Return to Part C
239
Stand attributes: Stem density = 1,345 tpa, basal area = 246 ft 2 /ac, top
height = 106 ft, stand density index = 559, quadratic mean diameter =
5.8 in, crown competition factor = 195, canopy cover = 60 percent.
Region 6 — Deschutes National Forest 1
Species (based on trees per acre): White fir (Abies concolor) =
99 percent, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) = 1 percent.
Site: Elevation = 4,700 ft, slope = 30 percent, aspect = 135°.
Initial stand conditions
A
Appendix 6—Fuel Treatment Scenarios for the Pacific Northwest Region (Region 6)
240
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 6 — Deschutes National Forest 1
B
241
remains likely for the 50-year projection.
prevent active crown fire spread, but passive crown fire
years, canopy bulk density decreases sufficiently to
as the trees grow and the stand self-thins. Within 10
height increases and canopy bulk density decreases
tons/ac respectively. With no action, canopy base
fuel and duff loadings are high at 30 tons/ac and 20
100-percent basal area mortality is predicted. Woody
ity are high especially for severe fire weather for which
crown fire spread. Potential flame lengths and mortal-
tions are conducive to passive crown fire and active
density is 0.21 kg/m 3 (0.0131 lb/ft 3 ), so initial condi-
overstory. Canopy base height is 4 ft, and canopy bulk
primarily white fir understory with a ponderosa pine
This stand has 1,345 trees per acre (tpa) composed of
Initial conditions/no-action trajectory
no surface fuel treatment or with pile and burn, and
in 40 years for the prescribed fire treatment. At this
time, a second treatment would be necessary to reduce
crown fire potential. It may seem contradictory that the
treatment with the greatest reduction in surface fuel
loading and tree density would have the most fleeting
effect on crown fire potential, but this demonstrates
the important influence of regeneration on crown fire
potential as predicted with FFE. For all other treatments, canopy base height and canopy bulk density
increase as the trees grow and the stand self-thins.
treatments effectively reduce canopy bulk density and
increase canopy base height enough to reduce crown
fire potential; the greater the thinning, the greater the
reduction in fire hazard. Thinning without surface
fuel treatments increases surface fuels; the greater the
thinning, the greater are activity fuels and potential
flame lengths. Pile and burn reduces woody surface
fuels in all size classes, decreasing flame length and
tree mortality. Prescribed fire reduces surface fuel loading even more, but reduces primarily litter, duff, and
fine woody fuels. Woody fuel loading in the larger size
Region 6 — Deschutes National Forest 1
lengths are higher than in the pile and burn treatment.
model 11 remains the predominant model and flame
classes remains high following prescribed fire, so fuel
allowing for passive crown fire again in 50 years with
and basal area mortality are also reduced. All thinning
ments except the 50 tpa treatment, in which greater
for all combinations of thinning and surface fuel treatregeneration causes a decrease in canopy base height
and decreases crown fire potential, but snag
(0.0062
density doubles. Fuel loadings, potential flame lengths,
lb/ft3 ),
ft, reduces canopy bulk density to 0.10
Crown fire remains unlikely for the 50-year projection
Prescribed fire only increases canopy base height to 16
kg/m 3
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
long-term effects
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
immediate effects
C
242
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
6
5
7
12
2
20
4
5
0
14
Passive
Active
45
100
Initial
condition
4
1
3
8
1
14
3
4
41
26
Surface
Surface
10
12
Prescribed
fire only
9
7
7
12
3
20
4
6
61
23
Surface
Surface
10
13
3
2
2
3
3
18
2
3
66
23
Surface
Surface
9
10
1
3
7
12
1
4
3
4
55
26
Surface
Surface
8
9
3
2
2
3
4
18
4
5
63
32
Surface
Surface
5
5
1
3
7
12
1
4
3
4
92
34
Surface
Surface
5
5
Thin from
below to 100 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
12
7
7
12
4
20
5
7
111
32
Surface
Surface
5
10
Thin from
below to 50 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 21a—Projected treatment effects on fuels and fire first cycle after treatments implemented
Region 6 — Deschutes National Forest 1
1
2
7
12
1
0
3
4
40
26
Surface
Surface
10
11
2
2
2
3
3
18
2
3
71
18
Surface
Surface
13
13
8
6
7
12
3
20
4
5
56
18
Surface
Surface
14
17
Thin from
below to 200 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
1
2
7
12
1
0
3
4
47
26
Surface
Surface
10
11
2
2
2
3
3
18
2
3
71
15
Surface
Surface
14
15
7
5
7
12
3
20
4
6
22
15
Surface
Surface
18
21
Thin from
below to 300 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
D
243
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
Fuel/fire attribute
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
6
8
15
23
3
21
6
8
0
18
Passive
Passive
188
19
2
20 yrs
6
8
15
28
3
21
6
8
0
20
Passive
Passive
164
13
1
30 yrs
6
8
14
29
3
21
6
8
0
21
Passive
Passive
132
10
1
40 yrs
7
8
12
17
1
21
6
8
76
31
Surface
Surface
101
22
2
10 yrs
4
9
14
22
1
21
6
8
76
30
Surface
Surface
34
16
2
20 yrs
3
8
13
25
2
20
6
8
78
30
Surface
Surface
19
10
1
30 yrs
3
7
12
25
2
20
6
7
79
29
Surface
Surface
11
6
1
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
6
7
11
18
3
21
5
7
0
16
Passive
Passive
277
23
2
10 yrs
3
6
10
23
2
20
5
7
0
29
Passive
Passive
9
3
1
50 yrs
6
8
14
30
3
21
6
8
0
23
Passive
Passive
113
8
1
50 yrs
Region 6 — Deschutes National Forest 1
12
7
7
12
4
20
5
7
111
32
Surface
Surface
143
24
2
1 yr
6
5
7
12
2
20
4
5
0
14
Passive
Active
222
25
2
1 yr
No action
Table 21b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection
9
7
7
12
3
20
4
6
61
23
Surface
Surface
144
24
2
1 yr
4
1
3
8
1
14
3
4
41
26
Surface
Surface
440
27
2
1 yr
5
5
13
21
2
14
5
7
26
24
Surface
Surface
43
17
2
20 yrs
4
5
13
25
2
15
6
7
29
22
Surface
Surface
23
10
1
30 yrs
4
5
12
26
2
15
5
7
37
22
Surface
Surface
15
6
1
40 yrs
6
8
12
17
2
21
5
7
32
22
Surface
Surface
102
21
2
10 yrs
4
9
15
22
2
21
6
8
33
21
Surface
Surface
38
15
2
20 yrs
4
8
14
25
2
21
6
8
35
20
Surface
Surface
24
10
1
30 yrs
4
7
12
26
2
21
6
8
39
19
Surface
Surface
17
7
1
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
6
5
11
15
2
14
5
7
27
25
Surface
Surface
75
23
2
10 yrs
Prescribed fire only
4
7
11
25
2
21
5
7
43
19
Surface
Surface
13
5
1
50 yrs
4
5
11
24
2
15
5
7
45
21
Surface
Surface
12
4
1
50 yrs
E
244
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
1
3
7
12
1
4
3
4
92
34
Surface
Surface
103
27
2
3
2
2
3
4
18
4
5
63
32
Surface
Surface
143
24
2
1 yr
3
6
13
18
1
4
5
7
79
33
Surface
Surface
64
24
2
4
4
7
10
1
18
3
5
120
31
Surface
Surface
101
22
2
10 yrs
3
6
15
24
1
5
6
8
76
32
Surface
Surface
36
17
2
3
5
11
16
1
18
4
6
91
30
Surface
Surface
35
15
2
20 yrs
2
5
13
27
1
5
6
8
78
31
Surface
Surface
26
10
1
3
5
10
19
2
18
5
6
89
30
Surface
Surface
20
10
1
30 yrs
3
5
12
27
2
5
5
7
0
30
Passive
Passive
20
6
1
3
4
9
20
2
18
4
6
90
29
Surface
Surface
11
5
1
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 21b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
3
5
11
25
2
5
5
7
0
30
Passive
Passive
15
3
1
3
4
8
19
2
18
4
6
2
29
Passive
Passive
10
3
1
50 yrs
Region 6 — Deschutes National Forest 1
1
2
7
12
3
18
3
4
55
26
Surface
Surface
119
27
2
3
2
2
3
3
18
2
3
66
23
Surface
Surface
144
24
2
1 yr
4
6
14
19
2
4
5
7
32
25
Surface
Surface
74
23
2
4
4
7
10
2
18
3
5
64
22
Surface
Surface
102
21
2
10 yrs
3
6
16
24
2
5
6
8
32
24
Surface
Surface
43
17
2
3
5
11
16
2
18
4
6
46
21
Surface
Surface
35
15
2
20 yrs
3
6
15
28
2
5
6
8
33
22
Surface
Surface
28
11
1
3
5
10
19
2
18
5
6
45
20
Surface
Surface
23
10
1
30 yrs
3
5
14
28
2
5
6
8
36
22
Surface
Surface
19
7
1
4
5
10
20
2
18
5
6
48
19
Surface
Surface
16
6
1
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
3
5
12
27
2
6
6
7
40
21
Surface
Surface
15
4
1
4
4
9
20
2
18
5
6
51
19
Surface
Surface
14
4
1
50 yrs
F
245
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
4
4
7
10
3
18
3
4
58
17
Surface
Surface
108
21
2
6
7
11
17
3
21
5
7
28
17
Surface
Surface
108
21
2
10 yrs
5
5
11
16
3
18
4
6
38
19
Surface
Surface
50
16
2
5
8
14
22
3
21
6
8
27
19
Surface
Surface
50
16
2
20 yrs
5
5
11
20
3
19
5
7
38
20
Surface
Surface
31
10
1
5
8
14
26
3
21
6
8
28
20
Surface
Surface
32
11
1
30 yrs
5
5
10
21
3
19
5
7
38
20
Surface
Surface
31
8
1
5
7
13
26
3
21
6
8
30
20
Surface
Surface
29
8
1
40 yrs
6
5
10
22
3
19
5
7
38
21
Surface
Surface
43
8
1
6
7
13
26
3
21
6
8
32
20
Surface
Surface
41
8
1
50 yrs
Region 6 — Deschutes National Forest 1
2
2
2
3
3
18
2
3
71
18
Surface
Surface
145
24
2
8
6
7
12
3
20
4
5
56
18
Surface
Surface
145
24
2
1 yr
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 21b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
2
2
2
3
3
18
2
3
71
15
Surface
Surface
159
25
2
7
5
7
12
3
20
4
6
22
15
Surface
Surface
159
25
2
1 yr
4
4
7
10
3
18
3
5
37
15
Surface
Surface
121
22
2
6
7
11
17
3
21
5
7
17
15
Surface
Surface
121
22
2
10 yrs
5
5
11
16
3
18
5
6
24
17
Surface
Surface
65
17
2
5
8
15
23
3
21
6
7
14
17
Surface
Surface
64
17
2
20 yrs
5
5
11
21
3
19
5
7
22
18
Surface
Surface
50
12
1
6
8
14
26
3
21
6
8
14
18
Surface
Passive
50
12
1
30 yrs
6
5
11
23
3
19
5
7
25
20
Surface
Surface
43
8
1
6
7
14
27
3
21
6
8
18
20
Surface
Surface
43
8
1
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
7
6
11
23
3
19
5
7
23
22
Surface
Surface
52
8
1
6
7
13
27
3
21
6
8
18
21
Surface
Surface
50
8
1
50 yrs
G
246
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
1
2
7
12
1
0
3
4
40
26
Surface
Surface
136
27
2
1 yr
4
7
14
19
2
0
5
7
24
25
Surface
Surface
75
23
2
10 yrs
4
7
16
24
2
1
6
8
25
24
Surface
Surface
44
17
2
20 yrs
Canopy bulk density
0.21
4
(kg/m 3)
Canopy base height (ft)
Stand density index
60
559
Basal area (ft 2)
195
246
Merchantable volume (ft 3)
Crown competition factor
8,280
Total volume (ft 3)
Canopy closure (percent)
5.8
8,959
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
1,345
Trees per acre
None
1 yr
Stand attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0.18
5
193
60
561
257
8,584
9,333
6.4
1,145
10 yrs
0.15
6
191
59
560
266
8,851
9,676
7.0
988
20 yrs
0.14
6
190
58
559
274
9,352
9,982
7.6
863
30 yrs
No action
4
6
15
28
2
1
6
8
32
22
Surface
Surface
27
11
1
30 yrs
0.12
6
189
58
559
282
9,717
10,238
8.2
761
40 yrs
4
6
14
28
2
2
6
8
35
22
Surface
Surface
20
7
1
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 21c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
treatment
Table 21b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
0.12
7
189
57
558
290
9,961
10,495
8.9
676
50 yrs
4
5
12
27
2
2
6
8
39
21
Surface
Surface
17
4
1
50 yrs
Region 6 — Deschutes National Forest 1
0.10
16
141
45
318
217
8,014
8,421
5.8
127
1 yr
1
2
7
12
1
0
3
4
47
26
Surface
Surface
162
27
2
1 yr
0.10
18
145
46
327
227
8,321
8,761
18.3
124
10 yrs
5
7
14
19
2
0
5
7
24
25
Surface
Surface
75
23
2
10 yrs
4
6
15
28
2
1
6
8
25
23
Surface
Surface
27
11
1
30 yrs
0.11
19
152
47
343
243
8,881
9,362
19.4
119
20 yrs
0.12
21
159
48
357
259
9,605
9,976
20.4
113
30 yrs
Prescribed fire only
4
7
16
24
2
1
6
8
24
24
Surface
Surface
44
17
2
20 yrs
0.12
24
163
48
367
271
10,125
10,437
21.5
107
40 yrs
4
6
14
28
2
2
6
8
29
22
Surface
Surface
20
6
1
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.13
27
168
49
378
284
10,582
10,924
22.5
103
50 yrs
4
6
12
27
2
2
6
7
33
21
Surface
Surface
16
4
1
50 yrs
H
247
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
8,280
246
Merchantable volume (ft3)
(ft 2)
4
Canopy base height (ft)
8,280
246
Total volume (ft3)
Merchantable volume (ft3)
(ft 2)
195
4
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
0.21
4
(kg/m3)
Canopy base height (ft)
Stand density index
60
559
Basal area (ft 2)
195
246
Merchantable volume (ft3)
Crown competition factor
8,280
Total volume (ft3)
Canopy cover (percent)
5.8
8,959
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
1,345
Trees per acre
0.21
60
Canopy cover (percent)
Canopy bulk density (kg/m³)
559
Stand density index
Basal area
5.8
8,959
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
1,345
Trees per acre
0.21
195
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
60
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
559
Stand density index
Basal area
5.8
8,959
Total volume (ft3)
Trees per acre
None
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
1,345
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.07
48
111
34
343
187
7,455
7,641
9.9
346
0.08
48
116
35
320
196
7,829
8,025
13.5
199
0.08
48
116
35
302
196
7,829
8,025
15.6
149
10 yrs
0.08
48
117
35
360
199
7,962
8,158
10.4
340
0.08
48
122
36
334
208
8,327
8,532
14.1
194
0.08
48
122
36
315
208
8,318
8,522
16.2
145
20 yrs
0.08
48
122
36
373
210
8,377
8,598
10.8
329
0.08
48
127
37
347
220
8,784
9,011
14.6
188
0.08
48
127
37
327
219
8,774
9,001
16.9
141
30 yrs
0.08
4
132
39
384
220
8,763
8,991
11.3
316
0.08
47
133
38
360
231
9,224
9,469
15.2
184
0.08
47
132
38
337
230
9,176
9,419
17.6
137
40 yrs
0.08
5
140
40
397
231
9,181
9,403
11.8
306
0.09
5
140
40
370
241
9,644
9,878
15.8
178
0.09
5
138
39
347
240
9,595
9,825
18.2
132
50 yrs
Region 6 — Deschutes National Forest 1
0.07
44
111
35
232
184
7,238
7,417
26.0
50
0.07
44
111
35
232
184
7,600
7,789
26.0
50
0.07
44
111
35
232
184
7,600
7,789
26.0
50
1 yr
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 21c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.10
21
139
44
306
220
8,026
8,297
20.1
100
0.11
21
139
44
306
220
8,654
8,996
20.1
100
0.11
21
139
44
306
220
8,654
8,996
20.1
100
1 yr
0.10
22
132
41
356
217
8,313
8,597
13.2
227
0.12
22
147
45
364
238
8,969
9,330
15.9
173
0.12
22
147
45
352
238
8,969
9,330
17.2
147
10 yrs
0.11
24
139
42
372
231
8,900
9,174
13.9
218
0.13
24
155
47
385
257
9,677
10,038
16.7
169
0.13
24
154
46
369
255
9,607
9,964
18.1
142
20 yrs
0.12
25
144
43
384
244
9,368
9,677
14.7
208
0.14
25
161
47
398
271
10,192
10,598
17.5
162
0.13
25
159
47
379
267
10,067
10,466
19.1
135
30 yrs
0.12
26
149
44
395
255
9,881
10,131
15.3
199
0.14
26
166
48
409
284
10,799
11,082
18.3
155
0.14
26
164
47
390
279
10,656
10,927
19.9
129
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.13
28
154
44
407
267
10,305
10,575
16.0
191
0.15
27
171
49
420
296
11,243
11,548
19.1
149
0.14
27
168
48
400
291
11,069
11,370
20.8
124
50 yrs
I
248
246
(ft 2 )
4
Canopy base height (ft)
8,280
246
Total volume (ft3 )
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
(ft 2 )
4
Canopy bulk density
0.21
4
Canopy base height (ft)
(kg/m3 )
60
195
Canopy cover (percent)
Crown competition factor
Stand density index
237
8,024
0.10
15
163
52
(ft 2 )
372
246
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
8,428
14.7
200
0.15
15
163
52
372
237
8,684
9,348
14.7
200
0.15
15
163
52
372
237
8,684
9,348
14.7
200
1 yr
559
8,280
Total volume (ft3 )
Basal area
5.8
8,959
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
1,345
Trees per acre
0.21
195
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
60
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
559
Stand density index
Basal area
5.8
8,959
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
1,345
Trees per acre
0.21
195
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
60
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3 )
559
Stand density index
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
8,280
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
Basal area
5.8
8,959
Total volume (ft3 )
Trees per acre
None
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
1,345
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.10
18
143
45
355
226
8,319
8,755
14.8
189
0.16
18
174
54
412
260
8,965
9,688
14.4
229
0.16
18
174
54
407
260
8,965
9,688
14.9
216
10 yrs
0.11
20
150
46
372
242
8,887
9,361
15.7
181
0.14
20
179
55
425
275
9,454
10,243
15.5
211
0.14
20
179
54
419
275
9,434
10,219
15.9
199
20 yrs
0.12
24
156
47
385
256
9,503
9,896
16.6
171
0.14
21
186
55
442
293
10,271
10,871
16.4
200
0.14
21
185
55
435
292
10,237
10,835
16.9
188
30 yrs
0.12
25
161
48
397
269
10,070
10,371
17.4
163
0.13
22
187
55
442
301
10,768
11,162
17.5
181
0.13
22
187
55
437
301
10,763
11,158
18.0
171
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 21c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.12
26
166
48
408
282
10,520
10,834
18.2
156
0.13
23
182
53
431
301
10,807
11,189
18.7
158
0.13
23
182
53
426
301
10,798
11,182
19.2
150
50 yrs
Region 6 — Deschutes National Forest 1
0.10
18
180
57
412
243
8,017
8,403
12.2
300
0.20
12
180
57
412
243
8,535
9,245
12.2
300
0.20
12
180
57
412
243
8,535
9,245
12.2
300
1 yr
0.10
18
142
45
354
225
8,319
8,724
14.7
190
0.19
13
187
58
443
263
8,817
9,592
12.4
314
0.19
13
187
58
439
263
8,817
9,592
12.6
301
10 yrs
0.11
20
150
46
371
241
8,899
9,345
15.6
182
0.17
14
191
58
454
278
9,244
10,140
13.4
284
0.17
14
191
58
450
278
9,241
10,136
13.7
272
20 yrs
0.12
21
155
47
384
255
9,472
9,876
16.5
173
0.15
15
194
58
461
291
9,858
10,589
14.4
256
0.15
15
193
58
457
290
9,846
10,576
14.7
245
30 yrs
0.12
22
161
48
396
268
10,066
10,374
17.3
164
0.13
17
195
58
464
301
10,452
10,946
15.5
230
0.13
17
194
57
458
299
10,394
10,899
15.8
220
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.12
23
166
48
408
282
10,517
10,855
18.1
157
0.12
17
189
56
451
301
10,458
10,982
16.7
198
0.12
17
189
56
447
301
10,416
10,948
17.0
190
50 yrs
J
249
14
12
12
12
12
12
2
10
10
10
10
10
11
10
12
12
12
12
1
10
20
30
40
`50
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
Model
10
12
12
12
12
12
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
Model
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
12
10
13
13
13
13
Percent
74
66
98
87
85
86
Percent
26
34
2
13
15
14
Weight
Model
Weight
64
55
67
71
66
54
2
12
10
10
10
10
10
6
12
12
12
12
11
10
10
10
10
10
Percent
89
69
80
77
67
55
61
91
72
65
68
75
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
16
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
Percent
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
Model
Weight
11
12
12
12
12
12
9
10
10
10
10
10
14
12
12
12
12
12
Model
Percent
62
67
83
87
82
73
Weight
67
56
81
87
83
73
74
98
68
57
56
60
9
12
10
10
10
10
Percent
30
48
32
25
29
36
2
0
0
0
0
0
Model
Percent
4
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
Model
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
12
12
12
12
11
10
10
10
10
10
Model
17
44
19
13
17
27
21
2
32
43
44
40
Percent
38
33
17
13
18
27
Weight
222
2
Model
Fuel models
9
6
Percent
Weight
99
Model
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Percent
67
52
68
75
71
64
Region 6 — Deschutes National Forest 1
20
45
33
29
34
46
39
8
28
35
32
25
Percent
11
31
20
23
33
45
Weight
Fuel models
10
10
12
12
12
12
Weight
Fuel models
Fuel models
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Model
Weight
Prescribed fire only
No action
Table 21d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection
8
Percent
Weight
Weight
K
250
9
10
10
12
12
12
11
12
12
12
12
12
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
66
63
85
92
89
80
90
71
°F
Miles/hour
14
9
Temperature
Windspeed
10
3 = Moist
70
moisture values from Reinhardt and Crookston (2003).
