.
J. B. Hasted, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) AZ12, 235 (1952)
25 x I(
0
VOLTS
II e5.
Detachment cross sections in oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen.
J. B. Hasted, R. A. Smith, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A235, 349 (1956)
51
--
40
_-- ~
_.
......
F IN Xe
F- IN Kr
.....
20
F INNe
0
40
20
60
1VOLTS
II e6.
Atom collision detachment cross sections of F- in Ne, Kr, and Xe.
J. B. Hasted, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) AZ12, 235 (1952)
40r
.
.
CI- FROM:
GI IN Ne
0
a-
HCI
2CJ
C12
---
U
20
40
bU
/VOLTS
II e7.
Atom collision detachment cross sections of C1
in Ne.
J. B. Hasted, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) AZ12, 235 (1952)
52
-O
-
0o
VO LTS
II e8.
Atomic collision detachment cross sections of C1
in He, A, and Xe.
J. B. Hasted, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A212, 235 (1952)
v
/VOLTS
II e9.
Atomic collision detachment cross sections of C1
in Kr.
J. B. Hasted, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) AZ12, 235 (1952)
53
_
_
25x
xlO
'
cE
C-
a
JVOLTS
II elO.
Detachment cross sections in chlorine, oxygen, and water.
J. B. Hasted, R. A. Smith, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A235, 349 (1956)
A
0
0W-
VOLTS
II el .
Atomic collision detachment cross sections of S-, Br-, and I- in neon.
J. B. Hasted, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A212, 235 (1952)
54
___1
___
-
w-
0
20
40
60
VOLTS
II el2.
Atom collision detachment cross sections of Li , C , and P
J.
B. Hasted, Proc. Roy. Soc.
(London) A212, 235 (1952)
180
I
HELIUM
160
140
120
in Ne.
1\
Cs-
P+ 100
80
K
60
40
20
+
Li
0
3
4
5
/v~OLTS
II fl.
"Probability" of collision for positive ions of Li, K, Cs in helium.
C. Ramsauer,
O. Beeck,
Ann. Physik 87,
55
-
1 (1928)
200
NEON
180
160
140
I
---.--.--
Cs+
120
P+
100
80
60
40
Ki+
+
===-Li
20
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
I.Fs
II f2.
"Probability" of collision for positive ions of Li, K, Cs in neon.
C. Ramsauer,, O. Beeck, Ann. Physik 87, 1 (1928)
P+
3
VOLTS
II f3.
"Probability" of collision for positive ions of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs in argon.
C. Ramsauer,
O. Beeck, Ann. Physik 87,
56
1 (1928)
140
120
I
80
N
CL
60
1-1
1·;
', H.'
40
'
Ir
20
11
0j
II f4.
.
I I
"
_ #s
if
"
1+
a
4_
ZZ::Z--7-
:
A
A
U
'YI
..~~~~~~~~
lv
Elastic scattering of low-velocity hydrogen ions in hydrogen.
J. H. Simons, C. M. Fontana, E. E. Muschlitz,
J. Chem. Phys. 11, 307 and 316 (1943)
"'
v
_-
Jr., S. R. Jackson,
I
I
1
A/r
TOTAL
20
100
0
ELASTIC
---------
I NELASTIC
t--
200
300
400
ENERGY (VOLTS)
II f5.
Scattering cross sections of H
E. E. Muschlitz,
1202 (1956)
Jr.,
T.
in H 2 .
L. Bailey, J.
57
H. Simons, J.
Chem. Phys. 24,
---
P+
Z
I
4
j
"Probability" of collision for positive ions of K in H z , 02, N 2.
II f6.
C. Ramsauer,
O. Beeck, Ann. Physik 87, 1 (1928)
A
/
3
x__x0_Kr
r-
0
o
2
cf
Xe(x 1)
N eCx00)
0
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
ION ENERGY (ELECTRON VOLTS)
II gl.
+
Ionization cross sections of inert gases by K ions as a function of
ion energy.
D.
E.
Moe, Phys. Rev.
104, 694 (1956)
58
H' in H
2
16
14
(n_
SMITH
I
ARTELS
12
______________KEEN
C)
I-
-
10
I~~~~~
z
GOLDMANN
z
0
6
MEYER
4
_
_
_
WOLF
2
500
1000
5000
10,000
50,000
ENERGY (VOLTS)
II h.
Charge-transfer cross section of H+ in H 2 .
H. S. W. Massey, E. H. S. Burhop, Electronic and Ionic Impact Phenomena
(Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1952), p. 526
2
0
0a
VOLTS
II hZ.
Charge-transfer cross sections of A+ in A, He + in He as a function of energy.
J. B. Hasted, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) AZ05, 421 (1951)
59
-
150
100
\~
~~~~TOTAL
50
CHARGE TRANSFER
ELASTIC
0O
10
5
15
20
VOLTS
II h2.
"Probability" of collisions of He
ions in He.
W. H. Cramer, J. H. Simone, J. Chem. Phys. 26, 1272 (1957)
i"c,----
M
o
----
----
/
40(
I,\
?j
o
1,
30 0
20f r,
to
0
20
10
30
40
I/ _BYT
II h3.
Charge-transfer cross sections of ions and atoms of mercury.
B. M. Palyukh, L. A. Sena, J. Exp. Theor. Phys. (U. S. S. R.) 20, 481 (1950)
60
N
a)
a)
o
av
a
~0
a
a
a
a
X
0H
_
a
o
-
-,
a
0O
4 ,
0
In
a(-
0
C
0
o
--
C-
0
0
Q
a
P0c
ol
0
Cr)
,'
o
m
W
r
0
:U
s-I
C)
10
oN
C-c
C)
U)
a
I
bS.
0
0
oa)
9C
(\]
0
a
0o
v 3
a)
a)
a)
0:0
:0
0
:0
S
mm
x=
O
O0· -4
c1
'd
-4
__
Wd
>
tmo'o-o
_ >
o
a
0L"-O :0
0
Cd-
-4
o
>
_
0:0
0
000
000
:0
0
0
-4
0)
-
0;
-I
O
0
0
0
0
-
3
_
N
~
N
Lr
d
.
-4
N
-
C,]
0
0.
1
L
0
.N
.
N
-
N
N
04
r -4
0c
·rq
N
N4
-4
.
N
Cd
'0
a,
Cd
U
r,u
d
Cd
a)
-d
N
0
10
L n Ln
I W
-
0
0
0
Ns
*
oo
-0;.
0
0
o000
'--
0
-l
o
I
CYa).
_{
-
ON
-4
-
0
a)
Cd
En
a)
4
-4
10;
4-
a)
W=
o
LI
a
r:
0
r)a;
U)
a)
Q)
C)
,
C)
Ced
C
o0
0
.,-I
,
,
a)
-
C)
a)
m
b.
4,
0
a,)
0
.,.*
-4
-
-*
.
,-I
.,
-I
-4
*4
N
N N
N
v
aL) 4b.
*'
Cd
IC.
;
Cd
;l
C)
*H
V
V
W
.6
r
.X
0 0
Nt
00
C13
Cd
c-
+
+
ONYL
o1
c,
a)
4
0
a)
+
0
N
o
-- r
*-
U)1
U·
lU
-
0
a)
a + +
~
+
+
0
.,-/
a
Cd
t
a)
00
a
C)
c
-
E0
.-I
a)
1-
-4
+
t
+
+
+
v
+
a)
+
)
a
++
+
a)
++
+
4,b:
a)+
a)
+
+ +
+
++
+
t
+
+
m+
+
Q
t
t
_
_
_
+
)
_
t
+
+
)+
_
_
C)
61
I
+
+A
+
+ +
_
C· ll
tW
a
_
_
a)d
*_q
o
0
0
I
! EZN
0
0
C-
0
LI
eh
a.
L
~r_
v25
gV
I VOLT S
II h5.
Normal charge-transfer cross sections.
J. B. Hasted, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London)
A205, 421 (1951)
E
aa-
20
*W
30
Irv-OLTSi~
II h6.
Abnormal charge-transfer cross sections
with metastable ions present.
J. B. Hasted, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London)
A205, 421 (1951)
30
30
10
I
/
I
II
I
9
13.
I0
0
30
*IVOLTS
II h7.
Charge-transfer cross section of O+ in N
Dotted line is extrapolated.
as a function of energy.
J. B. Hasted, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) AZ05, 421 (1951)
Ore
LOG , [IMPACT
II h8.
ENERGY (ev)]
Cross sections for the reactions (H, A13+; H+, Al +), (H, Li +; H + Li+),
(H, A12+; H+ + Al+) as a function of the impact energy of the colliding ion.
A. Dalgarno, Proc. Phys. Soc. 67A,
63
--
1010 (1954)
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
LOG [IMPACT ENERGY OF DOUBLY CHARGED ION (ev)]
II h9.
Charge -transfer cross sections for the reactions (H, Si2 + H+, Si+ ) and
(H, Be 2 +; H+ Be +).
D. R. Bates, B. L. Moiseiwitsch, Proc. Phys. Soc. 67A, 805 (1954)
64
I
24 x 10
-18
Cz+ INA
II
16
/
12
<.D
z+
C INHe
_
4
0
-
.
.
10
20
A
30
.
..
40
- I--_
50
60
,/VOLTS
II hlO.
Charge-transfer cross sections of C 2 + in argon, neon, and helium.
J.
B.
1
25 x 10
Hasted, R.
A. Smith, Proc. Roy. Soc.
(London) A235, 354 (1956)
I
2
I
CM
4E
CY
_T
A VOLTS
II hll.
Charge-transfer cross sections of N 2 + in argon, neon and helium.
J.
B. Hasted, R. A. Smith, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A235,
65
I
-
354 (1956)
U)
cn
0
3
J
W
Q
30 x
15x 10-'
6
30 x 10
A+2
N
16
IN A
c.)
0
20
I(
A2 + I
N
A2+IN He
5NeA
10
0
20
10
40
30
A
b0
60
VOLTS
II h12.
Charge-transfer cross sections of A
J.
B.
Hasted, R.
+
in A, Ne, and He.
A. Smith, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A235, 354 (1956)
40
O+INA
20
C0O+INA
OL
v~
N INA
40
20
0
60
-/VOLTS
II h13.
Charge-transfer cross sections of O+ , CO,
J.
B.
Hasted,
Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A212,
66
-
I
and N 2 in A.
235 (1952)
.
_0
0:L.
_)
VOLT S
II h14.
Charge-transfer cross sections of H+ in A; D+ in A, Kr, Xe.
J. B. Hasted, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A212, 235 (1952)
A f~
I+U
+
Br
+
IN Kr
IN Xe
20
+ IN Xe
i-
0
40
20
60
I/VOLTS
II h15.
Charge-transfer cross sections of O
J.
B. Hasted,
in Kr, and Br
Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A212,
+
and C + in Xe.
235 (1952)
67
I
-
0
a4(
3o
/OLTS
II h16.
Charge-transfer cross section of N+ in Kr.
J. B. Hasted, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A212, 235 (1952)
7av-
20
40
60
. / VOLTS
II h17.
