131
Stand attributes: Stem density = 571 tpa, basal area = 79 ft 2 /ac, top height
= 45 ft, stand density index = 190, quadratic mean diameter = 5.0 in, crown
competition factor = 67, canopy cover = 49 percent.
Region 3 —Santa Fe National Forest 1
Species (based on trees per acre): Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa)
= 77 percent, gambel oak (Quercus gambelii) = 21 percent, Douglas-fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) = 2 percent.
Site: Elevation = 5,400 ft, slope = 15 percent, aspect = 360°.
Initial stand conditions
A
132
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 3 — Santa Fe National Forest 1
B
133
lengths decline as the fuel model shifts from 5 to 9.
is little surface fuel accumulation over time, and flame
fire again for severe and moderate fire weather. There
rise causing the predicted fire type to become surface
begins to increase again as the trees grow and crowns
moderate fire weather. In 30 years, canopy base height
years passive crown fire becomes likely for severe and
as smaller trees grow into the overstory, and in 10
decreases and canopy bulk density increases over time
should be interpreted with caution. Canopy base height
does not track brush fuels directly, so these results
gesting the importance of brush fuels. The FFE model
fire behavior is predicted by using fuel model 5 sug-
mortality is 66 percent for severe fire weather because
potential flame lengths are 5 ft and potential basal area
tons/ac. Although the predicted fire type is surface fire,
loading is 6 tons/ac, and litter and duff loading is 6
to enable crown fire initiation or spread. Woody fuel
ft, so ladder fuels and canopy fuels are not sufficient
kg/m 3 (0.0025 lb/ft 3 ), and canopy base height is 8
pine in the overstory. Canopy bulk density is 0.04
ponderosa pine in the understory and ponderosa
acre (tpa) composed of Douglas-fir, gambel oak, and
This stand has initial tree density of 571 trees per
Initial conditions/no-action trajectory
Although the treatments have little effect on crown fire
potential in the short term, they do reduce crown fire
potential in the long term. In all treatments, canopy
base height increases over time as the trees grow and
the stand self-thins. Flame lengths remain high for
severe fire weather, but the increase in canopy base
height causes the predicted fire type to become surface
fire in 10 years and remain surface fire for the duration of the 50-year projection. Potential flame lengths
decrease in 20 years in the higher density treatments
(200 tpa and 300 tpa) with a pile and burn or no
surface fuel treatment as the fuel model shifts from 5
to 9. However, in the higher density treatments with
prescribed fire, the additional tree mortality creates
a more open stand with more brush fuels, and flame
lengths remain above 5 ft for 40 years.
The prescribed fire only treatment increases canopy
base height and reduces canopy bulk density slightly
and consumes much of the surface fuels. However,
many snags are created that contribute to surface
fuel loading in 10 years. Thinning to 50 tpa or less is
required to increase canopy base height and decrease
canopy bulk density; all other treatments have little
effect on stand structure. Potential flame lengths and
basal area mortality remain high for severe fire weather
in all treatments because fire behavior is predicted by
using fuel model 5. Potential flame lengths and basal
area mortality are low for moderate fire weather in
all treatments. The pile and burn and prescribed fire
surface fuel treatments reduce woody surface fuels to
below initial levels, but potential flame lengths and
basal area mortality remain high for severe fire weather
Region 3 —Santa Fe National Forest 1
potential flame lengths and basal area mortality.
scribed fire surface fuel treatment causes the highest
because the predominant fuel model is 5. The pre-
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
long-term effects
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
immediate effects
C
134
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
2
2
2
0
2
4
1
5
19
52
Surface
Surface
33
66
Initial
condition
1
0
1
0
0
3
1
6
20
66
Surface
Surface
25
70
Prescribed
fire only
0
0
1
0
0
2
1
1
120
96
Surface
Surface
5
8
1
1
0
0
2
2
1
2
112
90
Surface
Surface
5
11
4
2
1
0
2
3
1
2
112
90
Surface
Surface
14
26
Thin from
below to 50 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 12a—Projected treatment effects on fuels and fire first cycle after treatments implemented
Region 3 — Santa Fe National Forest 1
0
0
1
0
0
3
1
6
18
73
Surface
Passive
23
73
1
1
1
0
1
3
1
5
17
59
Surface
Passive
31
71
3
2
2
0
2
4
1
5
17
59
Surface
Passive
31
71
Thin from
below to 100 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
0
0
1
0
0
3
1
6
20
66
Surface
Surface
25
70
1
1
1
0
1
4
1
5
19
52
Surface
Surface
33
66
3
2
2
0
2
4
1
5
19
52
Surface
Surface
33
66
Thin from
below to 200 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
0
0
1
0
0
3
1
6
20
66
Surface
Surface
25
70
1
1
1
0
1
4
1
5
19
52
Surface
Surface
33
66
2
2
2
0
2
4
1
5
19
52
Surface
Surface
33
66
Thin from
below to 300 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
D
135
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
Fuel/fire attribute
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
4
2
1
0
2
3
1
2
112
90
Surface
Surface
1
0
0
1 yr
2
2
2
0
2
4
1
5
19
52
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
1 yr
3
2
2
0
4
4
2
3
0
38
Passive
Passive
10
0
0
20 yrs
3
2
2
0
4
5
2
3
14
35
Surface
Passive
9
0
0
30 yrs
4
3
2
0
5
5
2
3
35
32
Surface
Surface
24
0
0
40 yrs
2
2
1
0
1
3
1
1
209
80
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
20 yrs
2
2
1
0
1
3
1
1
220
75
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
30 yrs
2
2
1
0
1
3
1
1
238
73
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
40 yrs
3
2
1
0
1
3
1
1
248
71
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
50 yrs
5
3
2
0
5
5
2
3
46
30
Surface
Surface
26
0
0
50 yrs
Region 3 —Santa Fe National Forest 1
3
2
1
0
1
3
1
1
193
89
Surface
Surface
1
0
0
10 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
2
2
2
0
3
4
1
5
0
43
Passive
Passive
8
0
0
10 yrs
No action
Table 12b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection
3
2
2
0
2
4
1
5
17
59
Surface
Passive
1
0
0
1 yr
1
0
1
0
0
3
1
6
20
66
Surface
Surface
124
3
0
1 yr
3
2
3
0
1
3
1
5
72
63
Surface
Surface
6
1
0
20 yrs
3
2
3
0
2
3
1
5
81
57
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
30 yrs
3
2
3
0
2
3
1
5
90
54
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
40 yrs
3
2
2
0
1
4
1
5
68
64
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
10 yrs
3
2
2
0
1
4
1
5
77
59
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
20 yrs
3
2
2
0
2
4
1
5
90
54
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
30 yrs
3
2
2
0
2
4
2
3
142
52
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
4
2
3
0
1
3
1
5
60
71
Surface
Surface
10
2
0
10 yrs
Prescribed fire only
0
4
2
2
0
2
4
2
3
140
51
Surface
Surface
5
0
50 yrs
3
2
3
0
2
3
1
4
100
52
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
50 yrs
E
136
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0
0
1
0
0
2
1
2
112
90
Surface
Surface
5
1
0
1
1
0
0
2
2
1
2
112
90
Surface
Surface
1
0
0
1 yr
2
1
1
0
1
2
1
1
162
79
Surface
Surface
4
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
2
1
1
193
84
Surface
Surface
1
0
0
10 yrs
2
1
1
0
1
2
1
1
166
69
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
2
1
1
210
76
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
20 yrs
2
1
1
0
1
2
1
1
185
62
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
2
1
1
0
1
2
1
1
213
72
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
30 yrs
2
1
1
0
2
2
1
1
201
59
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
2
1
1
0
1
2
1
1
224
68
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 12b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
2
1
1
0
2
2
1
1
206
58
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
2
1
1
0
2
3
1
1
241
67
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
50 yrs
Region 3 — Santa Fe National Forest 1
0
1
1
0
1
3
1
5
17
59
Surface
Passive
17
3
0
1
1
1
0
1
3
1
5
17
59
Surface
Passive
1
0
0
1 yr
3
1
2
0
1
3
1
6
61
77
Surface
Surface
10
3
0
1
1
1
0
1
3
1
5
68
64
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
10 yrs
3
1
2
0
1
3
1
5
68
67
Surface
Surface
6
2
0
2
1
1
0
1
3
1
5
77
59
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
20 yrs
3
1
2
0
1
3
1
5
76
61
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
2
1
1
0
2
3
1
5
86
53
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
30 yrs
3
1
2
0
2
3
1
5
84
56
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
3
1
1
0
2
3
2
2
170
51
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
3
2
2
0
2
3
1
5
87
55
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
4
1
1
0
2
4
2
3
159
50
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
50 yrs
F
137
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
1
1
1
0
2
4
1
5
57
49
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
2
2
2
0
2
4
1
5
57
49
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
10 yrs
2
1
1
0
2
4
2
2
129
45
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
3
2
2
0
2
4
2
3
115
45
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
20 yrs
3
1
1
0
3
4
1
2
152
41
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
3
2
2
0
3
4
2
3
122
41
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
30 yrs
3
1
1
0
3
4
2
2
147
39
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
4
2
2
0
3
4
2
3
129
40
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
40 yrs
4
1
1
0
3
4
2
3
138
38
Surface
Surface
6
0
0
4
2
2
0
3
5
2
3
125
39
Surface
Surface
6
0
0
50 yrs
Region 3 —Santa Fe National Forest 1
1
1
1
0
1
4
1
5
19
52
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
3
2
2
0
2
4
1
5
19
52
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
1 yr
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 12b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
1
1
1
0
1
4
1
5
19
52
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
2
2
2
0
2
4
1
5
19
52
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
1 yr
1
1
1
0
2
4
1
5
41
43
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
2
2
2
0
2
4
1
5
41
43
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
10 yrs
2
1
1
0
3
4
2
2
114
38
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
3
2
2
0
3
4
2
3
94
38
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
20 yrs
3
1
1
0
3
4
2
2
120
35
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
3
2
2
0
3
4
2
3
98
35
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
30 yrs
3
1
1
0
4
4
2
3
60
33
Surface
Surface
6
0
0
3
2
2
0
4
5
2
3
92
33
Surface
Surface
6
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
4
1
1
0
4
4
2
3
77
31
Surface
Surface
8
0
0
4
2
2
0
4
5
2
3
61
32
Surface
Surface
7
0
0
50 yrs
G
138
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0
0
1
0
0
3
1
6
20
66
Surface
Surface
33
3
0
1 yr
3
2
3
0
1
3
1
5
60
67
Surface
Surface
10
2
0
10 yrs
3
2
3
0
1
3
1
5
72
59
Surface
Surface
7
1
0
20 yrs
190
49
67
8
Basal area (ft 2)
Stand density index
Canopy closure (percent)
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
0.04
79
Merchantable volume (ft 3)
Canopy bulk density
955
Total volume (ft 3)
(kg/m 3)
5.0
1,188
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
571
Trees per acre
None
1 yr
Stand attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0.05
1
82
56
227
99
1,351
1,655
5.7
561
10 yrs
0.06
1
98
63
263
120
1,786
2,144
6.3
551
20 yrs
0.07
3
112
67
295
138
2,230
2,618
6.8
543
30 yrs
No action
3
2
3
0
2
3
1
5
81
55
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
30 yrs
0.08
7
122
71
316
153
2,628
3,038
7.4
517
40 yrs
3
2
3
0
2
3
1
5
90
52
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 12c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
treatment
Table 12b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
0.09
9
131
73
335
166
2,999
3,435
7.9
494
50 yrs
3
2
3
0
2
3
2
3
135
50
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
50 yrs
Region 3 — Santa Fe National Forest 1
0.03
10
49
39
108
60
895
1,067
5.0
104
1 yr
0
0
1
0
0
3
1
6
20
66
Surface
Surface
50
3
0
1 yr
0.03
24
55
43
120
68
1,058
1,265
11.0
103
10 yrs
3
2
3
0
1
3
1
5
60
67
Surface
Surface
10
2
0
10 yrs
3
2
3
0
2
3
1
5
81
55
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
30 yrs
0.03
26
66
49
142
84
1,447
1,671
12.3
101
20 yrs
0.04
27
76
53
160
98
1,836
2,071
13.5
99
30 yrs
Prescribed fire only
3
2
3
0
1
3
1
5
69
59
Surface
Surface
7
1
0
20 yrs
0.04
28
84
57
177
112
2,198
2,461
14.5
97
40 yrs
3
2
3
0
2
3
1
5
90
52
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.04
29
92
60
191
124
2,561
2,832
15.4
95
50 yrs
3
2
3
0
2
3
2
3
135
50
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
50 yrs
H
139
1,188
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
(ft3)
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
5.0
Trees per acre
None
79
(ft 2)
8
Canopy base height (ft)
5.0
1,188
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
(ft3)
79
(ft 2)
67
8
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
955
79
Total volume (ft3)
Merchantable volume (ft3)
(ft 2)
67
8
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
0.04
49
Canopy cover (percent)
Canopy bulk density (kg/m3)
190
Stand density index
Basal area
5.0
1,188
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
571
Trees per acre
0.04
49
Canopy cover (percent)
Canopy bulk density (kg/m³)
190
Stand density index
Basal area
955
Merchantable volume (ft3)
Total volume
571
Trees per acre
0.04
67
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
49
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
190
Stand density index
Basal area
955
Merchantable volume (ft3)
Total volume
571
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.02
23
36
30
75
45
708
821
12.8
50
0.02
23
36
30
75
45
765
890
12.8
50
0.02
23
36
30
75
45
765
890
12.8
50
1 yr
0.03
26
45
36
107
61
1,121
1,243
11.4
87
0.02
31
50
39
111
68
1,205
1,340
13.3
70
0.02
31
50
39
108
68
1,206
1,340
14.1
63
20 yrs
0.03
27
52
40
120
71
1,409
1,540
12.4
85
0.03
30
56
43
124
78
1,507
1,650
14.4
69
0.03
31
56
43
121
78
1,509
1,651
15.2
62
30 yrs
0.03
28
58
44
133
81
1,695
1,837
13.3
84
0.03
30
62
46
135
87
1,805
1,957
15.4
68
0.03
32
62
46
132
87
1,810
1,960
16.3
60
40 yrs
0.04
29
63
47
144
90
1,968
2,123
14.2
82
0.03
31
67
49
145
96
2,092
2,253
16.3
66
0.03
32
67
49
142
96
2,098
2,256
17.2
59
50 yrs
Region 3 —Santa Fe National Forest 1
0.02
28
39
32
92
51
841
956
10.3
89
0.02
31
43
35
97
57
906
1,035
12.0
72
0.02
31
43
35
95
57
908
1,037
12.7
64
10 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 12c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.03
10
55
42
118
67
821
977
11.1
100
0.03
8
55
42
118
67
1,048
1,262
11.1
100
0.03
8
55
42
118
67
1,048
1,262
11.1
100
1 yr
0.02
26
48
38
106
60
979
1,153
10.7
95
0.03
25
67
49
143
83
1,219
1,459
11.8
110
0.03
25
67
49
142
83
1,219
1,460
12.0
106
10 yrs
0.03
27
57
43
125
73
1,338
1,521
12.0
93
0.04
26
77
54
163
98
1,615
1,866
12.9
108
0.04
26
77
54
162
98
1,615
1,866
13.2
104
20 yrs
0.03
28
65
48
142
86
1,691
1,885
13.2
91
0.04
27
85
57
180
112
2,010
2,272
13.9
106
0.04
28
85
57
179
112
2,010
2,272
14.2
102
30 yrs
0.04
29
72
51
157
98
2,035
2,240
14.2
89
0.04
29
92
60
195
124
2,391
2,664
14.8
104
0.04
29
92
60
194
124
2,390
2,663
15.1
100
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.04
30
79
55
170
109
2,360
2,575
15.1
88
0.04
30
99
63
208
135
2,749
3,034
15.6
102
0.04
30
99
63
206
135
2,747
3,031
15.9
98
50 yrs
I
140
79
(ft 2 )
8
Canopy base height (ft)
955
79
Total volume (ft3 )
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
(ft 2 )
8
Canopy base height (ft)
955
79
Total volume (ft3 )
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
(ft 2 )
0.04
8
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
67
(kg/m3 )
49
49
Canopy cover (percent)
Crown competition factor
0.03
10
67
154
79
894
1,067
8.5
200
0.04
8
67
49
154
79
1,179
1,428
8.5
200
0.04
8
67
49
154
79
1,179
1,428
8.5
200
1 yr
190
Stand density index
Basal area
5.0
1,188
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
571
Trees per acre
0.04
67
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
49
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
190
Stand density index
Basal area
5.0
1,188
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
571
Trees per acre
0.04
67
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
49
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3 )
190
Stand density index
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
955
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
Basal area
5.0
1,188
Total volume (ft3 )
Trees per acre
None
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
571
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.03
24
55
43
123
68
1,058
1,264
10.4
115
0.05
19
81
56
185
99
1,355
1,654
9.5
202
0.05
19
81
56
185
99
1,355
1,654
9.5
200
10 yrs
0.03
26
66
49
145
84
1,445
1,669
11.7
113
0.05
21
94
61
211
117
1,789
2,116
10.4
198
0.05
21
94
61
210
117
1,789
2,116
10.4
197
20 yrs
0.04
27
76
53
164
99
1,837
2,072
12.8
110
0.06
23
105
65
233
133
2,233
2,577
11.2
195
0.06
23
105
65
233
133
2,233
2,577
11.2
193
30 yrs
0.04
28
84
57
181
112
2,201
2,465
13.8
108
0.06
25
114
68
253
148
2,660
3,020
11.9
191
0.06
25
114
68
252
148
2,660
3,019
12
189
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 12c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.04
29
92
60
196
124
2,563
2,837
14.6
106
0.06
25
123
71
269
161
3,065
3,441
12.5
187
0.06
25
123
71
269
161
3,064
3,440
12.6
186
50 yrs
Region 3 — Santa Fe National Forest 1
0.03
10
67
49
167
79
895
1,067
7.0
300
0.04
8
67
49
167
79
1,180
1,429
7.0
300
0.04
8
67
49
167
79
1,180
1,429
7.0
300
1 yr
0.03
24
55
43
123
68
1,058
1,264
10.4
115
0.06
14
81
56
201
99
1,357
1,656
7.8
301
0.06
14
81
56
200
99
1,357
1,656
7.8
299
10 yrs
0.04
25
66
49
145
84
1,447
1,671
11.7
113
0.06
18
95
61
229
117
1,799
2,127
8.5
296
0.06
18
95
61
229
117
1,799
2,127
8.6
294
20 yrs
0.04
27
76
53
164
99
1,838
2,074
12.8
110
0.07
19
107
66
255
135
2,248
2,596
9.2
291
0.07
19
107
66
255
135
2,248
2,596
9.2
289
30 yrs
0.04
28
84
57
181
112
2,208
2,467
13.8
108
0.08
10
117
69
277
150
2,681
3,047
9.8
286
0.08
18
117
69
277
150
2,681
3,047
9.8
284
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.04
29
92
60
196
124
2,569
2,843
14.6
106
0.09
14
126
72
296
163
3,082
3,463
10.4
279
0.09
14
126
72
295
163
3,083
3,464
10.4
277
50 yrs
J
141
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
Model
5
5
9
9
9
10
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
Model
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
10
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
91
100
100
100
100
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
Model
100
100
100
100
100
100
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
9
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
9
9
5
5
5
5
9
9
Model
5
5
5
5
5
5
Region 3 —Santa Fe National Forest 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
Model
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
100
96
94
94
91
87
0
10
10
10
10
10
Percent
0
4
6
6
9
13
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
100
100
100
100
99
95
100
100
100
100
100
92
Percent
99
100
100
97
90
83
Weight
0
0
0
0
10
10
0
0
0
0
0
10
10
0
0
10
10
10
Model
0
0
0
0
1
5
0
0
0
0
0
8
Percent
1
0
0
3
10
17
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
Fuel models
Weight
91
100
100
100
100
100
Weight
Fuel models
Percent
0
8
19
28
39
48
Model
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
0
10
10
10
10
9
Percent
100
92
81
72
61
52
Weight
Fuel models
Fuel models
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Model
Weight
Prescribed fire only
No action
Table 12d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
K
142
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
5
5
5
5
5
9
5
5
9
9
9
9
5
5
9
9
9
9
Model
100
100
96
95
91
87
87
69
°F
Miles/hour
19
8
Temperature
Windspeed
10
3 = Moist
70
moisture values from Reinhardt and Crookston (2003).