*Moisture categories correspond to variant-specific percentage
Windspeed (mph)
Moisture category*
Temperature (°F)
Table 21f—Prescribed fire weather conditions
used in models
Severe—98th percentile
Moderate—75th percentile
Fire weather conditions
Table 21e—FVS fuel model selection
10
10
10
10
10
10
12
10
10
10
10
14
10
10
10
10
10
Percent
61
62
89
95
96
97
94
100
59
56
62
69
Model
Weight
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
11
12
12
12
12
12
Model
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Fuel moisture
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
100-hr (1–3 in)
Model
10-hr (0.25–1 in)
15
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
83
67
86
92
88
78
100
95
54
65
73
80
Percent
69
65
92
97
95
94
Weight
1,000-hr (3+ in)
10
12
12
12
12
12
9
10
10
12
12
12
10
12
12
12
12
12
Model
Duff
9
10
10
10
10
10
0
12
12
10
10
10
12
10
10
13
13
13
Model
Live
14
33
14
8
12
22
0
5
46
35
27
20
Percent
31
35
8
3
5
6
Weight
3
5
5
8
8
11
15
24
50
125
100
150
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
Fuel models
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
Model
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Percent - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
1-hr (0–0.25 in)
16
37
15
8
11
20
6
0
41
44
38
31
Percent
39
38
11
5
4
3
Weight
Fuel models
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Table 21d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection (continued)
Region 6 — Deschutes National Forest 1
Weight
L
251
Stand attributes: Stem density = 947 tpa, basal area = 252 ft 2 /ac, top
height = 91 ft, stand density index = 532, quadratic mean diameter =
7.0 in, crown competition factor = 215, canopy cover = 62 percent.
Region 6 — Deschutes National Forest 2
Species (based on trees per acre): White fir (Abies concolor) = 83 percent,
ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) = 11 percent, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) =
6 percent.
Site: Elevation = 5,300 ft, slope = 20 percent, aspect = 180º.
Initial stand conditions
A
252
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 6 — Deschutes National Forest 2
B
253
projection.
the predicted fire type is surface fire for the 50-year
tion for severe fire weather. For moderate fire weather,
remains likely for the duration of the 50-year projec-
tree growth and self-thinning, so passive crown fire
and canopy base height increases only slightly with
fuels accumulate and flame lengths increase over time,
and litter loading is 12 tons/ac. With no action, surface
cent. Woody surface fuel loading is 15 tons/ac, and duff
Potential tree mortality under severe weather is 83 per-
fire but not active crown fire under severe fire weather.
ft, so ladder fuels are sufficient to enable passive crown
0.13 kg/m 3 (0.0081 lb/ft3), and canopy base height is 3
and lodgepole pine overstory. Canopy bulk density is
primarily of white fir understory with ponderosa pine
This stand has 947 trees per acre (tpa) composed
Initial conditions/no-action trajectory
Canopy base height continues to increase as trees grow
in the 100, 200, and 300 tpa treatments, and regeneration is not sufficient to affect canopy base height, so
crown fire potential remains low for the duration of the
50-year projection. Canopy base height also increases
over time in the prescribed fire only treatment, and
surface fire is predicted for 50 years. Regeneration is
highest in the 50 tpa treatment so canopy base height
declines in 40 or 50 years, at which time a second
treatment would be necessary to prevent passive crown
fire. Surface fuel loading and potential flame lengths
remain fairly stable over time in stands treated with a
pile and burn or prescribed fire treatment. All thinning
prescriptions reduce canopy bulk density sufficiently
that active crown fire remains unlikely for the 50-year
projection.
Prescribed fire only increases canopy base height and
reduces canopy bulk density and surface fuel loading,
so crown fire potential decreases, but many snags are
created that contribute to surface fuel loading in the
future. All thinning treatments increase canopy base
height, but the lower density treatments (50 and 100
tpa) increase canopy base height to a much greater
extent than the higher density treatments (200 and
300 tpa) and also reduce canopy bulk density. The
lower density treatments generate greater activity fuels
and cause higher potential flame lengths. The pile and
burn, and to a greater extent the prescribed fire surface
fuel treatments, reduce activity fuels and potential
flame lengths. In the 50 tpa treatment, fuel model 6
is the predominant model used, so flame lengths are
predicted to be higher than initial conditions regardless
Region 6 — Deschutes National Forest 2
of surface fuel treatment.
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
long-term effects
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
immediate effects
C
254
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
5
1
2
7
2
10
2
3
7
22
Surface
Passive
16
83
Initial
condition
4
0
1
5
1
7
2
3
35
30
Surface
Surface
12
12
Prescribed
fire only
9
3
2
7
3
10
3
3
209
32
Surface
Surface
9
9
2
1
0
2
3
9
2
3
130
32
Surface
Surface
9
9
1
1
2
7
1
0
2
3
103
37
Surface
Surface
8
8
3
1
0
2
3
9
3
5
76
52
Surface
Surface
5
5
1
1
2
7
0
0
3
5
72
55
Surface
Surface
5
6
Thin from
below to 100 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
12
3
2
7
4
10
4
5
254
52
Surface
Surface
5
5
Thin from
below to 50 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 22a—Projected treatment effects on fuels and fire first cycle after treatments implemented
Region 6 — Deschutes National Forest 2
1
1
2
7
1
0
2
3
121
30
Surface
Surface
11
11
2
1
0
2
2
9
2
2
55
22
Surface
Surface
14
15
6
2
2
7
2
10
2
3
26
22
Surface
Surface
14
15
Thin from
below to 200 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
1
1
2
7
1
0
2
2
49
30
Surface
Surface
12
12
2
0
0
2
2
9
2
2
32
22
Surface
Surface
16
16
5
2
2
7
2
10
2
3
16
22
Surface
Surface
16
17
Thin from
below to 300 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
D
255
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
Fuel/fire attribute
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
5
2
3
7
3
10
2
3
10
22
Surface
Passive
100
2
0
20 yrs
5
3
4
8
3
10
2
4
9
21
Surface
Passive
89
3
0
30 yrs
5
3
5
9
3
11
2
4
13
20
Surface
Surface
81
4
0
40 yrs
6
3
2
7
1
10
3
5
125
51
Surface
Surface
26
1
0
10 yrs
3
3
2
7
1
10
4
5
122
50
Surface
Surface
10
1
0
20 yrs
2
3
2
6
1
10
4
5
111
49
Surface
Surface
6
2
0
30 yrs
2
3
2
6
1
10
3
5
108
49
Surface
Surface
6
2
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
5
2
2
7
3
10
2
3
7
22
Surface
Passive
100
1
0
10 yrs
2
3
2
6
1
10
3
5
8
49
Surface
Passive
6
2
0
50 yrs
5
4
6
9
3
11
3
4
12
19
Surface
Passive
73
4
0
50 yrs
Region 6 — Deschutes National Forest 2
12
3
2
7
4
10
4
5
254
52
Surface
Surface
36
1
0
1 yr
5
1
2
7
2
10
2
3
7
22
Surface
Passive
76
1
0
1 yr
No action
Table 22b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection
9
3
2
7
3
10
3
3
209
32
Surface
Surface
38
1
0
1 yr
4
0
1
5
1
7
2
3
35
30
Surface
Surface
266
3
0
1 yr
4
3
6
7
2
7
2
4
74
28
Surface
Surface
18
2
0
20 yrs
4
3
6
7
2
7
2
4
100
26
Surface
Surface
12
2
0
30 yrs
3
3
6
8
2
8
2
4
116
24
Surface
Surface
13
2
0
40 yrs
5
3
2
7
2
10
2
4
101
28
Surface
Surface
28
1
0
10 yrs
4
3
2
7
2
10
2
3
114
26
Surface
Surface
12
1
0
20 yrs
3
3
3
7
2
10
2
3
122
26
Surface
Surface
9
1
0
30 yrs
3
3
3
7
2
10
2
3
123
25
Surface
Surface
11
2
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
5
3
5
6
2
7
2
4
45
31
Surface
Surface
39
3
0
10 yrs
Prescribed fire only
3
3
3
7
2
10
2
3
122
25
Surface
Surface
11
2
0
50 yrs
3
3
6
8
2
8
2
4
129
24
Surface
Surface
12
2
0
50 yrs
E
256
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
1
1
2
7
0
0
3
5
72
55
Surface
Surface
35
3
0
3
1
0
2
3
9
3
5
76
52
Surface
Surface
36
1
0
1 yr
2
1
2
7
1
0
4
6
121
53
Surface
Surface
25
3
0
2
1
1
2
1
9
4
6
114
51
Surface
Surface
26
1
0
10 yrs
2
2
3
8
1
0
4
6
125
52
Surface
Surface
15
2
0
2
1
1
3
1
9
4
5
107
50
Surface
Surface
11
1
0
20 yrs
2
2
3
8
1
0
4
5
119
51
Surface
Surface
11
2
0
2
1
2
3
1
9
4
5
106
49
Surface
Surface
7
1
0
30 yrs
2
2
2
8
1
1
3
5
6
51
Passive
Passive
11
2
0
2
2
1
3
1
9
3
5
105
49
Surface
Surface
7
2
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 22b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
2
2
2
7
1
1
3
4
9
50
Surface
Passive
10
2
0
2
2
1
4
1
9
3
5
9
48
Surface
Passive
7
2
0
50 yrs
Region 6 — Deschutes National Forest 2
1
1
2
7
3
9
2
3
103
37
Surface
Surface
53
3
0
2
1
0
2
3
9
2
3
130
32
Surface
Surface
38
1
0
1 yr
3
2
3
8
1
0
3
4
84
32
Surface
Surface
38
3
0
3
1
1
2
2
9
2
3
160
28
Surface
Surface
28
1
0
10 yrs
3
2
5
9
1
0
2
4
100
30
Surface
Surface
17
2
0
3
1
2
3
2
9
2
3
153
26
Surface
Surface
13
1
0
20 yrs
2
2
5
9
2
1
2
3
108
29
Surface
Surface
11
2
0
3
2
2
4
2
9
2
3
157
26
Surface
Surface
6
1
0
30 yrs
2
2
4
9
2
1
2
3
113
29
Surface
Surface
12
2
0
3
2
2
4
2
9
2
3
154
25
Surface
Surface
9
1
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
3
2
4
8
2
1
2
3
113
28
Surface
Surface
12
2
0
3
2
2
4
2
9
2
3
146
25
Surface
Surface
10
1
0
50 yrs
F
257
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
4
1
1
3
2
9
2
3
75
24
Surface
Surface
42
1
0
5
2
2
7
2
10
2
3
54
24
Surface
Surface
42
1
0
10 yrs
4
2
2
4
2
9
2
3
87
24
Surface
Surface
28
2
0
5
3
3
7
2
10
2
3
78
24
Surface
Surface
28
2
0
20 yrs
4
2
3
4
2
9
2
3
99
23
Surface
Surface
18
2
0
4
3
4
8
2
10
2
3
93
23
Surface
Surface
18
2
0
30 yrs
4
2
4
5
2
9
2
3
114
21
Surface
Surface
17
2
0
4
3
4
8
2
10
2
3
111
21
Surface
Surface
17
2
0
40 yrs
5
3
4
6
2
10
2
3
122
21
Surface
Surface
34
4
0
5
3
5
8
2
11
2
4
118
21
Surface
Surface
32
4
0
50 yrs
Region 6 — Deschutes National Forest 2
2
1
0
2
2
9
2
2
55
22
Surface
Surface
51
1
0
6
2
2
7
2
10
2
3
26
22
Surface
Surface
51
1
0
1 yr
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 22b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
2
0
0
2
2
9
2
2
32
22
Surface
Surface
48
1
0
5
2
2
7
2
10
2
3
16
22
Surface
Surface
48
1
0
1 yr
4
1
1
2
2
9
2
2
27
22
Surface
Surface
43
1
0
5
2
2
7
2
10
2
3
16
22
Surface
Surface
43
1
0
10 yrs
4
1
2
3
2
9
2
3
21
22
Surface
Surface
29
1
0
5
2
3
7
2
10
2
3
16
22
Surface
Surface
30
1
0
20 yrs
4
2
3
4
3
9
2
3
20
21
Surface
Surface
28
2
0
4
3
4
7
2
10
2
3
16
21
Surface
Surface
26
2
0
30 yrs
5
2
4
5
2
9
2
3
16
22
Surface
Surface
48
4
0
5
3
4
7
2
11
2
4
14
21
Surface
Surface
46
4
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
5
3
5
6
2
10
2
4
13
21
Surface
Surface
51
5
0
5
4
5
9
2
11
3
4
12
21
Surface
Passive
50
5
0
50 yrs
G
258
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
1
1
2
7
1
0
2
3
121
30
Surface
Surface
70
3
0
1 yr
4
3
6
8
2
0
2
4
93
30
Surface
Surface
39
3
0
10 yrs
3
3
7
9
2
1
3
4
74
29
Surface
Surface
17
2
0
20 yrs
Canopy bulk density
0.13
3
(kg/m 3)
Canopy base height (ft)
Stand density index
62
532
Basal area (ft 2)
215
252
Merchantable volume (ft 3)
Crown competition factor
7,490
Total volume (ft 3)
Canopy closure (percent)
7.0
8,192
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
947
Trees per acre
None
1 yr
Stand attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0.12
3
218
62
539
262
7,848
8,636
7.4
865
10 yrs
0.13
4
219
62
538
268
8,325
8,916
7.9
785
20 yrs
0.13
4
219
61
538
274
8,611
9,194
8.4
712
30 yrs
No action
3
3
6
9
2
1
2
4
87
27
Surface
Surface
12
2
0
30 yrs
0.14
5
218
61
537
280
8,782
9,466
8.9
647
40 yrs
3
3
6
9
2
1
2
4
97
26
Surface
Surface
14
2
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 22c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
treatment
Table 22b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
0.15
5
218
61
535
285
9,084
9,756
9.4
588
50 yrs
3
3
6
8
2
1
2
4
114
25
Surface
Surface
14
2
0
50 yrs
Region 6 — Deschutes National Forest 2
0.08
9
163
50
329
218
6,979
7,383
7.0
150
1 yr
1
1
2
7
1
0
2
2
49
30
Surface
Surface
92
3
0
1 yr
0.08
15
167
50
336
224
7,197
7,664
16.7
148
10 yrs
4
3
6
8
2
0
3
4
45
30
Surface
Surface
40
3
0
10 yrs
3
3
7
9
2
1
2
4
85
27
Surface
Surface
14
2
0
30 yrs
0.09
24
173
51
349
237
7,771
8,125
17.3
144
20 yrs
0.10
32
178
52
357
246
8,141
8,489
18.0
139
30 yrs
Prescribed fire only
3
3
7
9
2
1
3
4
71
29
Surface
Surface
20
2
0
20 yrs
0.11
37
182
52
365
255
8,467
8,854
18.7
133
40 yrs
3
3
6
9
2
1
2
4
101
26
Surface
Surface
15
2
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.11
41
186
53
373
264
8,748
9,222
19.4
128
50 yrs
3
3
6
9
2
1
2
4
115
25
Surface
Surface
14
2
0
50 yrs
H
259
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
7,490
252
Merchantable volume (ft3)
(ft 2)
3
Canopy base height (ft)
7,490
252
Total volume (ft3)
Merchantable volume (ft3)
(ft 2)
215
3
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
0.13
3
(kg/m3)
Canopy base height (ft)
Stand density index
62
532
Basal area (ft 2)
215
252
Merchantable volume (ft3)
Crown competition factor
7,490
Total volume (ft3)
Canopy cover (percent)
7.0
8,192
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
947
Trees per acre
0.13
62
Canopy cover (percent)
Canopy bulk density (kg/m³)
532
Stand density index
Basal area
7.0
8,192
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
947
Trees per acre
0.13
215
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
62
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
532
Stand density index
Basal area
7.0
8,192
Total volume (ft3)
Trees per acre
None
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
947
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.04
55
115
35
303
160
5,678
5,814
9.1
351
0.04
54
120
36
283
167
5,944
6,088
12.3
203
0.04
54
120
36
268
167
5,944
6,088
14.2
153
10 yrs
0.04
54
117
36
310
165
5,878
6,014
9.4
342
0.04
51
123
37
289
173
6,153
6,300
12.6
199
0.04
54
123
37
273
173
6,153
6,301
14.5
150
20 yrs
0.04
54
121
37
317
170
6,103
6,223
9.7
335
0.04
51
126
37
295
178
6,391
6,520
13.0
194
0.04
51
126
37
279
178
6,387
6,512
14.9
146
30 yrs
0.04
4
131
39
324
176
6,320
6,454
10.0
327
0.04
52
131
38
301
184
6,599
6,735
13.3
190
0.04
52
131
38
284
183
6,599
6,736
15.3
143
40 yrs
0.04
5
146
41
332
183
6,494
6,664
10.2
319
0.04
5
137
40
307
189
6,789
6,960
13.7
185
0.04
5
135
39
289
189
6,773
6,945
15.7
140
50 yrs
Region 6 — Deschutes National Forest 2
0.04
55
117
36
213
163
5,557
5,691
23.4
55
0.04
54
117
36
213
163
5,820
5,961
23.4
55
0.04
54
117
36
213
163
5,820
5,961
23.4
55
1 yr
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 22c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.06
29
151
46
295
210
6,690
6,883
19.6
100
0.08
28
151
46
295
210
7,321
7,540
19.6
100
0.08
28
151
46
295
210
7,321
7,540
19.6
100
1 yr
0.08
35
141
43
335
200
6,873
7,085
12.5
233
0.09
35
156
47
343
221
7,532
7,775
15.3
173
0.09
35
156
47
332
221
7,532
7,775
16.6
147
10 yrs
0.08
38
147
44
348
211
7,298
7,489
13.0
229
0.10
38
162
48
354
232
7,969
8,186
15.9
169
0.10
38
162
48
344
233
7,996
8,215
17.2
144
20 yrs
0.08
38
151
45
357
219
7,600
7,800
13.5
221
0.10
39
168
49
367
243
8,383
8,609
16.4
166
0.10
39
166
48
352
242
8,326
8,549
17.8
139
30 yrs
0.09
39
156
46
365
228
7,937
8,126
14.0
214
0.11
39
172
49
376
253
8,769
8,980
17.0
160
0.10
39
170
49
360
250
8,671
8,879
18.5
134
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.09
39
160
46
374
236
8,207
8,435
14.5
207
0.11
39
177
50
384
262
9,057
9,317
17.6
155
0.11
39
174
49
367
258
8,939
9,196
19.1
130
50 yrs
I
260
252
(ft 2 )
3
Canopy base height (ft)
7,490
252
Total volume (ft3 )
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
(ft 2 )
215
3
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
0.13
3
Canopy base height (ft)
(kg/m3 )
245
0.08
25
189
56
62
215
Canopy cover (percent)
Crown competition factor
Stand density index
6,982
383
252
(ft 2 )
15.0
7,369
532
7,490
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
Basal area
7.0
8,192
Total volume (ft3 )
200
947
Trees per acre
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
0.13
9
189
56
383
245
7,655
8,257
15.0
200
0.13
9
189
56
383
245
7,655
8,257
15.0
200
1 yr
0.13
Canopy bulk density
62
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
532
Stand density index
Basal area
7.0
8,192
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
947
Trees per acre
0.13
215
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
62
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3 )
532
Stand density index
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
7,490
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
Basal area
7.0
8,192
Total volume (ft3 )
Trees per acre
None
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
947
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.08
31
164
50
357
223
7,201
7,642
14.1
206
0.11
16
192
57
404
254
7,876
8,559
14.4
224
0.11
16
192
57
399
254
7,876
8,559
14.9
211
10 yrs
0.09
24
171
51
372
236
7,797
8,136
14.6
202
0.11
23
195
57
411
264
8,453
8,955
15.2
210
0.11
23
195
57
406
264
8,455
8,957
15.6
199
20 yrs
0.10
28
177
52
384
247
8,206
8,555
15.2
195
0.12
27
201
58
423
277
8,912
9,440
15.8
202
0.12
27
201
58
418
276
8,910
9,438
16.3
191
30 yrs
0.10
31
181
52
394
258
8,602
8,972
15.9
188
0.13
32
206
58
433
288
9,324
9,917
16.5
194
0.13
32
206
58
429
288
9,323
9,915
17.0
183
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 22c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.11
36
187
53
404
268
9,037
9,380
16.5
181
0.13
36
203
57
424
288
9,424
10,001
17.4
175
0.13
36
203
57
420
288
9,425
9,999
17.8
166
50 yrs
Region 6 — Deschutes National Forest 2
0.08
9
203
59
422
250
6,981
7,385
12.4
300
0.13
5
203
59
422
250
7,751
8,444
12.4
300
0.13
5
203
59
422
250
7,751
8,444
12.4
300
1 yr
0.08
15
166
50
364
224
7,201
7,660
13.6
223
0.12
5
209
60
446
264
7,954
8,749
12.3
321
0.12
5
209
60
443
264
7,954
8,749
12.5
308
10 yrs
0.09
23
173
51
378
236
7,760
8,119
14.1
217
0.12
5
215
61
459
277
8,618
9,243
12.9
304
0.12
5
214
60
454
276
8,600
9,222
13.2
291
20 yrs
0.10
27
178
52
388
247
8,144
8,518
14.7
208
0.13
5
219
61
468
288
9,033
9,677
13.6
286
0.13
5
219
61
464
288
9,027
9,669
13.9
274
30 yrs
0.10
32
183
53
399
257
8,518
8,917
15.3
201
0.13
5
214
60
456
288
9,082
9,783
14.5
251
0.13
5
214
60
453
288
9,091
9,785
14.8
242
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.11
36
189
53
409
268
8,906
9,351
15.9
194
0.13
5
210
58
445
288
9,134
9,906
15.4
223
0.13
5
210
58
442
288
9,131
9,901
15.7
214
50 yrs
J
261
11
10
6
6
6
6
2
6
6
6
6
6
2
6
6
6
6
9
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
Model
34
25
13
2
50
Percent
46
Weight
Model
Weight
100
94
83
71
53
54
0
10
10
9
9
6
10
9
9
9
9
9
14
6
10
9
9
9
Percent
61
53
62
68
64
58
73
89
84
76
65
55
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
0
6
13
16
36
38
21
11
16
24
35
45
0
0
9
10
10
10
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
9
10
10
10
Model
0
0
5
13
11
9
6
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
0
5
12
14
8
6
Weight
Model
Weight
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
11
10
9
9
9
9
Model
Percent
96
53
60
69
69
66
74
55
52
57
60
60
100
100
94
93
91
87
9
9
9
9
9
10
34
39
40
39
32
Percent
17
Model
Weight
Model
2
10
10
10
10
10
0
0
10
10
10
10
14
9
10
10
10
10
Model
26
34
45
43
40
40
0
0
6
7
9
13
Percent
4
47
40
31
31
34
Weight
0
6
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
Fuel models
0
10
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
Model
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Weight
66
61
60
61
68
Percent
83
Region 6 — Deschutes National Forest 2
Percent
39
42
27
19
28
36
Weight
Fuel models
10
10
10
10
10
9
Weight
Fuel models
Fuel models
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
9
9
9
9
10
50
66
75
87
98
9
10
10
10
10
1
10
20
30
40
`50
Years
20
30
40
50
10
Percent
54
9
1
10
Model
Weight
Model
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Prescribed fire only
No action
Table 22d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection
Weight
Weight
K
262
9
9
9
9
9
10
9
10
10
10
10
10
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
100
67
72
68
65
66
90
71
°F
Miles/hour
14
9
Temperature
Windspeed
10
3 = Moist
70
moisture values from Reinhardt and Crookston (2003).