Charge-transfer cross sections of O + in HO0; 0+
and H+ in A.
J. B. Hasted, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A212, 235 (1952)
68
aI
E
0
2
4
AE /'
II h18.
Maximum voltages of charge-transfer cross sections.
J.
B. Hasted,
Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A212,
235 (1952)
69
_
_
__
hv (VOLTS)
15.5
50xlO- '8
40
17.7
20.7
24.8
41.3
31.0
,
62.0
I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
ARGON
c0
cQ 30
20
10
Ne
He
0
II il.
800
600
-
---
--
200
Photoabsorption cross section in A, Ne, and He.
G. L. Weissler, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),
Vol. 21, p. 304
70
---
400
X(A)
--
4.1
4.8
hv(VOLTS)
5.6
6.9
0.24 x10 ' 18
0.20
0, 16
o 0.12
0.08
0.04
0
O0
X
II iZ.
()
Photoabsorption cross sections in K.
G. L. Weissler, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),
Vol. 21, p. 304
hv (VOLTS)
15.5
17.7
20.7
24.8
600
500
20x10 - '8
'P
-15
;2
a
10
5
800
700
II i3.
x(4)
Photoabsorption cross sections in Hz .
G. L. Weissler, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),
Vol. 21, p. 304
71
I
-
10.3
12.4
1200
1000
hV (VOLTS)
15 5
20 7
31.0
620
600
400
200
50xl0-1 8
40
;- 30
0
20
0
0
800
-- x(A)
II i4.
Photoabsorption cross sections in N2 .
G. L. Weissler, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),
Vol. 21, p. 304
6.9
7.7
8.9
hv (VOLTS)
10 3
12.4
15.5
20 7
31.0
62.0
50xlO- 18
40
'
30
20
10
0
1800
1400
1000
600
200
X(A)
II i5.
Photoabsorption cross sections in 02.
G. L. Weissler, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),
Vol. 21, p. 304
72
1
25x 10-
hv (VOLTS)
8.9
10.3
6.9
7.7
1800
1600
12.4
8
20
Nc
15
a10
5
0
II i6.
1400
1200
1000
Photoabsorption cross section
G. L. Weissler, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),
Vol. 21, p. 304
10.3
hV(VOLTS)
207
15.5
12 4
°
25x10 .18
1P2 -
31 0
P3
2
a0
5
5
¢1
v
II i7.
1200
1000
800
600
--- X()
400
200
Photoabsorption cross sections in CO.
G. L. Weissler, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin,
Vol. 21, p. 304
1956),
73
--
6.9
7.7
8.9
h (VOLTS)
10 3
12 4
15.5
20.7
31.0
50x IC
Z
0
Q.
I
)O
- X (A)
II i8.
Photoabsorption cross sections in CO
z.
G. L. Weissler, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),
Vol. 21, p. 304
74
7.7
8.9
10.3
1600
1400
1200
hv (VOLTS)
12.4
15 5
20.7
31.0
800
600
400
50 x 10-18
40
c-
30
C2
20
10
0
1800
II i9.
1000
-- X(A)
200
Photoabsorption cross section in NO.
G. L. Weissler, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),
Vol. 21, p. 304
75
6.9
.IC
bUXI(
7.7
h v (VOLTS)
8.9
10.3
1400
1200
19 Id
Ir
r
O
-
CJ
0
2000
II i10.
1800
1600
I
800
600
400
Photoabsorption cross sections in N20.
G. L. Weissler, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin,
1956),
Vol. 21, p. 304
76
1__ _
1000
___
200
6.9
0
7.7
8.9
hv (VOLTS)
10.3
12.4
15.5
20.7
31.0
1600
1400
1200
800
600
400
70x 10-18
60
50
:5 40
a
c0
30
20
10
0
1800
ill.
II il l.
10( )0
200
C(A)in
Photoabsorption cross sections in C2H2.
G. L. Weissler, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),
Vol. 21, p. 304
77
.-
.
oUX
IRF
6.9
77
8.9
10.3
hv (VOLTS)
12.4
15.5
20.7
31.0
62.0
400
200
-
25
IP
vr%
-·
JlAJ
(.U
cJ
II
15II
I
N
a
I
I10
C
i
5
r
2
'IC
1800
2000
1600
/
1400
ncIg
w
1200
1000
800
600
o
--- X (A)
II i12.
Photoabsorption cross section in H20.
G. L. Weissler, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),
Vol. 21, p. 304
78
7.7
8.9
hV (VOLTS)
12.4
15,5
10 3
20.7
31.0
bOUU
4UU
60 x 0-18
50
c- 40
C
c¢
30
20
I0
IbUI
J DI
14UU
IzUU
I
--
II i3.
IUUU
U0
X(A)
, Photoabsorption cross sections in CH 4 .
G. L. Weissler,
Vol. 21, p. 304
Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin,
1956),
79
-
·
---
h v (VOLTS)
50x
cu
o0
C
0
2000
II i14.
1600
1200
o
800
400
Photoabsorption cross sections in NH 3 .
G. L. Weissler, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),
Vol. 21, p. 304
80
6.9
7.7
8.9
hv (VOLTS)
10.3
12.4
15.5
20.7
31.0
70x10-18
60
50
: 40
0
a
30
20
10
0
a
- X (A)
II i15.
Photoabsorption cross sections in C2H 4 .
G. L. Weissler,
Vol. 21, p. 304
Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin,
81
_
_
_
1956),
III.
SURFACE PHENOMENA
(a) Secondary Emission yi
The secondary emission coefficient i is the number of free electrons released from
a surface by the impact of a positive ion, over and above any electrons taken from the
surface to neutralize the ion.
If
is the work function of the surface, and V. is the
1
ionization potential of the ion, secondary emission requires that V i > 2.
The secondary emission coefficient is in general greatly altered by the presence of
adsorbed gas on the surface.
(b) Effective Secondary Emission y
The
second Townsend coefficient y is defined as the number of secondary
electrons escaping from the cathode per positive ion produced in the gas. It is a
function of E/p in the gas and is, in general, the resultant effect of photons, ions, and
metastables reaching the cathode,
and of back diffusion.
0.3
0.2
z
o
0
-J
LU
0
IIIal.
200
400
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
600
Ejected electron yield of Li+ , K+ , and Rb+ on aluminum.
H. S. W. Massey, E. H. S. Burhop, Electronic and Ionic Impact
Phenomena (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1952), p. 549
82
1.4
1.2
z
0
z
o
o
w
0.8
-J
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
IIIa2.
Ejected electron yield of He + , Ne +, and A+ on nickel.
H. S. W. Massey, E. H. S. Burhop, Electronic and Ionic Impact
Phenomena (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1952), p. 549
1.2
1.0
z 0.8
o
u')
z
o 0.6
-J
LUJ
>0.4
0.2
0
200
400
600
800
1000
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
IIIa2.
Electron yield of helium ions on hot and cold molybdenum.
P. F. Little, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin,
1956), Vol. 21, p. 574
83
+
He
- Ni
1.25
z
o
Iz
0
1.00
I
-J
v
0.75 5
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
COS. 8
III a3.
Electron yield as function of the angle of incidence for helium ions on nickel.
P. F. Little, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),
Vol. 21, p. 574
0.06
z
0
z( 0.04
0o
I0
LuI
-J
> 0.02
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
III a4.
Ejected electron yield of K
on Al,
Ni,
H. S. W. Massey, E. H. S. Burhop,
(Clarendon Press,
Oxford, 1952), p.
84
and Mo.
Electronic and Ionic Impact Phenomena
549
I9
I .C
1.0
z
0.8
0
z
0
0.6
0
LU 0.4
'-
0.2
0
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
IIIa5. Total electron yield on atomically clean molybdenum.
H. D. Hagstrum, Phys. Rev. 89, 244 (1953)
n
I,.
-
__
M
MOLYBDENUM
c,
U. t
z
a:
w
CL
U)
(n
Ne+ +
ic
z 0.6
0
CO
C)
O
w
LU
-j
LU
0.4
-A
++-
Kr++
Xe++
0.2
0
0
Zuu
400
600
800
1000
ION KINETIC ENERGY (ELECTRON VOLTS)
III a5.
y for doubly charged ions of noble gases incident on atomically
clean molybdenum.
H. D. Hagstrum, Phys. Rev. 104, 672 (1956)
85
---
A -A
0.36
0.28
0.24
0.20
z
o
' 0.16
z
o
Lw 0.12
.J_1
ii
0.08
0.04
0
200
400
600
800
1000
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
III a6.
y data for atomically clean tungsten.
H. D. Hagstrum,
Phys. Rev. 104, 672 (1956)
1I.0
To
0.8
++
-
~(GAS
-COVERED)
z
0
0.6
z
0
0
He
+
0.4
_J
0.2
+
-He
cc~--0
200
400
600
800
1000
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
III a7.
Total electron yield for He + , He + + , and He2 for gas-covered tantalum.
H. D. Hagstrum, Phys. Rev. 91, 543 (1953)
86
10O-
____
10-2 - A
Z
-
-
e-
H2
10-3
T
0
UJ
-I
2
- 4
10
6
4
2
10-5
Ta
I
02
---
---
20
U
---
40
bu
.
80
100
120
140
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
IIIa8.
Ejected electron yield of A + ions on outgassed tantalum, Hz, N
u -treatea tantulum.
J. A. Parker, Jr., Phys. Rev. 93, 1148 (1954)
and
2 X10-2
z
0
U-,
z
0
0cr
-J
10-3
8
uJ
5
K
3
2
10
-4
8
-5
5X 10
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
III a9.
Electron yield on gas-covered tantalum from molecular gas ions.
P. F. Little, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),
Vol. 21, p. 574
87
0. 32
TUNGSTEN
28
O.24
He+
z
o
0r 0.
O.20
w
a
O.16
w
z0. 12
Ar+
>;
O.08
Kr+
Xe
0. .04=
Xe
___
0
200
+
400
_
600
ION KINETIC ENERGY
III a1O.
_
800
IN
1000
ev
Total electron yield for singly charged ions on atomically clean tungsten.
325 (1954)
H. D. Hagstrum, Phys. Rev. 96
HELIUM
--
O. 32
z
O. 28
o
cw
a_
cE
z
2
24
_w
0
a
I-
N2/W
-J O. 20
_JZ
O.16
U
-
A
dUU
4UU
bUU
bU
IL
)00
ION KINETIC ENERGY (ELECTRON VOLTS)
III alO.
i in helium for clean tungsten (W) and covered with a nitrogen
monolayer (N 2/W).
H. D. Hagstrum, Phys. Rev. 104, 1516 (1956)
88
z
o
0
0
(I
z
-J
LI-
O0
ION KINETIC ENERGY (ELECTRON VOLTS)
III a10.
yi in neon for clean tungsten (W) and covered with a nitrogen
monolayer (N 2 /W)
H. D. Hagstrum, Phys. Rev. 104, 1516 (1956)
,
I
I
z
ARGON
I
10
I
r.,
o
W
w
n 0.0 b
I
()
z
o
0
rr
N2 /W
.