*Moisture categories correspond to variant-specific percentage
Windspeed (mph)
Moisture category*
Temperature (°F)
Table 12f—Prescribed fire weather conditions
used in models
Severe—98th percentile
Moderate—75th percentile
Fire weather conditions
Table 12e—FVS fuel model selection
0
10
10
10
10
10
0
0
0
0
10
10
0
10
10
10
10
10
100
100
100
100
91
80
Model
Weight
Percent
100
99
95
88
79
70
Weight
Weight
Fuel moisture
Model
100
99
96
94
91
87
100
100
100
96
85
71
1,000-hr (3+ in)
5
5
5
5
5
9
5
5
9
9
9
9
5
5
9
9
9
9
Weight
Percent
100
96
90
82
73
62
Duff
0
10
10
10
10
10
0
0
0
10
10
10
0
10
10
10
10
10
Model
Weight
Live
0
1
4
6
9
13
0
0
0
4
15
29
Percent
0
4
10
18
27
38
3
5
5
7
12
16
16
19
50
125
100
150
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Percent - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
100-hr (1–3 in)
Model
10-hr (0.25–1 in)
Model
1-hr (0–0.25 in)
0
0
4
5
9
13
0
0
0
0
9
20
Percent
0
1
5
12
21
30
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
Fuel models
Fuel models
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Table 12d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection (continued)
Region 3 — Santa Fe National Forest 1
Weight
L
143
Stand attributes: Stem density = 838 tpa, basal area = 87 ft 2 /ac, top
height = 46 ft, stand density index = 221, quadratic mean diameter =
4.4 in, crown competition factor = 72, canopy cover = 51 percent.
Region 3 —Santa Fe National Forest 2
Species (based on trees per acre): Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) =
68 percent, gambel oak (Quercus gambelii) = 19 percent, mountain juniper
(Juniperus scopulorum) = 12 percent.
Site: Elevation = 5,400 ft, slope = 15 percent, aspect = 360°.
Initial stand conditions
A
144
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 3 — Santa Fe National Forest 2
B
145
accumulate.
in 20 yrs, but flame lengths increase as surface fuels
stand self-thins, making passive crown fire unlikely
base height will increase as the trees grow and the
and duff loading is 7 tons/ac. With no action, canopy
fire weather. Woody fuel loading is 6 tons/ac, and litter
percent for severe fire but only 10 percent for moderate
under severe fire weather. Potential tree mortality is 61
fire but low potential for active crown fire spread
initial conditions have high potential for passive crown
canopy bulk density is 0.07 kg/m 3 (0.0044 lb/ft 3 ), so
pine overstory. Canopy base height is only 3 ft, and
ponderosa pine in the understory and a ponderosa
acre (tpa) composed of gambel oak, juniper, and
This stand has initial tree density of 838 trees per
Initial conditions/no-action trajectory
base height over time as the trees grow and the stand
self-thins. In 10 years, the predicted fire type changes
to surface fire for severe and moderate fire weather
and remains surface fire for the 50-year projection.
Surface fuels accumulate slowly, and potential flame
lengths increase slightly over time. Regeneration
in the low-density treatments causes a decrease in
canopy base height in 20 years, and passive crown fire
becomes likely. In reality, the decrease in canopy base
height may not be as extreme or sudden as the model
predicts, but generally regeneration in the more open
stands can be expected to increase crown fire potential
and another treatment may be necessary. Canopy
base height continues to increase in the high-density
treatments, and the predicted fire type changes from
passive to surface fire in 10 years. In the high-density
treatments with pile and burn or no surface fuel
treatment, surface fuels accumulate and flame lengths
increase, and passive crown fire is predicted again in
20 to 30 years. At this time, a second treatment would
be necessary to reduce surface fuels. The high-density
surface fuels but has little effect on canopy base height
and canopy bulk density. Passive crown fire remains
likely after treatment, but potential flame lengths and
basal area mortality are lower than initial conditions.
Thinning to 100 tpa or less is needed to increase
canopy base height and decrease canopy bulk density. The low-density treatments decrease crown fire
potential (predicted fire type changes to surface fire)
and basal area mortality, but activity fuels generated
from the thinning prevent potential flame lengths
from decreasing with treatment. The pile and burn
surface fuel treatment and, to a greater extent, the
prescribed fire treatment reduce surface fuels to below
initial conditions. These surface fuel treatments further
decrease crown fire potential, flame lengths, and basal
area mortality for severe and moderate fire weather in
the low-density treatments. Surface fuel treatments
also decrease potential flame lengths and basal area
mortality in the higher density treatments, but canopy
base height is still low enough that passive crown fire
remains likely for severe fire weather.
Region 3 —Santa Fe National Forest 2
The prescribed fire only treatment increases canopy
The prescribed fire only treatment initially reduces
regeneration are low.
on crown fire potential, because both surface fuels and
treatments with prescribed fire have a long-term effect
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
long-term effects
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
immediate effects
C
146
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
2
2
2
0
3
4
1
2
17
35
Surface
Passive
10
61
Initial
condition
1
0
1
0
1
3
1
1
18
44
Surface
Passive
6
11
Prescribed
fire only
5
0
0
1
0
1
3
1
1
88
63
Surface
Surface
3
1
1
1
0
3
3
2
2
47
59
Surface
Surface
3
6
4
3
3
0
3
4
2
2
47
59
Surface
Surface
8
12
Thin from
below to 50 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 13a—Projected treatment effects on fuels and fire first cycle after treatments implemented
Region 3 — Santa Fe National Forest 2
7
0
0
1
0
1
3
1
1
86
62
Surface
Surface
4
1
1
1
0
3
3
1
2
52
58
Surface
Surface
4
7
4
3
2
0
3
4
1
2
52
58
Surface
Surface
9
14
Thin from
below to 100 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
9
0
0
1
0
1
3
1
1
17
61
Surface
Passive
5
1
1
1
0
3
3
1
2
10
58
Surface
Passive
5
9
3
2
2
0
3
4
1
2
10
58
Surface
Passive
10
17
Thin from
below to 200 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
9
0
0
1
0
1
3
1
1
17
61
Surface
Passive
5
1
1
1
0
3
3
1
2
11
50
Surface
Passive
6
10
3
2
2
0
3
4
1
2
11
50
Surface
Passive
11
20
Thin from
below to 300 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
D
147
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
Fuel/fire attribute
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
4
3
3
0
3
4
2
2
47
59
Surface
Surface
6
0
0
1 yr
2
2
2
0
3
4
1
2
17
35
Surface
Passive
14
0
0
1 yr
4
3
2
0
4
4
2
3
21
30
Surface
Surface
38
0
0
20 yrs
5
3
2
0
5
4
2
3
38
31
Surface
Surface
47
0
0
30 yrs
6
3
2
0
5
5
2
3
52
34
Surface
Surface
39
0
0
40 yrs
3
3
3
0
3
4
2
3
0
51
Passive
Passive
2
0
0
20 yrs
4
3
3
0
4
4
2
3
18
49
Surface
Passive
3
0
0
30 yrs
4
4
3
0
4
4
2
3
15
43
Surface
Passive
3
0
0
40 yrs
4
4
2
0
4
5
2
3
32
36
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
50 yrs
7
4
2
1
5
5
2
3
62
35
Surface
Surface
31
0
0
50 yrs
Region 3 —Santa Fe National Forest 2
3
3
3
0
2
4
2
3
82
53
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
10 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
3
2
2
0
4
4
2
3
12
29
Surface
Passive
16
0
0
10 yrs
No action
Table 13b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection
4
3
2
0
3
4
1
2
52
58
Surface
Surface
7
0
0
1 yr
1
0
1
0
1
3
1
1
18
44
Surface
Passive
61
0
0
1 yr
3
1
1
0
4
3
2
3
19
33
Surface
Surface
12
0
0
20 yrs
4
1
1
0
5
3
2
3
29
35
Surface
Surface
31
0
0
30 yrs
5
2
2
1
5
3
2
3
41
35
Surface
Surface
37
0
0
40 yrs
3
3
3
0
3
4
2
3
18
53
Surface
Passive
5
0
0
10 yrs
3
3
2
0
4
4
2
3
0
51
Passive
Passive
3
0
0
20 yrs
4
3
2
0
4
4
2
3
8
45
Surface
Passive
4
0
0
30 yrs
4
3
2
0
4
4
2
3
20
36
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
2
1
2
0
3
3
1
1
30
37
Surface
Surface
7
0
0
10 yrs
Prescribed fire only
5
4
2
0
5
5
2
3
32
34
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
50 yrs
6
2
2
1
5
4
2
3
54
36
Surface
Surface
31
0
0
50 yrs
E
148
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
1
1
0
2
4
1
1
111
53
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
1
1
0
3
3
2
2
47
59
Surface
Surface
6
0
0
1
1
2
0
2
3
1
1
115
55
Surface
Surface
2
1
0
2
1
0
0
1
0
1
3
1
2
50
59
Surface
Surface
6
1
0
10 yrs
1 yr
2
1
2
0
3
3
1
1
0
52
Passive
Passive
3
0
0
1
1
0
3
4
1
1
0
51
Passive
Passive
2
0
0
2
20 yrs
3
1
2
1
3
3
1
2
25
51
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
2
1
0
4
4
1
2
25
49
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
3
30 yrs
3
2
2
1
4
3
2
3
18
44
Surface
Passive
3
0
0
2
1
0
4
4
2
3
15
43
Surface
Passive
3
0
0
4
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 13b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
4
2
2
1
4
3
2
3
22
40
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
2
1
0
4
4
2
3
31
36
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
4
50 yrs
Region 3 — Santa Fe National Forest 2
0
1
1
0
3
3
1
2
56
58
Surface
Surface
10
0
0
1
1
0
3
3
1
2
52
58
Surface
Surface
7
0
0
1
1 yr
1
1
2
0
2
3
1
1
106
55
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
1
1
0
3
4
1
1
26
53
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
2
10 yrs
2
1
2
0
3
3
1
1
0
53
Passive
Passive
3
0
0
1
1
0
4
4
1
1
0
51
Passive
Passive
3
0
0
2
20 yrs
3
1
2
0
4
3
1
2
24
47
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
2
1
0
4
4
2
3
8
45
Surface
Passive
4
0
0
3
30 yrs
4
2
2
1
4
3
2
3
19
38
Surface
Passive
3
0
0
2
1
0
4
4
2
3
20
36
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
4
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
4
2
2
1
4
3
2
3
24
37
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
2
1
0
5
4
2
3
31
34
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
5
50 yrs
F
149
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
2
1
1
0
3
4
1
1
28
54
Surface
Surface
6
0
0
3
3
3
0
3
4
1
2
19
54
Surface
Surface
6
0
0
10 yrs
2
1
1
0
4
4
1
2
44
51
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
3
3
2
0
4
4
2
3
33
51
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
20 yrs
3
2
1
0
4
4
2
3
15
49
Surface
Passive
5
0
0
4
3
2
0
4
4
2
3
15
49
Surface
Passive
5
0
0
30 yrs
4
2
1
0
4
4
2
3
20
41
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
5
3
2
0
4
4
2
3
21
41
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
40 yrs
5
2
1
0
5
4
2
3
34
39
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
5
4
2
0
5
5
2
3
30
39
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
50 yrs
Region 3 —Santa Fe National Forest 2
1
1
1
0
3
3
1
2
10
58
Surface
Passive
8
0
0
3
2
2
0
3
4
1
2
10
58
Surface
Passive
8
0
0
1 yr
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 13b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
1
1
1
0
3
3
1
2
11
50
Surface
Passive
9
0
0
3
2
2
0
3
4
1
2
11
50
Surface
Passive
9
0
0
1 yr
2
1
1
0
3
4
1
1
30
54
Surface
Surface
8
0
0
3
3
3
0
3
4
1
2
21
54
Surface
Surface
8
0
0
10 yrs
3
1
1
0
4
4
2
3
16
49
Surface
Passive
8
0
0
3
3
2
0
4
4
2
3
14
49
Surface
Passive
8
0
0
20 yrs
4
2
1
0
4
4
2
3
16
43
Surface
Passive
8
0
0
4
3
2
0
4
4
2
3
16
43
Surface
Passive
8
0
0
30 yrs
5
2
1
0
5
4
2
3
22
37
Surface
Surface
13
0
0
5
3
2
0
5
4
2
3
23
37
Surface
Surface
13
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
5
2
1
0
5
4
2
3
37
37
Surface
Surface
22
0
0
6
4
2
0
5
5
2
3
34
37
Surface
Surface
22
0
0
50 yrs
G
150
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0
0
1
0
1
3
1
1
17
61
Surface
Passive
17
0
0
1 yr
2
1
2
0
3
3
1
1
26
55
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
10 yrs
2
1
2
0
3
3
1
2
35
53
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
20 yrs
0.07
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
3
Crown competition factor
(kg/m 3)
51
72
Canopy closure (percent)
221
Stand density index
Merchantable volume (ft 3)
87
1,315
Total volume (ft 3)
Basal area (ft 2)
4.4
1,493
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
838
Trees per acre
None
1 yr
Stand attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0.09
5
96
62
274
114
1,662
1,928
5.0
822
10 yrs
0.09
7
118
69
318
139
2,007
2,378
5.7
782
20 yrs
0.08
10
136
74
355
162
2,474
2,858
6.3
738
30 yrs
No action
3
1
2
0
4
3
1
2
31
52
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
30 yrs
0.08
12
153
78
389
183
2,930
3,377
6.9
703
40 yrs
4
2
2
1
4
3
2
3
18
46
Surface
Passive
4
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 13c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
treatment
Table 13b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
0.07
13
169
81
419
203
3,589
3,924
7.4
676
50 yrs
4
2
2
1
4
3
2
3
31
44
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
50 yrs
Region 3 — Santa Fe National Forest 2
0.05
3
73
52
213
90
1,427
1,601
4.4
613
1 yr
0
0
1
0
1
3
1
1
17
61
Surface
Passive
24
0
0
1 yr
0.07
4
83
57
235
102
1,601
1,815
5.5
607
10 yrs
2
1
2
0
3
3
1
1
28
55
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