*Moisture categories correspond to variant-specific percentage
Windspeed (mph)
Moisture category*
Temperature (°F)
Table 22f—Prescribed fire weather conditions
used in models
Severe—98th percentile
Moderate—75th percentile
Fire weather conditions
Table 22e—FVS fuel model selection
0
9
9
9
9
9
0
10
10
10
10
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
Percent
63
56
61
61
64
78
100
89
71
66
58
58
Model
Weight
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
11
10
10
10
10
10
Model
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Model
Fuel moisture
Weight
100-hr (1–3 in)
Model
10-hr (0.25–1 in)
Weight
100
71
73
71
69
68
100
93
77
71
51
75
Percent
51
51
53
54
70
95
Weight
1,000-hr (3+ in)
9
10
10
10
10
10
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
9
10
10
10
10
Model
Duff
0
9
9
9
9
9
0
10
10
10
10
9
9
10
9
9
9
9
Model
Live
0
29
27
29
31
32
0
7
23
29
49
25
Percent
49
49
47
46
30
5
Weight
3
5
5
8
8
11
15
24
50
125
100
150
Model
Fuel models
Weight
Model
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Percent - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1-hr (0–0.25 in)
0
33
28
32
35
34
0
11
29
34
42
42
Percent
37
44
39
39
36
22
Weight
Fuel models
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Table 22d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection (continued)
Region 6 — Deschutes National Forest 2
Weight
L
263
Stand attributes: Stem density = 544 tpa, basal area = 167 ft 2 /ac,
top height = 84 ft, stand density index = 344, quadratic mean diameter
= 7.5 in, crown competition factor = 153, canopy cover = 55 percent.
Region 6 — Deschutes National Forest 3
Species (based on trees per acre): White fir (Abies concolor) =
93 percent, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) = 7 percent.
Site: Elevation = 5,000 ft, slope = 35 percent, aspect = 270°.
Initial stand conditions
A
264
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 6 — Deschutes National Forest 3
B
265
the potential for active crown fire spread remains low.
density does not change for the 50-year projection, so
the same with passive crown fire likely. Canopy bulk
accumulate, so crown fire potential remains essentially
thins, but flame lengths also increase as surface fuels
height will increase as trees grow and the stand self-
duff loading is 11 tons/ac. With no action, canopy base
fire weather. Wood loading is 10 tons/ac, and litter and
low potential for active crown fire spread under severe
potential for passive crown fire and tree mortality but
density 0.14 kg/m 3 (0.0087 lb/ft3), so there is high
overstory. Canopy base height is 3 ft and canopy bulk
primarily white fir understory with ponderosa pine
This stand has 544 trees per acre (tpa) composed of
Initial conditions/no-action trajectory
Reductions in crown fire potential last for 30 years
in the 50 tpa treatment, but then regeneration lowers
canopy base height making passive crown fire likely
again; at this time, another treatment would be necessary to prevent passive crown fire. In the 100 tpa
treatment, the influence of regeneration on canopy
base height and crown fire potential depends on the
surface fuel treatment with the greatest regeneration
occurring in the prescribed fire treatment. In the
200 and 300 tpa treatments, regeneration is low and
canopy base height increases over time as the stand
self-thins and crowns rise, so after 50 years, crown
fire remains unlikely except in the prescribed fire
treatment in which passive crown fire becomes likely
again in 40 years.
The prescribed fire only treatment reduces tree density,
Region 6 — Deschutes National Forest 3
interpreted with caution.
fuels are not tracked in FFE, so these results should be
increase flame lengths depending on the site. Grass
by fuel model 2. Again, grass fuels may or may not
stands with low woody fuel loading are characterized
increase potential flame lengths because the more open
most of the duff layer, but these surface fuel treatments
reduces woody fuel loading even more and consumes
initial conditions, and the prescribed fire treatment
burn treatment reduces woody fuel loading to below
trees further increases canopy base height. The pile and
fire potential because fire-caused mortality of smaller
prescribed fire fuel treatment further decreases crown
removing fewer trees generates less activity fuels. The
but potential flame lengths remain low because
treatments have little effect on crown fire potential,
not sufficient to increase canopy base height, so these
9 to predominantly 11). Thinning to 200 or 300 tpa is
flame lengths (fuel models change from predominantly
create high surface fuel loadings and increase potential
decreasing crown fire potential, but these treatments
base height and reduces canopy bulk density, thereby
site. Thinning to 50 or 100 tpa greatly increases canopy
fire. This may or may not be true depending on the
grass fuels drive fire behavior following the prescribed
model 9 to predominantly fuel model 2, suggesting that
because conditions change from predominantly fuel
all size classes, but potential flame lengths increase
This treatment also reduces woody surface fuels in
crown fire potential, but it creates many more snags.
which increases canopy base height enough to reduce
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
long-term effects
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
immediate effects
C
266
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
4
3
2
1
2
9
2
3
5
19
Surface
Passive
24
98
Initial
condition
3
0
1
1
1
6
3
5
17
25
Surface
Surface
19
31
Prescribed
fire only
7
4
2
1
3
9
3
4
70
22
Surface
Surface
17
17
2
1
1
0
3
8
4
6
49
22
Surface
Surface
17
37
1
2
2
1
1
0
4
6
37
29
Surface
Surface
15
43
3
1
1
0
4
8
4
7
33
43
Surface
Surface
11
37
1
2
2
1
1
0
4
7
34
50
Surface
Surface
10
38
Thin from
below to 100 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
10
4
2
1
4
9
3
4
141
43
Surface
Surface
11
11
Thin from
below to 50 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 23a—Projected treatment effects on fuels and fire first cycle after treatments implemented
Region 6 — Deschutes National Forest 3
1
1
2
1
1
0
4
5
39
25
Surface
Surface
19
35
2
1
1
0
2
8
2
3
11
19
Surface
Passive
22
94
5
3
2
1
3
9
2
3
3
19
Surface
Passive
22
97
Thin from
below to 200 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
1
1
2
1
1
0
3
5
19
25
Surface
Surface
19
31
1
1
1
0
2
8
2
3
11
19
Surface
Passive
23
90
4
3
2
1
2
9
2
3
4
19
Surface
Passive
24
98
Thin from
below to 300 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
D
267
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
Fuel/fire attribute
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
6
4
4
4
3
10
3
4
9
19
Surface
Passive
95
7
0
20 yrs
6
5
6
5
3
10
3
4
11
19
Surface
Passive
87
7
0
30 yrs
6
5
8
7
3
10
4
5
2
19
Surface
Passive
89
7
0
40 yrs
5
3
2
2
1
9
5
7
64
40
Surface
Surface
14
6
0
10 yrs
3
4
2
3
1
9
5
7
65
38
Surface
Surface
11
6
0
20 yrs
2
4
2
4
1
9
5
7
0
37
Surface
Passive
13
6
0
30 yrs
2
4
2
6
1
9
5
7
7
35
Surface
Passive
13
6
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
5
3
2
2
3
9
3
4
8
19
Surface
Passive
100
6
0
10 yrs
2
3
2
7
1
9
5
6
12
34
Surface
Passive
13
5
0
50 yrs
6
6
9
10
3
10
4
6
6
19
Surface
Passive
79
6
0
50 yrs
Region 6 — Deschutes National Forest 3
10
4
2
1
4
9
3
4
141
43
Surface
Surface
18
5
0
1 yr
4
3
2
1
2
9
2
3
5
19
Surface
Passive
72
5
0
1 yr
No action
Table 23b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection
7
4
2
1
3
9
3
4
70
22
Surface
Surface
19
5
0
1 yr
3
0
1
1
1
6
3
5
17
25
Surface
Surface
131
6
0
1 yr
4
3
6
4
2
7
3
5
23
23
Surface
Surface
20
6
0
20 yrs
4
3
6
5
2
7
3
4
27
23
Surface
Surface
22
6
0
30 yrs
4
4
6
7
2
7
3
4
34
21
Surface
Surface
22
6
0
40 yrs
5
3
2
2
2
9
4
6
70
22
Surface
Surface
17
6
0
10 yrs
3
4
2
3
2
9
4
5
72
22
Surface
Surface
12
6
0
20 yrs
3
4
2
4
2
10
4
5
73
22
Surface
Surface
16
6
0
30 yrs
3
4
3
6
2
10
4
5
75
21
Surface
Surface
18
6
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
5
3
6
2
2
7
3
5
14
24
Surface
Surface
18
6
0
10 yrs
Prescribed fire only
3
4
3
7
2
10
3
5
14
21
Surface
Surface
17
5
0
50 yrs
4
4
7
8
2
7
3
5
43
19
Surface
Surface
22
5
0
50 yrs
E
268
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
1
2
2
1
1
0
4
7
34
50
Surface
Surface
23
6
0
3
1
1
0
4
8
4
7
33
43
Surface
Surface
18
5
0
1 yr
2
2
3
3
1
0
5
7
49
46
Surface
Surface
17
6
0
3
1
1
1
1
8
5
7
50
40
Surface
Surface
14
6
0
10 yrs
2
2
3
4
1
0
5
7
60
44
Surface
Surface
16
7
0
2
2
1
3
1
8
5
7
51
38
Surface
Surface
12
6
0
20 yrs
2
3
3
6
1
1
5
7
0
42
Passive
Passive
19
6
0
2
2
1
4
1
8
5
7
0
37
Passive
Passive
15
6
0
30 yrs
2
3
3
7
1
1
5
6
8
27
Surface
Passive
19
6
0
2
2
1
5
1
8
5
7
6
35
Surface
Passive
15
6
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 23b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
2
3
3
8
1
1
4
5
12
23
Surface
Surface
19
5
0
2
2
2
6
1
8
5
6
12
34
Surface
Passive
15
5
0
50 yrs
Region 6 — Deschutes National Forest 3
1
1
2
1
3
8
4
6
37
29
Surface
Surface
33
6
0
2
1
1
0
3
8
4
6
49
22
Surface
Surface
19
5
0
1 yr
3
3
5
3
1
0
5
7
69
28
Surface
Surface
18
6
0
3
1
1
1
2
8
4
6
66
22
Surface
Surface
17
6
0
10 yrs
2
3
5
4
1
0
5
6
74
28
Surface
Surface
16
6
0
3
2
1
2
2
8
4
6
70
22
Surface
Surface
15
6
0
20 yrs
2
3
5
5
1
1
4
6
0
27
Surface
Passive
20
6
0
3
2
2
4
2
8
4
5
71
22
Surface
Surface
19
6
0
30 yrs
2
3
5
7
2
1
4
6
7
26
Surface
Passive
20
6
0
3
2
2
5
2
9
3
5
7
21
Surface
Passive
19
6
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
3
3
5
8
2
1
4
5
10
26
Surface
Passive
30
5
0
3
2
3
7
2
9
3
5
12
20
Surface
Passive
17
5
0
50 yrs
F
269
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
4
1
1
1
2
8
2
3
26
19
Surface
Surface
32
6
0
5
3
2
2
2
9
3
4
16
19
Surface
Surface
32
6
0
10 yrs
5
2
2
3
2
9
2
3
33
18
Surface
Surface
33
6
0
5
4
3
3
2
10
3
4
28
18
Surface
Surface
33
6
0
20 yrs
5
3
4
4
2
9
3
4
40
19
Surface
Surface
56
7
0
5
4
5
5
2
10
3
4
38
19
Surface
Surface
53
7
0
30 yrs
6
4
6
6
2
9
3
5
49
19
Surface
Surface
60
7
0
6
5
7
7
2
10
3
5
45
19
Surface
Surface
58
7
0
40 yrs
6
4
8
9
2
9
4
5
77
19
Surface
Surface
53
6
0
6
5
9
9
2
10
4
6
41
19
Surface
Surface
50
6
0
50 yrs
Region 6 — Deschutes National Forest 3
2
1
1
0
2
8
2
3
11
19
Surface
Passive
33
5
0
5
3
2
1
3
9
2
3
3
19
Surface
Passive
33
5
0
1 yr
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 23b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
1
1
1
0
2
8
2
3
11
19
Surface
Passive
31
5
0
4
3
2
1
2
9
2
3
4
19
Surface
Passive
31
5
0
1 yr
4
1
1
1
3
8
2
3
29
18
Surface
Surface
33
6
0
5
3
2
2
3
9
2
3
19
18
Surface
Surface
33
6
0
10 yrs
5
2
2
3
3
9
3
4
25
19
Surface
Surface
74
6
0
6
4
3
3
3
10
3
4
22
19
Surface
Surface
73
6
0
20 yrs
6
3
4
4
3
9
3
4
26
20
Surface
Surface
79
7
0
6
4
5
5
3
10
3
5
25
20
Surface
Surface
78
7
0
30 yrs
6
4
7
7
2
9
3
5
31
19
Surface
Surface
71
7
0
6
5
8
7
2
10
4
5
26
19
Surface
Surface
70
7
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
6
5
9
9
2
9
4
6
27
19
Surface
Surface
60
6
0
6
6
10
10
2
10
4
6
21
19
Surface
Surface
58
6
0
50 yrs
G
270
Fuel/fire attribute
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
1
2
1
1
0
4
5
39
25
Surface
Surface
46
6
0
1
1 yr
4
7
3
2
0
4
5
51
24
Surface
Surface
18
6
0
4
10 yrs
4
7
4
2
1
3
5
70
24
Surface
Surface
22
6
0
3
20 yrs
Canopy bulk density
0.14
3
Canopy base height (ft)
(kg/m 3)
55
153
344
Stand density index
Crown competition factor
167
Basal area (ft 2)
Canopy closure (percent)
4,531
Merchantable volume (ft 3)
7.5
5,004
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
Total volume (ft 3)
544
Trees per acre
None
1 yr
Stand attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0.14
4
150
54
341
174
4,777
5,325
8.4
450
10 yrs
0.14
5
149
53
340
180
5,173
5,616
9.3
386
20 yrs
0.14
6
145
53
335
184
5,305
5,817
10.1
328
30 yrs
No action
4
7
6
2
1
3
5
79
23
Surface
Surface
24
6
0
3
30 yrs
0.14
5
138
51
324
185
5,409
5,899
11.2
270
40 yrs
4
7
7
2
1
3
5
6
22
Surface
Passive
23
6
0
3
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 23c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
treatment
Table 23b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
0.14
7
134
49
311
185
5,612
5,950
12.4
221
50 yrs
4
7
8
2
1
3
5
12
21
Surface
Passive
27
5
0
4
50 yrs
Region 6 — Deschutes National Forest 3
0.10
7
104
40
223
134
3,978
4,306
7.5
151
1 yr
1
2
1
1
0
3
5
19
25
Surface
Surface
68
6
0
1
1 yr
0.10
8
107
41
232
141
4,202
4,541
13.2
150
10 yrs
4
7
3
2
0
3
5
24
24
Surface
Surface
24
6
0
4
10 yrs
4
7
6
2
1
3
5
32
24
Surface
Surface
26
6
0
3
30 yrs
0.11
11
112
42
244
152
4,637
4,932
14.0
142
20 yrs
0.11
12
115
43
255
163
4,966
5,328
14.9
134
30 yrs
Prescribed fire only
4
7
4
2
1
3
5
27
25
Surface
Surface
26
7
0
4
20 yrs
0.12
14
119
43
266
174
5,413
5,729
15.9
127
40 yrs
4
7
7
2
1
3
5
6
22
Surface
Passive
30
6
0
4
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.14
17
122
44
275
184
5,820
6,097
16.8
119
50 yrs
4
7
9
2
1
3
5
12
21
Surface
Passive
29
5
0
4
50 yrs
H
271
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
167
(ft 2)
3
Canopy base height (ft)
167
(ft 2)
153
3
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
0.14
3
(kg/m3)
Canopy base height (ft)
25
55
153
Canopy cover (percent)
344
Stand density index
Crown competition factor
137
167
0.05
36
61
23
190
90
3,095
3,184
7.0
340
0.05
35
68
25
187
100
3,423
3,527
9.6
198
0.05
35
68
25
176
100
3,423
3,527
11.2
148
10 yrs
0.05
36
63
25
196
94
3,206
3,304
7.2
331
0.06
35
70
26
193
106
3,577
3,691
10.0
192
0.06
35
70
26
182
105
3,574
3,688
11.6
143
20 yrs
0.05
4
88
30
208
102
3,332
3,456
7.7
319
0.06
4
83
29
202
113
3,742
3,874
10.6
185
0.06
4
79
28
190
112
3,737
3,866
12.2
138
30 yrs
0.09
7
95
34
222
112
3,501
3,647
8.2
308
0.06
7
88
32
212
121
3,963
4,094
11.2
178
0.06
7
83
30
198
119
3,948
4,074
12.8
133
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.13
9
104
38
239
123
3,681
3,883
8.7
296
0.07
9
94
34
224
131
4,181
4,353
11.9
171
0.07
9
88
31
207
128
4,161
4,310
13.6
127
50 yrs
Region 6 — Deschutes National Forest 3
0.04
31
67
96
3,039
4,531
Basal area (ft 2)
18.8
3,142
Merchantable volume (ft3)
7.5
5,004
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
50
0.05
30
67
25
137
96
3,342
3,463
18.8
50
0.05
30
67
25
137
96
3,342
3,463
18.8
50
1 yr
Total volume (ft3)
544
Trees per acre
0.14
55
Canopy cover (percent)
Canopy bulk density (kg/m³)
344
Stand density index
Basal area
4,531
Merchantable volume (ft3)
7.5
5,004
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
Total volume (ft3)
544
Trees per acre
0.14
153
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
55
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
344
Stand density index
Basal area
4,531
Merchantable volume (ft3)
7.5
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
5,004
Trees per acre
None
Total volume (ft3)
544
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
Table 23c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.08
29
93
36
198
127
3,606
3,777
15.3
100
0.12
29
93
36
198
127
4,212
4,434
15.3
100
0.12
29
93
36
198
127
4,212
4,434
15.3
100
1 yr
0.09
34
79
31
211
114
3,755
3,897
9.7
222
0.12
33
96
37
233
137
4,425
4,612
12.1
172
0.12
33
96
37
226
137
4,425
4,612
13.1
146
10 yrs
0.09
35
83
32
223
122
4,034
4,201
10.2
217
0.12
35
100
38
245
147
4,782
5,000
12.8
166
0.12
35
101
38
239
148
4,811
5,031
13.8
143
20 yrs
0.09
4
93
35
234
131
4,298
4,482
10.8
206
0.12
36
106
39
256
158
5,121
5,356
13.6
157
0.12
36
106
39
250
159
5,155
5,393
14.6
136
30 yrs
0.10
6
102
37
246
142
4,622
4,791
11.5
196
0.12
5
113
40
268
169
5,529
5,726
14.4
149
0.12
36
112
40
261
170
5,558
5,754
15.5
129
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.10
8
104
37
250
149
4,789
4,979
12.5
176
0.13
7
119
41
281
181
5,895
6,107
15.3
142
0.13
8
117
41
272
181
5,906
6,117
16.5
122
50 yrs
I
272
3
167
(ft 2 )
3
Canopy base height (ft)
167
(ft 2 )
0.14
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
3
Crown competition factor
(kg/m3 )
55
153
Canopy cover (percent)
344
Stand density index
Basal area
4,531
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
7.5
5,004
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
Total volume (ft3 )
544
Trees per acre
0.14
153
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
55
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
344
Stand density index
Basal area
4,531
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
7.5
5,004
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
Total volume (ft3 )
544
Trees per acre
0.14
153
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
55
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3 )
344
Stand density index
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
167
(ft 2 )
Basal area
4,531
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
7.5
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
5,004
Trees per acre
None
Total volume (ft3 )
544
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.10
18
128
48
273
161
3,973
4,280
12.1
200
0.14
3
128
48
273
161
4,665
5,147
12.1
200
0.14
3
128
48
273
161
4,665
5,147
12.1
200
1 yr
0.10
24
102
39
241
139
4,192
4,492
11.4
197
0.14
6
131
49
293
172
4,919
5,405
12.0
220
0.14
6
131
49
290
172
4,919
5,405
12.3
207
10 yrs
0.11
32
106
40
252
148
4,629
4,863
12.1
185
0.15
10
134
49
304
183
5,486
5,859
12.9
202
0.15
10
134
49
300
183
5,478
5,851
13.3
190
20 yrs
0.11
34
111
41
265
160
4,988
5,280
13.0
175
0.14
14
129
47
295
184
5,590
5,987
14.1
170
0.14
14
129
47
292
184
5,588
5,989
14.5
161
30 yrs
0.12
5
119
43
278
172
5,436
5,694
13.8