W 0.0 )4
-I
I
>;.-
0
1__
0
200
i
~
_
400
j-iI
I
600
I
800
I
1000
ION KINETIC ENERGY (ELECTRON VOLTS)
III alO.
yi in argon for clean tungsten (W) and covered with a N2 monolayer (N 2 /W).
H. D. Hagstrum, Phys. Rev. 104, 1516 (1956)
89
z
KRYPTON
W
U)
z
0
I-J
LU
0
200
600
400
800
1000
ION KINETIC ENERGY (ELECTRON VOLTS)
III a10.
i in krypton for clean tungsten (W) and covered with a nitrogen
monolayer (Nz/W).
H. D. Hagstrum, Phys. Rev. 104,
1516 (1956)
rr
a.)
IONz
I
XENON
0.04
;-
N2 /W
W
LU
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
ION KINETIC ENERGY(ELECTRON VOLTS)
III a10.
yi in xenon for clean tungsten (W) and covered with a nitrogen
monolayer (Nz/W)
H. D. Hagstrum, Phys. Rev.
104, 1516 (1956)
10-1
z
o 10-2
(I
z
0
or
0
LU
-J
t
k
10_
8
4
2
16-4
i
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
III all.
Electron yield on gas-covered platinum.
P. F. Little, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),
Vol. 21, p. 514
90
9x
z
Co
z
C
fC
LL
%
ION ENERGY(VOLTS)
III alZ.
Electron yield as a function of ion energy for hydrogen, nitrogen,
and oxygen ions on platinum.
P. F. Little, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag,
Vol. 21, p. 574
7
5
Berlin,
1956),
-
3
a
7
¶
- -
- -
-
337
IC
7
3-
d5
5
I
d
//1
0-1
iI-
A
//
·2~~~
10
--
5
10,
102
IIIal 3.
3
3 5 7 104
5 7 103
ENERGY (ELECTRON VOLTS)
3
5
Ejected electron yields of (a) H and Na ions on Cu;
(b) K ions on Al; (c) Li ions on Al; (d) Rb ions on Al;
(e) H ions on Cu, Al, and Au; (f) H ions on Ni.
A. von Engel, M. Steenbeck, Elektrische Gasentladungen
(Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1932), Vol. 1, p. 116
91
z
0
uJ
(n
z
0
uI
-J
E (VOLTS/CM)
III a14.
Second Townsend coefficient of argon ions on Cs-Ag-O surface.
W. S. Huxford, Phys. Rev. 55, 754 (1939)
0.'I
I
l
l1
N-
I/
A(IN Ne)
L_ -=<
O.C,I
Kr
Xe
r rrnl
vvl
IIIbl.
10
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
__
_
1000
Second Townsend coefficient for copper in the rare gases.
M. J. Druyvesteyn, F. M. Penning, Revs. Modern Phys. 12, 87 (1940)
92
a_
100
__
C
r
v.vvl
30
100
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
10
IIIb2.
300
Second Townsend coefficient for argon with different cathode materials.
M. J. Druyvesteyn, F. M. Penning, Revs. Modern Phys. 12, 87 (1940)
R. Schfer, Z. Physik 110, 21 (1938)
93
--
_I
_____I
z
0
U)
0
-)
z
0
0
LuJ
-j
z
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg A)
IIIb3.
Second Townsend coefficient of Ne + , A+,
molybdenum cathode, and of A
+
and Kr + incident on a clean
on a partially activated coated cathode.
R. N. Varney, Phys. Rev. 93, 1156 (1954)
I(
I
-4
65 -
0
-
1,(~5
10
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
E/p
IIIb4.
Values of y as a function of E/p for mercury gas with iron electrodes.
E. Badareu, G. G. Bratescu, Bull. Soc. Roumaine Phys. 45, 9 (1944)
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IIIb5.
Values of y as a function of E/p for H 2 gas with Al electrodes.
D. H. Hale, Phys. Rev. 56, 1199 (1939)
94
r
I1I
0.3
I
02
0 2
_1___
0 .l
I_
I
__
__
I
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IIIb6.
Values of y as a function of E/p for H 2 gas with Ni electrodes.
D. H. Hale, Phys. Rev. 56, 1199 (1939)
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
E/p ( VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IIIb7.
Values of y as a function of E/p in nitrogen.
W. E. Bowls,
Phys. Rev. 53, 293 (1938)
95
-
-
'
-
10-5
10~5
10-6
10'8
._-P
IU
0
IIIb8.
3
BENZENEEXTOLUENE
I
---'
I/
CYCLOHEXANE
-A
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
i
3000
Second Townsend coefficients for aluminum in benzene,
toluene, and cyclohexane.
M. Valeriu-Petrescu, Bull. Soc. Roumaine Phys. 44, 3 (1943)
'4
0.12 x 10
z
0
0.08
a:
I-
0o
LI
IL
004
M
4
0
m
a.
0D
I
I
40
0
80
120
160
200
ENERGY OF POSITIVE IONS IN VOLTS
III c 1.
Probability of conversion of positive hydrogen ions
into negative hydrogen ions on nickel.
F. L. Arnot, Proc. Roy. Soc.(London) A158,
137 (1937)
1.5 x 10
Z
0
a:
0
LILL
0
0.6
I-
0
2a
I
ENERGY OF POSITIVE IONS IN VOLTS
IIIc2.
Probability of conversion of positive nitrogen ions
into negative nitrogen ions on nickel.
F.
L. Arnot, Proc. Roy. Soc.(London) A158, 137 (1937)
96
4
1.6x 10
0/
1.2
z
0
0.8
I-----
0o
Z-/
LL
o
I-
02
0.4
o
_1
40
0
80
120
160
200
ENERGY OF POSITIVE IONS IN VOLTS
IIIc3.
Probability of conversion of positive oxygen ions
into negative oxygen ions on nickel.
F. L. Arnot, Proc. Roy. Soc.(London) A158, 137 (1937)
. . . -4
5.0x
4.0
2
0
2a:
1-
0
IL
U.
0
I-0
m
A
0
a:
a-
0
IIIc4.
40
80
120
160
ENERGY OF POSITIVE IONS IN VOLTS
200
Probability of conversion of positive carbon dioxide
ions into negative carbon dioxide ions on nickel.
F.
L.
Arnot, Proc. Roy. Soc.(London) A158, 137 (1937)
97
L
---
CO
PRIMARY ENERGY ( ELECTRON VOLTS)
IIIdl.
The ratio of the number of secondary electrons emitted from a surface to
the number of primary electrons incident as a function of incident energy.
H. S. W. Massey, E. H. S. Burhop, Electronic and Ionic Impact
Phenomena (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1952), p. 306
98
I
I
III(el).
Photoelectric Work Functions of Elements
Element
Work Function (volts)
Ag
4.74
1
Al
4.36
2
As
4.79
3
Au
4.92
4
Ba
2.49
5
Be
3.92
6
Bi
4.26
7
C
4.81
8
Ca
2.42
9
Cd
3.68
10
Co
4.55
11
Cr
3.76
12
Cs
1.38
13
Cu
4.8
14
Fe
4.7
15
Ga
4.12
16
Ge
4.73
17
Hg
4.50
18
K
2.20
19
Li
2.42
20
Mg
2.74
21
Mn
3.76
22
Mo
4.15
23
Na
Z.29
24
Ni
5.06
25
Pb
3.97
26
Pd
4.97
27
Pt
6.35
28
Rb
2.09
29
Rh
4.57
30
Sb
4.56
31
Se
5.11
32
Sn
3.62
33
Sr
2.24
34
Ta
4.12
35
Te
4.76
36
Th
3.47
37
Ti
4.17
38
99
-----C--·-----·-·l1--···11111111
-
Reference
II(el).
Photoelectric Work Functions of Elements
Element
Work Function (volts)
Reference
U
3.63
39
V
3.77
40
W
4.49
41
Zn
4. 307
42
Zr
3.73
43
I
References
1. R. P.
2.
Winch, Phys. Rev. 37, 1269 (1931)
E. Gaviola and J. Strong, Phys. Rev. 49, 441 (1936)
3. L. Apker, E. Taft, and J. Dickey, Phys. Rev. 76, 272 (1949)
4. R. H. Fowler, Phys. Rev. 38, 45 (1931)
5.
R. J. Cashman and E. Bassoe, Phys. Rev. 55, 63 (1939)
6. M. M. Mann and L. A. DuBridge, Phys. Rev. 51, 120 (1937)
7.
L. Apker, E. Taft, and J. Dickey, Phys. Rev. 76, 272 (1949)
8. S. C. Roy, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A112, 599 (1926)
9.
R. Schulze, Z. Physik 92, 212 (1934)
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid.
12.
Ibid.
13.
Ibid.
14.
Ibid.
15.
Ibid.
16.
Ibid.
17.
Ibid.
18.
H. Cassel and A. Scheider, Naturwiss. 22, 464 (1934)
19.
J. Dickey, Phys. Rev. 81, 612 (1951)
20.
R. Schulze, Z. Physik 92, 212 (1934)
21.
Ibid.
22.
Ibid.
23.
L. A. DuBridge and W. W. Roehr, Phys. Rev. 42, 52 (1932)
24.
M. M. Mann and L. A. DuBridge, Phys. Rev. 51, 120 (1937)
25.
A. B. Cardwell, Phys. Rev. 76, 125 (1949)
26.
P. Lukirsky and S. Prilezaev, Z. Physik 49, 236 (1928)
27.
L. A. DuBridge and W. W. Roehr, Phys. Rev. 39, 99 (1932)
28.
L. A. DuBridge, Phys. Rev. 31, 236 (1928); 32, 961 (1928)
29.
J. J. Brady, Phys. Rev. 41, 613 (1932)
30. E. H. Dixon, Phys. Rev. 37, 60 (1931)
100
1_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
___
III(el).
Photoelectric Work Functions of Elements
References
31.
L. Apker, E. Taft,and J. Dickey, Phys. Rev. 76, 272 (1949)
32.
R. Schulze, Z. Physik 92, 212 (1934)
33.
P. Lukirsky and S. Prilezaev, Z. Physik 49, 236 (1928)
34.
R. Schulze, Z. Physik 92, 212 (1934)
35.
H. C. Rentschler, D. E. Henry, and A. H. Smith, Rev. Sci. Instr. 3, 794 (1932)
36.
L. Apker, E. Taft, and J. Dickey, Phys. Rev. 74, 1462 (1948)
37.
H. C. Rentschler and D. E. Henry, Trans. Electrochem. Soc. 87, 289 (1945/46)
38.
Ibid.
39.
H. C. Rentschler, D. E. Henry, and A. H. Smith, Rev. Sci. Instr. 3, 794 (1932)
40.
R. Schulze, Z. Physik 92, 212 (1934)
41.
L. Apker, E. Taft, and J. Dickey, Phys. Rev. 74, 1462 (1948)
42.
R. Suhrmann and J.
43.