10 yrs
3
1
2
0
4
3
2
3
15
48
Surface
Passive
6
0
0
30 yrs
0.08
7
104
65
278
126
1,957
2,257
6.2
595
20 yrs
0.07
9
121
70
312
147
2,392
2,709
6.9
563
30 yrs
Prescribed fire only
2
1
2
0
3
3
1
2
44
53
Surface
Surface
6
0
0
20 yrs
0.07
11
135
74
340
166
2,903
3,189
7.6
530
40 yrs
4
2
2
1
4
3
2
3
20
41
Surface
Surface
6
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.07
13
149
77
365
184
3,447
3,670
8.2
504
50 yrs
5
2
2
1
5
3
2
3
34
38
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
50 yrs
H
151
1,493
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
(ft3)
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
4.4
Trees per acre
None
87
(ft 2)
3
Canopy base height (ft)
4.4
1,493
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
(ft3)
87
(ft 2)
72
3
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
1,315
87
Total volume (ft3)
Merchantable volume (ft3)
(ft 2)
3
Canopy base height (ft)
0.07
72
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
51
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
221
Stand density index
Basal area
4.4
1,493
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
838
Trees per acre
0.07
51
Canopy cover (percent)
Canopy bulk density (kg/m³)
221
Stand density index
Basal area
1,315
Merchantable volume (ft3)
Total volume
838
Trees per acre
0.07
72
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
51
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
221
Stand density index
Basal area
1,315
Merchantable volume (ft3)
Total volume
838
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.03
14
48
38
102
66
1,384
1,466
15.6
50
0.03
13
48
38
102
66
1,459
1,547
15.6
50
0.03
13
48
38
102
66
1,459
1,547
15.6
50
1 yr
0.04
1
65
48
172
84
1,915
2,054
7.6
267
0.04
1
69
50
181
90
2,001
2,148
7.8
272
0.04
1
69
50
181
90
2,001
2,148
7.8
272
20 yrs
0.04
4
79
55
194
98
2,255
2,415
8.2
266
0.05
4
84
57
204
103
2,354
2,521
8.4
271
0.05
4
84
57
204
103
2,354
2,521
8.4
271
30 yrs
0.05
7
95
61
218
114
2,589
2,819
8.9
264
0.05
6
99
63
227
119
2,695
2,930
9.0
269
0.05
6
99
63
227
119
2,695
2,930
9.0
269
40 yrs
0.07
9
113
68
244
131
2,932
3,263
9.6
262
0.07
10
117
69
253
136
3,027
3,376
9.7
267
0.07
10
117
69
253
136
3,027
3,376
9.7
267
50 yrs
Region 3 —Santa Fe National Forest 2
0.04
17
51
40
151
71
1,562
1,634
7.0
269
0.04
16
54
42
160
76
1,636
1,714
7.1
274
0.04
16
54
42
160
76
1,636
1,714
7.1
274
10 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 13c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.03
13
54
42
125
72
1,415
1,509
11.5
100
0.04
13
54
42
125
72
1,489
1,594
11.5
100
0.04
13
54
42
125
72
1,489
1,594
11.5
100
1 yr
0.04
15
57
43
166
78
1,594
1,680
6.9
303
0.04
4
62
46
179
84
1,676
1,773
6.9
323
0.04
4
62
46
179
84
1,676
1,773
6.9
323
10 yrs
0.04
1
72
52
189
92
1,955
2,108
7.5
301
0.04
1
78
54
203
99
2,054
2,221
7.5
320
0.04
1
78
54
203
99
2,054
2,221
7.5
320
20 yrs
0.05
4
88
58
214
107
2,317
2,490
8.1
299
0.05
4
94
61
229
115
2,433
2,617
8.1
318
0.05
4
94
61
229
115
2,433
2,617
8.1
318
30 yrs
0.06
7
104
65
239
124
2,666
2,906
8.8
296
0.07
7
111
67
256
132
2,802
3,049
8.8
315
0.07
7
111
67
256
132
2,802
3,049
8.8
315
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.07
9
123
71
267
142
3,013
3,367
9.4
294
0.08
9
129
73
283
151
3,159
3,520
9.4
312
0.08
9
129
73
283
151
3,159
3,520
9.4
312
50 yrs
I
152
87
(ft 2 )
3
Canopy base height (ft)
1,315
87
Total volume (ft3 )
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
(ft 2 )
72
3
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
1,315
87
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
(ft 2 )
0.07
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
3
Crown competition factor
(kg/m3 )
51
72
Canopy cover (percent)
221
Stand density index
Basal area
4.4
1,493
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
0.03
3
58
44
150
76
1,420
1,536
8.4
200
838
Trees per acre
Total volume (ft3 )
0.04
3
58
44
150
76
1,487
1,623
8.4
200
0.04
3
58
44
150
76
1,487
1,623
8.4
200
1 yr
0.07
Canopy bulk density
51
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
221
Stand density index
Basal area
4.4
1,493
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
838
Trees per acre
0.07
72
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
51
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3 )
221
Stand density index
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
1,315
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
Basal area
4.4
1,493
Total volume (ft3 )
Trees per acre
None
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
838
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.04
4
63
47
166
84
1,595
1,715
8.3
225
0.04
4
70
50
185
92
1,669
1,812
7.9
271
0.04
4
70
50
185
92
1,669
1,812
7.9
271
10 yrs
0.04
5
76
53
189
99
1,989
2,118
9.1
221
0.04
6
84
57
211
109
2,060
2,239
8.6
267
0.04
6
84
57
211
109
2,060
2,239
8.6
267
20 yrs
0.04
5
88
59
212
115
2,400
2,519
9.8
218
0.05
6
98
63
237
126
2,521
2,662
9.4
263
0.05
6
98
63
237
126
2,521
2,662
9.4
263
30 yrs
0.05
7
101
64
234
130
2,799
2,935
10.5
215
0.06
7
112
67
261
143
2,945
3,102
10.0
259
0.06
7
112
67
261
143
2,945
3,102
10.0
259
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 13c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.05
10
113
68
255
146
3,196
3,366
11.2
212
0.06
10
125
71
285
160
3,369
3,558
10.7
255
0.06
10
125
71
285
160
3,369
3,558
10.7
255
50 yrs
Region 3 — Santa Fe National Forest 2
0.03
3
63
47
169
80
1,423
1,551
7.0
300
0.04
3
63
47
169
80
1,486
1,635
7.0
300
0.04
3
63
47
169
80
1,486
1,635
7.0
300
1 yr
0.04
4
68
50
183
89
1,596
1,740
7.4
296
0.04
4
77
54
207
98
1,664
1,840
7.0
369
0.04
4
77
54
207
98
1,664
1,840
7.0
369
10 yrs
0.04
6
83
57
210
106
1,968
2,161
8.2
291
0.05
6
94
61
238
117
2,046
2,287
7.7
362
0.05
6
94
61
238
117
2,046
2,287
7.7
362
20 yrs
0.05
6
98
62
237
123
2,421
2,578
8.9
286
0.05
6
110
67
268
136
2,540
2,730
8.4
356
0.05
6
110
67
268
136
2,540
2,730
8.4
356
30 yrs
0.06
7
112
67
263
141
2,858
3,016
9.6
281
0.07
7
124
71
293
154
2,978
3,178
9.0
345
0.07
7
124
71
293
154
2,978
3,178
9.0
345
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.06
10
126
72
288
158
3,293
3,477
10.2
278
0.07
10
135
74
311
168
3,402
3,596
9.7
326
0.07
10
135
74
311
168
3,402
3,596
9.7
326
50 yrs
J
153
8
8
8
8
9
10
8
8
8
8
9
9
8
8
8
8
9
9
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
Model
8
9
9
10
10
10
Model
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
10
10
10
9
9
9
Percent
94
77
60
60
75
88
11
10
10
10
10
9
Percent
63
78
74
65
56
53
100
100
100
89
76
65
0
0
0
10
10
10
11
0
0
10
10
10
Model
Weight
63
100
100
87
74
63
Percent
6
23
40
40
25
12
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
0
0
0
11
24
35
37
0
0
13
26
37
Percent
37
22
26
35
44
47
Weight
Weight
Model
Weight
8
8
8
8
9
9
8
8
8
9
9
9
8
8
8
9
9
10
Model
Region 3 —Santa Fe National Forest 2
Model
Fuel models
8
8
9
9
10
10
Percent
73
78
72
62
50
60
Weight
100
100
98
84
69
58
73
100
96
81
67
55
0
10
10
10
9
9
Percent
0
1
19
37
46
31
Model
Weight
Model
0
0
10
10
10
10
11
0
10
10
10
10
11
10
10
10
10
9
Model
0
0
2
16
31
42
27
0
4
19
33
45
Percent
27
22
28
38
50
40
Weight
Model
Fuel models
Weight
Model
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Percent
100
99
81
63
54
69
Weight
Fuel models
Fuel models
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Model
Weight
Prescribed fire only
No action
Table 13d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection
Weight
Weight
K
154
8
8
8
9
9
9
8
8
8
8
9
9
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
87
69
°F
Miles/hour
19
8
Temperature
Windspeed
0
0
10
10
10
10
11
0
10
10
10
10
10
3 = Moist
70
moisture values from Reinhardt and Crookston (2003).
*Moisture categories correspond to variant-specific percentage
Windspeed (mph)
Moisture category*
Temperature (°F)
Table 13f—Prescribed fire weather conditions
used in models
Severe—98th percentile
Moderate—75th percentile
Fire weather conditions
Table 13e—FVS fuel model selection
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
100
100
94
80
68
56
79
100
93
77
64
52
78
70
59
52
62
8
8
9
10
10
20
30
40
50
10
10
10
9
9
11
1
10
Percent
79
None
8
Model
Model
Years
Weight
Surface fuel
treatment
Model
Fuel moisture
Weight
100-hr (1–3 in)
Model
10-hr (0.25–1 in)
Weight
100
100
94
78
64
53
82
100
91
74
60
55
78
69
56
55
69
Percent
82
Weight
1,000-hr (3+ in)
8
8
8
9
9
9
8
8
9
9
9
10
8
9
9
10
10
8
Model
Duff
0
0
10
10
10
10
11
0
10
10
10
9
10
10
10
9
9
11
Model
Live
0
0
6
22
36
47
18
0
9
26
40
45
22
31
44
45
31
Percent
18
Weight
3
5
5
7
12
16
16
19
50
125
100
150
Model
Fuel models
Weight
Model
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Percent - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1-hr (0–0.25 in)
0
0
6
20
32
44
21
0
7
23
36
48
22
30
41
48
38
Percent
21
Weight
Fuel models
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Table 13d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection (continued)
Region 3 — Santa Fe National Forest 2
Weight
L
155
Stand attributes: Stem density = 2,079 tpa, basal area = 240 ft 2 /ac,
top height = 103 ft, stand density index = 598, quadratic mean diameter
= 4.6 in, crown competition factor = 74, canopy cover = 52 percent.
Region 4 — Payette National Forest 1
Species (based on trees per acre): Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) = 2 percent, Engelmann
spruce (Picea engelmannii) = 38 percent, grand fir (Abies grandis) = 56 percent, Douglas-fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii) = 4 percent, western larch (Larix occidentalis) = <1 percent.
Site: Elevation = 5,000 ft, slope = 23 percent, aspect = 225°.
Initial stand conditions
A
Appendix 4—Fuel Treatment Scenarios for the Intermountain Region (Region 4)
156
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 4 — Payette National Forest 1
B
157
projection.
remains likely for severe fire weather for the 50-year
likely for moderate fire weather, and active crown fire
increases over time. In 20 years, passive crown fire is
causing higher flame lengths, so crown fire potential
the stand self-thins. However surface fuels accumulate
and canopy bulk density decreases as trees grow and
With no action, canopy base height increases slightly
fire weather and 25 percent for moderate fire weather.
potential basal area mortality is 100 percent for severe
is 27 tons/ac. Predicted flame lengths are 3 ft, and
fuel loading is 18 tons/ac, and litter and duff loading
active crown fire spread for severe fire weather. Woody
initiation, but canopy fuels are sufficient to enable
so ladder fuels are not sufficient to enable crown fire
kg/m 3 (0.0169 lb/ft3 ), and canopy base height is 2 ft,
2,079 trees per acre (tpa). Canopy bulk density is 0.27
spruce, grand fir, Douglas-fir, and western larch with
This stand is composed of Ponderosa pine, Engelmann
Initial conditions/no-action trajectory
In the prescribed fire only treatment, fallen snags
contribute to higher surface fuel loading in 10 years
and potential flame lengths increase, but canopy base
height continues to increase, so crown fire potential
remains low for the 50-year trajectory. Regeneration
in the 50 tpa treatment causes canopy base height to
decrease in 20 years, but potential flame lengths are
low, so crown fire remains unlikely for the 50-year
projection regardless of surface fuel treatment. In the
100 tpa, 200 tpa, and 300 tpa treatments, regeneration
causes canopy base height to decrease in 30 years, and
potential flame lengths are high enough that passive
crown fire is predicted for severe fire weather. At this
time, another treatment would be necessary to decrease
crown fire potential. However canopy base height
increases over time as regeneration grows, and in 50
years the predicted fire type becomes surface fire again,
but potential flame lengths are at least 4 ft for severe
fire weather.
The prescribed fire only treatment increases canopy
base height and decreases canopy bulk density and
surface fuel loading, which reduces crown fire potential
and flame lengths, but many snags are created that
contribute to high surface fuel loading and increase
crown fire potential in 10 years. All thinning treatments reduce canopy bulk density and increase canopy
base height, but the higher density treatments (200
and 300 tpa) increase canopy base height by only 1 ft.
Activity fuels from thinning increase potential flame
lengths in all treatments; the greater the thinning, the
greater is the increase in surface fuel loading. In the
200 tpa treatment the increase in canopy base height is
not enough to compensate for greater potential flame
lengths, so passive crown fire remains likely for severe
fire weather, and potential basal area mortality is 82
percent. The pile and burn surface fuel treatment and,
to a greater extent, the prescribed fire treatment reduce
surface fuel loading, so potential flame lengths and
Region 4 — Payette National Forest 1
fire type to surface fire in the 200 tpa treatment.