165
0.14
18
125
45
286
185
5,729
6,077
15.3
144
0.14
17
124
45
283
184
5,735
6,062
15.7
137
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 23c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.12
7
122
43
284
181
5,791
6,009
14.9
151
0.14
33
121
43
277
185
5,849
6,118
16.6
123
0.14
33
121
43
276
185
5,865
6,124
16.9
118
50 yrs
Region 6 — Deschutes National Forest 3
0.10
8
143
52
303
166
3,969
4,296
10.1
300
0.14
3
143
52
303
166
4,730
5,295
10.1
300
0.14
3
143
52
303
166
4,730
5,295
10.1
300
1 yr
0.10
12
104
40
245
138
4,138
4,456
10.9
213
0.15
6
149
54
330
182
4,995
5,577
10.3
317
0.15
6
149
54
327
182
4,995
5,577
10.5
304
10 yrs
0.10
13
107
41
255
148
4,545
4,822
11.7
199
0.15
8
143
52
320
184
5,303
5,769
11.4
261
0.14
8
142
52
317
183
5,292
5,758
11.6
251
20 yrs
0.11
14
113
42
269
160
4,897
5,241
12.5
188
0.13
10
136
50
309
184
5,376
5,895
12.5
215
0.13
10
136
50
307
184
5,368
5,889
12.7
208
30 yrs
0.12
5
119
43
276
170
5,273
5,589
13.5
172
0.14
13
130
47
298
185
5,488
5,979
13.8
179
0.14
13
130
47
296
184
5,478
5,969
14.0
174
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.12
7
121
43
284
179
5,661
5,919
14.5
157
0.14
15
125
45
289
185
5,665
6,045
15.0
150
0.14
15
125
45
288
185
5,666
6,049
15.2
147
50 yrs
J
273
11
6
6
6
6
6
2
6
6
6
6
6
2
6
6
6
6
6
1
10
20
30
40
`50
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
Model
9
9
10
10
10
10
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
Model
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
10
10
9
9
12
12
Percent
80
61
64
88
90
73
Percent
20
39
36
12
10
27
Weight
Model
Weight
100
100
94
87
81
54
0
0
10
10
10
10
10
0
0
0
10
10
14
10
10
10
10
10
Percent
91
70
85
86
83
78
90
100
100
100
96
90
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
0
0
0
0
0
0
21
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
Weight
0
Model
Weight
2
6
6
6
6
10
2
6
6
6
9
9
11
6
6
6
9
10
Model
Percent
77
57
54
45
34
44
Weight
100
80
74
69
53
48
90
81
70
53
42
44
9
9
9
9
9
9
Percent
37
29
36
35
29
21
0
6
6
6
6
6
Model
Percent
0
19
15
10
5
3
Weight
Model
0
10
10
10
10
6
9
9
9
9
6
10
2
10
9
9
6
9
Model
0
20
26
31
37
41
10
19
29
37
37
32
Percent
21
30
24
31
33
34
Weight
0
0
0
0
9
9
10
10
6
0
0
9
9
10
10
10
6
Model
Fuel models
0
0
0
0
10
12
0
0
0
9
21
24
Percent
2
13
22
24
33
23
Weight
Model
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Percent
63
52
49
55
65
76
Region 6 — Deschutes National Forest 3
0
0
6
13
19
25
10
0
0
0
4
10
Percent
9
30
15
14
17
22
Weight
Fuel models
2
10
10
10
10
10
Weight
Fuel models
Fuel models
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Model
Weight
Prescribed fire only
No action
Table 23d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection
Weight
Weight
K
274
9
9
9
10
10
10
2
10
10
10
10
10
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
76
48
52
60
67
83
percentile
90
71
°F
Miles/hour
14
9
Temperature
Windspeed
10
3 = Moist
70
moisture values from Reinhardt and Crookston (2003).
*Moisture categories correspond to variant-specific percentage
Windspeed (mph)
Moisture category*
Temperature (°F)
Table 23f—Prescribed fire weather conditions
used in models
Severe—98th
Fire weather conditions
Table 23e—FVS fuel model selection
9
6
9
9
9
9
0
10
10
9
9
12
11
10
10
9
12
12
Percent
65
64
51
70
98
81
100
93
72
52
87
88
Model
Weight
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
9
9
9
10
10
10
Model
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Fuel moisture
Weight
100-hr (1–3 in)
Model
10-hr (0.25–1 in)
0
22
23
14
8
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
65
52
58
65
78
93
100
95
65
71
97
79
Percent
76
68
54
87
88
72
Weight
1,000-hr (3+ in)
2
10
10
10
10
10
9
9
9
10
10
10
9
9
10
10
10
10
Model
Duff
9
9
9
9
9
9
0
10
10
9
12
12
10
10
9
9
12
12
Model
Live
35
24
25
25
17
6
0
5
35
29
3
21
Percent
24
32
46
13
12
28
Weight
3
5
5
8
8
11
15
24
50
125
100
150
0
6
6
6
6
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
Fuel models
0
24
17
10
5
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
Model
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Percent - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
0
9
6
6
6
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
1-hr (0–0.25 in)
24
30
25
26
25
14
0
7
28
48
13
12
Percent
35
36
49
30
2
19
Weight
Fuel models
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Table 23d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection (continued)
Region 6 — Deschutes National Forest 3
Weight
L
275
Stand attributes: Stem density = 1,216 tpa, basal area = 174 ft 2 /ac, top height
= 93 ft, stand density index = 415, quadratic mean diameter = 5.1 in, crown
competition factor = 199, canopy cover = 69 percent.
Region 6 — Malheur National Forest
Species (based on trees per acre): Grand fir (Abies grandis) = 82 percent,
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) = 14 percent, ponderosa pine (Pinus
ponderosa) = 3 percent, western larch (Larix occidentalis) = 2 percent.
Site: Elevation = 4,600 ft, slope = 29 percent, aspect = 140°.
Initial stand conditions
A
276
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 6 — Malheur National Forest
B
277
for 50 years.
passive crown fire remains likely for severe fire weather
decrease as trees grow and the stand self-thins, but
base height will increase and canopy bulk density will
and duff loading is 27 tons/ac. With no action, canopy
weather. Woody fuel loading is 19 tons/ac, and litter
high for severe fire weather but low for moderate fire
ate fire weather. Similarly, potential tree mortality is
fire spread for severe fire weather but not for moder-
so initial conditions are conducive to active crown
and canopy bulk density is 0.21 kg/m 3 (0.0131 lb/ft 3),
ponderosa pine overstory. Canopy base height is 3 ft,
primarily grand fir understory with Douglas-fir and
This stand has 1,216 trees per acre (tpa) composed of
Initial conditions/no-action trajectory
Crown fire remains unlikely for thinning treatments
with a pile and burn or no surface fuel treatment for
the 50-year projection, because flame lengths remain
low, preventing passive crown fire even when regeneration causes canopy case height to decrease. Passive
crown fire is predicted in 30 to 40 years for all treatments with prescribed fire, because these treatments
have the greatest regeneration and therefore the biggest
decrease in canopy base height when regeneration
moves into the canopy. All treatments reduce canopy
bulk density enough that active crown fire remains
unlikely for the 50-year projection.
The prescribed fire only treatment reduces crown fire
potential, surface fuel loading, potential flame lengths,
and potential mortality but creates many snags that
will contribute to surface fuels in the future. All thinning treatments are effective at reducing canopy bulk
density and increasing canopy base height enough to
reduce the potential for active and passive crown fire.
The greater the thinning, the greater the reduction in
crown fire potential, but the differences between the
300 tpa treatment and the 200 tpa treatment are minor.
All thinning treatments increase surface fuel loadings;
the greater the thinning, the greater the activity fuels.
Region 6 — Malheur National Forest
caution.
site specific, so this result should be interpreted with
of fire behavior is not predicted well in FFE and is
than fuel model 8. The importance of brush as a driver
are characterized by predominantly fuel model 5 rather
tpa treatment is the most open stand, and conditions
with the same surface fuel treatments, because the 50
burn or prescribed fire are higher than other thinnings
flame lengths of the 50 tpa treatment with a pile and
it still remains at 17 tons/ac after the treatment. The
fire treatment also partially reduces the duff layer, but
ning without surface fuel treatments. The prescribed
potential flame lengths and mortality more than thin-
surface fuels to below initial conditions and decrease
pile and burn and prescribed fire treatments reduce
conditions because canopy base height is higher. The
but potential tree mortality remains lower than initial
These activity fuels increase potential flame lengths,
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
long-term effects
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
immediate effects
C
278
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
4
7
7
1
2
25
2
3
10
14
Surface
Active
25
100
Initial
condition
1
1
3
0
1
17
1
1
155
35
Surface
Surface
16
16
Prescribed
fire only
8
8
7
1
3
25
3
5
90
30
Surface
Surface
14
20
2
2
2
0
3
23
1
1
424
30
Surface
Surface
14
14
0
2
4
0
1
17
1
1
472
35
Surface
Surface
12
12
2
2
2
0
3
23
2
4
151
36
Surface
Surface
9
9
0
2
4
0
1
17
2
6
106
40
Surface
Surface
9
13
Thin from
below to 100 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
10
8
7
1
3
25
4
6
109
36
Surface
Surface
9
15
Thin from
below to 50 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 24a—Projected treatment effects on fuels and fire first cycle after treatments implemented
Region 6 — Malheur National Forest
0
2
4
0
1
17
1
1
273
35
Surface
Surface
15
15
2
2
2
0
2
23
1
1
300
25
Surface
Surface
18
18
6
7
7
1
3
25
3
4
63
25
Surface
Surface
18
22
Thin from
below to 200 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
0
2
4
0
1
17
1
1
259
35
Surface
Surface
15
15
2
2
2
0
2
23
1
1
217
22
Surface
Surface
21
21
6
7
7
1
3
25
2
3
46
22
Surface
Surface
21
24
Thin from
below to 300 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
D
279
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
Fuel/fire attribute
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
5
7
9
4
3
25
3
4
2
17
Surface
Passive
54
4
0
20 yrs
5
6
9
5
3
25
3
4
7
18
Surface
Passive
55
4
0
30 yrs
6
6
8
6
3
25
3
4
7
17
Surface
Passive
50
4
1
40 yrs
5
8
8
2
1
25
3
5
90
36
Surface
Surface
38
5
0
10 yrs
3
8
9
4
1
25
3
5
121
37
Surface
Surface
14
4
0
20 yrs
2
7
9
5
1
24
3
4
9
38
Surface
Passive
8
3
0
30 yrs
2
6
8
5
1
24
2
4
24
38
Surface
Surface
6
3
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
4
7
8
2
2
25
2
3
14
15
Surface
Passive
62
4
0
10 yrs
2
5
7
6
1
24
2
4
36
37
Surface
Surface
6
3
0
50 yrs
6
5
8
7
3
25
3
4
12
15
Surface
Passive
44
4
1
50 yrs
Region 6 — Malheur National Forest
10
8
7
1
3
25
4
6
109
36
Surface
Surface
51
5
0
1 yr
4
7
7
1
2
25
2
3
10
14
Surface
Active
65
5
0
1 yr
No action
Table 24b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection
8
8
7
1
3
25
3
5
90
30
Surface
Surface
51
5
0
1 yr
1
1
3
0
1
17
1
1
155
35
Surface
Surface
308
7
0
1 yr
3
4
8
5
2
17
2
4
46
30
Surface
Surface
23
5
0
20 yrs
3
4
8
7
2
17
2
4
59
28
Surface
Surface
13
4
0
30 yrs
3
3
8
8
2
17
2
4
82
25
Surface
Surface
11
4
1
40 yrs
4
8
8
2
1
25
3
4
91
29
Surface
Surface
39
4
0
10 yrs
3
8
9
4
2
25
3
4
102
28
Surface
Surface
16
4
0
20 yrs
2
7
9
5
2
25
3
4
123
28
Surface
Surface
9
3
0
30 yrs
3
6
8
6
2
24
3
4
157
28
Surface
Surface
7
3
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
5
4
7
3
2
17
2
4
39
33
Surface
Surface
34
6
0
10 yrs
Prescribed fire only
3
6
7
6
2
24
2
4
17
26
Surface
Surface
7
3
1
50 yrs
3
3
3
3
2
17
2
4
113
24
Surface
Surface
10
4
1
50 yrs
E
280
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0
2
4
0
1
17
2
6
106
40
Surface
Surface
42
7
0
2
2
2
0
3
23
2
4
151
36
Surface
Surface
51
5
0
1 yr
2
3
7
3
1
17
2
5
126
40
Surface
Surface
28
6
0
2
3
4
2
1
22
1
4
271
36
Surface
Surface
38
5
0
10 yrs
2
3
8
5
1
17
2
3
13
41
Surface
Passive
18
5
0
2
3
5
3
1
22
1
3
388
37
Surface
Surface
14
4
0
20 yrs
2
3
8
7
1
17
2
3
22
34
Surface
Surface
11
3
0
2
3
6
5
1
22
2
2
38
38
Surface
Surface
8
3
0
30 yrs
2
3
7
7
1
17
2
3
33
27
Surface
Surface
9
3
0
2
3
5
5
1
22
2
2
62
37
Surface
Surface
7
2
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 24b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
2
3
6
7
1
17
2
3
45
23
Surface
Surface
9
2
0
2
3
5
5
1
22
2
2
67
37
Surface
Surface
7
3
0
50 yrs
Region 6 — Malheur National Forest
0
2
4
0
3
23
1
1
472
35
Surface
Surface
52
7
0
2
2
2
0
3
23
1
1
424
30
Surface
Surface
51
5
0
1 yr
2
4
8
3
1
17
2
3
220
34
Surface
Surface
33
6
0
2
3
4
2
1
22
1
2
483
29
Surface
Surface
39
4
0
10 yrs
2
4
9
5
1
17
2
4
168
33
Surface
Surface
20
5
0
2
3
5
3
2
22
2
2
311
28
Surface
Surface
16
4
0
20 yrs
2
4
9
7
1
17
2
4
8
32
Surface
Passive
10
4
0
2
3
6
5
2
22
2
3
288
28
Surface
Surface
9
3
0
30 yrs
2
3
8
7
2
17
2
4
22
32
Surface
Surface
8
2
0
2
3
5
5
2
22
2
3
31
27
Surface
Surface
8
3
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
2
3
7
7
2
17
2
3
25
31
Surface
Surface
7
2
0
3
3
5
6
2
22
2
3
39
26
Surface
Surface
8
3
0
50 yrs
F
281
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
7
8
2
2
25
3
4
64
23
Surface
Surface
41
4
0
7
7
1
3
25
3
4
63
25
Surface
Surface
53
5
0
3
3
5
3
2
22
2
3
220
22
Surface
Surface
19
4
0
7
9
4
2
25
3
4
81
22
Surface
Surface
19
4
0
3
20 yrs
3
3
6
5
2
22
2
3
194
21
Surface
Surface
12
4
0
7
9
5
2
25
3
4
91
21
Surface
Surface
12
4
0
3
30 yrs
3
3
6
6
2
22
2
3
226
20
Surface
Surface
11
3
0
6
8
6
2
25
3
4
125
20
Surface
Surface
11
3
0
3
40 yrs
4
3
5
6
2
22
2
3
246
18
Surface
Surface
11
4
1
5
8
6
2
25
3
4
141
19
Surface
Surface
11
4
1
4
50 yrs
Region 6 — Malheur National Forest
3
3
4
2
2
22
1
2
293
23
Surface
Surface
41
4
0
4
6
2
2
2
0
2
23
1
1
300
25
Surface
Surface
53
5
0
10 yrs
1 yr
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 24b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
2
2
2
0
2
23
1
1
217
22
Surface
Surface
54
5
0
7
7
1
3
25
2
3
46
22
Surface
Surface
54
5
0
6
1 yr
3
3
4
2
2
22
1
2
190
23
Surface
Surface
43
4
0
7
8
2
2
25
3
4
42
23
Surface
Surface
43
4
0
4
10 yrs
3
3
5
3
2
22
2
3
130
22
Surface
Surface
21
4
0
7
9
4
2
25
3
4
47
22
Surface
Surface
21
4
0
3
20 yrs
3
3
6
5
2
22
2
3
154
20
Surface
Surface
14
3
0
6
9
5
2
25
3
4
80
20
Surface
Surface
15
4
0
3
30 yrs
4
3
5
6
3
22
2
3
162
18
Surface
Surface
13
3
0
6
8
6
3
25
3
4
90
18
Surface
Surface
13
3
0
4
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
4
3
5
6
3
22
2
3
202
16
Surface
Surface
14
4
1
5
8
6
3
25
3
4
110
17
Surface
Surface
12
3
1
4
50 yrs
G
282
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0
2
4
0
1
17
1
1
273
35
Surface
Surface
69
7
0
1 yr
3
5
8
3
1
17
2
3
107
34
Surface
Surface
33
6
0
10 yrs
2
4
9
5
1
17
2
4
106
31
Surface
Surface
20
5
0
20 yrs
Canopy bulk density
0.21
3
(kg/m 3)
Canopy base height (ft)
Stand density index
69
415
Basal area (ft 2)
199
174
Merchantable volume (ft 3)
Crown competition factor
4,041
Total volume (ft 3)
Canopy closure (percent)
5.1
4,813
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
1,216
Trees per acre
None
1 yr
Stand attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0.18
4
215
71
459
198
4,945
5,830
5.5
1,186
10 yrs
0.16
4
228
74
497
220
5,927
6,890
5.9
1,149
20 yrs
0.14
5
239
75
530
241
6,864
7,943
6.3
1,105
30 yrs
No action
2
4
9
7
2
17
2
4
120
29
Surface
Surface
10
4
0
30 yrs
0.15
5
250
77
562
262
7,762
9,013
6.7
1,067
40 yrs
2
4
8
7
2
17
2
4
19
28
Surface
Surface
8
3
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 24c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
treatment
Table 24b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
0.18
6
261
78
594
283
8,651
10,110
7.1
1,033
50 yrs
3
3
7
7
2
17
2
4
21
26
Surface
Surface
8
3
1
50 yrs
Region 6 — Malheur National Forest
0.06
7
115
47
246
139
3,965
4,446
5.1
209
1 yr
0
2
4
0
1
17
1
1
259
35
Surface
Surface
88
7
0
1 yr
0.07
8
120
48
257
148
4,343
4,847
11.5
206
10 yrs
4
5
8
3
1
17
2
4
87
33
Surface
Surface
33
6
0
10 yrs
2
4
9
7
2
17
2
4
90
29
Surface
Surface
11
4
0
30 yrs
0.08
10
131
51
281
166
5,141
5,680
12.3
201
20 yrs
0.08
13
141
53
303
184
5,927
6,540
13.1
197
30 yrs
Prescribed fire only
3
5
9
5
2
17
2
4
88
31
Surface
Surface
21
5
0
20 yrs
0.09
17
151
55
326
202
6,674
7,416
13.9
192
40 yrs
2
4
8
7
2
17
2
4
13
27
Surface
Passive
8
3
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.10
22
161
57
347
220
7,446
8,275
14.7
187
50 yrs
3
3
7
7
2
17
2
4
21
25
Surface
Surface
8
3
1
50 yrs
H
283
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
4,041
174
Merchantable volume (ft3)
(ft 2)
3
Canopy base height (ft)
4,041
174
Total volume (ft3)
Merchantable volume (ft3)
(ft 2)
199
3
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
0.21
3
(kg/m3)
Canopy base height (ft)
Stand density index
69
415
Basal area (ft 2)
199
174
Merchantable volume (ft3)
Crown competition factor
4,041
Total volume (ft3)
Canopy cover (percent)
5.1
4,813
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
1,216
Trees per acre
0.21
69
Canopy cover (percent)
Canopy bulk density (kg/m³)
415
Stand density index
Basal area
5.1
4,813
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
1,216
Trees per acre
0.21
199
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
69
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
415
Stand density index
Basal area
5.1
4,813
Total volume (ft3)
Trees per acre
None
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
1,216
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.05
35
75
31
157
113
3,572
3,833
20.4
50
0.06
34
75
31
157
113
3,894
4,186
20.4
50
0.06
34
75
31
157
113
3,894
4,186
20.4
50
1 yr
0.05
3
81
34
246
124
4,339
4,659
8.2
338
0.06
38
87
35
237
136
4,760
5,108
11.3
196
0.06
38
87
34
224
136
4,760
5,108
13.0
146
20 yrs
0.06
4
113
41
267
138
4,860
5,224
8.7
332
0.06
4
106
38
255
149
5,320
5,701
11.9
192
0.06
4
101
37
240
148
5,317
5,693
13.7
144
30 yrs
0.09
5
123
45
287
151
5,308
5,731
9.2
327
0.06
6
115
41
273
163
5,850
6,284
12.6
189
0.06
6
109
39
255
161
5,820
6,245
14.5
141
40 yrs
0.11
6
133
48
307
166