H. C. Rentschler and D. E. Henry, Trans. Electrochem. Soc. 87, 289 (1945/46)
Pietrzyk, Z. Physik 122, 600 (1944)
101
_
_
-X (A)
2.Ox 10
40x I
-2
Z-
z
0
O
oY
0
I
0
z
.5
-1
LL
Ilu
hv (VOLTS)
III e.
Photoelectric yields from Al, Cd, and Zn.
G. L. Weissler,
Vol. 21, p. 304
Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin,
102
1956),
2065
1550
1240
1033
X(A)
885 775
688
620
564
517
477
14xlO
I
zZC
z
0
cr)
-I
L
hv (VOLTS)
II e3.
Photoelectric yields from Ta, Mo, W, and Pd.
G. L. Weissler, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin,
Vol. 21, p. 304
103
1956),
IV.
MOTIONS OF ELECTRONS AND IONS
The drift velocity vd of a charged particle of mass
m and charge e in a gas of
molecules of mass M, under an electric field E, is given by
Vd
= eeMmJ
E M+
vd
m
If8
(1)
- 4v v dv
v3
where f(v) is the velocity distribution function.
For particles with a constant mean free time
Vd
M+meE
Mm e E
Tc
this yields, for all E/p,
(2)
Tc
If collisions are caused by a polarization force
(Mm /a 1/2
(M + m)
1. 8096
en
Tc
g
where the polarizability a = (
-
(3)
E
)/n .
For particles with a constant mean free path c (rigid spheres) there are two limiting
forms:
(a) near thermal equilibrium
3 e E
Vd =
c
8
M + m 1/ Z
_
(2 kT
Mm
(4)
(b) for high E/p
1/4 eE
vd = a
dm
)
\M(5)
1/2
0. 8973 for m
c
a =
1
The mobility
in a mixture of gases a, b, c, ...
1
1
1
1
'
~a
~b
[c
where Pa'
Lb'
c'
M
0.9643 for m = M
for m >>M
is given by Blanc's law
(6)
... . are the mobilities in the pure gases a, b, c, .
pressures Pa' Pb' Pc'
...
..
at their partial
provided the mobilities are sensibly independent of field
strength.
Because of charge transfer when moving in the parent gas and clustering in the
presence of an attaching gas, ions may move considerably slower than indicated by these
equations.
In the case of a constant mean free time
Tc,
the mobility in an ac electric field of
circular frequency o and in the presence of a magnetic field whose component perpendicular to the electric field is B_,
is given by
104
e/2m
e/2m
(7)
+
1=
Vc + j(w + wb)
v c +j(
-b)
where wb = B_e/m is the cyclotron frequency.
The complex conductivity of a plasma is given by
C =n+e
_ +jw E
.+ +n e
(8)
For a completely ionized plasma
1.1632 m
z ln(q-1)
4
3
n D.
where q = 12
o
e/
( 2 kT 3/2
)
19141
z n
kT 3/2
e
mho/meter
2
D = EokT/ne 2 is the Debye length, and nD
(9)
X214
= 3. 134 X 104T
z is the charge on the ions.
meters-.
is the mean fraction of the energy difference which is transferred in a collision,
If
the mean energy of an electron or ion is given by
1mv = 3 kT + eET Vd/
(10)
For elastic collisions
X = 2 Mm/(M+m) 2
For the mean free time case
Vd222
v
M +mX(
3iJ)
m
(11)
Mean energies are usually determined by the approximate relation
D
3 em(v-~v)
(12)
3e
which is exact when the distribution function is Maxwellian.
The diffusion coefficient is given by
D = f
(13)
dv
f4fv
When the Debye length XD is less than the diffusion length A, oppositely charged
particles will be constrained by the space-charge field to diffuse at the same rate. This
is termed ambipolar diffusion, and the common diffusion coefficient is
+D
Da
+_
D+
1 +T
+
+ +
~+ ~+.
1
+
1 +
+
/T+
~
105
5 l0
4
_
HELIUM
<3
2
U
2
_
_
___
o
J
1
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.
35
4.0
4.5
5. 0
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg )
IV al.
Drift velocity of electrons in helium as a function of E/p.
R. A. Nielsen, Phys. Rev. 50, 950 (1936)
J. A. Hornbeck, Phys. Rev. 83, 374 (1951)
---
i,-
2.0x o10
--
---
I--,"
12
>
U)
).8
NEON
z, 0.4
>(
V0
1-Z
;?
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
_-
I
1.4
1.6
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MN Hg)
IV aZ.
Drift velocity of electrons in neon as a function of E/p.
R. A. Nielsen, Phys. Rev. 50, 950 (1936)
106
r
I
I
I
I
I
i
0.4
_______
l6
2.4x 06
0.2
2.0
I
0
zi
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
1.6
0
-J
_
12
_
___
U
w
o
d
:>
0.6
ARGON
0.4
0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
35
4.0
45
E/p(VOLTS/ CM/MM Hg)
IV a3.
Drift velocity of electrons in argon as a function of E/p.
R. A. Nielsen, Phys. Rev. 50, 950 (1936)
L. Colli, U. Facchini, Rev. Sci. Instr. 23, 39 (1952)
J. M. Kirshner, D. S. Toffolo, J. Appl. Phys. 23, 594 (1952)
2.8 x 10
2'.4
7
I.0
_f
I
1
I
7z
o
0
_
0
I
o
0
--
7
I
1.6
__
ARGON+1% NITROGEN
_
1.2
z
).8
=I_
I-
I0O4
n
vI
IV a4.
0.1 i
0.2
0.3
ARGON
+0.1% NITROGEN
ARGON
L
I-
0.4
0.5
0.6
0. 7
E /p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
I4 I
I I
0.8
0.9
I
1.0
_
1.1
1.2
Electron drift velocities in argon and argon-nitrogen mixtures.
L. Colli, U. Facchini, Rev. Sci. Instr. 23, 39 (1952)
J. M. Kirshner, D. S. Toffolo, J. Appl Phys. 23, 594 (1952)
107
7x106
0.-
--
04
z
w
W
0.4
O8
1.2
2
I0
-J
Ld
2
"-
I
E L(V /MIHYDROGEN
O
IV a5.
2
4
6
8
10
12
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
14
16
18
2( 0
Drift velocity of electrons in hydrogen as a function of E/p.
N. E. Bradbury, R. A. Nielsen, Phys. Rev. 49, 388 (1936)
4
28x110
H2
I4
(,
C-)
2
o
I-t
0
-J
w
o
v
In
Io
*i.v
.v
n
,,,V
An
r. V
. 0
.
E/p (VOLTS/CM /MM Hg )
IV a6.
Drift velocity of electrons in hydrogen and deuterium.
B. I. H. Hall, Australian J. Phys. 8, 468 (1955)
108
7x 10
aw
Q7
1
X
o
J
>
0
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV a7.
Drift velocity of electrons in nitrogen as a function of E/p.
R. A. Nielsen, Phys. Rev. 50, 950 (1936)
L.
Colli, U. Facchini.
Rev. Sci. Instr. 23, 39 (1952)
14 x I
I
12
r--
I(0
a
3I
o
8
/
Oxy
6
,
-I
4
1
L/
F
1/
X:X
2
0
2
t--
;EN
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV a8.
Drift velocity of electrons in oxygen as a function of E/p.
R. A. Nielsen, N. E. Bradbury, Phys. Rev. 51, 69 (1937)
109
---
I
6
10
I
I
I.
,
I
U
0
in
2
w
6
00
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2.0
so
o
4
/
___'
/
---
~ ~~ ~~~~AIR
i
2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
2:2
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV a9.
Drift velocity of electrons in air as a function of E/p.
R. A. Nielsen, N. E. Bradbury, Phys. Rev. 51, 69 (1937)
. A
14 x
lo
6
w
W
Io
0
uJ
0
E/p (VOLTS/CM/M M Hg)
IV a10. Drift velocity of electrons in the halogens.
R. H. Healey, J. W. Reed, The Behavior of Slow Electrons in Gases,
Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, 1941, p. 53
110
10o
8x
6
_ _ _
_
U)
_1
t0
-o
2
_
0.8
O
1.6
2.4
_
3.2
4.0
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV all.
Drift velocity of electrons in nitrous oxide as a function of E/p.
R. A. Nielsen, N. E. Bradbury, Phys. Rev. 51, 69 (1937)
111
-
--
12x
Z3
0
0
01
W
0
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg )
IV a12.
Drift velocity of electrons in ammonia as a function of E/p.
R. A. Nielsen, N. E. Bradbury, Phys. Rev. 51, 69 (1937)
12 x IC
s
G
W
I
0
co
W
0
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV a13.
Drift velocity of electrons in C 5 H 1 2 , NH 3, H 2 0, and HCl.
R. H. Healey, J. W. Reed, The Behavior of Slow Electrons in Gases,
Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, 1941, p. 86
112
16,
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MMHg)
IV a14.
Drift velocity of electrons in NO2,
CO z,
NO, and CO.
R. H. Healey, J. W. Reed, The Behavior of Slow Electrons in Gases,
Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, 1941, p. 85
I
0
r
z
W
W
C
LU
Ee/p VOLTS/CMMM -
IVbl.
Average energy of electrons in helium.
F. H. Reder, S. C. Brown, Phys. Rev. 95, 885 (1954)
113
'x
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV b.
Ratio of electron to gas temperature.
R. H. Healey, J. W. Reed, The Behavior of Slow Electrons in Gases,
Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, 1941, p. 78
III
-j
0
WP
0
O
W
U
Z
-q
WZ
Wr
20
10
30
40
50
70
90
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
Average electron energy in hydrogen.
L. J. Varnerin, Jr., S. C. Brown, Phys. Rev. 79, 946 (1950)
J. S. Townsend, V. A. Bailey, Phil. Mag. 42, 873 (1921)
IV b3.
114
__I---
---
_I
--
--
60
D2
50
H,
40
30
0'
H-
20
H,
10
0
1
5
6
7
8
9
110
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV b4.
Ratio of electron to gas temperature in deuterium and hydrogen.
B. I. H. Hall, Australian J. Phys. 8_, 468 (1955)
0P
I;
V
IV
zo
30
40
50
60
70
80
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV b5.
Ratio of electron to gas temperature.
R. H. Healey, J. W. Reed, The Behavior of Slow Electrons in Gases,
Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, 1941, p. 52
115
65
NZ
60
55
50
45
4O
II-
35
-
30
OXYGEN
NITROGEN
25l
A
AIR
I"~
n'
v.J
N .7 . Vo
4 ~
20
15
10
5
ni
v.l
n3
v.*
7
V.I
(3
I.V
~l~
'
4N
~t~l
-{"
In
3n
LV
~t'
VV
/ll
TV
s1'
1V
'T,Vv
1lA
I1"
VV
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV b6.
Ratio of electron to gas temperature.
Air: R. W. Crompton, L. G. H. Huxley, D. J. Sutton, Proc. Roy. Soc.
(London) A218, 507 (1953)
N 2 : R. W. Crompton, D. J. Sutton, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A215,
467 (1952)
0 2 : R. H. Healey, J. W. Reed, The Behavior of Slow Electrons in Gases,
Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, 1941, p. 79
116
lo(
so~~~~~q
-
20
60
co
01
II40
-
I___
20
0
10
40
20
50
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV b7.