tial flame lengths is sufficient to change the predicted
basal area mortality are lower. The reduction in poten-
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
long-term effects
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
immediate effects
C
158
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
4
7
7
0
2
25
2
3
2
12
Surface
Active
25
100
Initial
condition
1
1
3
0
1
17
1
2
109
34
Surface
Surface
14
14
Prescribed
fire only
0
1
2
0
1
4
1
2
368
44
Surface
Surface
7
7
3
1
1
0
5
5
2
3
245
41
Surface
Surface
8
8
13
4
3
0
5
5
4
6
80
41
Surface
Surface
8
15
Thin from
below to 50 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 14a—Projected treatment effects on fuels and fire first cycle after treatments implemented
Region 4 — Payette National Forest 1
0
1
2
0
1
4
1
2
365
35
Surface
Surface
11
11
2
1
1
0
4
5
1
2
291
32
Surface
Surface
11
11
9
4
3
0
4
5
3
4
99
32
Surface
Surface
11
13
Thin from
below to 100 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
0
1
2
0
1
4
1
2
176
34
Surface
Surface
12
12
2
1
1
0
4
5
1
2
75
30
Surface
Surface
15
15
7
4
3
0
4
5
2
4
16
30
Surface
Passive
16
82
Thin from
below to 200 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
0
1
2
0
1
4
1
2
125
34
Surface
Surface
13
13
2
1
1
0
3
5
1
2
77
26
Surface
Surface
17
18
6
3
3
0
4
5
2
3
23
26
Surface
Surface
19
21
Thin from
below to 300 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
D
159
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
Fuel/fire attribute
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
10
8
8
3
4
25
4
5
0
16
Passive
Active
394
11
2
20 yrs
10
8
9
6
4
25
4
6
0
17
Passive
Active
317
14
2
30 yrs
10
9
10
10
4
26
4
6
0
19
Passive
Active
238
16
2
40 yrs
6
4
3
1
2
5
2
3
272
40
Surface
Surface
28
3
1
10 yrs
4
4
4
1
2
6
2
3
22
40
Surface
Surface
17
4
1
20 yrs
3
4
4
2
2
6
2
3
36
41
Surface
Surface
75
6
1
30 yrs
4
4
4
3
2
6
2
3
42
41
Surface
Surface
74
7
1
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
7
7
7
1
4
25
3
4
0
13
Surface
Active
448
6
1
10 yrs
4
5
3
5
2
6
2
3
44
42
Surface
Surface
52
7
1
50 yrs
10
9
11
14
4
26
5
7
0
20
Passive
Active
177
17
3
50 yrs
Region 4 — Payette National Forest 1
13
4
3
0
5
5
4
6
80
41
Surface
Surface
22
3
1
1 yr
4
7
7
0
2
25
2
3
2
12
Surface
Active
339
4
1
1 yr
No action
Table 14b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection
9
4
3
0
4
5
3
4
99
32
Surface
Surface
26
3
1
1 yr
1
1
3
0
1
17
1
2
109
34
Surface
Surface
548
6
1
1 yr
6
4
8
4
3
18
2
4
90
28
Surface
Surface
35
9
1
20 yrs
6
4
8
6
3
18
3
4
109
28
Surface
Surface
31
11
2
30 yrs
6
5
8
9
3
18
3
5
120
28
Surface
Surface
31
12
2
40 yrs
6
4
3
1
2
5
2
3
227
29
Surface
Surface
32
4
1
10 yrs
5
5
4
2
2
6
2
3
238
28
Surface
Surface
26
7
1
20 yrs
5
5
5
4
3
6
2
4
16
29
Surface
Passive
63
10
1
30 yrs
6
5
5
7
3
6
2
4
17
29
Surface
Passive
64
12
2
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
6
3
7
2
2
17
2
4
60
30
Surface
Surface
41
7
1
10 yrs
Prescribed fire only
6
6
6
9
2
7
3
5
21
31
Surface
Surface
48
13
2
50 yrs
6
5
9
11
3
18
4
5
125
29
Surface
Surface
29
13
2
50 yrs
E
160
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0
1
2
0
1
4
1
2
368
44
Surface
Surface
25
5
1
1
1
0
5
5
2
3
245
41
Surface
Surface
22
3
1
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
3
0–3 in
1 yr
2
2
3
1
1
4
1
2
510
43
Surface
Surface
33
5
1
2
2
1
2
5
1
2
554
40
Surface
Surface
28
3
1
3
10 yrs
2
2
4
3
2
4
1
2
37
43
Surface
Surface
22
6
1
2
3
1
2
5
1
2
45
40
Surface
Surface
18
4
1
3
20 yrs
3
2
4
4
2
4
2
2
42
43
Surface
Surface
91
6
1
2
3
2
2
5
1
2
53
41
Surface
Surface
82
5
1
3
30 yrs
3
3
3
5
2
4
2
3
47
44
Surface
Surface
87
6
1
3
3
3
2
5
2
2
55
41
Surface
Surface
81
7
1
3
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 14b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
4
3
3
6
2
4
2
3
49
44
Surface
Surface
61
6
1
3
3
5
2
5
2
3
55
42
Surface
Surface
57
7
1
4
50 yrs
Region 4 — Payette National Forest 1
0
1
2
0
4
5
1
2
365
35
Surface
Surface
41
5
1
1
1
0
4
5
1
2
291
32
Surface
Surface
26
3
1
2
1 yr
3
2
4
2
2
4
1
2
376
33
Surface
Surface
43
6
1
2
2
1
2
5
1
2
427
29
Surface
Surface
33
4
1
3
10 yrs
4
3
6
4
2
4
2
3
17
32
Surface
Passive
30
7
1
2
3
2
2
5
2
3
309
28
Surface
Surface
27
7
1
5
20 yrs
4
3
6
6
2
4
2
3
18
32
Surface
Passive
79
9
1
3
4
4
3
5
2
3
23
29
Surface
Surface
68
10
1
5
30 yrs
5
4
6
8
2
5
2
4
19
32
Surface
Surface
76
10
2
4
4
7
3
6
2
4
22
29
Surface
Surface
67
12
2
6
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
5
4
6
10
2
5
3
4
14
32
Surface
Surface
55
11
2
4
5
9
3
6
3
4
25
31
Surface
Surface
51
13
2
6
50 yrs
F
161
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
4
3
1
3
5
2
3
71
27
Surface
Surface
42
5
1
4
3
0
4
5
2
4
16
30
Surface
Passive
33
3
1
6
3
3
2
3
5
2
3
114
25
Surface
Surface
40
8
1
5
5
3
3
6
2
4
90
25
Surface
Surface
39
9
1
7
20 yrs
7
3
5
5
3
6
2
4
12
25
Surface
Passive
78
12
2
5
6
5
3
6
3
4
7
25
Surface
Passive
74
12
2
7
30 yrs
7
4
6
8
3
6
3
5
11
26
Surface
Passive
80
14
2
6
7
8
3
7
3
5
9
26
Surface
Passive
76
14
2
7
40 yrs
7
5
7
12
3
6
4
5
87
27
Surface
Surface
61
15
2
6
8
12
3
7
4
6
13
26
Surface
Surface
59
15
2
7
50 yrs
Region 4 — Payette National Forest 1
4
2
2
1
3
5
1
2
129
27
Surface
Surface
43
5
1
6
7
2
1
1
0
4
5
1
2
75
30
Surface
Surface
33
3
1
10 yrs
1 yr
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 14b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
2
1
1
0
3
5
1
2
77
26
Surface
Surface
40
4
1
3
3
0
4
5
2
3
23
26
Surface
Surface
40
4
1
6
1 yr
4
2
2
1
3
5
1
2
122
25
Surface
Surface
55
6
1
3
3
1
3
5
2
3
72
25
Surface
Surface
54
6
1
6
10 yrs
7
3
4
3
3
5
2
3
101
25
Surface
Surface
53
9
1
4
5
3
3
6
2
4
83
25
Surface
Surface
53
9
1
7
20 yrs
8
4
5
5
3
6
3
4
7
25
Surface
Passive
83
13
2
5
6
5
3
6
3
5
11
25
Surface
Passive
81
13
2
8
30 yrs
8
5
6
9
3
6
3
5
8
25
Surface
Passive
84
15
2
6
7
9
3
7
4
5
71
25
Surface
Surface
80
16
2
8
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
8
6
7
13
3
7
4
6
75
24
Surface
Surface
67
16
2
7
8
13
3
7
4
6
69
24
Surface
Surface
65
16
3
8
50 yrs
G
162
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0
1
2
0
1
4
1
2
176
34
Surface
Surface
60
5
1
1 yr
4
3
5
2
2
4
2
3
193
30
Surface
Surface
44
6
1
10 yrs
5
3
7
4
3
4
2
3
208
29
Surface
Surface
33
8
1
20 yrs
Canopy bulk density
0.27
2
(kg/m 3)
Canopy base height (ft)
Stand density index
91
598
Basal area (ft 2)
236
240
Merchantable volume (ft 3)
Crown competition factor
6,777
Total volume (ft 3)
Canopy closure (percent)
4.6
7,514
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
2,079
Trees per acre
None
1 yr
Stand attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0.25
3
260
93
611
265
7,716
8,635
5.6
1,544
10 yrs
0.19
3
271
93
604
279
8,375
9,521
6.6
1,176
20 yrs
0.17
4
274
94
585
288
8,924
10,280
7.7
888
30 yrs
No action
5
4
7
6
3
4
2
4
12
28
Surface
Passive
84
10
1
30 yrs
0.15
5
274
94
563
293
9,392
10,953
8.9
680
40 yrs
5
4
7
8
3
5
3
4
13
29
Surface
Passive
80
11
2
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 14c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
treatment
Table 14b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
0.14
5
272
93
543
297
10,321
11,568
10.1
533
50 yrs
6
5
7
11
3
5
3
5
18
30
Surface
Surface
59
12
2
50 yrs
Region 4 — Payette National Forest 1
0.07
6
167
81
312
197
6,620
7,088
4.6
171
1 yr
0
1
2
0
1
4
1
2
125
34
Surface
Surface
81
5
1
1 yr
0.08
10
174
83
322
208
7,184
7,652
15.3
163
10 yrs
4
3
5
2
2
4
2
3
94
31
Surface
Surface
46
6
1
10 yrs
5
4
7
6
3
4
2
4
10
29
Surface
Passive
87
10
1
30 yrs
0.09
17
186
84
336
224
8,124
8,655
16.7
148
20 yrs
0.09
24
193
85
344
236
8,924
9,517
17.9
135
30 yrs
Prescribed fire only
5
4
7
4
3
4
2
3
102
29
Surface
Surface
35
8
1
20 yrs
0.09
30
198
86
348
246
9,640
10,281
19.2
123
40 yrs
6
5
7
8
3
5
3
4
12
29
Surface
Passive
84
12
2
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.09
34
201
87
350
253
10,404
10,959
20.4
112
50 yrs
6
5
7
11
3
5
3
5
12
30
Surface
Passive
62
13
2
50 yrs
H
163
7,514
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
(ft3)
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
4.6
Trees per acre
None
91
236
2
Canopy cover (percent)
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
4.6
7,514
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
(ft3)
236
2
Canopy cover (percent)
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
6,777
240
Total volume (ft3)
Merchantable volume (ft3)
(ft 2)
2
Canopy base height (ft)
0.27
236
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
91
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
598
Stand density index
Basal area
4.6
7,514
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
2,079
Trees per acre
0.27
91
Stand density index
Canopy bulk density (kg/m³)
240
598
Basal area (ft 2)
6,777
Merchantable volume (ft3)
Total volume
2,079
Trees per acre
0.27
598
Stand density index
Canopy bulk density
240
Basal area (ft 2)
(kg/m3)
6,777
Merchantable volume (ft3)
Total volume
2,079
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.05
29
106
65
183
138
5,083
5,311
22.5
50
0.05
29
106
65
183
138
5,419
5,664
22.5
50
0.05
29
106
65
183
138
5,419
5,664
22.5
50
1 yr
0.05
3
122
70
310
161
6,358
6,630
8.8
377
0.06
3
128
72
318
170
6,741
7,020
9.4
349
0.05
3
128
72
313
170
6,733
7,015
9.9
321
20 yrs
0.05
4
131
73
312
175
7,144
7,448
10.8
277
0.05
4
137
75
320
183
7,540
7,854
11.4
260
0.05
4
138
75
315
184
7,532
7,846
11.8
240
30 yrs
0.05
5
139
75
310
188
7,854
8,211
13.1
202
0.05
5
144
76
315
195
8,284
8,623
13.8
189
0.05
5
145
76
312
196
8,267
8,613
14.3
176
40 yrs
0.05
6
145
77
306
198
8,494
8,917
15.5
151
0.05
6
150
78
309
205
8,959
9,328
16.3
141
0.05
6
150
78
307
206
8,922
9,315
16.8
134
50 yrs
Region 4 — Payette National Forest 1
0.05
38
109
66
287
145
5,537
5,769
8.2
391
0.06
38
117
69
296
154
5,887
6,134
8.8
361
0.06
38
117
69
292
154
5,886
6,133
9.2
332
10 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 14c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.07
23
154
79
271
189
6,448
6,782
18.6
100
0.08
20
154
79
271
189
7,062
7,431
18.6
100
0.08
20
154
79
271
189
7,062
7,431
18.6
100
1 yr
0.07
31
150
78
345
191
7,015
7,345
10.4
325
0.09
28
167
81
361
210
7,635
8,005
11.7
282
0.09
28
167
81
357
209
7,634
8,003
12.1
264
10 yrs
0.08
3
162
80
367
209
8,025
8,376
11.1
310
0.09
33
178
83
380
226
8,634
9,030
12.4
268
0.09
33
178
83
375
226
8,632
9,023
12.8
251
20 yrs
0.08
4
171
82
366
223
8,913
9,303
13.2
233
0.09
4
185
84
378
239
9,530
9,950
14.5
207
0.09
4
185
84
374
239
9,527
9,934
14.9
197
30 yrs
0.08
5
177
83
359
234
9,715
10,134
15.8
173
0.09
5
191
85
371
250
10,336
10,767
17.0
158
0.08
5
191
85
367
249
10,291
10,746
17.4
151
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.07
7
182
84
352
243
10,414
10,869
18.3
134
0.08
7
195
86
364
258
11,033
11,491
19.4
126
0.08
7
195
86
361
257
10,996
11,459
19.7
121
50 yrs
I
164
240
(ft 2 )
2
Canopy base height (ft)
6,777
240
Total volume (ft3 )
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
(ft 2 )
2
Canopy base height (ft)
6,777
240
Total volume (ft3 )
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
(ft 2 )
0.27
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
2
Crown competition factor
(kg/m3 )
91
236
Canopy cover (percent)
598
Stand density index
Basal area
4.6
7,514
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
2,079
Trees per acre
0.27
236
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
91
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
598
Stand density index
Basal area
4.6
7,514
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
2,079
Trees per acre
0.27
236
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
91
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3 )
598
Stand density index
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
6,777
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
Basal area
4.6
7,514
Total volume (ft3 )
Trees per acre
None
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
2,079
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.07
10
182
84
339
210
6,671
7,056
13.9
200
0.08
4
182
84
339
210
7,388
7,904
13.9
200
0.08
4
182
84
339
210
7,388
7,904
0.08
20
164
81
366
203
7,263
7,647
10.4
346
0.10
9
197
86
411
234
7,970
8,504
11.1
348
0.10
9
197
86
408
234
7,969
8,503
11.3
333
200
13.9
10 yrs
1 yr
0.09
30
177
83
389
221
8,301
8,713
11.1
329
0.10
15
209
88
430
251
8,940
9,547
11.9
326
0.10
15
209
88
426
251
8,935
9,555
12.2
312
20 yrs
0.09
4
186
84
388
236
9,208
9,676
13.2
250
0.10
4
217
89
429
264
9,755
10,469
13.6
263
0.10
4
217
89
427
265
9,766
10,480
13.8
253
30 yrs
0.09
5
192
85
381
247
10,062
10,531
15.5
188
0.10
5
222
89
423
275
10,655
11,292
15.6
207
0.10
5
222
89
421
275
10,643
11,301
15.8
202
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 14c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.08
7
197
86
374
257
10,821
11,299
17.9
147
0.09
25
226
90
417
283
11,485
12,030
17.4
171
0.09
25
226
90
415
283
11,457
12,036
17.6
168
50 yrs
Region 4 — Payette National Forest 1
0.07
7
197
86
379
219
6,657
7,078
11.6
300
0.10
4
197
86
379
219
7,346
7,988
11.6
300
0.10
4
197
86
379
219
7,346
7,988
11.6
300
1 yr
0.08
11
169
82
375
206
7,247
7,669
10.1
368
0.10
9
216
88
438
244
7,879
8,578
10.5
404
0.10
9
216
88
436
244
7,878
8,577
10.7
392
10 yrs
0.09
16
183
84
398
224
8,256
8,736
10.9
349
0.11
15
229
90
456
262
8,745
9,606
11.4
371
0.11
15
229
90
453
262
8,750
9,609
11.6
359
20 yrs
0.09
4
192
85
398
239
9,151
9,697
12.8
268
0.11
4
237
91
456
274
9,480
10,503
12.8
306
0.11
5
237
91
453
274
9,465
10,496
13.0
296
30 yrs
0.09
5
199
86
392
251
10,019
10,562
15.0
204
0.11
5
242
91
450
284
10,276
11,302
14.4
249
0.11
21
241
91
447
283
10,296
11,293
14.6
243
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.08
6
204
87
386
261
10,819
11,333
17.2
161
0.11
24
245
91
444
291
11,272
12,018
15.9
210
0.11
24
244
91
442
291
11,301
12,010
16.1
206
50 yrs
J
165
10
10
8
8
8
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
10
1
10
20
30
40
`50
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
Model
10
10
10
12
12
12
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
Model
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
12
10
10
10
8
Model
Percent
32
0
33
46
30
14
Weight
0
0
0
0
9
Model
Weight
61
60
55
48
42
39
9
9
9
9
9
8
9
9
9
9
9
10
12
8
10
10
10
8
Percent
65
45
42
43
39
46
46
61
59
54
48
41
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
Percent
15
0
0
0
0
0
39
40
38
34
30
35
28
39
38
35
31
33
0
0
10
10
10
9
10
0
10
10
10
9
0
9
9
9
9
9
Model
0
0
7
18
28
26
26
0
3
11
21
27
Percent
0
22
28
28
26
22
Weight
Model
Weight
8
8
10
10
10
10
8
8
8
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Model
Percent
98
45
57
72
95
88
Weight
58
49
44
65
85
96
56
57
40
52
78
96
9
8
8
12
12
12
Percent
39
17
3
8
19
31
0
9
9
0
0
0
Model
Percent
0
11
2
0
0
0
Weight
Model
9
9
8
8
8
12
9
9
10
8
8
12
12
8
8
8
8
12
Model
42
38
31
20
8
4
37
40
32
27
13
4
Percent
2
32
25
16
3
12
Weight
0
10
9
9
9
0
10
10
9
9
9
0
0
9
9
9
9
0
Model
Fuel models
0
13
25
16
7
0
7
3
28
20
9
0
Percent
0
23
18
12
2
0
Weight
Model
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Percent
61
71
95
92
81
69
Region 4 — Payette National Forest 1
Percent
35
34
30
29
36
32
Weight
Fuel models
8
10
10
10
10
10
Weight
Fuel models
Fuel models
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Percent
53
100
67
54
70
86
Weight
Prescribed fire only
No action
Table 14d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection
Weight
Weight
K
166
8
8
10
10
10
10
8
8
10
10
10
10
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
60
41
63
86
95
81
85
69
°F
Miles/hour
20
11
Temperature
Windspeed
10
3 = Moist
70
moisture values from Reinhardt and Crookston (2003).
*Moisture categories correspond to variant-specific percentage
Windspeed (mph)
Moisture category*
Temperature (°F)
Table 14f—Prescribed fire weather conditions
used in models
Severe—98th percentile
Moderate—75th percentile
Fire weather conditions
Table 14e—FVS fuel model selection
9
10
8
8
12
12
9
9
8
8
12
12
8
8
8
12
12
12
Percent
74
47
78
97
80
62
64
56
53
85
89
70
Model
Weight
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
10
10
10
10
10
10
Model
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Fuel moisture
Weight
100-hr (1–3 in)
Model
10-hr (0.25–1 in)
0
28
15
6
0
0
0
11
17
5
0
0
Percent
9
19
8
0
0
0
Weight
61
40
69
93
91
77
65
55
66
97
77
55
Percent
55
47
88
88
69
52
Weight
1,000-hr (3+ in)
8
10
10
10
10
10
8
8
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
12
Model
Duff
9
8
8
8
12
12
9
9
8
12
12
12
8
8
8
12
12
10
Model
Live
39
36
18
4
9
23
35
29
22
3
23
45
Percent
29
35
8
12
31
48
Weight
3
6
5
7
8
10
15
18
50
125
100
150
0
9
9
9
0
0
0
10
9
0
0
0
9
9
9
0
0
0
Model
Fuel models
0
24
12
3
0
0
0
16
12
0
0
0
Percent
16
18
4
0
0
0
Weight
Model
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Percent - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
0
9
9
9
0
0
0
10
9
9
0
0
9
9
9
0
0
0
Model
1-hr (0–0.25 in)
40
31
22
8
5
19
36
32
30
10
11
30
Percent
16
33
14
3
20
38
Weight
Fuel models
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Table 14d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection (continued)
Region 4 — Payette National Forest 1
Weight
L
167
Stand attributes: Stem density = 3,158 tpa, basal area = 289 ft 2 /ac, top
height = 96 ft, stand density index = 754, quadratic mean diameter = 4.2
in, crown competition factor = 277, canopy cover = 94 percent.