5,725
6,211
9.7
321
0.06
6
123
44
289
176
6,275
6,769
13.2
186
0.06
7
117
42
271
174
6,254
6,740
15.2
139
50 yrs
Region 6 — Malheur National Forest
0.05
38
73
29
228
113
3,821
4,101
7.8
343
0.06
37
80
32
221
124
4,176
4,484
10.7
199
0.06
37
80
32
209
124
4,176
4,484
12.3
149
10 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 24c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.06
24
103
42
213
140
3,965
4,306
16.0
100
0.07
21
103
42
213
140
4,470
4,880
16.0
100
0.07
21
103
42
213
140
4,470
4,880
16.0
100
1 yr
0.07
29
95
38
243
135
4,302
4,669
10.5
225
0.08
27
113
44
261
157
4,867
5,315
12.9
174
0.08
27
113
44
252
157
4,867
5,315
13.9
148
10 yrs
0.07
29
104
41
264
151
5,051
5,445
11.2
221
0.08
27
123
47
284
175
5,764
6,252
13.7
171
0.08
27
123
47
274
175
5,756
6,242
14.9
145
20 yrs
0.07
3
118
44
286
167
5,784
6,234
11.9
217
0.08
30
134
49
307
195
6,688
7,217
14.6
168
0.08
30
134
49
297
194
6,671
7,199
15.8
143
30 yrs
0.07
5
135
47
310
185
6,548
7,053
12.6
213
0.09
4
146
51
331
214
7,579
8,179
15.4
165
0.08
34
145
51
319
213
7,558
8,157
16.7
140
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.07
6
145
49
331
202
7,256
7,799
13.3
209
0.09
5
160
53
352
233
8,426
9,081
16.3
162
0.09
5
158
53
340
232
8,401
9,053
17.6
137
50 yrs
I
284
174
(ft 2 )
3
Canopy base height (ft)
4,041
174
Total volume (ft3 )
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
(ft 2 )
3
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
0.21
3
Canopy base height (ft)
(kg/m3 )
69
199
Canopy cover (percent)
Crown competition factor
Stand density index
156
3,976
0.06
13
127
52
(ft 2 )
266
174
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
4,410
12.0
200
0.10
12
127
52
266
156
4,491
5,138
12.0
200
0.10
12
127
52
266
156
4,491
5,138
12.0
200
1 yr
415
4,041
Total volume (ft3 )
Basal area
5.1
4,813
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
1,216
Trees per acre
0.21
199
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
69
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
415
Stand density index
Basal area
5.1
4,813
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
1,216
Trees per acre
0.21
199
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
69
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3 )
415
Stand density index
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
4,041
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
Basal area
5.1
4,813
Total volume (ft3 )
Trees per acre
None
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
1,216
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.06
18
105
43
245
143
4,337
4,798
11.8
187
0.11
16
138
54
303
176
4,970
5,635
11.8
233
0.11
16
138
54
299
176
4,970
5,635
12.1
220
10 yrs
0.07
21
115
45
268
160
5,188
5,654
12.7
183
0.11
19
151
57
332
199
6,045
6,742
12.6
228
0.11
19
151
57
328
199
6,038
6,734
13.0
215
20 yrs
0.08
25
126
48
292
179
6,051
6,565
13.5
180
0.12
21
164
60
362
223
7,219
7,941
13.5
223
0.12
21
164
59
358
222
7,213
7,933
13.9
210
30 yrs
0.08
5
142
51
317
200
6,941
7,528
14.4
176
0.13
27
178
62
393
248
8,308
9,215
14.4
218
0.13
27
178
62
388
247
8,310
9,213
14.9
206
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 24c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.09
5
153
53
340
219
7,830
8,454
15.3
173
0.14
32
191
64
422
272
9,493
10,492
15.3
213
0.14
32
191
64
417
272
9,497
10,493
15.8
201
50 yrs
Region 6 — Malheur National Forest
0.06
12
144
57
298
162
3,971
4,428
10.0
300
0.11
8
144
57
298
162
4,485
5,209
10.0
300
0.11
8
144
57
298
162
4,485
5,209
10.0
300
1 yr
0.07
16
110
45
253
145
4,349
4,826
11.4
205
0.11
10
157
60
337
184
4,950
5,723
10.1
331
0.11
10
157
60
334
184
4,950
5,723
10.3
318
10 yrs
0.07
18
121
48
277
164
5,193
5,699
12.2
201
0.12
11
171
63
369
208
6,049
6,854
10.9
324
0.12
11
171
63
366
208
6,043
6,846
11.1
311
20 yrs
0.08
19
133
50
303
183
6,065
6,622
13.0
198
0.13
16
187
66
404
234
7,220
8,105
11.6
317
0.13
17
186
66
400
234
7,206
8,085
11.9
304
30 yrs
0.09
4
147
53
329
204
6,899
7,602
13.9
194
0.15
19
202
68
439
261
8,289
9,440
12.4
309
0.15
19
202
68
435
261
8,269
9,426
12.7
297
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.10
5
161
55
354
225
7,897
8,572
14.8
190
0.16
26
217
70
472
287
9,439
10,773
13.2
303
0.16
25
218
70
470
289
9,474
10,818
13.5
292
50 yrs
J
285
11
10
10
10
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
5
5
8
8
8
8
1
10
20
30
40
`50
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
Model
10
10
10
10
10
10
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
Model
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
8
8
8
12
12
12
Percent
56
69
95
96
94
92
Percent
44
31
5
4
6
8
Weight
Model
Weight
73
51
66
64
66
70
8
8
10
10
10
10
5
5
10
10
10
10
14
8
8
8
8
10
Percent
65
84
71
63
53
55
50
67
83
82
83
84
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
27
35
28
36
34
30
39
32
12
18
17
16
Percent
35
11
26
37
47
45
Weight
0
13
7
0
0
0
11
0
4
0
0
0
Percent
0
5
3
0
0
0
Weight
Model
Weight
8
8
8
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
11
10
10
10
10
10
Model
Region 6 — Malheur National Forest
0
10
5
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
10
0
5
5
0
0
0
Model
Fuel models
8
10
10
10
10
10
Percent
82
82
76
73
68
64
Weight
100
70
56
52
50
55
98
95
81
73
70
68
0
8
8
8
8
8
Percent
0
47
40
34
34
34
Model
Weight
Model
0
10
10
8
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
14
8
8
8
8
8
Model
0
30
44
48
50
45
2
5
19
27
30
32
Percent
18
18
24
27
32
36
Weight
Model
Fuel models
Weight
Model
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Percent
100
53
60
66
66
66
Weight
Fuel models
Fuel models
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Model
Weight
Prescribed fire only
No action
Table 24d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection
Weight
Weight
K
286
8
8
8
8
8
10
8
8
10
10
10
10
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
100
57
54
61
59
57
90
71
°F
Miles/hour
14
9
Temperature
Windspeed
10
3 = Moist
70
moisture values from Reinhardt and Crookston (2003).
*Moisture categories correspond to variant-specific percentage
Windspeed (mph)
Moisture category*
Temperature (°F)
Table 24f—Prescribed fire weather conditions
used in models
Severe—98th percentile
Moderate—75th percentile
Fire weather conditions
Table 24e—FVS fuel model selection
0
10
8
8
8
8
0
10
10
10
10
8
14
8
8
8
8
8
Percent
98
77
77
80
80
82
100
92
76
64
57
50
Model
Weight
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
11
10
10
10
10
10
Model
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Model
Fuel moisture
Weight
100-hr (1–3 in)
Model
10-hr (0.25–1 in)
Weight
100
51
58
63
60
58
100
90
73
61
52
57
Percent
88
74
78
81
86
89
Weight
1,000-hr (3+ in)
8
8
10
10
10
10
8
8
8
8
8
10
11
10
10
10
10
10
Model
Duff
0
10
8
8
8
8
0
10
10
10
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
Model
Live
0
49
42
37
40
42
0
10
27
39
48
43
Percent
12
26
22
19
14
11
Weight
2
5
5
7
8
10
15
23
50
125
100
150
Model
Fuel models
Weight
Model
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Percent - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1-hr (0–0.25 in)
0
43
46
39
41
43
0
8
24
36
43
50
Percent
2
23
23
20
20
18
Weight
Fuel models
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Table 24d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection (continued)
Region 6 — Malheur National Forest
Weight
L
287
Stand attributes: Stem density = 764 tpa, basal area = 174 ft 2 /ac,
top height = 90 ft, stand density index = 379, quadratic mean diameter
= 6.5 in, crown competition factor = 204, canopy cover = 65 percent.
Region 6 — Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 1
Species (based on trees per ac): Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) =
90 percent, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) = 9 percent.
Site: Elevation = 4,400 ft, slope = 34 percent, aspect = 220°.
Initial stand conditions
A
288
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 6 — Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 1
B
289
crown fire potential decreases over time, and passive
crown fire becomes unlikely in 10 years and remains
unlikely for the 50-year projection. In all thinned
stands, canopy base height continues to increase as
trees grow and the stand self-thins, and passive crown
fire remains unlikely for 50 years in the 100, 200, and
300 tpa treatments. Abundant regeneration causes a
drop in canopy base height in 30 years in the 50 tpa
treatments with a pile and burn and with no surface
fuel treatment, and in 10 years in the 50 tpa treatment
with prescribed fire. At this time, passive crown fire is
predicted again, but the increase in crown fire potential
is fleeting and soon decreases as the regeneration grows
and crowns rise. Surface fuels accumulate over time in
all thinned stands with pile and burn or prescribed fire
treatments, but potential flame lengths decrease as the
stand becomes less open and the assigned fuel model
shifts from model 6 to model 9.
potential flame lengths increase because the more open
stand is characterized by predominantly fuel model
6, brush fuels. Brush fuels are not tracked in FFE and
the presence of brush following prescribed fire is site
specific, so these results should be interpreted with
caution. All thinning treatments increase canopy base
height and reduce canopy bulk density. The 100 tpa
thinning without a surface fuel treatment is the only
treatment that remains susceptible to passive crown
fire. Thinning to 50 tpa increases canopy base height
much more than the other prescriptions because some
larger overstory trees are removed as well as ladder
fuels. All thinning treatments increase surface fuels,
the greater the thinning, the greater is the increase
in surface fuel loading. The 100 tpa treatment demonstrates that thinning must increase canopy base
height enough to compensate for higher flame lengths
associated with activity fuels if no surface fuel treat-
fire and low potential for active crown fire spread
under severe fire weather. Potential basal area mortal-
ity is 70 percent for severe fire weather, but only 18
percent for moderate fire weather. Woody fuel loading
is 9 tons/ac, and litter and duff loading is 7 tons/ac.
With no action, canopy base height increases as the
trees grow and the stand self­-thins, making passive
crown fire unlikely in 10 years, but crown fire potential
declines only slightly because flame lengths increase as
surface fuels accumulate.
Region 6 — Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 1
predominantly characterized by fuel model 6.
the low-density stands with scarce surface fuels are
surface fuels, but flame lengths remain high because
a greater extent, the prescribed fire treatment reduce
ment is applied. The pile and burn treatment and, to
projection. In the prescribed fire only treatment,
creates more snags. Surface fuel loading is reduced, but
initial conditions have high potential for passive crown
so
ments that active crown fire is unlikely for the 50-year
canopy bulk density is 0.08
on canopy base height and crown fire potential and
(0.005
Canopy bulk density remains low enough in all treat-
The prescribed fire only treatment has little effect
ponderosa pine. Canopy base height is only 2 ft and
lb/ft 3),
of primarily understory Douglas-fir with overstory
kg/m 3
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
long-term effects
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
immediate effects
This stand has 764 trees per acre (tpa) composed
Initial conditions/no-action trajectory
C
290
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
3
3
3
0
2
5
2
3
0
29
Surface
Passive
18
70
Initial
condition
1
0
1
0
1
4
3
5
10
48
Surface
Passive
16
36
Prescribed
fire only
6
3
2
0
3
3
4
6
26
45
Surface
Surface
11
20
1
1
1
0
3
3
4
6
20
45
Surface
Surface
12
25
0
1
1
0
1
2
4
6
29
48
Surface
Surface
10
24
2
1
0
0
3
2
4
7
61
50
Surface
Surface
6
15
0
1
1
0
0
2
4
7
49
53
Surface
Surface
6
15
Thin from
below to 100 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
7
3
1
0
3
3
4
6
81
50
Surface
Surface
6
7
Thin from
below to 50 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 25a—Projected treatment effects on fuels and fire first cycle after treatments implemented
Region 6 — Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 1
0
1
1
0
1
3
4
6
18
48
Surface
Surface
14
25
1
1
1
0
2
4
3
4
13
33
Surface
Surface
15
26
4
3
2
0
2
5
3
4
12
33
Surface
Passive
16
30
Thin from
below to 200 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
0
1
1
0
1
3
4
5
12
47
Surface
Passive
16
33
1
1
1
0
2
4
2
3
20
31
Surface
Surface
17
20
4
3
2
0
2
5
2
3
17
31
Surface
Surface
17
21
Thin from
below to 300 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
D
291
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
Fuel/fire attribute
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Fuel/fire attribute
7
3
1
0
3
3
4
6
81
50
Surface
Surface
1
0
0
1 yr
3
3
3
0
2
5
2
3
0
29
Surface
Passive
42
0
0
7
4
3
1
3
6
3
4
16
29
Surface
Surface
115
1
0
20 yrs
7
5
4
2
3
6
3
4
19
30
Surface
Surface
92
1
0
30 yrs
7
5
5
3
3
7
3
4
21
33
Surface
Surface
86
1
0
40 yrs
5
3
1
0
1
3
4
7
94
48
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
10 yrs
3
3
1
0
2
3
4
7
93
48
Surface
Surface
6
0
0
20 yrs
3
3
1
1
2
3
4
6
0
47
Passive
Passive
8
0
0
30 yrs
3
3
2
1
2
3
2
3
25
47
Surface
Surface
9
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
5
3
2
0
3
5
2
3
11
30
Surface
Surface
106
1
0
10 yrs
3
3
2
2
2
4
2
3
32
47
Surface
Surface
10
1
0
50 yrs
7
6
6
4
3
7
3
5
21
35
Surface
Surface
76
1
0
50 yrs
6
3
2
0
3
3
4
6
26
45
Surface
Surface
1
0
0
1 yr
1
0
1
0
1
4
3
5
10
48
Surface
Passive
164
1
0
1 yr
4
3
3
1
2
4
3
5
29
45
Surface
Surface
12
1
0
10 yrs
4
3
3
2
2
4
3
5
42
44
Surface
Surface
23
1
0
20 yrs
5
3
4
3
2
4
3
5
60
41
Surface
Surface
33
1
0
30 yrs
Prescribed fire only
5
4
5
4
2
5
3
5
39
40
Surface
Surface
35
2
0
40 yrs
4
3
2
0
2
4
4
6
52
43
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
10 yrs
4
3
2
0
2
4
4
6
57
42
Surface
Surface
9
0
0
20 yrs
4
4
2
1
2
4
4
5
75
42
Surface
Surface
13
0
0
30 yrs
4
4
3
1
2
5
4
5
89
42
Surface
Surface
21
1
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 6 — Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 1
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
1 yr
No action
Table 25b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection
5
4
3
2
2
5
3
5
98
41
Surface
Surface
24
2
0
50 yrs
5
5
6
5
2
5
3
5
97
41
Surface
Surface
34
2
0
50 yrs
E
292
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0
1
1
0
0
2
4
7
49
53
Surface
Surface
7
1
0
2
1
0
0
3
2
4
7
61
50
Surface
Surface
1
0
0
1 yr
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
3
0
50
Passive
Passive
7
1
0
2
1
0
0
1
2
4
7
75
48
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
10 yrs
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
16
37
Surface
Surface
13
1
0
2
1
1
0
2
3
4
7
78
48
Surface
Surface
6
0
0
20 yrs
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
27
30
Surface
Surface
17
1
0
2
2
1
1
2
3
2
3
15
47
Surface
Surface
9
0
0
30 yrs
3
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
30
27
Surface
Surface
34
1
0
2
2
1
1
2
3
2
3
27
47
Surface
Surface
12
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 25b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
4
2
2
4
2
3
2
4
29
27
Surface
Surface
44
2
0
3
2
1
2
2
3
2
3
39
47
Surface
Surface
14
1
0
50 yrs
0
1
1
0
3
3
4
6
29
48
Surface
Surface
15
1
0
1
1
1
0
3
3
4
6
20
45
Surface
Surface
1
0
0
1 yr
2
2
2
1
2
3
4
6
37
45
Surface
Surface
10
1
0
2
1
1
0
2
3
4
6
47
43
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
10 yrs
3
2
3
2
2
3
4
6
63
44
Surface
Surface
14
1
0
3
1
1
0
2
4
4
6
53
42
Surface
Surface
10
0
0
20 yrs
3
2
3
3
2
3
4
6
4
43
Surface
Passive
12
0
0
4
2
1
1
2
4
4
6
74
41
Surface
Surface
19
1
0
30 yrs
3
3
3
3
2
3
2
4
13
44
Surface
Surface
21
1
0
4
2
2
2
2
4
4
6
89
41
Surface
Surface
26
1
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 6 — Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 1
4
3
4
4
2
4
2
4
14
44
Surface
Surface
31
2
0
5
3
3
3
2
4
4
5
8
41
Surface
Passive
27
2
0
50 yrs
F
293
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
1
1
1
0
2
4
3
4
13
33
Surface
Surface
14
0
0
4
3
2
0
2
5
3
4
12
33
Surface
Passive
14
0
0
3
1
1
0
3
4
3
4
35
38
Surface
Surface
20
0
0
5
3
2
0
3
5
3
4
36
39
Surface
Surface
20
0
0
10 yrs
5
2
1
1
3
5
3
4
50
38
Surface
Surface
34
1
0
5
3
3
1
3
5
3
4
52
39
Surface
Surface
34
1
0
20 yrs
6
3
3
2
3
5
3
5
70
39
Surface
Surface
43
1
0
6
4
4
2
3
5
3
5
74
39
Surface
Surface
42
1
0
30 yrs
6
4
4
3
3
5
3
5
83
38
Surface
Surface
46
2
0
6
5
5
3
3
6
3
5
90
38
Surface
Surface
45
2
0
40 yrs
6
5
6
5
2
6
3
5
102
39
Surface
Surface
45
3
0
7
6
7
5
2
6
3
5
84
39
Surface
Surface
43
2
0
50 yrs
1
1
1
0
2
4
2
3
20
31
Surface
Surface
15
0
0
4
3
2
0
2
5
2
3
17
31
Surface
Surface
15
0
0
1 yr
3
1
1
0
3
5
2
3
48
33
Surface
Surface
25
0
0
4
3
2
0
3
5
2
3
31
33
Surface
Surface
25
0
0
10 yrs
5
2
1
1
3
5
2
3
49
31
Surface
Surface
38
1
0
6
3
3
1
3
6
2
4
43
32
Surface
Surface
38
1
0
20 yrs
6
3
2
1
3
5
2
4
38
34
Surface
Surface
47
1
0
6
4
3
1
3
6
3
4
36
35
Surface
Surface
48
1
0
30 yrs
7
4
3
2
3
6
3
4
41
35
Surface
Surface
52
1
0
7
5
5
2
3
6
3
4
40
35
Surface
Surface
55
2
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 6 — Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 1
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
1 yr
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 25b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