Ratio of electron to gas temperature.
R. H. Healey, J. W. Reed, The Behavior of Slow Electrons in Gases,
Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, 1941, p. 80
I
0
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV b8.
Ratio of electron to gas temperature.
R. H. Healey, J. W. Reed, The Behavior of Slow Electrons in Gases,
Amalgamated Wireless, Ltd., Sydney, 1941, p. 81
117
--
x 105
4
HefIN
He
IN Ne
2
0.8
0
+ IN-Al
I-
I.-,
, 00.4
0
o 4
/
1A
I
I II
I
I
I
I
11
I
I
I
0.2
0.1
5
8 10
20
40
I
I
60 80100
200
400 600
1000
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV cl.
Drift velocity of atomic ions in helium,
J.
A.
Hornbeck,
Phys.
Rev.
neon,
and argon.
84, 615 (1951)
L
w
-J
©
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV c1.
Ion mobility in He, Ne, and A.
L. S. Frost, Phys. Rev. 105, 354 (1957)
118
24
20
w0
-
He+
__-
16
I.-j
0
12
0
0
4.
:L
8
4
A
2
IV c2.
4
6
8
10
12
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
Mobility of He + and He
M.
2
14
16
18
in helium.
A. Biondi, L. M. Chanin, Phys. Rev. 94, 910 (1954)
24
uj
w
He.
20
16
..
0J
cQJ
O
0 12
He+
-j
M
m
0
4
r3
v0
100
200
300
400
T °K
IV c2.
Helium ion mobility as a function of temperature.
L. M. Chanin, M. A. Biondi, Phys. Rev. 106, 473 (1957)
119
--
8
Ne +
o
LLJ
6
-J
0
4
0
-L
2
n
4
0
8
12
20
16
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV
c3.
Mobility of Ne
M.
A.
+
and Ne; in neon.
Biondi, L.
M.
Chanin,
Phys. Rev.
94,
910 (1954)
IV
9
8
5
-......
'"' ~
_.~
~.
Ne+
2
7
w
En 6
0')
o
(I)
I-C_
0
4
3
2
O
-o
IV c3.
~~
100
--......
_
200
T °K
300
400
Neon ion mobilities as a function of temperature.
L.
M. Chanin, M.
A. Biondi, Phys. Rev.
120
106, 473 (1957)
o
I-
+
A
o
:L
8
IV c4.
16
24
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
Mobility of A + an( A
410
32
in argon.
M. A. Biondi, L. M. Chanin, IPhys. Rev. 94, 910 (1954)
,,
..0
3.2
24_
w
O
0
2.0
1.6_
_
o
>-
1.2
-J
O
0.8
0.4
n
v0
100
200
300
400
T K
IV c4.
Argon ion mobilities as a function of temperature.
L. M. Chanin, M. A. Biondi, Phys. Rev. 106, 473 (1957)
121
-
I
4x1I
o
w
(0
C)
0
r
o
-J
(I
20
40 60 80 100
PUU
suu ouV
VVV
Inr%
vv
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV c5.
xenon.
Drift velocity of atomic ions in krypton and
(1952)
R. N. Varney, Phys. Rev. 88, 362
o
I
-j
0
W
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
r .A
v,
1V
Mnhility of Kr+ and Kr+ in krypton.
910 (1954)
M. A. Biondi, L. M. Chanin, Phys. Rev. 94,
122
w
I0
0
%L
0
E/p( VOLTS/GM/
IV c7.
IM Hg)
Mobility of Xe + and Xe 2 in xenon.
M. A. Biondi, L. M. Chanin, Ph ys. Rev. 94, 910 (1954)
o
Co
-
.
-
LuJ
CO
I-
I
I
2
-J
0m
O
I6
I2
8
4
0
2
IV c8.
4
6
8
E/p (VOLTS/CM xMM Hg)
10
12
14
Mobility of mercury ions in helium at 300' K.
L. M. Chanin, M. A. Biondi, Phys. Rev. 107, 1219 (1957)
123
I
-
70
I
I
-
I
6.0
c
:
.
I
-
C--------
----
-
_ 5.0
UJ
0
I
-
-
-
----
4.0
0Co
0
2.0
1.0
i
I
2
4
I
6
8
10
12
E/p (VOLTS/CM x MM Hg)
---14
16
18
Mobility of mercury ions in neon at 300 ° K.
IV c9.
L. M. Chanin, M. A. Biondi, Phys. Rev. 107,
1219 (1957)
0
w
-J
0
N
8
O3
H
>(D
0
m
rn0
E/p(VOLTS/CM xMM Hg)
IV c10.
Mobility of mercury ions in argon at 300" K.
L.
M. Chanin, M. A. Biondi, Phys. Rev.
124
107,
1219 (1957)
20
4x l
3
15
..
o
1~~~~~~~
i
C)
0
o
>
1.0
39
2
0.9
0.8
0.70.6
--.-
.JI
. . -_
-
_
_ _
_ _ _
_
_
__
.
--
--
-
- -
/
04
20
30
-I40 50
70
90
150
200
300
600
1000
E /p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV cll.
Drift velocity of ions in nitrogen.
R.
N. Varney, Phys. Rev. 89,
Low (E/p) N4 , high (E/p) N 2.
708 (1953)
_
4
3Ox
G
C
IL
0
E /p (VOLTS/CM x MM Hg)
IV cll.
Drift velocities of ions in N2 at various temperatures, N 4
+
ions at low E/p, N 2 ions at high E/p.
F. R. Kovar, E. C. Beatty, R. N. Varney, Phys. Rev. 107,
1Z5
1490 (1957)
6 x K05
I
I
I
i I
4
I I
I I
I
-
3
I
2
;71'
-el-,
I
3
0
1.0
II
0.8
0
-I
iJ,.
0.6
-
7
0.4
I
I
II I
I
0.3
I
0.2
20
30 40
60 80 100
200 300
600
1000
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV clZ.
Drift velocity of ions in oxygen.
R.
N.
Varney,
Phys. Rev.
89,
708 (1953)
4.0
w, 3.0
C')
0
:i
2.0
E/p (VOLT/CM/MM Hg)
IV c13.
Mobility of
, 02, 03 in oxygen.
D. S. Burch, R. Geballe,
Phys. Rev. 106,
126
/
____
__
__
__
_
183 (1957)
4xi05
3
v/
2
o
w
E
/
1.5
/
0
>.-
1.0
0.8
w
/
/
f
--j
/
-...
I
0.6
50
80 100
200
300 400
600 800 1000
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV c14.
Drift velocity of ions in carbon monoxide.
intermediate (E/p) may be CO+.
w (E/p) and high (E/p) CO + ,
R. N. Varney, Phys. Rev. 89, 708 (1953)
25 .0
I
20 o16.0
HYDROGEN
12.0
.0
a O10
0
8,.0
6
5
C
2
,.0
4
- -.0
I3
3
I 25
2.O
(0
oN
1.6
_KRYPTON
.2
1.2__
1.0
0 7
IV c15.
XENON
23
39
85
MASS OF ION
135
Mobility of alkali ions in H 2 , Kr, Xe at 1 atmosphere pressure.
C. F. Powell, L. Brada, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A138, 117 (1932)
127
- -
no
20
HELIUM
On
0
Lu
V
NEON
To
0
:W
4
ARGON
v0
IV c15.
50
100
MASS OF ION
150
200
Mobility as a function of ion mass in He, Ne, A.
L.
M.
Chanin, M. A. Biondi, Phys. Rev.
107, 1219 (1957)
4.4
4.0
0 io
3.2
-J 2.8
o
0
2.4
90
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
MASS OF ION
IV c16.
Mobility in nitrogen of various ions as a function of mass at
1 atmosphere pressure.
J.
H. Mitchell, K.
E.
W. Ridler, Proc. Roy. Soc.
(1934)
128
(London) A146, 911
25
NO,He
i
o
I
7-
Ce*,He
o
2
15
z
_
:
M
0
10
5
+
N, N
t
S
'0
IV c17.
100
L-A
200
300
400
TEMPERATURE(°K)
.
A
_
.
_
500
.
600
Variation of mobility of ions with temperature.
A. M Tyndall, A. F. Pearce, Proc. Roy. Soc. A, 149, 426 (1935)
A. F. Pearce, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A155, 490 (1936)
129
0
w
-J
m
o
0
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
IV c18.
Mobility of Li+ ions in argon in the presence of water vapor,
to show effect of clustering.
H. S. W. Massey, E. H. S. Burhop, Electronic and Ionic Impact
Phenomena (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1952), p. 414
130
IV(dl).
Element
Table of Ambipolar Diffusion Coefficients
(room temperature)
Daa poPo (cm2 sec
)
Reference
H2
700
1
He
540
2
Ne
115
3
A
900
4
0+
225
5
87
5
2
Ga
References
1.
K. B. Persson, S. C. Brown, Phys. Rev. 100, 729 (1955)
2.
M. A. Biondi, S. C. Brown, Phys. Rev. 75,
3.
M. A. Biondi, Phys. Rev. 79, 733 (1950)
4.
M. A. Biondi, Phys. Rev. 83, 1078 (1951)
5.
E. Schulz-DuBois, Z. Physik 145, 269 (1956)
131
1700 (1949)
V.
PRODUCTION AND DECAY OF IONIZATION
(a) The rate of ionization by electrons in a gas is defined as dn/dt = n vi.
It is
related to the "probability" of ionization Pi by
P P i f 41T v3 dv
= Vi =
n
(1)
The first Townsend coefficient a i , the number of ionizations per electron per centimeter path, is
i
1 dn
Vi
n dx
vd
1Vi
pE
(2)
The number of ionizations per electron per volt is
a.
v.
'-E
r1 E
_
(3)
E 2(
This quantity is a function of E/p only.
When there are non-ionizing inelastic collisions
(no Penning effect), ai can be represented by the function
i
p
Ae-Bp/E
= Ae
(4)
where A is a slowly decreasing function of E/p.
The attachment coefficient p is similar to a. and measures the rate of attach-
(b)
ment of electrons to neutral atoms.
1 dn
=
ndx
(5)
a
-
E
The attachment efficiency h is the number of attachments per collision
a _ pRE
4 mE
(6)
Vc
VC
The last expression is generally used to compute h from experimental data but is
correct only if Pc is independent of electron velocity.
The ion recombination coefficient ar is defined by
(c)
1 dn
2 dt
n
r
Its dependence on pressure and temperature may be represented by
1
-
ar
=a
T4
p
(8)
+ b P
T
where the first term was proposed by Thomson; the second, by Langevin.
132
__
1_
_
___
V(al).
Table 1.
Constants A and B in Eq. 4.
A
B
Range of validity
E/p
ion pairs
V
V
cm. X mm. Hg
cm. X mm. Hg
cm. X mm. Hg
V.