Region 4 — Payette National Forest 2
Species (based on trees per acre): Grand fir (Abies grandis) = 85 percent,
ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) = 6 percent, Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga
menziesii) = 8 percent.
Site: Elevation = 4,800 ft, slope = 20 percent, aspect = 315°
Initial stand conditions
A
168
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 4 — Payette National Forest 2
B
169
and severe fire weather.
fire type becomes passive crown fire for both moderate
canopy base height increases enough that the predicted
sive crown fire for moderate fire weather. In 40 years,
is active crown fire for severe fire weather and pas-
crown fire potential. In 10 years, the predicted fire type
accumulate rapidly causing higher flame lengths and
as trees grow and the stand self-thins, but surface fuels
increases slightly and canopy bulk density decreases
ate fire weather. With no action, canopy base height
tial basal area mortality are low for severe and moder-
loading is 8 tons/ac. Predicted flame lengths and poten-
Woody fuel loading is 9 tons/ac, and litter and duff
enable active crown fire spread for severe fire weather.
crown fire initiation, but canopy fuels are sufficient to
height is 3 ft, so ladder fuels are not sufficient to enable
density is 0.17 kg/m3 (0.0106 lb/ft3), and canopy base
a low-density ponderosa pine overstory. Canopy bulk
composed of Douglas-fir and grand fir understory with
This is a dense stand with 3,158 trees per acre (tpa)
Initial conditions/no-action trajectory
loading increases from fallen snags in 10 years, and
potential flame lengths increase. Passive crown fire is
likely again because the treatment does not increase
canopy base height sufficiently to compensate for
higher flame lengths associated with surface fuel accumulation. In 20 years, canopy base height increases
and the predicted fire type is surface fire, but surface
fuels continue to accumulate and potential flame
lengths increase. In 50 years, potential flame lengths
are 5 ft and 8 ft for moderate and severe fire weather
respectively, so an additional treatment may be necessary to reduce surface fuels. In the 50 tpa treatment,
regeneration causes canopy base height to decrease in
20 years and passive crown fire is likely again, but the
effect is short lived and the predicted fire type changes
to surface fire again in 30 years. In all other treatments,
base height and reduces canopy bulk density and
surface fuel loading, which decreases crown fire
potential. Thinning to 200 tpa or less is required to
increase canopy base height and reduce canopy bulk
density sufficiently to affect crown fire potential. Activity fuels from thinning treatments increase surface fuel
loading, which causes higher potential flame lengths
and basal area mortality; the greater the thinning, the
greater are activity fuels. The pile and burn, and to a
greater extent, the prescribed fire treatments reduce
surface fuels, which decreases potential flame lengths
and basal area mortality. The prescribed fire treatment
also causes tree mortality, which increases canopy base
height. This additional increase in canopy base height
is sufficient to change the predicted fire type to surface
fire in the 300 tpa treatment.
Region 4 — Payette National Forest 2
In the prescribed fire only treatment, surface fuel
The prescribed fire only treatment increases canopy
also be necessary to reduce tree mortality.
weather, so an additional surface fuel treatment may
flame lengths exceed 5 ft in 50 years for severe fire
potential. Surface fuels accumulate over time, and
treatment would be necessary to decrease crown fire
for the duration of the 50-year projection. A second
20 or 30 years, and passive crown fire remains likely
regeneration causes a decrease in canopy base height in
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
long-term effects
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
immediate effects
C
170
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
3
3
3
0
3
5
1
2
38
18
Surface
Conditional
18
19
Initial
condition
1
0
1
0
2
4
1
2
55
21
Surface
Surface
14
14
Prescribed
fire only
12
4
3
0
7
5
4
5
111
29
Surface
Surface
8
11
3
1
1
0
6
5
2
3
233
29
Surface
Surface
8
8
0
1
2
0
1
4
1
2
350
31
Surface
Surface
8
8
4
1
1
0
7
5
2
4
140
43
Surface
Surface
6
6
0
1
2
0
1
4
2
3
201
45
Surface
Surface
6
6
Thin from
below to 100 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
17
4
3
0
7
5
5
7
69
43
Surface
Surface
6
45
Thin from
below to 50 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 15a—Projected treatment effects on fuels and fire first cycle after treatments implemented
Region 4 — Payette National Forest 2
0
1
2
0
1
4
1
2
282
24
Surface
Surface
11
11
2
1
1
0
5
5
1
2
249
21
Surface
Surface
12
12
8
4
3
0
6
5
2
4
125
21
Surface
Surface
12
12
Thin from
below to 200 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
0
1
2
0
2
4
1
2
283
21
Surface
Surface
13
13
2
1
1
0
5
5
1
2
127
18
Surface
Conditional
14
14
6
4
3
0
5
5
2
3
53
18
Surface
Conditional
14
15
Thin from
below to 300 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
D
171
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
Fuel/fire attribute
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Fuel/fire attribute
10 yrs
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
16
8
11
8
7
8
5
7
0
20
Passive
Active
524
14
1
30 yrs
16
10
14
13
7
9
6
8
0
22
Passive
Passive
366
14
1
40 yrs
9
5
3
1
3
6
3
4
138
43
Surface
Surface
30
1
0
10 yrs
6
5
4
2
3
6
2
4
5
35
Surface
Passive
16
3
0
20 yrs
6
5
4
2
3
7
2
4
19
32
Surface
Surface
129
4
0
30 yrs
6
6
4
3
4
7
2
4
24
41
Surface
Surface
121
5
1
40 yrs
7
7
4
5
4
7
3
4
22
46
Surface
Surface
89
7
1
50 yrs
15
12
17
18
6
10
6
9
0
23
Passive
Passive
250
14
2
50 yrs
Region 4 — Payette National Forest 2
17
4
3
0
7
5
5
7
69
43
Surface
Surface
24
1
0
1 yr
15
6
7
4
7
7
4
6
0
14
Passive
Active
733
11
1
20 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0–3 in
3
9
3–6 in
3
4
6–12 in
3
4
>12 in
0
1
Litter
3
8
Duff
5
6
Moderate
1
3
Severe
2
4
Severe
38
0
Severe
18
13
Moderate
Surface Passive
Severe
Conditional Active
0–17.9 in
601
773
18–29.9 in
3
7
30–36 in
0
0
1 yr
No action
Table 15b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection
12
4
3
0
7
5
4
5
111
29
Surface
Surface
28
1
0
1 yr
1
0
1
0
2
4
1
2
55
21
Surface
Surface
812
4
0
1 yr
11
6
9
5
5
5
4
6
36
23
Surface
Surface
80
9
0
20 yrs
11
7
12
8
5
6
5
7
52
24
Surface
Surface
67
11
1
30 yrs
12
9
14
12
5
6
5
7
54
26
Surface
Surface
59
12
1
40 yrs
8
4
4
1
4
6
2
4
188
30
Surface
Surface
39
3
0
10 yrs
7
5
5
2
4
6
3
4
0
30
Surface
Passive
28
5
0
20 yrs
8
6
5
4
5
7
3
5
5
31
Surface
Passive
147
8
1
30 yrs
8
7
6
6
5
7
4
5
7
32
Surface
Passive
147
9
1
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
8
4
6
2
5
4
3
4
12
23
Surface
Passive
77
6
0
10 yrs
Prescribed fire only
9
8
7
9
5
8
4
6
7
33
Surface
Passive
103
11
1
50 yrs
12
10
16
16
4
7
5
8
59
27
Surface
Surface
53
12
1
50 yrs
E
172
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
2
2
1
3
5
2
3
225
43
Surface
Surface
31
1
0
1
1
0
7
5
2
4
140
43
Surface
Surface
24
1
0
2
2
3
1
2
4
1
2
266
44
Surface
Surface
35
3
0
3
4
0
1
2
0
1
4
2
3
201
45
Surface
Surface
28
3
0
10 yrs
1 yr
3
2
4
3
3
4
2
3
17
32
Surface
Passive
18
4
0
2
3
1
3
5
2
3
17
33
Surface
Passive
16
3
0
4
20 yrs
4
3
4
4
3
4
2
3
26
29
Surface
Surface
143
4
0
3
3
2
3
6
2
3
28
30
Surface
Surface
137
4
0
4
30 yrs
5
4
4
4
4
5
2
4
27
38
Surface
Surface
134
5
1
4
3
3
4
6
2
3
29
39
Surface
Surface
129
5
1
6
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 15b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
7
5
4
6
4
5
3
4
27
43
Surface
Surface
99
7
1
5
3
5
4
7
2
4
29
46
Surface
Surface
95
7
1
7
50 yrs
Region 4 — Payette National Forest 2
0
1
2
0
6
5
1
2
350
31
Surface
Surface
40
3
0
1
1
0
6
5
2
3
233
29
Surface
Surface
28
1
0
3
1 yr
3
2
3
2
4
4
2
3
271
31
Surface
Surface
49
4
0
2
2
1
4
5
2
3
263
30
Surface
Surface
40
3
0
4
10 yrs
4
3
5
4
4
4
2
3
9
32
Surface
Passive
30
6
0
3
3
2
4
6
2
3
10
30
Surface
Passive
28
5
0
5
20 yrs
6
4
6
6
4
5
3
4
8
32
Surface
Passive
165
7
1
4
4
4
5
6
2
4
10
31
Surface
Passive
157
8
1
7
30 yrs
7
5
6
8
5
5
3
5
4
33
Surface
Passive
163
9
1
5
5
6
5
7
3
5
10
32
Surface
Passive
160
9
1
8
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
8
6
7
10
4
6
4
6
5
34
Surface
Passive
114
10
1
6
6
9
5
7
4
6
5
33
Surface
Passive
111
11
1
9
50 yrs
F
173
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
5
4
1
5
6
3
4
161
21
Surface
Surface
53
4
0
4
3
0
6
5
2
4
125
21
Surface
Surface
39
2
0
8
4
5
3
5
6
3
4
154
22
Surface
Surface
54
8
0
6
6
3
5
6
3
5
125
22
Surface
Surface
53
8
0
10
20 yrs
10
5
7
6
5
6
4
6
0
23
Passive
Passive
138
11
1
7
8
6
5
7
4
6
0
23
Passive
Passive
131
11
1
11
30 yrs
11
7
9
10
5
7
4
6
0
24
Passive
Passive
144
12
1
8
11
10
5
8
5
7
0
24
Passive
Passive
135
12
1
11
40 yrs
11
8
11
15
5
8
5
7
0
26
Passive
Passive
105
13
2
10
12
15
5
9
5
7
0
25
Passive
Passive
99
13
2
11
50 yrs
Region 4 — Payette National Forest 2
5
2
2
1
5
5
2
3
204
21
Surface
Surface
54
4
0
8
8
2
1
1
0
5
5
1
2
249
21
Surface
Surface
39
2
0
10 yrs
1 yr
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 15b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
2
1
1
0
5
5
1
2
127
18
Surface
Cond.
50
3
0
4
3
0
5
5
2
3
53
18
Surface
Cond.
50
3
0
6
1 yr
6
2
2
1
6
5
2
3
67
19
Surface
Cond.
68
5
0
4
4
1
6
6
3
4
47
19
Surface
Cond.
68
5
0
8
10 yrs
10
4
5
3
6
6
3
5
122
20
Surface
Cond.
73
9
0
6
7
3
6
6
4
6
108
20
Surface
Surface
73
9
0
11
20 yrs
11
6
8
7
6
7
4
6
0
21
Passive
Passive
125
12
1
8
10
7
6
7
4
7
0
21
Passive
Passive
120
12
1
12
30 yrs
12
8
11
11
5
7
5
7
0
23
Passive
Passive
123
13
1
10
13
11
5
8
5
7
0
23
Passive
Passive
117
13
1
12
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
12
10
14
16
5
8
5
8
0
24
Passive
Passive
93
13
1
11
15
16
5
9
5
8
0
23
Passive
Passive
90
13
2
13
50 yrs
G
174
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0
1
2
0
1
4
1
2
282
24
Surface
Surface
60
3
0
1 yr
7
4
8
4
5
5
3
5
0
23
Passive
Passive
51
8
0
20 yrs
Canopy bulk density
0.17
3
Canopy base height (ft)
(kg/m 3)
94
277
754
Stand density index
Crown competition factor
289
Basal area (ft 2)
Canopy closure (percent)
7,266
Merchantable volume (ft 3)
4.1
8,386
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
Total volume (ft 3)
3,158
Trees per acre
None
1 yr
Stand attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0.25
3
296
95
731
303
8,131
9,128
5.0
2,221
10 yrs
296
95
685
308
8,628
9,715
6.1
1,512
20 yrs
0.22
4
9
6
10
8
5
5
4
6
0
24
Passive
Passive
163
10
1
30 yrs
0.14
4
292
95
641
309
9,152
10,264
7.3
1,053
30 yrs
No action
Table 15c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory
5
3
5
2
5
4
2
3
183
23
Surface
Surface
66
5
0
10 yrs
0.12
5
289
94
599
310
9,636
10,791
8.8
742
40 yrs
10
7
12
11
5
6
5
7
0
25
Passive
Passive
167
11
1
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height; Cond. = conditional`.