7
5
5
3
3
6
3
4
51
35
Surface
Surface
53
2
0
7
6
6
4
3
7
3
5
39
36
Surface
Surface
55
2
0
50 yrs
G
294
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0
1
1
0
1
3
3
4
12
33
Surface
Passive
28
1
0
1 yr
3
3
3
1
2
3
3
5
32
45
Surface
Surface
11
1
0
10 yrs
4
3
3
2
2
4
3
5
55
44
Surface
Surface
20
1
0
20 yrs
Canopy bulk density
0.08
2
(kg/m 3)
Canopy base height (ft)
Stand density index
65
379
Basal area (ft 2)
204
174
Merchantable volume (ft 3)
Canopy closure (percent)
4,494
Total volume (ft 3)
Crown competition factor
6.5
5,287
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
764
Trees per acre
None
1 yr
Stand attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0.08
4
207
66
384
184
4,912
5,717
7.2
651
10 yrs
0.08
6
208
64
383
189
5,110
5,994
7.8
571
20 yrs
0.08
7
208
64
384
196
5,576
6,350
8.4
506
30 yrs
No action
4
4
4
3
2
4
3
5
67
41
Surface
Surface
28
1
0
30 yrs
0.07
8
206
63
379
199
5,857
6,635
9.0
446
40 yrs
5
4
5
3
2
4
3
5
77
40
Surface
Surface
35
1
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 25c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
treatment
Table 25b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
0.07
9
204
62
377
203
6,190
6,954
9.7
394
50 yrs
5
5
6
5
2
5
3
5
11
40
Surface
Passive
34
2
0
50 yrs
0.04
6
144
49
255
150
4,360
4,981
6.5
186
1 yr
0
1
1
0
1
3
2
3
17
31
Surface
Surface
47
1
0
1 yr
0.05
13
151
50
265
158
4,663
5,273
12.6
182
10 yrs
4
3
3
1
2
4
3
5
25
45
Surface
Surface
12
1
0
10 yrs
5
4
4
3
3
4
3
5
61
41
Surface
Surface
39
1
0
30 yrs
0.05
18
156
50
271
166
4,922
5,621
13.5
168
20 yrs
0.05
24
155
49
268
169
5,231
5,854
14.4
149
30 yrs
Prescribed fire only
4
3
3
2
3
4
3
5
44
44
Surface
Surface
28
1
0
20 yrs
0.05
16
153
48
264
171
5,430
6,093
15.4
133
40 yrs
5
4
5
4
2
5
3
5
76
40
Surface
Surface
42
2
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 6 — Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 1
0.05
34
150
46
260
172
5,654
6,301
16.5
117
50 yrs
5
5
6
5
2
5
3
5
92
40
Surface
Surface
38
2
0
50 yrs
H
295
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
4,494
174
Merchantable volume (ft3)
(ft 2)
2
Canopy base height (ft)
4,494
174
Total volume (ft3)
Merchantable volume (ft3)
(ft 2)
204
2
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
0.04
42
88
29
155
112
3,722
4,088
20.3
50
0.04
41
88
29
155
112
3,956
4,344
20.3
50
0.04
41
88
29
155
112
3,956
4,344
20.3
50
1 yr
0.04
2
97
34
231
114
3,910
4,236
7.8
345
0.04
45
93
30
214
119
4,155
4,502
10.5
199
0.04
45
93
30
202
119
4,155
4,502
12.1
149
10 yrs
0.06
4
120
41
251
127
4,094
4,525
8.3
336
0.04
46
96
31
221
124
4,345
4,759
10.8
195
0.04
45
96
31
209
124
4,343
4,758
12.5
146
20 yrs
0.08
6
135
46
274
144
4,439
4,919
9.0
323
0.04
4
112
36
235
135
4,713
5,131
11.5
189
0.04
4
109
35
221
134
4,712
5,128
13.2
141
30 yrs
0.09
8
141
48
283
153
4,554
5,118
9.8
293
0.04
6
121
39
247
146
5,036
5,515
12.2
179
0.04
7
116
37
231
144
5,030
5,505
14.0
135
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.10
11
145
48
288
161
4,776
5,459
10.7
259
0.04
9
128
40
257
155
5,361
5,863
13.0
168
0.04
9
122
38
239
152
5,346
5,835
14.8
128
50 yrs
0.04
19
121
41
215
142
4,168
4,668
16.1
100
0.05
13
121
41
215
142
4,549
5,138
16.1
100
0.05
13
121
41
215
142
4,549
5,138
16.1
100
1 yr
0.05
22
112
37
245
136
4,400
4,873
10.5
227
0.05
23
130
42
257
154
4,813
5,378
12.8
174
0.05
23
130
42
249
154
4,813
5,378
13.8
148
10 yrs
0.05
28
116
38
252
143
4,620
5,173
10.9
218
0.05
25
136
43
267
163
5,100
5,766
13.3
168
0.05
25
136
43
259
163
5,099
5,765
14.5
143
20 yrs
0.05
5
126
40
265
152
4,976
5,566
11.5
212
0.05
32
138
43
271
169
5,392
6,084
14.0
158
0.05
32
141
44
267
172
5,474
6,191
15.2
137
30 yrs
0.05
5
134
42
270
159
5,160
5,813
12.1
199
0.05
37
141
43
271
173
5,638
6,357
14.9
143
0.05
37
143
43
268
176
5,720
6,458
16.0
126
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 6 — Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 1
0.08
2
(kg/m3)
Canopy base height (ft)
Stand density index
65
379
Basal area (ft 2)
204
174
Merchantable volume (ft3)
Crown competition factor
4,494
Total volume (ft3)
Canopy cover (percent)
6.5
5,287
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
764
Trees per acre
0.08
65
Canopy cover (percent)
Canopy bulk density (kg/m³)
379
Stand density index
Basal area
6.5
5,287
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
764
Trees per acre
0.08
204
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
65
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
379
Stand density index
Basal area
6.5
5,287
Total volume (ft3)
Trees per acre
None
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
764
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
Table 25c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.05
7
136
42
270
163
5,366
6,025
13.0
178
0.05
6
142
43
268
174
5,764
6,494
15.7
130
0.05
40
144
43
266
178
5,883
6,635
16.8
116
50 yrs
I
296
174
(ft 2 )
2
Canopy base height (ft)
4,494
174
Total volume (ft3 )
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
(ft 2 )
2
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
0.08
2
Canopy base height (ft)
(kg/m3 )
65
204
Canopy cover (percent)
Crown competition factor
Stand density index
163
4,347
0.04
10
160
53
(ft 2 )
276
174
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
4,938
12.2
200
0.07
6
160
53
276
163
4,723
5,475
12.2
200
0.07
6
160
53
276
163
4,723
5,475
12.2
200
1 yr
379
4,494
Total volume (ft3 )
Basal area
6.5
5,287
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
764
Trees per acre
0.08
204
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
65
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
379
Stand density index
Basal area
6.5
5,287
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
764
Trees per acre
0.08
204
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
65
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3 )
379
Stand density index
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
4,494
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
Basal area
6.5
5,287
Total volume (ft3 )
Trees per acre
None
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
764
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.05
15
138
46
263
153
4,633
5,199
11.8
203
0.06
14
168
54
297
175
4,982
5,692
12.1
219
0.06
14
168
54
293
174
4,982
5,692
12.5
206
10 yrs
0.05
24
143
46
270
161
4,924
5,571
12.5
189
0.06
20
169
53
297
180
5,213
6,005
13.1
194
0.06
20
169
53
294
180
5,214
6,005
13.5
182
20 yrs
0.05
28
145
46
273
167
5,320
5,920
13.3
172
0.06
27
165
51
289
180
5,536
6,204
14.0
169
0.06
27
166
51
286
180
5,543
6,217
14.4
160
30 yrs
0.05
31
144
45
268
167
5,439
6,082
14.1
154
0.06
30
160
49
280
179
5,668
6,363
15.0
147
0.06
30
160
49
277
179
5,666
6,363
15.4
138
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 25c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.05
7
145
44
266
171
5,670
6,316
15.1
137
0.06
33
154
47
268
176
5,771
6,421
16.0
126
0.06
33
154
47
265
176
5,765
6,418
16.4
119
50 yrs
0.04
7
178
59
308
169
4,360
4,978
10.2
300
0.08
5
178
59
308
169
4,736
5,558
10.2
300
0.08
5
178
59
308
169
4,736
5,558
10.2
300
1 yr
0.05
12
147
49
276
158
4,669
5,272
11.2
229
0.07
8
191
61
334
185
5,018
5,833
10.4
313
0.07
8
191
61
331
185
5,018
5,833
10.6
300
10 yrs
0.05
19
150
48
279
164
4,914
5,592
12.1
207
0.07
12
199
61
344
196
5,352
6,290
11.2
285
0.07
12
198
61
341
196
5,351
6,289
11.5
273
20 yrs
0.05
25
150
47
276
167
5,244
5,865
13.0
181
0.07
11
199
60
343
202
5,856
6,680
12.1
254
0.07
11
198
60
339
201
5,818
6,649
12.4
241
30 yrs
0.05
29
148
46
270
168
5,389
6,046
13.9
160
0.06
13
196
58
338
204
6,175
6,984
13.0
223
0.06
13
192
58
329
201
6,081
6,873
13.3
209
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 6 — Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 1
0.05
32
147
45
267
171
5,637
6,276
14.9
141
0.07
16
189
56
327
203
6,349
7,124
13.9
193
0.06
26
185
55
318
199
6,270
7,018
14.2
180
50 yrs
J
297
10
6
6
6
9
9
6
6
6
9
9
9
6
9
9
9
9
9
1
10
20
30
40
`50
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
Model
9
9
10
10
10
10
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
Model
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
10
10
9
9
12
12
Percent
96
66
68
86
99
92
Percent
4
34
32
14
1
8
Weight
Model
Weight
88
100
100
97
85
70
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
12
0
0
3
15
30
3
0
0
0
0
3
Percent
34
17
10
7
7
11
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
Model
Fuel models
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
1
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
Model
Weight
6
6
6
6
9
9
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
10
Model
6
9
10
10
10
10
Percent
51
71
67
61
52
50
Weight
100
100
88
78
71
58
97
90
86
75
61
49
9
6
9
6
6
6
Percent
35
35
33
25
18
8
Weight
0
10
6
9
9
9
Model
Percent
0
29
31
21
11
4
Weight
Model
0
0
10
10
10
10
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
6
Model
0
0
12
21
29
42
3
10
14
13
27
43
Percent
48
21
22
25
37
42
Weight
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
10
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
Model
Fuel models
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
12
12
8
Percent
2
8
11
13
11
8
Weight
Model
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Percent
65
36
36
54
71
88
Region 6 — Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 1
2
0
0
10
10
10
2
0
0
0
0
10
6
10
10
10
10
10
Percent
65
83
90
93
93
89
97
100
100
100
100
97
Model
Weight
Model
Fuel models
Fuel models
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Model
Weight
Prescribed fire only
No action
Table 25d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection
Weight
Weight
K
298
9
9
9
10
10
10
6
6
6
10
10
10
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
83
57
49
47
62
80
81
64
°F
Miles/hour
14
8
Temperature
Windspeed
10
3 = Moist
70
moisture values from Reinhardt and Crookston (2003).
*Moisture categories correspond to variant-specific percentage
Windspeed (mph)
Moisture category*
Temperature (°F)
Table 25f—Prescribed fire weather conditions
used in models
Severe—98th percentile
Moderate—75th percentile
Fire weather conditions
Table 25e—FVS fuel model selection
9
9
10
6
6
6
6
6
10
9
6
6
6
10
9
9
6
12
Percent
53
50
45
67
91
91
67
70
49
51
76
99
Model
Weight
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
9
9
10
10
10
10
Model
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
0
10
9
9
9
9
0
10
6
6
9
10
6
6
6
9
0
Model
Fuel moisture
Weight
100-hr (1–3 in)
Model
10-hr (0.25–1 in)
0
19
22
15
9
4
0
1
25
21
11
0
Percent
21
21
19
14
4
0
Weight
71
43
37
56
75
94
94
97
71
52
72
93
Percent
82
71
52
68
90
93
Weight
1,000-hr (3+ in)
6
6
6
10
10
10
9
9
9
10
10
10
9
9
9
10
10
10
Model
Duff
9
9
10
6
6
6
6
10
10
9
9
9
10
10
10
9
9
12
Model
Live
29
33
36
27
17
5
6
3
29
48
25
5
Percent
13
29
48
32
8
7
Weight
3
6
5
8
8
11
15
18
50
125
100
150
0
10
9
9
9
9
0
0
0
0
6
6
6
0
6
0
0
Model
Fuel models
0
24
27
16
8
2
0
0
0
0
2
1
Percent
5
0
0
0
1
0
Weight
Model
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Percent - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1-hr (0–0.25 in)
17
24
29
37
29
16
33
29
26
28
13
1
Percent
26
29
36
19
5
9
Weight
Fuel models
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Table 25d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection (continued)
Region 6 — Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 1
Weight
L
299
Stand attributes: Stem density = 2,514 tpa, basal area = 188 ft 2 /ac, top
height = 86 ft, stand density index = 510, quadratic mean diameter = 3.7 in,
crown competition factor = 369, canopy cover = 88 percent.
Region 6 — Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 2
Species (based on trees per acre): Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) =
99 percent, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) = 1 percent.
Site: Elevation = 4,800 ft, slope = 25 percent, aspect = 145°.
Initial stand conditions
A
300
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 6 — Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 2
B
301
that active crown fire spread remains unlikely for the
50-year projection. In the prescribed fire only treatment, forest structure changes little over time, but
surface fuels accumulate, and higher flame lengths
cause a gradual increase in crown fire potential. In
the 50 and 100 tpa treatments, regeneration causes an
abrupt decline in canopy base height in 10 to 30 years
depending on surface fuel treatment, but because flame
lengths are low, the decline in canopy base height only
temporarily increases crown fire potential. In the 200
and 300 tpa treatments, regeneration is minimal, so
canopy base height continues to increase over time as
the trees grow and the stand self­-thins. In high-density
treatments with prescribed fire, regeneration is greater
and canopy base height decreases in 40 years, at which
time surface fuels have accumulated and flame lengths
are higher, so passive crown fire is predicted again
for severe fire weather. Another treatment would be
necessary to reduce surface fuels or increase canopy
canopy base height, but fire-caused mortality of small
trees reduces canopy bulk density and increases snag
density. Surface fuel loading is greatly reduced and
potential flame lengths decrease initially. All thinning
treatments increase canopy base height and reduce
canopy bulk density; the greater the thinning, the
greater the change in forest structure. Immediately after
the thinning the predicted fire type changes to surface
fire for all treatments, but extensive activity fuels cause
higher potential flame lengths. Both the pile and burn
and the prescribed fire surface fuel treatments reduce
woody fuels, and the prescribed fire treatment also
reduces litter and duff, but potential flame lengths
decrease only slightly because fuel model 5 is assigned
to the open stands with low woody fuel loading. Flame
lengths remain above 4 ft for severe fire weather, but
are 2 ft or less for moderate fire weather. Brush fuels
are not tracked in FFE and may or may not be present
following treatment.
ft and canopy bulk density is 0.52 kg/m 3 (0.0325
lb/ft3), so initial conditions have low potential for
are 6 ft in 50 years for severe fire weather.
50-year projection.
treatments for moderate fire weather for the entire
Region 6 — Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 2
Surface fuels accumulate over time, and flame lengths
but surface fire is predicted for moderate fire weather.
passive crown fire is predicted for severe fire weather,
potential for passive crown fire increases. In 40 years,
so the potential for crown fire spread decreases, but the
opy bulk density decreases, and flame lengths increase,
no action, canopy base height remains constant, can-
tons/ac, and litter and duff loading is 12 tons/ac. With
flame lengths are only 2 ft. Woody fuel loading is 11
weather. Potential tree mortality is 34 percent, and
fire spread (conditional crown fire) under severe fire
passive crown fire but high potential for active crown
overstory ponderosa pine. Canopy base height is 7
base height. Crown fire potential remains low in all
All treatments reduce canopy bulk density sufficiently
The prescribed fire only treatment does not affect
composed of primarily understory Douglas-fir with
This is a dense stand with 2,514 trees per acre (tpa)
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
long-term effects
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
immediate effects
Initial conditions/no-action trajectory
C
302
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
3
4
4
0
2
10
1
2
197
6
Surface
Conditional
34
34
Initial
condition
1
0
2
0
1
7
1
1
232
22
Surface
Surface
23
23
Prescribed
fire only
14
9
3
0
5
8
5
7
43
40
Surface
Surface
12
28
3
3
1
0
4
7
2
5
62
40
Surface
Surface
12
18
0
2
2
0
1
6
1
6
53
51
Surface
Surface
10
18
3
2
1
0
5
6
2
6
50
48
Surface
Surface
8
10
0
2
1
0
0
5
2
6
43
51
Surface
Surface
7
9
Thin from
below to 100 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
14
8
2
0
5
7
5
8
38
48
Surface
Surface
8
29
Thin from
below to 50 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 26a—Projected treatment effects on fuels and fire first cycle after treatments implemented
Region 6 — Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 2
0
2
2
0
1
6
1
5
50
36
Surface
Surface
14
24
3
2
1
0
4
8
2
4
138
23
Surface
Surface
18
18
12
8
3
0
4
9
4
6
45
23
Surface
Surface
18
36
Thin from
below to 200 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
0
2
2
0
1
7
1
4
81
29
Surface
Surface
17
22
2
2
1
0
4
9
1
2
447
17
Surface
Surface
22
22
10
6
4
0
4
10
3
5
53
17
Surface
Surface
22
35
Thin from
below to 300 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
D
303
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
Fuel/fire attribute
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Fuel/fire attribute
14
8
2
0
5
7
5
8
38
48
Surface
Surface
6
4
0
1 yr
3
4
4
0
2
10
1
2
197
6
Surface
Cond.
159
4
0
8
5
4
2
6
11
3
4
22
13
Surface
Cond.
474
5
0
20 yrs
10
6
4
3
6
12
3
5
15
16
Surface
Surface
353
5
0
30 yrs
10
7
6
5
6
12
4
5
11
18
Surface
Passive
314
5
0
40 yrs
8
8
2
1
1
7
3
5
73
47
Surface
Surface
7
4
0
10 yrs
5
7
3
2
2
8
3
6
79
45
Surface
Surface
12
5
0
20 yrs
4
7
3
3
2
8
3
4
9
45
Surface
Passive
17
5
0
30 yrs
3
7
4
5
2
8
3
4
17
47
Surface
Surface
21
6
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
6
4
3
1
6
10
2
3
45
10
Surface
Cond.