1
Gas
in V
H2
5
130
150- 600
15.4
N2
12
342
100- 600
15.5
12.2
Oz
CO2
20
466
500-1000
air
15
365
100- 800
H20
13
290
150-1000
HC1
25
380
200-1000
13.7
12.6
He
3
Ne
4
100
100- 400
21.5
A
14
180
100- 600
15.7
Kr
17
240
100- 1000
14
Xe
26
350
200- 800
12.1
Hg
20
370
200- 600
10.4
34 (25)
20- 150 (3-10)
24.5
From A. von Engel, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956), Vol. 21, p. 504.
133
-
---
·
0
>p
)O
E/p (VOLTS/CM xMM Hg)
V a2.
V
in i= i
M. J.
exp [h(V - Vo) ] .
Druyvesteyn, F.
M. Penning, Revs. Modern Phys. 12, 87 (1940)
134
0
01
1X
(I)
n
z
0Z
0
.
r
I
IV2
10
4
2
4
102
2
4
103
2
E /p (VOLTS/CM x MM Hg)
V a3.
First Townsend ionization coefficients in noble gases.
A. von Engel, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956)
Vol. 21, p. 504
135
_
__1_1
"o
I
O
0n
o
z
tJ
U
4UU
'+UU
OUU
UU
IUUUIu
14u U
U
IOUU
I~UU
E/p(VOLTS/CMx MM Hg)
V a3.
First Townsend ionization coefficient in Xe, Kr, A.
A. von Engel, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin,
Vol. 21, p. 504
1956),
20
I
8
.
16
0
ARGON
14
x
12
IC
z
o
8
a_o
6
2
O
10
2
5
102
2
5
3
10
I
2I
E/p(VOLTS/CM xMM Hg)
V a3.
First Townsend ionization coefficient in argon.
A. von Engel, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin,
Vol. 21, p. 504
136
7I
1956),
)I Y
I.C)0____
____
.1______
0o
______ ______ __ /___
O
-
2
2
0~
co
Ir
z
O.(
0
a<
Z
0.
dE
0.0(
20
40
60
100
80
120
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
V a4.
Townsend's first ionization coefficients in nitrogen.
M.
A. Harrison, Phys. Rev.
105, 366 (1957)
0.2
;-1
0.1
0.07
0.05
\
I
0.0oI
(I
o.O:2
rr
M:
Q
O
Z
o
0.0 1
0. 00 7
I,
O.00 5
o.00o3
O0.00 2
II,
bU
40
20
p/E (M M Hg/VOLT/CM) x0
V a5.
First
80
3
Townsend ionization coefficient for oxygen.
D. S. Burch, R. Geballe,
University of Washington,
Technical Report 4,
Aug. 24, 1956
137
Department of Physics,
0
x
0r
en
z
0
Ccu
00
E/p (VOLTS/CM xMM Hg)
V a6.
First Townsend ionization coefficients of air, N 2 , H 2 .
A. von Engel, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),
Vol. 21, p. 504
138
i
D
I,
t
.
j
I
-
t
N
N
4
I1-1
-I
_\
I
I
1
DEUTERIUM
x
-2
Tl° 10
13oo Q
HYDROGEN
YZ,
-3
10
1
I
--
10-4 LI
In
--
0
--
-
l-
0.01
0.02
--
0.03
l
.
0.04
0.05
_
0.06
l
0.07
po
- (CM x MM Hg VOLT ')
V a7.
First Townsend ionization coefficients.
D. J. Rose (unpublished)
4,\
4U
/
Iu
J
_
_
CI
_
.
U
_
ILUUU
1500
E/p
V a8.
First Townsend coefficient for mercury.
E. Badareu, G. G. Bratescu, Bull. Soc. Roumaine Phys. 45, 9 (1944)
139
3.2 x 10
3
2. 8
2. 4
.
I
X
2. 0
6
z
0
1.2
0.
0. 8 6
V a9.
8
10
16
18
12
14
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
------
22
First Townsend coefficient in CO 2 .
D. R. Young, Technical Report No. 22, Laboratory for Insulation Research,
M.I.T., August 1949
140
-·--
20
--
I0
02U (
C.
01
C
E/p(VOLTS/CM x MM Hg)
V alO.
First Townsend ionization coefficient for H 2 0,
C H5OH.
A. von Engel, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),
Vol. 21, p. 504
141
I
I
_
-
----r
--
-
-
_
x
c
aZ
E /p (VOLTS/CM x MM Hg)
V all.
First Townsend ionization coefficient in HC1, CO 2 .
A. von Engel, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),
Vol. 21, p. 504
142
lOx 0
:r
0
z
0
0
a
W
iO
E/p(VOLTS/CM xMM Hg)
V al2.
First Townsend ionization coefficients in SF 6 .
A. von Engel, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),
Vol. 21, p. 504
x
r
OU
0-
E/p (VOLTS/CM xMM Hg)
V a13.
First Townsend ionization coefficients in CC1 2 F 2 , CF 3CF 5 .
A. von Engel, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),
Vol. 21, p. 504
143
I
_
_
I
I
-I0x
(I
0
r0
z 10 - 2
0n3
in-3
,0
100
200
300
E/p (VOLTS /CM x MM Hg)
V a14.
First ionization coefficients in air, C 2 H 5 C1, C 5 H 1 2 , C 2 H 5 Br, SF 6 , CHC13, CC14 .
A. von Engel, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956), Vol. 21,
p. 504
144
2
I
'r
2
l
0., 7
_
O.'
0
_
0. 3
0a_
Z
O.:
0
'iC
O.
O.0 7
0.0'
i
0.0. 3
0.0?
0.005
L
0.01
U.UI3
0.02
0.025
p/E (MM Hg/ VOLT/CM)
Va15.
First Townsend ionization coefficient for ethyl alcohol.
L.
Frommhold,
Z. Physik 144, 396 (1956)
45
I
f
TOLUENE
40
CYCLOHEXANE
BEN
NE
30
0~
z
25
20
0
15
/
aja.
5
0
Va16.
5
500
____
1000
1500
2000 2500
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
First Townsend coefficients for benzene, toluene, and
cyclohexane.
M. Valeriu-Petrescu,
Bull. Soc. Roumaine Phys. 44,
3 (1943)
145
--
3000
---------
0
0
"n
z
0
)
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
V a17.
Ionizations per volt per mm Hg at 0O C for the rare gases and air.
M. J. Druyvesteyn, F. M. Penning, Revs. Modern Phys. 12, 87 (1940)
146
-
F0(I
0
C
C
C
E/P(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
Ionizations per volt per mm Hg at 0 ° C for neon-argon mixtures.
The numbers on each curve give the ratio of the argon pressure
to the total pressure of the mixture.
V a18.
A. A. Kruithof, F. M. Penning, Physica4, 450 (1937)
147
I
_
__
_
_
0
z
o
z
0
p/E(MMHg/VOLT/CM)
V a19.
Variation of rn with p/E for high pressure H 2 .
C. C. Leiby, Jr., S. B. Thesis, Department of Physics, M. I. T., May 1954
o
v0
g-
Z
0
N
z
0
10
Val9.
10O
E (VOLTS/ CM x MM Hg )
T.
10
I
~·
Ionizations per volt per mm Hg at 0 ° C in hydrogen.
D. J. Rose (unpublished)
148
18 x
z
o
n
Ui
7:
o
I
-
0
I
2
3
4
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM
Vbl.
5
6
Hg)
Efficiency of electron attachment in nitric oxide.
N. E. Bradbury, J. Chem. Phys. 2, 827 (1934)
I
0
IC)
z
w
I
0
10
0
20
30
40
E/p(VOLT/CMx MM Hg)
V bZ. Attachment coefficient for oxygen.
D. S. Burch, R. Geballe, Phys. Rev. 106,
149
1
_
_C
_
_ _
183 (1957)
0.012
AIR
0.010
I
M 0.008
i
I, 0.006
u
/
w
IM"
"
·-
0.002
0
'
10
A
ZuO
A
0
40
A
60
50
E/p VOLTS/CM x MM Hg
Vb3.
Electron attachment coefficient for air.
M. A. Harrison, R. Geballe, Phys. Rev. 91, 1 (1953)
2.5
CF SF
/
, 2.0
I
.·;
U 1.5
z
I
1.0
nn
Im
[I
b
FREON
.5
I
00.5
__
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
E/p VOLTS/CM x MM Hg
Vb4.
Electron attachment coefficients for Freon-12 and CF3SF5.
M. A. Harrison, R. Geballe, Phys. Rev. 91, 1 (1953)
150
I
_ -$3
ox IV
I----
z
0
z"
I
-J
0
C.)
I
Fz
w
K1-
r
4
I0
I.I-
0
0
-
II
2
c
8
10
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
V b5.
Efficiency of electron attachment in HC1 in argon.
N. E. Bradbury, J. Chem. Phys. 2, 827 (1934)
3xlO10
7-
7'
z
O
-J
on
-o
2
0
ii
z
I
21
i
n
0
2
4
6
8
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM
V b6.
12
Efficiency of electron attachment in C1 2 in argon.
N. E. Bradbury, J. Chem. Phys. 2, 827 (1934)
151
-
10
Hg)
OR
7,
12x 10-"
I
7N
lU
,,
7--
I2
8
co
6
0
Sa
4
2
-x
Br2
02
0
Vb6.
:~
I
2
3
ELECTRON ENERGY (VOLTS)
152
r
I
J
Cross sections for attachment of electrons to halogen molecules.
R. H. Healey, Phil. Mag. 26, 940 (1938)
r·
4
8x
8xIO
T
z
0
(n
-J
-J
0
z
I
I
1-
2
4
0
8
12
16
20
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
Vb7.
Efficiency of electron attachment in H20 at different pressures.
N. E. Bradbury, H. E. Tatel, J. Chem. Phys. 2, 835 (1934)
-
-5
52x 0
2.4
7
-J)
-J
0o
en
1.6
z
I
I
s
0.8
I'
"---Z
--- I
n
C
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
V b8.
Efficiency of electron attachment in HZS.
N. E. Bradbury, H. E. Tatel, J. Chem. Phys. 2, 835 (1934)
153
{f)
15 xiv
-
-
-
-
z
0
cn
-J
-J
0
10
z
w
ZZ
I
0
I-
5
0
._
4
0
8
16
12
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM
V b9.
20
24
Hg)
Efficiency of electron attachment in N2O.
N. E. Bradbury, H. E. Tatel, J. Chem. Phys. 2, 835 (1934)
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
V blO.
Efficiency of electron attachment in SO2.
N. E. Bradbury, H. E. Tatel, J. Chem. Phys. 2, 835 (1934)
154
4
-....
OVX IV
Z
I
0
-J 60
FI
-J
77-
z
i--
I-
0
0
4
8
16
12
20
24
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
Vbll.
Efficiency of electron attachment in NH 3.
N. E. Bradbi iry, J. Chem. Phys. 2, 827 (1934)
. ,~-5
-,
lily iL
*V^,
-
60
I
50
z
0
U)
-J 40
J
0
(z
I
E
30
T
U
N2 0 +A
20
/n
/..
/
In
._
1
2
N 0
+N
N2(
3
4
5
6
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
V b12.