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
treatment
Table 15b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
0.12
5
282
94
562
310
10,349
11,282
10.3
537
50 yrs
11
8
13
14
5
7
5
7
0
27
Passive
Passive
116
12
1
50 yrs
Region 4 — Payette National Forest 2
0.13
4
219
89
430
252
7,169
7,963
4.1
321
1 yr
0
1
2
0
2
4
1
2
283
21
Surface
Surface
73
3
0
1 yr
0.12
5
221
89
430
258
7,726
8,400
12.7
292
10 yrs
6
4
6
2
5
4
2
4
167
21
Surface
Surface
70
5
0
10 yrs
10
7
12
8
6
5
4
6
0
22
Passive
Passive
161
11
1
30 yrs
0.12
14
224
89
428
267
8,470
9,169
14.0
248
20 yrs
0.11
21
224
89
422
272
9,126
9,835
15.3
213
30 yrs
Prescribed fire only
8
6
9
5
5
5
4
5
0
22
Passive
Passive
60
8
0
20 yrs
0.10
24
225
89
415
276
9,739
10,441
16.5
185
40 yrs
11
9
13
11
5
6
5
7
0
24
Passive
Passive
163
12
1
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.10
28
222
89
407
278
10,336
10,970
17.7
163
50 yrs
11
10
15
15
5
7
5
8
0
25
Passive
Passive
116
12
1
50 yrs
H
175
8,386
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
(ft3)
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
4.1
Trees per acre
None
289
(ft 2)
277
3
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
277
3
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
0.17
3
Canopy base height (ft)
(kg/m3)
94
277
754
Stand density index
Crown competition factor
289
Basal area (ft 2)
Canopy cover (percent)
7,266
Merchantable volume (ft3)
4.1
8,386
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
Total volume (ft3)
3,158
Trees per acre
3.00
94
Canopy cover (percent)
Canopy bulk density (kg/m³)
754
289
Stand density index
Basal area
(ft 2)
Merchantable volume
7,266
8,386
(ft3)
(ft3)
4.1
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
Total volume
3,158
Trees per acre
3.00
94
Canopy cover (percent)
Canopy bulk density (kg/m3)
754
Stand density index
Basal area
7,266
Merchantable volume (ft3)
Total volume
3,158
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.05
34
90
59
166
122
4,374
4,374
21.1
50
0.05
33
90
59
166
122
4,405
4,602
21.1
50
0.05
33
90
59
166
122
4,405
4,602
21.1
50
1 yr
0.08
3
114
68
330
151
5,327
5,611
6.4
684
0.07
3
118
69
337
157
5,570
5,864
6.7
648
0.07
3
117
69
333
156
5,567
5,863
6.8
613
20 yrs
0.09
5
128
72
344
169
6,080
6,431
7.7
519
0.08
5
131
73
348
174
6,318
6,681
8.1
490
0.08
5
130
73
343
174
6,338
6,680
8.3
464
30 yrs
0.06
6
142
76
356
188
6,715
7,227
9.3
403
0.06
6
144
76
358
192
6,989
7,489
9.6
380
0.05
6
143
76
353
191
7,017
7,473
9.9
361
40 yrs
0.04
7
153
78
365
206
7,286
8,022
10.9
319
0.05
7
154
79
365
209
7,553
8,277
11.3
302
0.05
7
153
78
360
207
7,587
8,249
11.5
288
50 yrs
Region 4 — Payette National Forest 2
0.05
34
95
61
295
130
4,591
4,788
5.9
695
0.05
34
100
63
303
137
4,813
5,027
6.2
659
0.05
34
100
63
300
137
4,812
5,026
6.3
623
10 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 15c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.08
32
143
76
264
183
5,812
6,134
18.3
100
0.09
32
143
76
264
183
6,290
6,595
18.3
100
0.09
32
143
76
264
183
6,290
6,595
18.3
100
1 yr
0.08
33
143
76
397
188
6,405
6,719
7.0
704
0.08
34
152
78
411
199
6,759
7,105
7.4
668
0.08
34
152
78
406
199
6,757
7,103
7.7
621
10 yrs
0.08
3
159
80
428
208
7,325
7,680
7.4
689
0.08
3
166
81
440
218
7,693
8,061
7.8
652
0.08
3
166
81
433
217
7,637
8,033
8.1
606
20 yrs
0.07
4
167
81
425
222
8,164
8,568
8.9
510
0.08
4
174
82
435
231
8,516
8,935
9.3
486
0.08
4
173
82
428
230
8,473
8,898
9.7
451
30 yrs
0.07
4
173
82
417
234
8,904
9,376
10.7
373
0.08
5
179
83
424
242
9,269
9,735
11.2
353
0.08
5
178
83
417
241
9,214
9,688
11.6
330
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.07
5
178
83
408
244
9,602
10,115
12.6
282
0.07
5
183
84
413
251
9,985
10,463
13.2
266
0.07
6
182
84
406
250
9,885
10,403
13.5
250
50 yrs
I
176
277
3
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
289
(ft 2 )
3
Canopy base height (ft)
289
(ft 2 )
3.00
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
3
Crown competition factor
(kg/m3 )
94
277
Canopy cover (percent)
754
Stand density index
Basal area
7,266
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
4.1
8,386
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
Total volume (ft3 )
3,158
Trees per acre
3.00
277
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
94
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
754
Stand density index
Basal area
7,266
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
0.11
23
210
88
389
250
7,632
7,632
15.1
200
0.14
23
210
88
389
250
7,717
8,237
15.1
4.1
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
8,386
200
3,158
Trees per acre
Total volume (ft3 )
0.14
23
210
88
389
250
7,717
8,237
15.1
200
1 yr
3.00
Canopy bulk density
94
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3 )
754
Stand density index
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
289
(ft 2 )
Basal area
7,266
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
4.1
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
8,386
Trees per acre
None
Total volume (ft3 )
3,158
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.12
30
196
86
478
243
7,655
8,137
8.3
642
0.13
31
215
88
494
263
8,194
8,718
9.4
547
0.13
31
214
88
488
262
8,192
8,716
9.7
514
10 yrs
0.11
3
206
87
498
258
8,564
9,041
8.7
619
0.13
34
220
89
507
274
9,059
9,565
9.8
522
0.13
34
220
89
500
274
9,015
9,558
10.1
489
20 yrs
0.11
4
211
88
486
268
9,378
9,890
10.3
462
0.12
4
223
89
492
283
9,827
10,358
11.4
399
0.12
4
223
89
485
282
9,774
10,347
11.8
375
30 yrs
0.11
5
212
88
464
276
10,157
10,663
12.4
328
0.11
5
224
89
470
289
10,570
11,096
13.5
290
0.11
5
223
89
464
288
10,524
11,077
13.9
274
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 15c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.10
5
213
88
446
282
10,847
11,351
14.6
244
0.10
5
223
89
451
294
11,227
11,761
15.6
220
0.10
5
222
89
446
293
11,157
11,732
16.0
210
50 yrs
Region 4 — Payette National Forest 2
0.13
22
239
91
449
270
7,945
7,945
12.9
300
0.17
9
239
91
449
270
7,711
8,709
12.9
300
0.17
9
239
91
449
270
7,711
8,709
12.9
300
1 yr
0.13
30
212
88
497
255
7,840
8,439
8.5
640
0.15
11
241
91
512
281
8,393
9,155
10.2
498
0.15
11
241
91
507
281
8,392
9,153
10.4
477
10 yrs
0.13
3
220
89
513
268
8,726
9,327
9.0
611
0.14
32
243
91
516
289
9,195
9,941
10.7
461
0.14
32
243
91
511
289
9,199
9,938
11.0
441
20 yrs
0.12
4
225
89
499
278
9,536
10,159
10.5
461
0.13
4
243
91
501
296
9,957
10,680
12.2
364
0.13
4
243
91
497
296
9,975
10,676
12.5
349
30 yrs
0.11
5
227
90
477
284
10,287
10,895
12.5
334
0.12
5
244
91
481
299
10,623
11,328
14.0
280
0.12
5
245
91
478
300
10,618
11,338
14.2
271
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.10
5
226
90
458
289
10,948
11,551
14.5
252
0.11
6
241
91
463
302
11,232
11,912
15.7
225
0.11
7
241
91
461
302
11,209
11,915
15.9
219
50 yrs
J
177
12
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
9
10
10
10
9
9
9
10
10
10
1
10
20
30
40
`50
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
Model
9
10
12
12
12
13
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
Model
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
8
12
10
13
13
12
Percent
48
87
76
85
58
65
Percent
47
13
24
15
42
35
Weight
10
0
0
0
0
0
Model
Weight
57
68
52
49
77
95
8
8
10
9
9
12
9
8
10
9
9
10
12
9
9
9
12
Percent
80
99
81
81
96
88
58
59
50
46
70
100
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
Percent
5
0
0
0
0
0
28
32
24
35
16
5
27
28
27
38
21
0
2
0
8
8
8
0
8
10
8
8
8
0
0
0
8
8
8
0
Model
16
0
24
15
6
0
13
13
23
17
9
0
Percent
0
0
6
6
1
0
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
9
9
10
10
10
10
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
12
Model
Percent
61
97
96
83
66
54
Weight
64
50
68
93
74
53
42
46
62
98
79
56
8
12
10
10
13
13
Percent
44
10
49
20
4
25
Model
Weight
Model
8
8
9
12
12
12
10
10
9
9
12
12
12
9
12
12
12
10
Model
36
28
21
7
26
47
35
27
25
1
21
44
Percent
39
2
4
17
34
46
Weight
0
10
8
0
0
0
8
8
8
8
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
Model
Fuel models
0
22
11
0
0
0
24
26
14
1
0
0
Percent
0
1
0
0
0
0
Weight
Model
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Percent
56
90
51
80
96
75
Region 4 — Payette National Forest 2
Percent
20
1
13
13
3
12
Weight
Fuel models
9
10
12
12
12
12
Weight
Fuel models
Fuel models
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Model
Weight
Prescribed fire only
No action
Table 15d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection
Weight
Weight
K
178
9
10
10
10
12
12
9
10
10
12
12
12
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
60
66
80
54
79
95
85
69
°F
Miles/hour
20
11
Temperature
Windspeed
10
3 = Moist
70
moisture values from Reinhardt and Crookston (2003).
*Moisture categories correspond to variant-specific percentage
Windspeed (mph)
Moisture category*
Temperature (°F)
Table 15f—Prescribed fire weather conditions
used in models
Severe—98th percentile
Moderate—75th percentile
Fire weather conditions
Table 15e—FVS fuel model selection
8
9
12
10
10
13
8
9
12
12
10
13
9
12
12
10
10
13
Percent
94
98
68
61
87
88
54
54
89
54
76
96
Model
Weight
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
10
10
10
12
12
12
Model
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Fuel moisture
Weight
100-hr (1–3 in)
Model
10-hr (0.25–1 in)
0
14
0
0
0
0
8
19
0
0
0
0
Percent
2
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
57
94
62
71
100
78
54
65
75
64
100
73
Percent
65
96
56
78
90
65
Weight
1,000-hr (3+ in)
9
10
10
12
12
12
9
10
10
12
12
12
10
10
10
12
12
12
Model
Duff
13
8
9
12
10
13
8
9
12
10
9
12
12
10
13
13
Model
Live
43
4
38
29
0
22
46
19
25
36
0
27
Percent
19
4
44
22
10
35
Weight
3
6
5
8
8
11
15
18
50
125
100
150
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
Model
Fuel models
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
16
0
0
0
0
Percent
16
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
Model
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Percent - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
0
8
0
0
0
0
10
8
0
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
0
Model
1-hr (0–0.25 in)
40
20
20
46
21
5
38
27
11
46
24
4
Percent
4
2
32
39
13
12
Weight
Fuel models
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Table 15d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection (continued)
Region 4 — Payette National Forest 2
Weight
L
179
Stand attributes: Stem density = 2,144 tpa, basal area = 181 ft 2 /ac, top
height = 67 ft, stand density index = 479, quadratic mean diameter = 3.9 in,
crown competition factor = 242, canopy cover = 91 percent.
Region 4 — Payette National Forest 3
Species (based on trees per acre): Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii)
= 62 percent, grand fir (Abies grandis) =33 percent, ponderosa pine (Pinus
ponderosa) = 5 percent.
Site: Elevation = 5,800 ft, slope = 25 percent, aspect = 135°.
Initial stand conditions
A
180
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 4 — Payette National Forest 3
B
181
the 50-year projection.
severe fire weather and remains so for the duration of
In 10 years, predicted fire type is active crown fire for
higher flame lengths, so crown fire potential increases.
thins, but surface fuels accumulate rapidly causing
decreases slightly as trees grow and the stand self-
canopy base height increases and canopy bulk density
for severe and moderate fire weather. With no action,
and potential basal area mortality is about 40 percent
loading is 12 tons/ac. Predicted flame lengths are low,
Woody fuel loading is 11 tons/ac, and litter and duff
to enable crown fire spread for severe fire weather.
enable crown fire initiation. Canopy fuels are sufficient
base height is 3 ft, so ladder fuels are not sufficient to
bulk density is 0.42 kg/m 3 (0.0262 lb/ft3 ), and canopy
with a low-density ponderosa pine overstory. Canopy
composed of Douglas-fir and grand fir understory
This is a dense stand with 2,144 trees per acre (tpa)
Initial conditions/no-action trajectory
In the prescribed fire only treatment, surface fuel
loading increases from fallen snags in 10 years and
then declines again as fuels decompose, but flame
lengths remain higher than initial conditions for the
50-year projection. Canopy base height increases as
trees grow and the stand self-thins, but canopy bulk
density remains high enough that conditional crown
fire is predicted for the entire 50-year projection. In
the thinned stands without surface fuel treatment,
surface fuels decompose rapidly and passive crown fire
becomes unlikely in 10 years. Regeneration causes a
decrease in canopy base height in all thinned stands
in 20 years; this increases the potential for passive
crown fire in stands without surface fuel treatment or
with prescribed fire, but crown fire potential declines
again in 30 years. The thinned stands with a pile and
burn surface fuel treatment can sustain only a surface
fire and have the lowest flame lengths for the 50-year
projection.
The prescribed fire only treatment creates many snags
and has little effect on crown fire potential because
canopy base height does not increase and canopy
bulk density is not reduced enough to prevent conditional crown fire for severe fire weather. All thinning
treatments increase canopy base height to a similar
height, but the greater the thinning, the greater is the
reduction in canopy bulk density. The 300 tpa treatment does not reduce canopy bulk density sufficiently
enough to prevent conditional crown fire for severe
fire weather. In all treatments, extensive activity fuels
increase potential flame lengths to at least 5 ft for
moderate and severe fire weather, so passive crown
fire remains likely and potential basal area mortality is
higher than initial conditions. Surface fuel treatments
are necessary to further decrease crown fire potential
and flame lengths. The pile and burn, and to a greater
extent, the prescribed fire treatments, reduce surface
fuels, which decreases potential flame lengths and
Region 4 — Payette National Forest 3
because grass fuels are not tracked in FFE.
ments. These results should be interpreted cautiously
influence fire behavior following surface fuel treat-
primarily fuel model 2, suggesting grass fuels greatly
conditions, because fire behavior is predicted by using
basal area mortality remain greater than initial
treatments are applied, flame lengths and potential
basal area mortality. However, even after surface fuel
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
long-term effects
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
immediate effects
C
182
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
3
4
4
0
2
10
1
2
51
8
Surface
Conditional
39
43
Initial
condition
1
0
2
0
1
7
1
2
49
18
Surface
Conditional
24
25
Prescribed
fire only
16
10
3
0
6
9
5
8
14
42
Surface
Passive
27
92
4
3
1
0
5
8
3
4
46
42
Surface
Surface
11
24
0
3
2
0
0
7
3
6
48
69
Surface
Surface
6
18
4
3
1
0
6
8
3
5
40
51
Surface
Surface
9
23
0
3
2
0
0
6
4
6
48
72
Surface
Surface
5
18
Thin from
below to 100 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
17
10
3
0
6
9
6
8
14
51
Surface
Passive
24
90
Thin from
below to 50 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 16a—Projected treatment effects on fuels and fire first cycle after treatments implemented
Region 4 — Payette National Forest 3
0
2
2
0
0
7
3
6
49
63
Surface
Surface
6
19
4
3
1
0
5
9
2
4
73
25
Surface
Surface
16
23
15
9
3
0
6
10
5
7
18
25
Surface
Passive
30
85
Thin from
below to 200 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
0
2
2
0
0
7
3
6
52
58
Surface
Surface
7
21
3
2
1
0
5
9
2
3
96
18
Surface
Conditional
19
24
13
8
4
0
5
10
5
7
23
18
Surface
Conditional
33
49
Thin from
below to 300 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
D
183
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
Fuel/fire attribute
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
12
5
3
1
7
11
3
5
6
8
Surface
Active
460
4
1
20 yrs
14
7
3
1
7
12
4
6
6
8
Surface
Active
358
5
1
30 yrs
14
9
4
3
7
13
5
7
13
9
Surface
Active
263
6
2
40 yrs
9
9
3
0
2
10
3
5
55
47
Surface
Surface
6
1
0
10 yrs
6
9
3
0
2
10
2
4
4
46
Surface
Passive
5
1
0
20 yrs
4
8
2
0
2
10
2
4
22
45
Surface
Surface
54
1
0
30 yrs
4
8
2
1
3
10
2
4
37
45
Surface
Surface
51
2
1
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
7
4
3
0
6
11
2
4
2
8
Surface
Active
369
2
0
10 yrs
5
8
2
2
3
11
2
4
42
40
Surface
Surface
39
3
1
50 yrs
14
12
5
4
7
14
5
7
12
10
Surface
Active
199
6
2
50 yrs
Region 4 — Payette National Forest 3
17
10
3
0
6
9
6
8
14
51
Surface
Passive
2
0
0
1 yr
3
4
4
0
2
10
1
2
51
8
Surface
Cond.
246
1
0
1 yr
No action
Table 16b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection
16
10
3
0
6
9
5
8
14
42
Surface
Passive
5
0
0
1 yr
1
0
2
0
1
7
1
2
49
18
Surface
Cond.
447
1
0
1 yr
8
5
2
1
3
8
2
4
48
16
Surface
Cond.
78
2
1
20 yrs
8
6
2
1
4
8
2
4
71
16
Surface
Cond.
68
3
1
30 yrs
8
6
3
2
4
9
3
4
81
16
Surface
Cond.
59
3
1
40 yrs
9
9
3
0
2
10
3
5
45
41
Surface
Surface
10
1
0
10 yrs
6
8
3
0
2
10
2
4
5
39
Surface
Passive
10
1
0
20 yrs
5
8
3
0
3
10
2
4
23
37
Surface
Surface
59
2
1
30 yrs
5
8
3
1
3
11
2
4
38
36
Surface
Surface
58
2
1
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
9
5
2
0
3
7
2
4
19
18
Surface
Active
51
2
0
10 yrs
Prescribed fire only
5
8
3
2
3
11
2
4
42
35
Surface
Surface
46
4
1
50 yrs
8
7
3
3
4
9
3
4
87
17
Surface
Cond.