295
4
0
10 yrs
3
7
4
7
2
8
3
4
22
49
Surface
Surface
21
5
0
50 yrs
10
8
7
6
5
13
4
6
8
19
Surface
Passive
229
5
0
50 yrs
14
9
3
0
5
8
5
7
43
40
Surface
Surface
6
4
0
1 yr
1
0
2
0
1
7
1
1
232
22
Surface
Surface
536
5
0
1 yr
7
6
3
1
3
7
2
4
28
23
Surface
Surface
18
5
0
10 yrs
5
6
3
2
3
8
2
3
35
23
Surface
Surface
39
5
0
20 yrs
5
6
4
4
3
8
2
4
29
24
Surface
Surface
59
6
0
30 yrs
Prescribed fire only
6
6
5
6
4
9
3
4
19
25
Surface
Surface
70
5
0
40 yrs
8
8
3
1
2
8
3
5
87
41
Surface
Surface
8
4
0
10 yrs
5
8
3
2
2
9
2
5
78
40
Surface
Surface
13
5
0
20 yrs
4
8
3
3
2
9
2
5
83
37
Surface
Surface
17
5
0
30 yrs
4
7
4
5
2
9
3
5
10
34
Surface
Passive
21
5
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 6 — Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 2
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
1 yr
No action
Table 26b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection
4
7
5
6
2
9
3
5
17
35
Surface
Surface
25
5
0
50 yrs
6
7
6
7
4
9
3
5
17
25
Surface
Surface
74
5
0
50 yrs
E
304
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0
2
1
0
0
5
2
6
43
51
Surface
Surface
10
5
0
3
2
1
0
5
6
2
6
50
48
Surface
Surface
6
4
0
1 yr
1
3
2
1
1
5
2
3
4
50
Surface
Passive
10
5
0
3
2
1
1
1
6
2
6
51
47
Surface
Surface
7
4
0
10 yrs
2
3
2
3
2
5
2
3
17
33
Surface
Surface
15
5
0
3
2
1
2
2
7
4
6
65
45
Surface
Surface
12
5
0
20 yrs
3
3
3
4
2
5
2
3
24
24
Surface
Surface
24
5
0
3
3
2
3
2
7
2
3
16
45
Surface
Surface
19
5
0
30 yrs
3
3
3
6
2
5
2
3
31
22
Surface
Surface
32
5
0
3
3
2
5
2
7
2
3
23
46
Surface
Surface
24
6
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 26b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
4
3
4
7
2
6
2
4
35
20
Surface
Surface
34
5
0
3
3
3
6
2
7
2
4
26
40
Surface
Surface
24
5
0
50 yrs
0
3
2
0
4
7
1
6
53
51
Surface
Surface
16
5
0
3
3
1
0
4
7
2
5
62
40
Surface
Surface
6
4
0
1 yr
2
3
3
1
2
6
1
6
61
49
Surface
Surface
10
5
0
3
2
1
1
2
7
1
5
70
39
Surface
Surface
8
4
0
10 yrs
2
4
3
3
2
6
2
5
67
47
Surface
Surface
14
5
0
3
3
1
2
2
8
2
5
72
39
Surface
Surface
13
5
0
20 yrs
2
4
4
4
2
6
2
3
31
42
Surface
Surface
18
5
0
3
3
2
3
2
8
2
5
86
36
Surface
Surface
18
5
0
30 yrs
3
4
4
6
2
6
2
4
18
40
Surface
Surface
23
5
0
3
3
3
5
2
8
2
5
11
33
Surface
Passive
22
5
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 6 — Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 2
3
4
5
7
2
6
2
4
19
40
Surface
Surface
27
5
0
4
4
4
6
2
8
2
4
38
34
Surface
Surface
26
5
0
50 yrs
F
305
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
3
2
1
0
4
8
2
4
138
23
Surface
Surface
7
4
0
12
8
3
0
4
9
4
6
45
23
Surface
Surface
4
4
0
3
2
1
1
3
9
1
3
270
25
Surface
Surface
10
4
0
7
7
3
1
3
10
3
4
95
25
Surface
Surface
7
4
0
10 yrs
3
3
1
2
3
9
1
3
264
26
Surface
Surface
18
5
0
5
7
3
2
3
10
2
4
120
26
Surface
Surface
14
5
0
20 yrs
4
3
2
3
3
9
2
3
208
26
Surface
Surface
27
5
0
5
7
4
3
3
10
2
4
124
26
Surface
Surface
22
5
0
30 yrs
5
3
3
5
3
9
2
4
156
26
Surface
Surface
33
5
0
5
7
5
5
3
11
3
4
111
26
Surface
Surface
29
5
0
40 yrs
5
4
5
6
3
10
3
4
133
25
Surface
Surface
36
5
0
5
8
6
6
3
11
3
5
96
26
Surface
Surface
33
5
0
50 yrs
2
2
1
0
4
9
1
2
447
17
Surface
Surface
7
4
0
10
6
4
0
4
10
3
5
53
17
Surface
Surface
7
4
0
1 yr
3
2
1
1
3
9
1
2
545
19
Surface
Surface
13
4
0
6
6
3
1
3
11
2
4
120
20
Surface
Surface
13
4
0
10 yrs
4
2
1
2
3
10
1
2
360
19
Surface
Surface
25
5
0
5
6
3
2
3
11
2
3
147
19
Surface
Surface
25
5
0
20 yrs
5
3
2
3
4
10
2
3
218
20
Surface
Surface
36
5
0
6
6
4
3
4
11
2
4
128
20
Surface
Surface
37
5
0
30 yrs
6
4
4
5
4
10
2
4
145
20
Surface
Surface
48
5
0
6
7
5
5
4
12
3
4
102
21
Surface
Surface
48
5
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 6 — Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 2
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
1 yr
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 26b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
7
5
6
6
4
11
3
5
105
22
Surface
Surface
55
5
0
7
7
7
6
4
12
3
5
87
21
Surface
Surface
54
5
0
50 yrs
G
306
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0
2
2
0
1
6
1
5
50
36
Surface
Surface
29
5
0
1 yr
3
5
4
3
2
7
2
5
76
38
Surface
Surface
16
5
0
20 yrs
Canopy bulk density
0.52
7
(kg/m 3)
Canopy base height (ft)
Stand density index
88
510
Basal area (ft 2)
369
188
Merchantable volume (ft 3)
Crown competition factor
3,579
Total volume (ft 3)
Canopy closure (percent)
3.7
4,651
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
2,514
Trees per acre
None
1 yr
Stand attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0.31
7
365
88
525
202
3,884
5,145
4.1
2,182
10 yrs
349
86
517
208
4,497
5,504
4.6
1,773
20 yrs
0.25
7
3
5
4
4
2
7
2
5
86
38
Surface
Surface
21
5
0
30 yrs
0.18
7
345
85
522
219
5,166
5,977
5.1
1,532
30 yrs
No action
Table 26c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory
3
5
3
1
2
7
2
5
69
37
Surface
Surface
11
5
0
10 yrs
0.16
7
334
83
513
224
5,691
6,340
5.7
1,277
40 yrs
3
5
5
6
2
7
2
4
13
35
Surface
Passive
25
5
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height; cond. = conditional.
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
treatment
Table 26b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
0.15
7
331
82
514
231
6,264
6,818
6.1
1,126
50 yrs
4
5
6
7
2
8
3
4
23
33
Surface
Surface
29
5
0
50 yrs
0.12
7
189
63
284
132
3,400
4,049
3.7
544
1 yr
0
2
2
0
1
7
1
4
81
29
Surface
Surface
43
5
0
1 yr
0.12
7
197
65
297
140
3,550
4,273
6.9
534
10 yrs
4
5
4
1
2
7
2
4
88
31
Surface
Surface
12
5
0
10 yrs
4
5
4
4
3
8
2
4
92
32
Surface
Surface
26
6
0
30 yrs
0.12
7
211
67
317
154
4,115
4,691
7.5
505
20 yrs
0.11
7
217
67
327
164
4,550
5,049
8.1
461
30 yrs
Prescribed fire only
3
5
4
3
2
7
2
4
90
30
Surface
Surface
20
5
0
20 yrs
0.11
7
219
66
332
172
5,025
5,435
8.8
411
40 yrs
4
6
5
6
3
8
3
4
14
32
Surface
Passive
33
5
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 6 — Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 2
0.10
8
218
65
331
177
5,417
5,805
9.5
361
50 yrs
5
6
6
7
3
8
3
5
11
31
Surface
Passive
36
5
0
50 yrs
H
307
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
3,579
188
Merchantable volume (ft3)
(ft 2)
7
Canopy base height (ft)
3,579
188
Total volume (ft3)
Merchantable volume (ft3)
(ft 2)
369
7
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
0.04
42
86
28
129
89
3,187
3,361
18.0
50
0.04
31
86
28
129
89
3,387
3,562
18.0
50
0.04
31
86
28
129
89
3,387
3,562
18.0
50
1 yr
0.04
2
94
33
190
90
3,230
3,438
7.0
341
0.04
35
89
28
166
93
3,437
3,653
10.7
148
0.04
35
89
28
166
93
3,437
3,653
10.7
148
10 yrs
0.07
4
119
41
214
105
3,338
3,624
7.6
334
0.05
40
92
30
169
96
3,572
3,792
11.1
144
0.05
40
92
30
169
96
3,572
3,792
11.1
144
20 yrs
0.11
7
134
47
237
120
3,470
3,836
8.3
319
0.05
5
100
34
175
101
3,725
3,944
11.7
136
0.05
5
100
32
175
101
3,725
3,944
11.7
136
30 yrs
0.12
10
144
50
255
134
3,619
4,203
9.1
299
0.05
8
103
36
178
105
3,796
4,055
12.3
127
0.04
8
103
33
178
105
3,796
4,055
12.3
127
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.14
13
153
52
271
147
4,075
4,524
9.9
278
0.05
10
106
37
182
110
3,881
4,216
13.1
118
0.04
10
106
34
182
110
3,881
4,216
13.1
118
50 yrs
0.04
29
110
38
167
103
3,375
3,560
13.8
100
0.06
28
110
38
167
103
3,701
3,894
13.8
100
0.06
28
110
38
167
103
3,701
3,894
13.8
100
1 yr
0.04
32
98
33
186
97
3,452
3,665
9.0
220
0.06
32
117
39
197
111
3,803
4,034
10.8
173
0.05
32
117
39
191
111
3,803
4,034
11.8
147
10 yrs
0.04
33
101
34
191
101
3,600
3,838
9.3
215
0.06
32
121
40
204
117
4,026
4,279
11.3
168
0.05
32
121
40
198
117
4,028
4,281
12.3
142
20 yrs
0.05
4
117
38
202
110
3,835
4,074
9.9
206
0.06
33
128
41
211
123
4,337
4,576
11.9
160
0.06
33
127
41
204
123
4,334
4,573
12.9
135
30 yrs
0.06
7
123
40
211
117
4,041
4,300
10.5
195
0.07
6
135
43
219
130
4,663
4,900
12.6
151
0.07
6
133
42
210
129
4,654
4,887
13.7
127
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 6 — Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 2
0.52
7
(kg/m3)
Canopy base height (ft)
Stand density index
88
510
Basal area (ft 2)
369
188
Merchantable volume (ft3)
Crown competition factor
3,579
Total volume (ft3)
Canopy cover (percent)
3.7
4,651
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
2,514
Trees per acre
0.52
88
Canopy cover (percent)
Canopy bulk density (kg/m³)
510
Stand density index
Basal area
3.7
4,651
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
2,514
Trees per acre
0.52
369
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
88
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
510
Stand density index
Basal area
3.7
4,651
Total volume (ft3)
Trees per acre
None
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
2,514
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
Table 26c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.05
9
128
42
217
124
4,192
4,517
11.2
181
0.07
8
138
43
221
135
4,858
5,146
13.3
140
0.07
8
135
42
211
133
4,848
5,130
14.4
118
50 yrs
I
308
188
(ft 2 )
7
Canopy base height (ft)
3,579
188
Total volume (ft3 )
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
(ft 2 )
7
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
0.52
7
Canopy base height (ft)
(kg/m3 )
88
369
Canopy cover (percent)
Crown competition factor
Stand density index
124
3,419
0.06
24
148
51
(ft 2 )
221
188
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
3,777
10.6
200
0.12
23
148
51
221
124
3,770
4,302
10.6
200
0.12
23
148
51
221
124
3,770
4,302
10.6
200
1 yr
510
3,579
Total volume (ft3 )
Basal area
3.7
4,651
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
2,514
Trees per acre
0.52
369
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
88
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
510
Stand density index
Basal area
3.7
4,651
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
2,514
Trees per acre
0.52
369
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
88
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3 )
510
Stand density index
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
3,579
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
Basal area
3.7
4,651
Total volume (ft3 )
Trees per acre
None
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
2,514
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.06
26
121
42
202
111
3,582
3,925
10.2
197
0.10
26
161
54
248
137
4,008
4,515
10.4
233
0.10
26
161
54
245
137
4,008
4,515
10.7
220
10 yrs
0.06
27
127
43
211
118
3,930
4,184
10.7
190
0.10
27
172
55
262
149
4,617
4,913
11.0
224
0.10
27
172
55
259
149
4,618
4,913
11.4
211
20 yrs
0.06
29
135
44
219
125
4,254
4,480
11.3
180
0.10
29
179
56
272
158
5,098
5,345
11.8
209
0.10
29
179
56
269
158
5,099
5,346
12.1
197
30 yrs
0.07
6
142
45
225
132
4,585
4,808
12.0
168
0.10
31
183
56
278
166
5,576
5,813
12.6
193
0.10
31
183
56
274
166
5,577
5,814
13.0
181
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 26c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.07
8
145
45
229
138
4,843
5,091
12.8
154
0.10
35
186
55
280
171
5,915
6,163
13.4
176
0.10
35
186
55
276
171
5,914
6,157
13.7
166
50 yrs
0.09
19
179
60
263
139
3,414
3,908
9.2
300
0.17
19
179
60
263
139
3,763
4,583
9.2
300
0.17
19
179
60
263
139
3,763
4,583
9.2
300
1 yr
0.08
23
139
48
225
120
3,571
4,072
9.5
242
0.15
22
198
64
296
157
4,000
4,837
9.3
330
0.14
22
198
64
293
157
4,000
4,837
9.5
317
10 yrs
0.08
23
146
49
235
129
4,032
4,370
10.1
231
0.15
24
212
65
315
172
4,808
5,320
10.0
314
0.15
24
212
65
313
172
4,808
5,320
10.2
301
20 yrs
0.08
25
152
50
243
136
4,448
4,687
10.7
217
0.14
26
220
65
327
183
5,521
5,809
10.7
291
0.14
26
220
65
324
183
5,527
5,814
11.0
278
30 yrs
0.07
6
156
50
247
142
4,777
5,014
11.4
199
0.13
29
222
65
328
189
5,975
6,254
11.5
262
0.13
29
221
64
325
189
5,973
6,247
11.8
250
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 6 — Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 2
0.08
6
158
49
248
146
5,027
5,298
12.2
181
0.13
32
218
63
323
191
6,321
6,600
12.4
230
0.13
32
219
63
321
192
6,338
6,630
12.6
221
50 yrs
J
309
12
10
10
10
10
10
5
5
6
9
9
9
5
9
9
9
9
10
1
10
20
30
40
`50
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
Model
8
10
10
10
10
12
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
Model
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
10
8
12
12
12
10
Percent
89
71
92
72
56
57
Percent
11
29
8
28
44
43
Weight
Model
Weight
77
100
98
78
56
66
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
23
0
2
22
44
34
38
8
2
11
27
43
Percent
38
10
40
47
40
28
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
Model
Fuel models
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
1
0
0
0
Percent
0
1110
0
0
0
0
Weight
Model
Weight
5
5
5
8
9
10
5
5
5
5
5
10
12
10
10
10
10
10
Model
8
10
10
10
10
10
Percent
57
95
68
65
74
90
Weight
100
99
87
72
56
63
67
98
92
74
55
57
0
8
8
8
12
12
Percent
0
15
26
14
5
19
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
0
10
10
10
10
9
10
10
10
10
10
8
10
5
5
5
5
5
Model
0
1
13
28
44
37
33
2
8
20
37
43
Percent
43
5
32
34
24
10
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
8
0
0
0
0
8
8
8
Model
Fuel models
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
8
0
Percent
0
0
0
2
2
1
Weight
Model
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Percent
100
85
74
86
95
81
Region 6 — Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 2
1
0
10
10
10
9
10
1
2
10
10
10
10
5
6
9
9
9
Percent
62
89
60
53
60
72
56
92
98
89
73
57
Model
Weight
Model
Fuel models
Fuel models
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Model
Weight
Prescribed fire only
No action
Table 26d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection
Weight
Weight
K
310
8
8
8
8
10
10
5
5
5
10
10
10
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
100
71
59
46
64
86
81
64
°F
Miles/hour
14
8
Temperature
Windspeed
10
3 = Moist
70
moisture values from Reinhardt and Crookston (2003).
*Moisture categories correspond to variant-specific percentage
Windspeed (mph)
Moisture category*
Temperature (°F)
Table 26f—Prescribed fire weather conditions
used in models
Severe—98th percentile
Moderate—75th percentile
Fire weather conditions
Table 26e—FVS fuel model selection
0
10
10
5
5
8
5
5
5
10
8
8
12
8
8
8
8
12
Percent
61
90
72
79
100
87
45
65
64
51
62
92
Model
Weight
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
10
10
10
10
10
10
Model
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Fuel moisture
Weight
100-hr (1–3 in)
Model
10-hr (0.25–1 in)
0
7
10
12
9
0
21
6
16
13
8
2
Percent
0
3
7
4
0
0
Weight
74
39
45
62
84
95
92
92
75
52
86
88
Percent
85
76
71
88
90
73
Weight
1,000-hr (3+ in)
5
10
10
10
10
10
8
8
8
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Model
Duff
8
5
5
5
5
12
10
10
10
8
8
12
12
8
8
8
12
12
Model
Live
26
37
30
20
8
5
8
8
25
48
14
12
Percent
15
24
29
12
10
27
Weight
3
6
5
8
10
15
15
18
50
125
100
150
0
8
8
8
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
Fuel models
0
24
25
18
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
Model
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Percent - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
0
8
8
8
8
0
10
10
10
5
5
5
0
5
5
5
5
0
Model
1-hr (0–0.25 in)
0
22
31
43
26
14
35
29
20
36
30
6
Percent
39
7
21
17
0
13
Weight
Fuel models
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Table 26d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection (continued)
Region 6 — Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 2
Weight
L
311
Stand attributes: Stem density = 2,092 tpa, basal area = 166 ft 2 /ac, top
height = 92 ft, stand density index = 445, quadratic mean diameter = 3.8 in,
crown competition factor = 217, canopy cover = 66 percent.
Region 6 — Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 3
Species (based on trees per acre): Grand fir (Abies grandis) = 53 percent,
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) = 38 percent, lodgepole pine (Pinus
contorta) = 1 percent, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) = 8 percent.
Site: Elevation = 3,400 ft, slope = 36 percent, aspect = 266°.
Initial stand conditions
A
312
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 6 — Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 3
B
313
moderate fire weather.
Crown fire potential decreases over time in the
prescribed fire only treatment as canopy base height
continues to increase, but surface fuels accumulate
and flame lengths are predicted to be 5 ft in 50 years.
Regeneration in the 50 tpa treatment causes an abrupt
decline in canopy base height, and passive crown fire
becomes likely again in 30 years. At this time, a second
treatment would be necessary to prevent passive crown
fire. Regeneration plays an important role in crown
fire potential over time, but the decrease in canopy
base height may not be as extreme or abrupt in reality.
Canopy base height continues to increase in all other
thinning treatments, so crown fire potential remains
low for both moderate and severe fire weather for the
entire 50-year projection.