Efficiency of electron attachment in mixtures of N 2 0 in equal
parts of N or A.
N. E. Bradbury, H. E. Tatel, J. Chem. Phys. 2, 835 (1934)
155
50x
z
0
J
o
-J
o0
0
cn
z
I
0
14
II-
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
E/p(VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
Vb13.
Efficiency of electron attachment in NH 3 and
equal parts of He, A, or N 2 .
N. E. Bradbury, J. Chem. Phys. 2, 827 (1934)
156
41
V(cl).
Cross Sections for Radiative Capture of an Electron to
Various States of a Hydrogen Atom
Electron Energy (eV)
0.28
0.13
Cross section in 10
Total quantum number of
atomic state into which
electron is captured
0. 034
0. 069
-21
cm
2
1
8.10
16. 63
32.80
66.95
2
4.24
8.93
17.70
36. 52
3
2.70
5.91
12.04
24. 88
4
1.88
4.24
8.84
18. 59
5
1.36
3.20
6.89
14. 85
6
0.99
2.49
5.51
12.25
7
0.73
2. 00
4.52
10.31
8
1. 62
3.81
8. 75
9
1.31
3.23
7. 55
10
1.04
2.74
6. 50
11
2.33
5. 72
12
2.00
4.52
13
1.72
4.03
1.47
3. 62
14
0. 15
15
3. 25
16
2.91
17
2. 62
18
2. 35
19
2. 09
20
0.215
28
0.302
40
0.432
Sum for all final states
23.0
53. 7
119
272
From H. S. W. Massey and E. H. S. Burhop, Electronic and Ionic Impact Phenomena
(Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1952), p. 333.
157
1
_
_
_111___
V (c 1).
Radiative Recombination Coefficients
a(cm3 a~
see 1 )Tok sec
Element
H(1)
T
lo10
2 X 10
A(2)
10
3100
Cs(2)
3.4 X 10-
10
2000
Hg ( 3 )
2.3 X 10
10
2000
References:
D. Craggs, W. Hopwood, Proc. Phys. Soc. (London) 59, 771 (1947)
(1)
J.
(2)
C. Kenty, Phys. Rev. 32, 624 (1928)
(3)
F. L. Mohler, Bur. Standards J. Research 19, 447, 559 (1937)
V (c2).
Dissociative Recombination
sec)-1
a(ions
Gas
He
1.7 X 10-8
Ne
2. 1X10 -
7
3X 10
7
Kr
6X 10 -
7
Xe
2 X 10-6
A
N2
1.4X 10 -
02
2.8
6
10-7
References:
M. A. Biondi, S. C. Brown, Phys. Rev. 76,
1697 (1949)
R. B. Holt, J. M. Richardson, B. Howland, B. T. McClure, Phys.
Rev. 77, 239 (1950)
R. A. Johnson, B. T. McClure, R. B. Holt, Phys. Rev. 80, 376 (1950)
A. Redfield, R. B. Holt, Phys. Rev. 82, 874 (1951)
J. M. Richardson, Phys. Rev. 88, 895 (1952)
V (c3). Three-Body Recombination Coefficients for Electrons
Gas
a at N. T. P.
Estimated saturation pressure
(cm 3/sec)
(mm Hg)
- 9
2.8 X 104
Helium
6.8 X 10
Argon
6.8 X 10 -
11
Air
1.7 X 10-
7
10 4
Hydrogen
1.6 X 10
7
104
2.8 X 10 -
5
From H. S. W. Massey and E. H. S. Burhop, Electronic and Ionic Impact Phenomena
(Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1952), p. 635.
158
3
2.5 x IC
I
3
lO
PRESSURE MM Hg
Vdl.
Recombination coefficient in air.
J. Sayers, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A169, 83 (1938)
2.5 x
0n
E
a
0)O
PRESSURE MM Hg
Vdl.
Recombination coefficient in air.
J. Sayers, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A169, 83 (1938)
159
__
-
-6
4.0 x 10
w
II
2.0
o
0
I,,
I..
150
200
300
250
350
400
T°K
Vd2.
Temperature variation of the recombination
coefficient in oxygen at constant pressure.
M. E. Gardner, Phys. Rev. 53, 75 (1938)
160
l
VI.
BREAKDOWN
(a) High-Frequency Breakdown
In microwave breakdown the rate of production of electrons, nvi, is balanced by the
rate of diffusion, nD/AZ, out of the tube whose diffusion length is A. The ionization
frequency v i is a function of the effective electric field:
EZ
=P
Ee
2
2
Vc
2
v
2
c
+W
2
(1)
The proper variables in which to express breakdown are the voltage EeA and the parameter pA.
At lower frequencies the amplitude of oscillation of the electrons brings them in contact with the walls, leading either to their capture by the walls or to secondary emission.
These phenomena lead to discontinuities in breakdown fields.
(b) Direct-Current Breakdown
Direct-current breakdown occurs by avalanche multiplication, renewed by secondary
electrons from the cathode.
i(VB -VA)
=
n(
The breakdown voltage VB is given by
- l/y)
(2)
where VA is an initial voltage necessary to give the electrons their mean energy.
breakdown voltage is a function of the product pd.
The
At high pressures and nonplanar geometry, space charge will intensify the fields;
and secondary electrons may originate from photo-emission in the gas. Breakdown then
occurs by streamer formation (spark) and is given by
N
c
= e
= 38r EDd
o e
(3)
(c) Time Lags
The formative time lag tf is the time necessary for the initial current I that exists
before breakdown to build up to an observable current I 1.
For the Townsend mechanism:
tf = ti
log [(m-l) I1/Io]
log M
t+
(4)
where t+ is the transit time for the slowest particle (ion or electron) and the multiplication factor M has the value M = y(e V _ 1).
For spark breakdown:
log N
tf-
a
E
t
(5)
161
H2
AIR
C02
I
I
0
C
0
Lu
D
pd(MM-MM Hg)
VIal.
Paschen curves for various gases.
M. Knoll, F. Ollendorff, R. Rompe, Gasentladungstabellen
(Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1935), p. 84
162
0
4
240C
1-1
55
2000
1600
7
Pt
5
I-
°1200
X/
800
40f
_IVX
--z2
, L
0
VIaZ.
Na
48
24
72
_
96
120
144
8
p (MMx CM)
168
c-L
L
__
192
216
240
Breakdown potential for argon as a function of p6 for Pt and Na electrodes.
F. Ehrenkranz, Phys. Rev. 55, 219 (1939)
50
U
40 0
Pta
(n 30 0
0
/N
7
_
20 ,0
O
1
4
uVV ,J
0
5
10
15
20
p8 (MMxCM)
VI a2.
Breakdown potential for argon as a function of p6 for Pt and Na electrodes.
F. Ehrenkranz, Phys. Rev. 55, 219 (1939)
163
--
--n-n
-UUU
I;
(UUU
6000
71
Pt
5000
;z
(n
~o 4000
iz
3000
;L,.
Na
2000
L-
1000
0
40
80
160
120
A
Z00
240
320
280
_ _
360
p8 (MM xCM)
VIa3.
Breakdown potential for hydrogen as a function of p5 for Pt and Na electrodes.
F. Ehrenkranz, Phys. Rev. 55, 219 (1939)
I
IUU
- -
..-
l
8(nn
ZZ
Pt
6100
Na
>
/1
4 00
200
~J
----
.--
.~-
.-
0
VIa3.
5
.
10
P (MM x CM)
15
-
I
20
Breakdown potential for hydrogen as a function of p6
for Pt and Na electrodes.
F. Ehrenkranz, Phys. Rev. 55, 219 (1939)
164
1500
.
Pt
1200
7-
7(-J
u
I
0
600
300
-11
U
--
A
5
.
10
ps (MM xCM)
--
20
15
Breakdown potential in nitrogen as a function of p8
for Pt and Na electrodes.
VIa4.
F. Ehrenkranz, Phys. Rev. 55, 219 (1939)
IbUUU
-
14000
;I-XI
12000
7
10000
8000
I-
I
7
>
Na
6000
4000
F;
nw
0
40
80
120
160
8
200
240
280
320
:nV
p (MM x CM)
Breakdown potential in nitrogen as a function of p6
for Pt and Na electrodes.
VIa4.
F. Ehrenkranz, Phys. Rev. 55, 219 (1939)
165
-
--
-
-
----
-
13
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
··
·
·
01
I
,I Jl, I
I CA\j
I\ IIII
I
1..1111
I
II II '
I IV
I
I nl'
IlVol
.
I
I
I
9CI I I II
I
5
0
U)
80
I,
I 11111
-J
0
0
.J 1
LU
0
0
U
Ii
70) l l l li
IIEE=
6C
ll l
'l
4C I III
I
r
For
I
)V
CxJ
E2Ii
'l
EEII=
I
\
i
ll l
5C I
7-·
VIa5.
I
-t-
\
&-
----
[----4
-
-
I I I 1
II
11
i HuK111
-- IU11 f\
unn_-P I II II
I
0.01
"I
I I
I1 II 1I II
I
II 1
1111
P
I II Il
I+ffff
I
4
ELECTRODE SEPARATION (CM)
0.04
0.1
0.4
I
II I II1
10
Breakdown voltage in air at atmospheric pressure.
M. Knoll, F. Ollendorff, R. Rompe, Gasentladungstabellen
(Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1935), p. 83
166
;I
-
,
- AA
0
40
80
120
160
200
X(M)
VIb .
High-frequency breakdown in neon.
E. W. B. Gill, A. von Engel, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A197, 107 (1949)
3DU
300
250
r
200
2
a
(/3
I-
..J
0
c>
w
150
.
100
50
0
40
80
120
160
200
240
X(M)
VIb2.
High-frequency breakdown in hydrogen.
E. W. B. Gill, A. von Engel, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A197,
167
_
107 (1949)
'AA
400
300
0
cn
J
0
200
W
100
40
nU
80
120
160
200
240
X (M)
VIb3.
High-frequency breakdown in nitrogen.
E. W. B. Gill, A. von Engel, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A197, 107 (1949)
6(0
0
1033CM
34300
>-2
,, 23- 0
_
II
4
8
12
WAVE LENGTH
VIb4.
20
24
28
Low-pressure, high-frequency breakdown in hydrogen.
E.
W. B.
Gill, A. von Engel, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London) A192,
168
iI
16
(METERS)
446 (1948)
Si
0
LuJ
300
pA (CM-MM Hg)
VIb5.
Microwave breakdown in gases.
S. C. Brown, Handbuch der Physik (Springer Verlag, Berlin, 1956),
Vol. 22, p. 535
169
cn
o
(I)
0
z
o
0
(I)
0
Cr
0
5;
z
0
-J
9
g
% OVERVOLTAGE
VIcl1.
Formative time lag for breakdown in air at low overvoltages.
L. H. Fisher, B. Bederson, Phys. Rev. 81,
109 (1951)
I",
0
C)
-j
2
W
L3
-j
APPLIED FIELD(KV/CM)
VIc2.
Formative time lag for breakdown in air at high overvoltages.