51
4
1
50 yrs
E
184
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0
3
2
0
0
6
4
6
48
72
Surface
Surface
19
1
0
4
3
1
0
6
8
3
5
40
51
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
1 yr
2
3
3
0
1
6
3
6
71
65
Surface
Surface
16
1
0
3
3
1
0
2
8
2
4
108
47
Surface
Surface
6
1
0
10 yrs
2
3
3
1
1
7
3
5
11
49
Surface
Passive
7
1
0
3
3
1
0
2
9
1
2
30
46
Surface
Surface
6
1
0
20 yrs
2
3
3
1
2
7
2
3
34
48
Surface
Surface
55
1
0
3
3
1
0
2
9
1
2
51
45
Surface
Surface
59
1
0
30 yrs
3
3
3
1
2
7
2
3
59
50
Surface
Surface
53
1
1
4
3
1
1
3
9
2
3
61
45
Surface
Surface
56
2
1
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 16b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
3
3
3
1
2
7
2
3
58
44
Surface
Surface
41
2
1
5
4
1
2
3
9
2
3
59
39
Surface
Surface
43
3
1
50 yrs
Region 4 — Payette National Forest 3
0
3
2
0
5
8
3
6
48
69
Surface
Surface
31
1
0
4
3
1
0
5
8
3
4
46
42
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
1 yr
2
3
3
0
1
7
3
5
72
63
Surface
Surface
14
1
0
3
3
1
0
2
9
2
3
131
41
Surface
Surface
10
1
0
10 yrs
2
3
3
1
1
7
3
4
12
48
Surface
Passive
6
1
0
3
3
1
0
2
9
1
2
33
39
Surface
Surface
10
1
0
20 yrs
2
3
3
1
2
7
2
3
35
48
Surface
Surface
56
1
0
3
3
1
0
3
9
2
2
52
37
Surface
Surface
64
2
1
30 yrs
3
3
3
1
2
7
2
3
58
48
Surface
Surface
53
2
1
4
3
1
1
3
9
2
3
62
36
Surface
Surface
63
2
1
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
3
4
3
1
2
7
2
3
57
44
Surface
Surface
41
2
1
5
4
1
2
3
10
2
3
59
35
Surface
Surface
49
4
1
50 yrs
F
185
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
3
3
1
0
2
9
1
2
167
27
Surface
Surface
20
1
0
9
8
3
0
2
11
3
5
49
27
Surface
Surface
20
1
0
10 yrs
3
3
1
0
3
10
1
2
34
28
Surface
Surface
21
1
0
6
8
3
0
3
11
2
4
4
28
Surface
Passive
21
1
0
20 yrs
4
3
1
1
3
10
2
3
40
27
Surface
Surface
74
2
1
5
8
3
1
3
11
2
4
16
27
Surface
Passive
70
2
1
30 yrs
5
4
1
1
3
10
2
3
47
27
Surface
Surface
74
3
1
6
8
3
1
3
11
2
4
28
27
Surface
Surface
69
3
1
40 yrs
6
5
2
2
4
10
2
3
50
27
Surface
Surface
59
4
1
6
8
3
2
3
12
3
4
29
27
Surface
Surface
56
4
1
50 yrs
Region 4 — Payette National Forest 3
4
3
1
0
5
9
2
4
73
25
Surface
Surface
11
0
0
15
9
3
0
6
10
5
7
18
25
Surface
Passive
11
0
0
1 yr
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 16b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
10 yrs
3
3
2
2
1
1
0
0
5
3
9
9
2
1
3
2
96
202
18
22
Surface Surface
Conditional Surface
19
32
0
1
0
0
13
8
8
8
4
3
0
0
5
3
10
11
5
3
7
4
23
66
18
22
Surface Surface
Conditional Surface
19
32
0
1
0
0
1 yr
4
3
1
0
3
10
2
2
33
23
Surface
Surface
35
2
0
6
8
3
0
3
11
2
4
4
23
Surface
Passive
34
2
0
20 yrs
5
3
1
1
4
10
2
3
45
22
Surface
Surface
86
2
1
6
8
3
1
4
11
2
4
21
22
Surface
Surface
81
2
1
30 yrs
6
4
1
1
4
10
2
3
39
23
Surface
Surface
83
3
1
6
8
3
1
4
12
3
4
23
22
Surface
Surface
79
3
1
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
7
5
2
2
4
11
2
4
42
23
Surface
Surface
69
4
2
7
9
4
2
4
12
3
4
23
22
Surface
Surface
65
4
2
50 yrs
G
186
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0
2
2
0
0
7
3
6
49
63
Surface
Surface
49
1
0
1 yr
2
4
3
1
2
7
2
4
13
49
Surface
Passive
6
1
0
20 yrs
Canopy bulk density
0.42
3
(kg/m 3)
Canopy base height (ft)
Stand density index
91
479
Basal area (ft 2)
242
181
Merchantable volume (ft 3)
Crown competition factor
2,559
Total volume (ft 3)
Canopy closure (percent)
3.9
3,633
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
2,144
Trees per acre
None
1 yr
Stand attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0.42
3
272
93
515
209
2,751
4,316
4.7
1,705
10 yrs
280
94
514
223
2,886
4,910
5.6
1,299
20 yrs
0.40
5
2
4
3
1
2
7
2
3
38
48
Surface
Surface
57
1
0
30 yrs
0.39
6
285
94
509
234
2,978
5,489
6.5
1,010
30 yrs
No action
Table 16c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory
3
4
3
0
1
7
3
5
68
59
Surface
Surface
9
1
0
10 yrs
0.35
9
287
94
501
244
3,659
6,056
7.5
802
40 yrs
3
4
3
1
2
8
2
3
56
47
Surface
Surface
55
2
1
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height; cond. = conditional.
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
treatment
Table 16b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
0.32
10
286
94
492
250
4,090
6,601
8.4
650
50 yrs
4
4
2
2
3
8
2
3
56
41
Surface
Surface
42
3
1
50 yrs
Region 4 — Payette National Forest 3
0.16
3
130
73
262
122
2,564
3,120
3.9
506
1 yr
0
2
2
0
0
7
3
6
52
58
Surface
Surface
76
1
0
1 yr
0.16
5
139
75
274
132
2,712
3,415
7.2
461
10 yrs
4
4
3
0
1
7
3
5
66
57
Surface
Surface
11
1
0
10 yrs
3
4
3
1
2
8
2
3
40
49
Surface
Surface
59
1
0
30 yrs
0.18
9
156
79
295
150
2,987
4,014
8.3
397
20 yrs
0.19
13
168
81
309
164
3,249
4,584
9.3
345
30 yrs
Prescribed fire only
3
4
3
1
2
7
2
4
14
49
Surface
Passive
7
1
0
20 yrs
0.18
16
177
83
319
176
3,840
5,142
10.3
302
40 yrs
3
4
2
1
2
8
2
3
52
44
Surface
Surface
57
2
1
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.18
20
185
84
326
187
4,718
5,691
11.3
267
50 yrs
4
5
2
2
3
8
2
3
53
39
Surface
Surface
44
3
1
50 yrs
H
187
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
2,559
181
Merchantable volume (ft3)
(ft 2)
3
Canopy base height (ft)
2,559
181
Total volume (ft3)
Merchantable volume (ft3)
(ft 2)
242
3
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
0.42
3
(kg/m3)
Canopy base height (ft)
Stand density index
91
479
Basal area (ft 2)
242
181
Merchantable volume (ft3)
Crown competition factor
2,559
Total volume (ft3)
Canopy cover (percent)
3.9
3,633
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
2,144
Trees per acre
0.42
91
Canopy cover (percent)
Canopy bulk density (kg/m³)
479
Stand density index
Basal area
3.9
3,633
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
2,144
Trees per acre
0.42
242
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
91
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
479
Stand density index
Basal area
3.9
3,633
Total volume (ft3)
Trees per acre
None
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
2,144
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.02
27
68
49
127
87
2,463
2,574
17.9
50
0.04
14
68
49
127
87
2,769
2,923
17.9
50
0.04
14
68
49
127
87
2,769
2,923
17.9
50
1 yr
0.04
3
70
50
193
92
2,984
3,120
7.1
331
0.05
3
91
60
232
116
3,512
3,715
8.0
331
0.05
3
90
59
227
115
3,509
3,706
8.3
305
20 yrs
0.04
5
81
56
208
106
3,331
3,548
8.5
267
0.05
5
103
64
246
132
4,034
4,295
9.6
264
0.05
5
102
64
241
131
4,023
4,287
9.9
244
30 yrs
0.04
7
95
61
226
124
3,656
4,075
10.1
222
0.05
7
116
69
261
149
4,534
4,920
11.2
217
0.05
7
114
68
255
148
4,560
4,919
11.6
201
40 yrs
0.05
9
107
66
243
141
4,278
4,697
11.7
188
0.06
8
127
72
274
165
5,027
5,586
12.9
183
0.05
8
125
71
267
163
5,052
5,577
13.3
169
50 yrs
Region 4 — Payette National Forest 3
0.03
29
59
45
174
81
2,643
2,753
6.6
335
0.04
19
77
54
207
100
3,012
3,180
7.4
336
0.04
19
77
54
203
100
3,011
3,179
7.7
310
10 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 16c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.03
25
76
53
151
92
2,486
2,601
13.0
100
0.05
13
76
53
151
92
2,768
2,990
13.0
100
0.05
13
76
53
151
92
2,768
2,990
13.0
100
1 yr
0.03
27
61
46
177
82
2,671
2,786
6.7
338
0.05
15
87
58
222
106
3,004
3,261
7.2
379
0.05
15
87
58
219
106
3,004
3,260
7.4
353
10 yrs
0.04
3
72
51
197
94
3,023
3,166
7.2
334
0.06
3
103
64
250
124
3,488
3,844
7.8
372
0.06
3
102
64
246
123
3,475
3,838
8.1
346
20 yrs
0.04
5
83
57
211
109
3,378
3,602
8.6
268
0.06
5
117
69
267
141
3,991
4,474
9.3
302
0.06
5
115
68
262
140
3,966
4,460
9.6
281
30 yrs
0.04
7
97
62
229
126
3,730
4,146
10.2
223
0.06
7
130
73
283
159
4,703
5,138
10.8
250
0.06
7
128
72
277
157
4,696
5,115
11.1
234
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.05
9
109
66
246
143
4,337
4,774
11.8
188
0.07
8
142
76
296
175
5,267
5,826
12.3
211
0.07
8
139
75
289
173
5,225
5,780
12.6
199
50 yrs
I
188
181
(ft 2 )
3
Canopy base height (ft)
2,559
181
Total volume (ft3 )
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
(ft 2 )
3
2,559
181
Total volume (ft3 )
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
(ft 2 )
0.42
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
3
Crown competition factor
(kg/m3 )
91
242
Canopy cover (percent)
479
Stand density index
Basal area
3.9
3,633
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
2,144
Trees per acre
0.42
242
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
91
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
479
Stand density index
Basal area
3.9
3,633
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
2,144
Trees per acre
0.42
242
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
91
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3 )
479
Stand density index
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
2,559
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
Basal area
3.9
3,633
Total volume (ft3 )
Trees per acre
None
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
2,144
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.03
22
91
60
187
100
2,527
2,650
9.6
200
0.10
13
91
60
187
100
2,760
3,112
9.6
200
0.10
13
91
60
187
100
2,760
3,112
9.6
200
1 yr
0.03
24
64
47
183
85
2,719
2,847
6.8
343
0.09
14
105
65
249
117
2,984
3,406
6.8
459
0.09
14
104
65
246
117
2,984
3,405
7.0
433
10 yrs
0.04
3
75
53
203
98
3,099
3,255
7.3
339
0.09
3
123
71
281
137
3,415
4,040
7.5
443
0.09
3
123
71
278
137
3,429
4,053
7.7
418
20 yrs
0.04
5
87
58
218
113
3,491
3,724
8.7
273
0.09
4
139
75
300
156
3,836
4,731
8.9
365
0.09
4
138
75
296
155
3,826
4,732
9.1
345
30 yrs
0.04
7
101
63
237
131
3,873
4,296
10.3
225
0.09
6
152
78
316
174
4,786
5,446
10.2
304
0.09
6
152
78
313
174
4,786
5,456
10.5
289
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 16c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.05
8
113
68
253
148
4,426
4,934
11.9
190
0.09
8
163
80
328
190
5,585
6,153
11.6
258
0.09
8
163
80
323
189
5,528
6,152
11.9
246
50 yrs
Region 4 — Payette National Forest 3
0.03
20
106
65
217
109
2,562
2,702
8.2
300
0.15
13
106
65
217
109
2,753
3,227
8.2
300
0.15
13
106
65
217
109
2,753
3,227
8.2
300
1 yr
0.03
21
68
49
190
89
2,761
2,913
6.8
355
0.12
15
122
70
275
127
2,960
3,536
6.7
528
0.12
15
121
70
272
127
2,960
3,535
6.8
504
10 yrs
0.04
3
80
55
213
103
3,172
3,353
7.3
350
0.12
3
142
76
308
149
3,359
4,211
7.4
502
0.12
3
141
76
304
148
3,353
4,203
7.5
479
20 yrs
0.04
5
93
60
229
118
3,589
3,858
8.8
282
0.12
5
159
80
328
169
3,716
4,935
8.6
415
0.12
5
158
79
324
168
3,732
4,933
8.8
397
30 yrs
0.05
7
106
65
247
136
3,984
4,435
10.3
234
0.12
6
172
82
343
186
4,716
5,655
9.9
348
0.12
6
171
82
339
185
4,494
5,643
10.1
334
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.06
8
119
69
263
154
4,581
5,094
12.0
197
0.12
8
181
84
352
200
5,636
6,340
11.2
294
0.12
8
181
84
349
200
5,655
6,344
11.3
285
50 yrs
J
189
12
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
8
8
9
10
2
2
2
8
9
9
1
10
20
30
40
`50
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
Model
8
10
10
12
12
12
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
Model
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
9
8
12
10
10
10
Model
20
12
27
48
30
13
Percent
Weight
10
9
0
0
0
0
Model
Weight
96
77
49
39
46
42
8
8
8
9
8
8
2
9
9
9
8
9
10
12
8
8
8
9
Percent
89
94
69
54
55
65
55
37
52
48
40
35
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
10
4
0
0
0
0
Percent
2
13
27
37
43
35
24
31
46
45
40
34
9
9
9
2
10
10
8
2
2
10
10
8
0
0
9
9
9
8
Model
2
11
24
21
12
24
12
30
2
7
19
31
Percent
0
0
14
22
22
17
Weight
0
0
0
10
0
0
9
10
10
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
Model
0
0
0
3
0
0
10
2
1
0
0
0
Percent
0
0
1
0
0
0
Weight
2
2
2
8
9
9
10
8
8
8
8
10
12
10
10
10
10
10
Model
Percent
84
94
72
60
64
76
92
72
44
41
44
40
51
49
54
49
40
46
9
8
8
8
8
12
34
10
12
9
1
9
Percent
0
0
9
9
9
Model
0
5
5
3
0
0
Percent
Weight
Model
8
8
8
9
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
8
10
12
8
8
8
8
Model
5
15
30
38
42
34
18
38
41
38
32
30
Percent
16
6
16
23
20
13
Weight
9
9
9
2
10
10
2
2
10
10
10
9
0
0
9
9
9
9
Model
Fuel models
4
13
25
17
13
26
17
9
5
13
28
25
Percent
0
0
12
17
16
11
Weight
0
0
10
10
0
0
9
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Weight
66
85
83
88
99
91
Percent
Region 4 — Payette National Forest 3
Percent
11
6
16
24
23
18
Weight
Fuel models
8
10
10
10
10
10
Weight
Fuel models
Fuel models
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
70
84
73
52
70
87
Percent
Weight
Prescribed fire only
No action
Table 16d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection
0
0
1
4
0
0
14
4
0
0
0
0
Percent
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
Weight
K
190
10
8
8
8
10
10
2
2
2
8
9
9
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
84
57
34
43
42
37
85
69
°F
Miles/hour
20
11
Temperature
Windspeed
10
3 = Moist
70
moisture values from Reinhardt and Crookston (2003).
*Moisture categories correspond to variant-specific percentage
Windspeed (mph)
Moisture category*
Temperature (°F)
Table 16f—Prescribed fire weather conditions
used in models
Severe—98th percentile
Moderate—75th percentile
Fire weather conditions
Table 16e—FVS fuel model selection
8
8
8
9
8
8
8
9
9
9
8
8
10
12
8
8
8
8
Percent
72
96
77
71
80
97
44
57
54
47
43
64
Model
Weight
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
12
10
10
10
10
10
Model
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
9
9
9
10
10
10
9
10
10
10
9
9
0
0
9
9
9
9
Model
0
10
10
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Fuel moisture
0
10
7
8
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
100-hr (1–3 in)
Model
10-hr (0.25–1 in)
7
15
27
9
18
31
22
7
12
25
21
13
Percent
0
0
9
11
7
1
Weight
76
42
35
44
38
39
40
59
53
43
57
81
Percent
58
99
78
79
93
92
Weight
1,000-hr (3+ in)
2
2
8
8
9
10
8
8
8
8
10
10
12
10
10
10
10
10
Model
Duff
8
10
9
9
8
9
10
9
9
10
8
8
10
12
8
8
8
12
Model
Live
13
21
30
40
38
33
36
32
28
35
29
13
Percent
42
1
14
14
5
8
Weight
3
6
5
8
10
15
15
18
50
125
100
150
9
8
2
10
10
8
9
10
10
9
9
9
0
0
9
9
9
0
Model
Fuel models
11
20
21
15
24
29
23
9
19
21
14
6
Percent
0
0
7
7
2
0
Weight
0
9
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Percent - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1-hr (0–0.25 in)
8
18
32
39
41
32
33
36
33
28
36
23
Percent
28
4
14
18
12
2
Weight
Fuel models
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Table 16d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection (continued)
Region 4 — Payette National Forest 3
0
17
14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
0
L
191
Stand attributes: Stem density = 1,427 tpa, basal area = 272 ft 2 /ac, top
height = 85 ft, stand density index = 614, quadratic mean diameter = 5.9 in,
crown competition factor = 169, canopy cover = 82 percent.
Region 5 — Plumas National Forest
Species (based on trees per acre): Hardwoods = 56 percent, white fir (Abies
concolor) = 43 percent, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) = 1 percent.
Site: Elevation = 5,100 ft, slope = 10 percent, aspect = 180°.
Initial stand conditions
A
Appendix 5—Fuel Treatment Scenarios for the Pacific Southwest Region (Region 5)
192
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 5 — Plumas National Forest
B
193
severe fire weather, respectively.
predicted flame lengths are 6 and 8 ft for moderate and
at 40 years owing to higher canopy base height, but
for severe fire weather. Surface fire is predicted again
flame lengths are 7 ft and fire type is passive crown fire
uting to higher flame lengths. In 20 years, predicted
self-thins, but surface fuels accumulate rapidly contrib-
grow, and canopy bulk density declines as the stand
projection, canopy base height increases as the trees
moderate and severe fire weather. For the 50-year
potential basal area mortality is about 35 percent for
tons/ac. Potential flame lengths are less than 2 ft and
loading is 14 tons/ac and litter and duff loading is 20
to enable crown fire initiation or spread. Woody fuel
6 ft, so ladder fuels and canopy fuels are not sufficient
0.23 kg/m 3 (0.0144 lb/ft 3 ), and canopy base height is
sity ponderosa pine overstory. Canopy bulk density is
primarily of white fir and hardwoods with a low-den-
This stand has 1,427 trees per acre (tpa) composed
Initial conditions/no-action trajectory
Regeneration in the more open stands (50 and 100
tpa) causes canopy base height to decrease and crown
fire potential to increase in 30 or 40 years, but passive
crown fire is predicted only in the 50 tpa treatment
with no surface fuel treatment because of higher flame
lengths from residual activity fuels. Surface fire is the
predicted fire type for the 50-year trajectory in all other
treatments, but without further treatment, surface fuels
accumulate and potential flame lengths increase over
time.