The prescribed fire only treatment increases canopy
base height and reduces canopy bulk density and
surface fuels enough to change the predicted fire type
to surface fire for severe and moderate fire weather;
however, many snags are created and surface fuels
accumulate rapidly. Potential flame lengths increase
immediately after treatment despite the reduction in
woody surface fuels, because the more open stand is
characterized by fuel model 6 suggesting that brush
fuels are an important contributor to fire behavior
following prescribed fire; this may or may not be
a factor, depending on the site. All thinning treatments effectively reduce canopy bulk density and
increase canopy base height enough to reduce crown
fire potential and tree mortality, but the 100 to 300
interpreted with caution.
fuels are not tracked in FFE, so these results should be
low and fuel model 6 is the primary model used. Brush
after treatment because canopy base height is relatively
is still predicted to be passive crown fire immediately
treatment with a prescribed burn surface fuel treatment
fuels are characterized by fuel model 6. The 300 tpa
lengths, because the more open stands with low surface
but this change in surface fuels does not reduce flame
treatment and to a greater extent by prescribed fire,
These activity fuels are reduced by the pile and burn
greater the change in surface fuels and flame lengths.
potential flame lengths; the greater the thinning, the
thinning treatments also increase surface fuels and
tpa treatments similarly affect stand structure. The
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
long-term effects
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
immediate effects
Region 6 — Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 3
severe fire weather, but surface fire is predicted for
fire is predicted for the entire 50-year trajectory for
so crown fire potential remains similar. Passive crown
fuels accumulate and potential flame lengths increase,
time as trees grow and the stand self-thins, but surface
increase and canopy bulk density will decrease over
is 7 tons/ac. With no action, canopy base height will
fuel loading is 9 tons/ac, and litter and duff loading
fire spread under severe fire weather. Initial woody
and tree mortality, but low potential for active crown
conditions have high potential for passive crown fire
bulk density is 0.08 kg/m 3 (0.005 lb/ft 3) so initial
ponderosa pine. Canopy base height is 2 ft, and canopy
composed of grand fir, Douglas-fir, lodgepole pine, and
This is a dense stand with 2,092 trees per acre (tpa)
Initial conditions/no-action trajectory
C
314
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
3
3
3
0
2
5
2
3
0
31
Surface
Passive
21
75
Initial
condition
1
0
1
0
1
4
4
5
19
43
Surface
Surface
16
30
Prescribed
fire only
6
5
2
0
3
4
4
5
22
40
Surface
Surface
11
25
2
1
1
0
3
3
4
6
18
40
Surface
Surface
12
31
0
1
1
0
1
3
4
6
22
43
Surface
Surface
11
31
2
1
0
0
3
2
4
7
41
53
Surface
Surface
7
24
0
1
1
0
1
2
4
7
31
56
Surface
Surface
7
23
Thin from
below to 100 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
7
4
1
0
4
2
4
6
63
53
Surface
Surface
7
11
Thin from
below to 50 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 27a—Projected treatment effects on fuels and fire first cycle after treatments implemented
Region 6 — Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 3
0
1
1
0
1
3
4
6
22
42
Surface
Surface
15
32
1
1
1
0
3
4
3
4
26
34
Surface
Surface
16
25
5
3
2
0
3
4
3
4
26
34
Surface
Surface
16
26
Thin from
below to 200 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
0
1
1
0
1
3
3
8
7
42
Surface
Passive
16
56
1
1
1
0
3
4
2
3
37
31
Surface
Surface
19
21
4
3
2
0
3
5
2
3
34
31
Surface
Surface
19
23
Thin from
below to 300 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
D
315
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
Fuel/fire attribute
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Fuel/fire attribute
7
4
1
0
4
2
4
6
63
53
Surface
Surface
1
0
0
1 yr
3
3
3
0
2
5
2
3
0
31
Surface
Passive
189
1
0
9
5
4
1
4
6
3
4
5
36
Surface
Passive
395
3
0
20 yrs
10
6
6
2
3
6
4
5
5
36
Surface
Passive
229
4
0
30 yrs
9
7
8
4
3
7
4
6
7
36
Surface
Passive
166
4
0
40 yrs
5
4
1
0
2
3
4
6
82
51
Surface
Surface
1
0
0
10 yrs
4
4
1
0
2
3
4
6
103
50
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
20 yrs
3
4
1
0
2
3
4
6
0
50
Passive
Passive
3
0
0
30 yrs
4
4
1
0
3
4
4
6
7
49
Surface
Passive
3
1
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
6
3
3
0
4
5
2
4
8
33
Surface
Passive
407
2
0
10 yrs
4
5
1
1
3
4
2
4
22
48
Surface
Surface
4
1
0
50 yrs
8
8
9
6
3
7
4
6
9
37
Surface
Passive
127
4
0
50 yrs
6
5
2
0
3
4
4
5
22
40
Surface
Surface
1
0
0
1 yr
1
0
1
0
1
4
4
5
19
43
Surface
Surface
520
1
0
1 yr
5
4
4
1
3
4
3
5
41
40
Surface
Surface
9
1
0
10 yrs
6
4
4
1
3
4
3
4
49
36
Surface
Surface
11
1
0
20 yrs
6
4
4
2
3
5
3
4
102
35
Surface
Surface
21
1
0
30 yrs
Prescribed fire only
7
5
5
3
3
5
3
4
132
35
Surface
Surface
21
1
0
40 yrs
5
4
2
0
3
4
3
5
60
37
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
10 yrs
5
5
2
0
3
4
3
5
99
35
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
20 yrs
5
5
2
0
3
5
3
5
124
34
Surface
Surface
10
1
0
30 yrs
6
5
2
1
3
5
3
5
145
35
Surface
Surface
17
1
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 6 — Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 3
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
1 yr
No action
Table 27b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection
6
6
3
2
3
5
3
5
177
35
Surface
Surface
18
2
0
50 yrs
7
5
5
4
3
5
3
5
155
34
Surface
Surface
20
1
0
50 yrs
E
316
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0
1
1
0
1
2
4
7
31
56
Surface
Surface
9
1
0
2
1
0
0
3
2
4
7
41
53
Surface
Surface
1
0
0
1 yr
2
2
1
1
2
2
4
7
51
54
Surface
Surface
8
1
0
2
1
0
0
2
2
4
7
62
51
Surface
Surface
1
0
0
10 yrs
2
2
2
1
2
2
4
7
77
54
Surface
Surface
8
1
0
3
2
1
0
2
3
4
7
78
50
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
20 yrs
3
2
2
1
2
2
2
3
12
44
Surface
Passive
7
0
0
3
2
1
0
2
3
4
6
0
50
Passive
Passive
4
0
0
30 yrs
3
3
2
2
3
3
2
3
18
35
Surface
Surface
12
1
0
4
3
1
0
3
3
2
3
21
49
Surface
Surface
4
1
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 27b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
4
4
2
2
3
3
2
4
19
33
Surface
Surface
18
1
0
4
3
1
1
3
4
2
4
21
49
Surface
Surface
9
1
0
50 yrs
0
1
1
0
3
3
4
6
22
43
Surface
Surface
16
1
0
2
1
1
0
3
3
4
6
18
40
Surface
Surface
1
0
0
1 yr
3
2
3
1
2
3
4
6
52
40
Surface
Surface
9
1
0
3
2
1
0
3
4
4
5
55
37
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
10 yrs
3
3
4
1
3
3
4
6
92
38
Surface
Surface
7
1
0
4
2
1
0
3
4
3
5
88
34
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
20 yrs
4
3
4
2
3
3
3
5
116
37
Surface
Surface
10
1
0
5
3
1
0
3
4
3
5
117
34
Surface
Surface
15
1
0
30 yrs
5
4
4
2
3
4
3
5
132
38
Surface
Surface
17
1
0
6
3
1
1
3
5
3
5
138
35
Surface
Surface
18
1
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 6 — Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 3
5
4
4
3
3
4
3
5
5
38
Surface
Passive
20
2
0
6
4
2
2
3
5
3
5
162
35
Surface
Surface
19
2
0
50 yrs
F
317
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
1
1
1
0
3
4
3
4
26
34
Surface
Surface
1
0
0
5
3
2
0
3
4
3
4
26
34
Surface
Surface
1
0
0
3
1
1
0
3
4
2
4
70
35
Surface
Surface
10
0
0
5
3
2
0
3
5
3
4
72
35
Surface
Surface
10
0
0
10 yrs
6
2
1
0
3
5
3
4
100
33
Surface
Surface
22
1
0
7
4
2
0
3
5
3
4
102
33
Surface
Surface
21
1
0
20 yrs
7
3
2
1
3
5
3
4
119
32
Surface
Surface
23
1
0
7
5
3
1
3
6
3
4
123
32
Surface
Surface
23
1
0
30 yrs
7
4
3
2
3
6
3
4
142
32
Surface
Surface
22
1
0
7
5
4
2
3
6
3
4
150
32
Surface
Surface
23
1
0
40 yrs
8
5
4
3
3
6
3
4
174
30
Surface
Surface
36
3
0
8
6
5
3
3
7
3
5
150
32
Surface
Surface
35
3
0
50 yrs
1
1
1
0
3
4
2
3
37
31
Surface
Surface
11
0
0
4
3
2
0
3
5
2
3
34
31
Surface
Surface
11
0
0
1 yr
4
1
1
0
4
5
2
3
71
35
Surface
Surface
26
0
0
5
3
2
0
4
5
2
3
56
35
Surface
Surface
26
0
0
10 yrs
7
2
1
0
3
5
3
4
67
33
Surface
Surface
36
1
0
8
4
3
0
3
6
3
4
66
33
Surface
Surface
37
1
0
20 yrs
8
4
2
1
4
6
3
4
114
32
Surface
Surface
29
1
0
9
5
4
1
4
6
3
4
121
32
Surface
Surface
30
1
0
30 yrs
8
4
3
2
4
6
3
4
139
33
Surface
Surface
49
2
0
9
6
5
2
4
7
3
5
118
34
Surface
Surface
46
1
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 6 — Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 3
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
1 yr
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 27b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
9
6
6
4
4
7
4
5
107
34
Surface
Surface
68
2
0
9
7
7
4
4
7
4
5
103
34
Surface
Surface
59
4
0
50 yrs
G
318
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0
1
1
0
1
3
4
6
22
42
Surface
Surface
30
1
0
1 yr
4
3
4
1
3
3
3
5
46
39
Surface
Surface
9
1
0
10 yrs
4
4
4
1
3
4
3
5
80
36
Surface
Surface
10
1
0
20 yrs
Canopy bulk density
0.08
2
(kg/m 3)
Canopy base height (ft)
Stand density index
66
445
Basal area (ft 2)
217
166
Merchantable volume (ft 3)
Canopy closure (percent)
4,328
Total volume (ft 3)
Crown competition factor
3.8
4,896
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
2,092
Trees per acre
None
1 yr
Stand attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0.07
4
217
66
454
181
5,236
5,758
4.5
1,630
10 yrs
0.07
5
214
65
449
188
5,887
6,373
5.1
1,318
20 yrs
0.07
6
218
62
456
199
6,689
7,074
5.7
1,139
30 yrs
No action
5
4
4
2
3
4
3
5
101
35
Surface
Surface
20
1
0
30 yrs
0.07
7
219
62
456
206
7,290
7,695
6.2
984
40 yrs
6
5
5
2
3
5
3
4
132
35
Surface
Surface
22
2
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 27c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
treatment
Table 27b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
0.06
8
220
61
457
212
7,841
8,232
6.7
876
50 yrs
6
6
5
3
3
5
3
5
170
35
Surface
Surface
20
2
0
50 yrs
0.05
10
145
49
248
144
4,379
4,759
3.8
194
1 yr
0
1
1
0
1
3
3
8
7
42
Surface
Passive
48
1
0
1 yr
0.06
16
158
51
265
157
4,967
5,312
12.2
193
10 yrs
4
4
4
1
3
4
3
4
26
38
Surface
Surface
9
1
0
10 yrs
6
5
5
2
3
4
3
4
96
36
Surface
Surface
25
1
0
30 yrs
0.07
17
179
54
295
180
6,012
6,395
13.3
187
20 yrs
0.07
31
191
56
310
196
6,922
7,266
14.4
172
30 yrs
Prescribed fire only
5
4
4
1
3
4
3
4
52
36
Surface
Surface
17
1
0
20 yrs
0.07
36
203
57
326
211
7,752
8,168
15.4
162
40 yrs
6
5
5
3
3
5
4
5
93
36
Surface
Surface
23
1
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 6 — Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 3
0.07
41
215
58
341
226
8,607
9,043
16.5
153
50 yrs
7
6
6
4
3
5
4
6
101
36
Surface
Surface
21
1
0
50 yrs
H
319
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
4,328
166
Merchantable volume (ft3)
(ft 2)
217
2
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
4,328
166
Merchantable volume (ft3)
(ft 2)
217
2
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
19.3
0.04
31
84
29
144
102
3,678
3,834
19.3
50
0.04
31
84
29
144
102
3,955
4,120
0.04
39
87
29
220
108
4,047
4,199
7.6
344
0.04
38
95
31
210
116
4,355
4,516
10.3
199
0.04
38
95
31
198
116
4,355
4,516
11.9
149
10 yrs
0.04
44
98
33
240
120
4,715
4,920
8.1
339
0.04
44
105
34
229
130
5,076
5,293
11.0
196
0.04
44
105
33
216
130
5,076
5,294
12.7
147
20 yrs
0.05
4
122
39
265
136
5,533
5,733
8.7
334
0.04
4
121
37
251
146
5,960
6,166
11.8
193
0.04
4
120
37
237
146
5,961
6,169
13.6
145
30 yrs
0.07
6
138
42
282
149
6,166
6,429
9.2
324
0.04
6
137
40
268
159
6,665
6,935
12.4
190
0.04
6
133
39
253
159
6,679
6,944
14.3
142
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.08
8
146
43
295
159
6,770
7,057
9.7
310
0.04
7
146
41
283
172
7,417
7,697
13.1
183
0.04
8
144
40
270
173
7,506
7,786
15.1
140
50 yrs
0.05
15
124
42
202
131
4,258
4,467
15.5
100
0.06
11
124
42
202
131
4,741
4,980
15.5
100
0.06
11
124
42
202
131
4,741
4,980
15.5
100
1 yr
0.06
23
124
40
246
136
4,794
4,968
10.4
230
0.06
25
146
46
259
155
5,362
5,554
12.7
175
0.06
25
146
46
250
155
5,362
5,554
13.8
149
10 yrs
0.06
37
140
43
272
155
5,697
5,942
11.2
227
0.07
38
164
49
286
177
6,378
6,657
13.7
173
0.07
39
164
49
277
177
6,378
6,658
14.8
147
20 yrs
0.06
46
153
45
292
171
6,620
6,851
11.9
221
0.07
47
175
50
300
191
7,287
7,534
14.7
162
0.07
47
177
50
295
193
7,378
7,629
15.8
141
30 yrs
0.06
50
164
47
307
184
7,406
7,701
12.8
208
0.07
52
185
50
313
204
8,118
8,418
15.6
153
0.07
51
186
51
306
205
8,161
8,463
16.8
133
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 6 — Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 3
0.08
2
(kg/m3)
Canopy base height (ft)
Stand density index
66
445
Basal area (ft 2)
217
166
Merchantable volume (ft3)
Crown competition factor
4,328
Total volume (ft3)
Canopy cover (percent)
3.8
4,896
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
2,092
Trees per acre
0.08
66
Canopy cover (percent)
Canopy bulk density (kg/m³)
445
Stand density index
Basal area
3.8
4,896
Total volume (ft3)
50
2,092
Trees per acre
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
0.04
31
84
29
144
102
3,955
4,120
19.3
50
1 yr
0.08
Canopy bulk density
66
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
445
Stand density index
Basal area
3.8
4,896
Total volume (ft3)
Trees per acre
None
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
2,092
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
Table 27c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.06
4
174
48
319
197
8,196
8,470
13.6
195
0.07
56
195
51
326
217
8,926
9,238
16.6
144
0.07
56
196
51
319
219
9,014
9,317
17.9
125
50 yrs
I
320
166
(ft 2 )
2
Canopy base height (ft)
4,328
166
Total volume (ft3 )
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
(ft 2 )
2
4,328
166
Total volume (ft3 )
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
(ft 2 )
0.08
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
2
Crown competition factor
(kg/m3 )
66
217
Canopy cover (percent)
445
Stand density index
Basal area
3.8
4,896
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
2,092
Trees per acre
0.08
217
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
66
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
445
Stand density index
Basal area
3.8
4,896
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
2,092
Trees per acre
0.08
217
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
66
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3 )
445
Stand density index
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
4,328
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
Basal area
3.8
4,896
Total volume (ft3 )
Trees per acre
None
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
2,092
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.05
12
157
53
260
151
4,380
4,708
11.8
200
0.07
11
157
53
260
151
4,968
5,462
11.8
200
0.07
11
157
53
260
151
4,968
5,462
11.8
200
1 yr
0.06
20
146
47
261
151
5,005
5,269
11.7
203
0.07
24
184
57
308
181
5,637
6,036
12.0
230
0.07
24
184
57
305
181
5,637
6,036
12.4
217
10 yrs
0.07
31
165
50
291
174
6,051
6,365
12.7
198
0.07
30
201
58
332
202
6,700
7,093
13.2
213
0.07
30
201
58
328
202
6,702
7,097
13.5
202
20 yrs
0.07
35
176
51
305
189
6,940
7,253
13.7
183
0.08
33
215
60
352
220
7,762
8,142
14.2
200
0.08
33
216
60
348
221
7,768
8,148
14.6
190
30 yrs
0.07
40
188
52
320
204
7,759
8,143
14.7
172
0.08
37
230
61
369
237
8,699
9,147
15.2
189
0.08
37
230
61
366
238
8,703
9,149
15.6
179
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 27c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.07
46
198
53
334
217
8,641
9,004
15.6
163
0.08
42
234
60
368
243
9,286
9,722
16.2
169
0.08
42
234
60
364
243
9,266
9,704
16.7
161
50 yrs
0.05
10
176
58
293
159
4,380
4,754
9.9
300
0.08
10
176
58
293
159
4,902
5,508
9.9
300
0.08
10
176
58
293
159
4,902
5,508
9.9
300
1 yr
0.06
17
155
50
275
156
4,986
5,322
11.0
236
0.07
14
203
62
340
189
5,536
6,093
10.5
313
0.07
14
203
62
337
189
5,536
6,093
10.8
300
10 yrs
0.07
22
173
53
301
177
5,928
6,326
12.0
224
0.07
17
223
64
367
213
6,623
7,205
11.7
286
0.07
17
222
64
363
212
6,609
7,188
11.9
273
20 yrs
0.07
27
186
54
318
193
6,895
7,238
13.1
206
0.08
27
243
66
393
236
7,890
8,322
12.7
267
0.08
27
242
66
388
235
7,874
8,307
13.0
255
30 yrs
0.07
31
199
55
336
209
7,786
8,190
14.0
195
0.07
31
248
65
395
245
8,593
9,067
13.8
234
0.07
31
245
65
391
245
8,605
9,083
14.1
226
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 6 — Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 3
0.07
36
212
57
353
226
8,756
9,129
15.0
183
0.07
35
237
62
381
244
9,085
9,531
15.0
198
0.07
37
244
64
376
244
8,931
9,373
15.5
185
50 yrs
J
321
10
6
6
6
6
9
6
6
6
6
9
9
6
6
6
9
9
9
1
10
20
30
40
`50
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
Model
9
10
10
10
10
10
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
Model
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
10
9
12
12
12
12
Percent
96
52
97
75
65
60
Percent
4
48
3
25
35
40
Weight
Model
Weight
83
93
100
92
80
65
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
17
7
0
8
20
35
5
0
0
1
11
26
Percent
21
30
22
18
24
35
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
Model
Fuel models
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
1
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
Model
Weight
6
6
6
6
10
10
6
6
6
6
10
10
10
6
10
10
10
10
Model
6
10
10
10
10
10
Percent
61
44
42
48
61
78
Weight
100
89
61
45
54
69
88
70
48
34
47
63
9
9
9
9
9
12
Percent
32
28
31
20
9
2
Weight
0
6
6
6
6
0
Model
Percent
0
21
12
6
2
0
Weight
Model
0
10
10
10
6
6
9
9
9
10
9
9
6
10
6
9
9
9
Model
0
9
27
38
30
19
12
30
37
33
28
21
Percent
35
38
33
26
21
13
Weight
0
9
9
9
9
9
0
0
10
9
6
6
9
9
9
6
6
6
Model
Fuel models
0
2
12
17
14
12
0
0
15
33
25
16
Percent
5
18
25
26
18
9
Weight
Model
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Percent
68
51
57
74
90
98
Region 6 — Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 3
2
2
0
10
10
10
2
0
0
10
10
10
6
10
10
10
10
10
Percent
77
70
78
82
76
65
95
100
100
99
89
74
Model
Weight
Model
Fuel models
Fuel models
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Model
Weight
Prescribed fire only
No action
Table 27d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection
Weight
Weight
K
322
9
9
9
10
10
10
6
6
10
10
10
10
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
85
45
45
66
85
100
81
61
°F
Miles/hour
14
8
Temperature
Windspeed
10
3 = Moist
70
moisture values from Reinhardt and Crookston (2003).
*Moisture categories correspond to variant-specific percentage
Windspeed (mph)
Moisture category*
Temperature (°F)
Table 27f—Prescribed fire weather conditions
used in models
Severe—98th percentile
Moderate—75th percentile
Fire weather conditions
Table 27e—FVS fuel model selection
9
10
9
9
9
12
6
6
10
9
9
9
10
10
9
9
9
12
Percent
44
55
58
78
93
93
63
80
57
62
77
98
Model
Weight
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
9
9
10
10
10
10
Model
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Fuel moisture
Weight
100-hr (1–3 in)
Model
10-hr (0.25–1 in)
0
25
27
15
6
0
0
3
5
1
0
0
Percent
26
11
3
0
0
0
Weight
60
41
66
99
84
67
91
88
54
81
98
78
Percent
73
60
75
99
92
75
Weight
1,000-hr (3+ in)
6
9
10
10
10
10
9
9
10
10
10
10
9
9
10
10
10
10
Model
Duff
9
10
9
9
12
12
6
10
9
9
9
12
10
10
9
9
12
12
Model
Live
40
32
23
1
16
33
9
12
46
19
2
22
Percent
19
40
25
1
8
25
Weight
3
6
5
8
8
11
15
18
50
125
100
150
0
0
0
6
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
Model
Fuel models
0
27
11
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
7
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
Model
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Percent - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
0
9
6
6
6
0
0
10
6
6
0
0
0
0
6
6
6
Model
1-hr (0–0.25 in)
15
30
28
19
9
0
37
16
38
37
23
2
Percent
31
34
39
22
7
7
Weight
Fuel models
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Table 27d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection (continued)
Region 6 — Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 3
Weight
L
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