R. C. Fletcher, Phys. Rev. 76,
170
i
I
1501 (1949)
VII ELECTRON ENERGIES
171
_
L
·
100%
,ELASTIC
80%
/
\
60%
40%
ELECTRONIC
x EXCITATION
,t~
I/
-IONIZAT
~0~
-
ON
I'
20%
I
I
_.
___KINET
_ENERGY
__~..
'o/
" '0.1
3
10
30
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
0.3
100
300
1000
Distribution of electron energy losses in neon.
VIIal.
F. M. Penning, Physica 4, 286 (1938)
100%
N
I
I
.\ ELASTIC
80
/
-
I.
__1
\ ELECTRONIC
\ EXCITATION
/
60
40
I/,
20
0
0..1
.
0.3
VIIa2.
/
y
/\
IONIZATION ___1
\
11
.1
_-
,/'- KINETIC
ENERGY
/
i
,
I
10
30
3
E/p (VOLTS/CM/MM Hg)
I
I
100
300
Distribution of electron energy losses in argon.
F. M. Penning, Physica 4, 286 (1938)
172
1000
aA
1
0
aol
Ee/p VOLTS/CM MM Hg
VIIa3.
Various power losses of an electron in a microwave
discharge in helium, in percentage of input power.
F. H. Reder, S. C. Brown, Phys. Rev. 95, 885 (1954)
1.0
XCITATION
In
o
ID 0.6
/
z
0
z
0.4
IL
02\
IONZT
RECOIL
n
V
10
DA~~~~~~~~~iD~~~N
20
30
40
N
50
E /p(VOLTS/CM MM)
VII a4.
Fractional energy loss in H.
173
--
OK
l
. r(cm)
VIIbl.
2.05=R
Electron temperature and gas temperature of a discharge
as a function of tube radius.
W. Elenbaas, The High Pressure Mercury Vapour Discharge
(North Holland Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1951), p. 40
174
3
VIII CATHODE PHENOMENA
Sputtering yield = S/(1+y)
atoms per ion
S = 10 5 W/(AI+t)
W = loss of weight in grams
A = atomic weight
I+ = ion current in amperes
t = time of bombardment in seconds
y = second Townsend coefficient
175
_
_
VIII (al).
Cathode
Normal Cathode Fall in Volts
Air
A
He
H2
Hg
Ne
N2
02
Al
229
100
140
170
245
120
180
311
Ag
280
130
162
216
318
150
233
Au
285
130
165
247
158
233
86
272
93
136
Ba
Bi
137
C
240
93
86
119
167
370
130
177
214
269
165
150
250
Cd
266
Co
380
Cu
Fe
Hg
380
K
180
64
59
475
86
157
160
213
447
220
208
298
150
215
94
Na
200
Ni
226
Pb
207
Pd
421
Pt
119
94
188
80
185
75
178
131
158
211
140
197
124
177
223
172
210
277
131
165
276
152
216
Sb
269
136
252
225
Sn
266
124
226
216
Sr
93
86
364
490
475
354
480
410
310
125
W
305
277
119
143
184
125
216
176
`9
460
157
Th
Zn
484
290
115
153
340
460
170
125
275
484
226
68
353
224
C1
525
340
Mo
Mg
2
210
200
142
Ir
CO
157
240
Ca
CO
275
VIII (a2). Normal Cathode Fall Thickness
(dnP in cm-mm Hg at room temperature)
Cathode
Air
A
H2
He
Hg
N2
Ne
02
Al
0.25
0.29
0.72
1.32
0.33
0.31
0.64
0.24
0.42
0.72
0.31
C
0.9
Cd
0.87
Cu
0.23
Fe
0.52
0.69
0.6
0.8
0.9
1.30
Mg
0.61
1.45
Hg
0.9
Ni
0.9
Pb
0.84
Pt
1.0
Zn
0.8
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.25
0.4
0
cr
z
0
9
ID
z
0
ID
Y
zO
CATHODE POTENTIAL DROP AND INITIAL ELECTRON
ENERGY (VOLTS)
VIIIa3.
Length of negative glow and range of electrons.
J. D. Cobine, Gaseous Conductors (McGraw-Hill, N. Y., 1941), p. 220
177
_
__
__
VIII (a4).
Normal Cathode Current Density in a Glow Discharge
(plamp/cm 2 X mm2 of Hg at room temperature)
Cathode
Air
Al
330
90
Au
570
110
Cu
240
64
A
Fe
160
Mg
20
Pt
150
H2
He
Hg
N2
02
Ne
4
2.2
72
15
8
400
6
380
5
18
3
90
5
550
cU
10C 3 23 5
10- I
10-2
10
C2
VIIIa4.
p2
100
1000
7
Anomalous cathode fall.
A. von Engel, M. Steenbeck, Elektrische Gasentladungen (Springer
Verlag, Berlin, 1932), Vol. II, p. 73
VIII(bl).
Sputtered Mass in Micrograms Per Ampere-Second For
Metals in Hydrogen
Mg
2. 5
Mo
16
C
73
Ta
4. 5
Co
16
Cu
84
Cr
7. 5
W
16
Zn
Al
8
Ni
18
Pb
95
110
Cd
8. 9
Fe
19
Au
130
Sn
55
Ag
205
Mn
11
178
-
t0
z
rr
L_
LU
'2
Io
VIIIbl.
Current ratio curves versus reciprocal of emissive energy.
correction for back diffusion for inert gases.
Curves permit
J. K. Theobald, J. Appl. Phys. 24, 123 (1953)
en
0
o;
0
o
0
UJ O.
-J
U
vU.U
.I
U. I
U.
to
I
IVIIIbZ.
Current ratio curves versus reciprocal of emissive energy.
correction for back diffusion for molecular gases.
J. K. Theobald, J. Appl. Phys. 24, 123 (1953)
179
_
__
I
Curves permit
z
U)
0
'cn
0
w
-j
0
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
VIIIcl.
Sputtering yields of Cu and Fe.
G. K. Wehner, Phys. Rev. 108, 35 (1957)
0.8x1
GERMANIUM
0.7
m
0.6
0
_o
0.5
z
cr
-
_
0.4
0.3
I,
_
0.2
___ ___ _
0
LLI
0
VIIIcZ.
20
40
60
80
SAMPLE VOLTAGE
100
Rate of sputtering from argon positive ion bombardment
versus voltage for germanium.
S. P. Wolsky, Phys. Rev. 108, 1131 (1957)
180
B
120
0.9x 10-3
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
z
Ft
0.4
IL
Co.
LL
0.3
0.2
0
I-
0. I
0
0
SAMPLE VOLTAGE
VIIIc2.
Rate of sputtering from-argon positive ion bombardment
versus voltage for germanium.
S. P. Wolsky, Phys. Rev. 108, 1131 (1957)
O.
07
z 0.6
o)
0.5
0
-t
J
Ge
_
04
/_
0.3
02
_
_
0.'
v
50
100
150
_
_
200
250
_
__
300
_
350 400 450 500
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
VIIIcZ.
Sputtering yields of Ge and graphite.
G. K. Wehner, Phys. Rev. 108, 35 (1957)
181
- -
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
VIIIc3.
Sputtering yields of Ni and Hf.
G. K. Wehner, Phys. Rev. 108, 35 (1957)
z
O
C
o
(r
C
c
_
FZ
'u
ItVV
IUV
CJU
I
UjVV
JuV
tUV
lUU
,n
UV
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
VIIIc4.
Sputtering yields of Ag and Ti.
G. K. Wehner, Phys. Rev. 108, 35 (1957)
182
Pm
0.8X10O- 3
co 0.6
-J
0
0
CD
0.4
z
Z)
0H
D
(I
0.2
L
0
0
O
w
SAMPLE
VOLTAGE
Rate of sputtering from argon positive ion bombardment
versus voltage for silicon.
S. P. Wolsky, Phys. Rev. 108, 1131 (1957)
VIIIc5.
z
0
(I
n
>c:
ION ENERGY(VOLTS)
VIIIc5.
Sputtering yields of Si and Cr.
G. K. Wehner, Phys. Rev. 108, 35 (1957)
183
_
1.3
1.2
1.1 -4
0.
0.9
z
0.8I/A
c)
I
0o
0.6
w 0.5
-J
0.34
0.2
_
0.1
/
n
50
VIlIc6.
100
150
200 250 300 350 400 450 500
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
Sputtering yields of Au and Al.
G. K. Wehner, Phys. Rev. 108, 35 (1957)
In
0.9
0.8
z 0.7
(I)
0
I0
-j
05
-
044
Ir
Li
0.3
,,_
Nb
0.2
0.1
)
VIIIc7.
50
/'100
150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
Sputtering yields of Ir and Nb.
G. K. Wehner, Phys. Rev. 108, 35 (1957)
184
-I-
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
VIIIc8.
Sputtering yields of Th and Mo.
G. K. Wehner, Phys. Rev. 108, 35 (1957)
U.b
k
07
z
06
o
0.5
/,Re
-
-
o 04
p-
w/
0.3
>-
____
0.2
0.1
rv
50
/
100
150
200
250
300
50
400
450
·-
S)U
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
VIIIc9.
Sputtering yields of Re and W.
G. K. Wehner, Phys. Rev. 108, 35 (1957)
185
TO
I
I.1
1.0
I
:).9
Z(
o
c).6
Pd
-C ).5
C
).4
/
"
).5
/
I
V
VIIIclO.
50
I00
I
I
150 200 20
300 50 400 4'+
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
500
Sputtering yields of Co and Pd.
G. K. Wehner, Phys. Rev. 108, 35 (1957)
JUV
IVUU
IJU
CLUU
JcU
UU
O)JU
1VVUU
1U
d;VV
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
VIIIc 1.
Sputtering yields of Pt and V.
G. K. Wehner, Phys. Rev. 108, 35 (1957)
186
r
O.So
vv.
"I r
.-.
Uf
O.7
06
O.
1
05
z
W
o
:z: 0. 04
U)
o
0o
.03
-J
w
>- 0. 02
z
r r lI
V.Vl
n
V
25
50
75
100
125
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
VIlIcl2.
Sputtering yields of W in region of low energy.
G. K. Wehner, Phys. Rev. 108, 35 (1957)
O.7
0.6-
_
z
Rh
0.5
to
0
o
-
ri
0.2
50
I00
150
200 250 300 350 400 450 500
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
VIIc 13.
Sputtering yields of Rh and Zr.
G. K. Wehner, Phys. Rev. 108, 35 (1957)
187
lRa
I.U
I
0.9
0.8
I
z 0.7
()
0
I
--
0.6
U
0.5
0.4
7-
-2
-1
IJ
.s
0.IE
r
/
--
/---
--
j~F
-
-
-
---
-
-
0.1
I
U
VIHIcl4.
--
DU
---
-IDU
I
IUU
- A_
---
ZUU
_
DU
--
-
_
-__
-
UU
-_ __
ODU
-
AC
.1_
+UU
--
-_
_
.
450 500
_
ION ENERGY (VOLTS)
Sputtering yields of U and Ta.
G. K. Wehner, Phys. Rev. 108, 35 (1957)
188
r
·