The prescribed fire only treatment increases canopy
base height and decreases canopy bulk density and
surface fuel loading, which reduces crown fire potential
and flame lengths, but many snags are created, contributing to high surface fuel loading and increased crown
fire potential in 10 years. The low density (50 and 100
tpa) thinning treatments create similar stand structures; both raise canopy base height and reduce canopy
bulk density. The high-density treatments (200 and
300 tpa) also raise canopy base height but have little
Region 5 —Plumas National Forest
options.
mortality are similar for the surface fuel treatment
surface fuel loading, so flame lengths and potential
model selection is not sensitive to this difference in
surface fuels more than the pile and burn, but fuel
conditions. Prescribed fire reduces all size classes of
and potential flame lengths to below that of the initial
the pile and burn treatment decreases surface fuels
the initial conditions. In the higher density treatments,
surface fuel loadings and potential flame lengths than
fuels, but the lower density treatments still have higher
this stand. The pile and burn treatment reduces surface
to reducing flame lengths and crown fire potential in
canopy base height. Surface fuel treatments are critical
lengths and basal area mortality despite the changes in
out surface fuel treatment increases potential flame
the greater the surface fuel loading, so thinning with-
increase surface fuel loading; the greater the thinning
effect on canopy bulk density. All thinning treatments
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
long-term effects
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
immediate effects
C
194
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
4
5
5
0
4
16
1
2
125
14
Surface
Surface
34
35
Initial
condition
1
1
2
0
2
11
1
1
456
18
Surface
Surface
26
26
Prescribed
fire only
18
9
6
0
1
19
5
6
36
18
Surface
Surface
19
93
4
3
2
0
1
17
1
2
410
18
Surface
Surface
18
18
0
2
4
0
1
13
1
1
521
21
Surface
Surface
16
16
6
2
1
0
1
13
2
2
218
30
Surface
Surface
13
13
0
2
3
0
1
10
1
1
494
32
Surface
Surface
12
12
Thin from
below to 100 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
23
8
5
0
1
15
6
8
24
30
Surface
Surface
19
96
Thin from
below to 50 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 17a—Projected treatment effects on fuels and fire first cycle after treatments implemented
Region 5 — Plumas National Forest
0
2
3
0
2
13
2
2
358
18
Surface
Surface
22
22
3
3
2
0
2
17
1
1
687
15
Surface
Surface
26
26
12
9
6
0
2
19
3
5
51
15
Surface
Surface
27
49
Thin from
below to 200 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
0
2
3
0
2
12
1
1
651
18
Surface
Surface
24
24
2
2
2
0
3
16
1
1
827
14
Surface
Surface
30
30
9
8
5
0
3
18
2
3
89
14
Surface
Surface
30
37
Thin from
below to 300 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
D
195
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
Fuel/fire attribute
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
23
8
5
0
1
15
6
8
24
30
Surface
Surface
37
1
0
1 yr
4
5
5
0
4
16
1
2
125
14
Surface
Surface
196
1
0
1 yr
31
7
8
2
4
16
5
7
5
14
Surface
Passive
265
3
0
20 yrs
42
10
12
4
4
17
6
8
5
14
Surface
Passive
183
4
0
30 yrs
46
12
17
6
3
17
6
8
13
15
Surface
Surface
182
8
0
40 yrs
14
6
4
1
1
14
4
5
53
35
Surface
Surface
12
2
0
20 yrs
12
5
4
2
1
14
3
5
7
35
Surface
Passive
6
2
0
30 yrs
11
4
3
2
1
14
3
4
25
35
Surface
Surface
5
2
0
40 yrs
11
4
3
2
1
14
3
4
66
34
Surface
Surface
6
3
0
50 yrs
45
14
21
9
3
17
6
8
27
16
Surface
Surface
120
13
0
50 yrs
Region 5 —Plumas National Forest
18
7
4
1
1
15
5
7
37
34
Surface
Surface
29
2
0
10 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
15
5
5
1
4
16
3
4
13
14
Surface
Surface
301
1
0
10 yrs
No action
Table 17b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection
18
9
6
0
1
19
5
6
36
18
Surface
Surface
39
1
0
1 yr
1
1
2
0
2
11
1
1
456
18
Surface
Surface
367
3
0
1 yr
19
7
12
4
3
11
5
6
10
20
Surface
Passive
45
3
0
20 yrs
21
7
12
6
3
11
5
7
19
20
Surface
Surface
39
3
0
30 yrs
24
8
13
6
3
12
5
7
28
19
Surface
Surface
34
5
0
40 yrs
16
8
5
1
1
19
4
6
52
21
Surface
Surface
32
1
0
10 yrs
15
7
5
1
2
19
4
5
70
23
Surface
Surface
15
1
0
20 yrs
15
6
5
2
2
18
4
5
85
23
Surface
Surface
9
2
0
30 yrs
16
5
5
3
2
18
4
5
96
22
Surface
Surface
14
6
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
16
8
11
2
2
11
4
6
5
18
Surface
Passive
52
3
0
10 yrs
Prescribed fire only
18
5
5
4
2
18
4
6
100
22
Surface
Surface
23
11
0
50 yrs
27
8
14
8
3
12
6
8
29
20
Surface
Surface
56
10
0
50 yrs
E
196
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0
2
3
0
1
10
6
8
24
30
Surface
Surface
38
3
0
6
2
1
0
1
13
2
2
218
30
Surface
Surface
37
1
0
1 yr
3
2
3
1
1
10
1
1
599
37
Surface
Surface
27
3
0
6
2
2
1
1
13
1
2
269
34
Surface
Surface
29
2
0
10 yrs
4
2
4
2
1
10
1
2
377
39
Surface
Surface
19
3
0
6
2
2
1
1
13
2
2
286
35
Surface
Surface
13
2
0
20 yrs
4
2
3
3
1
10
2
2
43
38
Surface
Surface
9
2
0
6
2
2
2
1
13
2
2
38
35
Surface
Surface
7
3
0
30 yrs
5
2
3
3
1
10
2
2
78
38
Surface
Surface
7
2
0
7
2
2
2
1
12
2
3
69
34
Surface
Surface
6
2
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 17b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
7
2
3
3
1
10
2
3
90
37
Surface
Surface
7
2
0
8
2
2
2
1
12
2
3
128
34
Surface
Surface
6
3
0
50 yrs
Region 5 — Plumas National Forest
0
3
4
0
1
17
5
6
36
18
Surface
Surface
61
3
0
4
3
2
0
1
17
1
2
410
18
Surface
Surface
39
1
0
1 yr
5
3
5
2
1
13
2
2
237
25
Surface
Surface
44
3
0
6
2
2
1
1
17
1
2
285
21
Surface
Surface
32
1
0
10 yrs
7
3
6
4
1
13
2
3
135
26
Surface
Surface
26
2
0
8
2
2
1
2
17
2
3
219
22
Surface
Surface
16
1
0
20 yrs
8
3
6
5
1
13
2
4
20
26
Surface
Surface
10
3
0
10
2
3
2
2
16
2
3
172
22
Surface
Surface
10
2
0
30 yrs
10
3
6
5
2
13
3
4
34
25
Surface
Surface
8
2
0
13
2
3
3
2
16
3
4
36
22
Surface
Surface
17
6
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
12
2
5
5
2
13
3
4
41
25
Surface
Surface
14
6
0
17
3
4
4
2
16
4
5
112
22
Surface
Surface
24
10
0
50 yrs
F
197
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
3
3
2
0
2
17
1
1
687
15
Surface
Surface
40
1
0
12
9
6
0
2
19
3
5
51
15
Surface
Surface
40
1
0
1 yr
15
3
3
1
3
17
3
4
157
17
Surface
Surface
33
2
0
19
7
6
1
3
19
4
5
108
17
Surface
Surface
33
2
0
20 yrs
22
4
6
3
3
17
4
6
133
17
Surface
Surface
41
4
0
24
7
9
3
3
19
5
6
116
17
Surface
Surface
43
4
0
30 yrs
27
5
11
6
3
17
5
7
100
19
Surface
Surface
62
15
0
30
8
13
6
3
19
6
8
87
19
Surface
Surface
59
14
0
40 yrs
31
7
18
11
2
17
6
9
66
21
Surface
Surface
72
16
0
34
10
20
11
2
19
6
9
69
19
Surface
Surface
73
15
0
50 yrs
Region 5 —Plumas National Forest
8
2
2
1
3
17
2
2
319
17
Surface
Surface
33
1
0
14
8
5
1
3
19
3
5
91
17
Surface
Surface
33
1
0
10 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 17b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
2
2
2
0
3
16
1
1
827
14
Surface
Surface
46
1
0
9
8
5
0
3
18
2
3
89
14
Surface
Surface
46
1
0
1 yr
10
2
2
1
3
16
2
2
315
15
Surface
Surface
52
1
0
15
7
5
1
3
18
3
4
124
15
Surface
Surface
52
1
0
10 yrs
20
3
4
1
3
16
4
5
154
15
Surface
Surface
45
2
0
23
7
7
1
3
18
4
6
137
15
Surface
Surface
45
2
0
20 yrs
28
5
8
3
3
16
5
7
131
15
Surface
Surface
59
2
0
30
8
10
3
3
18
5
7
109
15
Surface
Surface
57
2
0
30 yrs
34
8
15
6
3
16
6
8
89
18
Surface
Surface
77
11
0
35
11
16
6
3
18
6
8
89
17
Surface
Surface
78
11
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
37
11
23
10
2
16
6
9
79
19
Surface
Surface
83
13
0
38
14
25
10
2
18
6
9
81
18
Surface
Surface
83
13
0
50 yrs
G
198
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0
2
3
0
2
13
2
2
358
18
Surface
Surface
79
3
0
1 yr
9
5
11
2
2
13
3
4
83
20
Surface
Surface
50
3
0
10 yrs
12
5
11
4
2
13
4
5
76
22
Surface
Surface
27
2
0
20 yrs
Canopy bulk density
0.23
6
(kg/m 3)
Canopy base height (ft)
Stand density index
82
614
Basal area (ft 2)
169
272
Merchantable volume (ft 3)
Crown competition factor
4,801
Total volume (ft 3)
Canopy closure (percent)
5.9
6,334
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
1,427
Trees per acre
None
1 yr
Stand attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0.22
5
168
81
631
301
7,090
8,840
7.1
1,095
10 yrs
0.23
9
160
80
626
318
8,891
10,724
8.3
840
20 yrs
0.24
11
151
78
621
332
10,446
12,336
9.5
676
30 yrs
No action
14
5
11
5
2
13
4
5
90
21
Surface
Surface
18
3
0
30 yrs
0.22
15
139
75
590
334
11,641
13,387
11.0
507
40 yrs
17
5
11
6
2
13
4
6
18
21
Surface
Surface
27
5
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 17c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
treatment
Table 17b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
0.19
23
129
73
571
334
12,562
14,296
12.0
427
50 yrs
21
5
12
8
2
13
5
7
99
21
Surface
Surface
40
12
0
50 yrs
Region 5 — Plumas National Forest
0.17
15
89
59
347
198
4,647
5,555
5.9
286
1 yr
0
2
3
0
2
12
1
1
651
18
Surface
Surface
97
3
0
1 yr
0.17
6
94
61
376
220
5,822
6,836
12.0
281
10 yrs
12
7
12
2
2
12
4
5
72
19
Surface
Surface
50
3
0
10 yrs
17
6
12
5
2
12
4
6
90
20
Surface
Surface
27
3
0
30 yrs
0.15
10
102
64
423
260
8,077
9,303
13.5
261
20 yrs
0.15
15
105
65
458
294
10,206
11,577
15.2
235
30 yrs
Prescribed fire only
15
6
12
4
2
12
4
6
80
20
Surface
Surface
24
2
0
20 yrs
0.15
21
108
66
489
327
12,348
13,819
16.7
214
40 yrs
20
6
13
6
2
12
5
7
101
20
Surface
Surface
28
5
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.15
25
99
63
479
334
13,517
14,896
18.7
176
50 yrs
24
7
14
8
2
12
5
7
96
20
Surface
Surface
29
7
0
50 yrs
H
199
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
4,801
272
Merchantable volume (ft3)
(ft 2)
6
Canopy base height (ft)
4,801
272
Total volume (ft3)
Merchantable volume (ft3)
(ft 2)
169
6
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
0.23
6
(kg/m3)
Canopy base height (ft)
Stand density index
82
614
Basal area (ft 2)
169
272
Merchantable volume (ft3)
Crown competition factor
4,801
Total volume (ft3)
Canopy cover (percent)
5.9
6,334
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
1,427
Trees per acre
0.23
82
Canopy cover (percent)
Canopy bulk density (kg/m³)
614
Stand density index
Basal area
5.9
6,334
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
1,427
Trees per acre
0.23
169
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
82
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
614
Stand density index
Basal area
5.9
6,334
Total volume (ft3)
Trees per acre
None
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
1,427
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.08
30
28
25
140
98
2,750
3,035
19.0
50
0.09
26
28
25
140
98
3,151
3,478
19.0
50
0.09
26
28
25
140
98
3,151
3,478
19
50
1 yr
0.06
34
36
30
236
136
4,645
5,064
11.6
186
0.07
32
39
33
242
156
5,332
5,818
15.4
121
0.07
32
40
33
231
156
5,352
5,820
17.3
96
20 yrs
0.06
5
44
35
277
168
6,206
6,702
13.1
181
0.07
5
46
37
279
188
6,962
7,539
17.2
117
0.07
5
46
37
267
188
6,961
7,538
19.2
94
30 yrs
0.06
10
51
40
314
198
7,582
8,245
14.4
176
0.07
10
53
41
316
222
8,684
9,395
18.9
114
0.07
10
53
41
303
222
8,698
9,409
21.1
92
40 yrs
0.06
21
58
44
350
228
9,121
9,970
15.7
170
0.07
22
58
44
346
250
10,270
11,109
20.4
110
0.07
22
60
45
333
251
10,271
11,130
22.7
89
50 yrs
Region 5 —Plumas National Forest
0.06
34
29
25
200
110
3,371
3,697
10.3
192
0.07
29
33
28
205
126
3,869
4,246
13.6
124
0.07
29
33
28
196
126
3,869
4,246
15.3
98
10 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 17c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.14
25
53
41
231
155
3,863
4,320
16.8
100
0.17
25
53
41
231
155
4,637
5,214
16.8
100
0.17
25
53
41
231
155
4,637
5,214
16.8
100
1 yr
0.11
29
47
38
257
162
4,825
5,328
14.4
144
0.13
29
60
45
294
194
5,731
6,381
16.2
135
0.13
29
60
45
288
194
5,731
6,381
17.1
122
10 yrs
0.10
33
54
42
302
200
6,724
7,373
16.2
139
0.12
35
67
49
343
237
8,010
8,776
18.2
131
0.12
34
67
49
336
237
8,006
8,771
19.2
118
20 yrs
0.10
7
62
46
346
238
8,754
9,514
18.0
135
0.12
38
74
52
388
279
10,279
11,169
20.1
127
0.12
38
74
52
380
279
10,280
11,173
21.1
114
30 yrs
0.11
12
70
50
391
279
10,955
11,860
19.8
131
0.13
13
79
55
417
310
12,238
13,245
22.0
118
0.13
42
79
55
410
311
12,260
13,284
23.0
108
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.11
24
74
52
416
307
12,678
13,711
21.5
122
0.13
47
80
55
433
333
13,816
14,944
23.9
107
0.12
46
80
55
426
333
13,871
14,968
25.0
98
50 yrs
I
200
272
(ft 2 )
6
Canopy base height (ft)
6
0.23
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density (kg/m3 )
82
169
Crown competition factor
614
Stand density index
Canopy cover (percent)
272
Basal area (ft 2 )
4,801
6,334
Total volume (ft3 )
Merchantable volume
5.9
(ft3 )
1,427
Trees per acre
0.23
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
Canopy bulk density
6
Canopy base height (ft)
(kg/m3)
82
169
Crown competition factor
614
Stand density index
Canopy cover (percent)
272
Basal area (ft 2 )
Merchantable volume
4,801
6,334
(ft3 )
(ft3 )
5.9
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
Total volume
1,427
Trees per acre
0.23
169
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
82
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3 )
614
Stand density index
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
4,801
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
Basal area
5.9
6,334
Total volume (ft3 )
Trees per acre
None
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
1,427
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.16
23
98
63
348
217
4,621
5,287
14.1
200
0.21
20
98
63
348
217
5,986
6,964
14.1
200
0.21
20
98
63
348
217
5,986
6,964
14.1
200
1 yr
0.14
31
72
51
318
202
5,800
6,550
14.8
169
0.18
32
109
66
415
266
7,465
8,531
15.1
214
0.18
32
109
66
412
266
7,465
8,531
15.3
207
10 yrs
0.13
34
81
56
370
247
8,224
9,142
16.6
164
0.18
41
113
68
455
305
10,031
11,262
16.9
196
0.18
40
113
68
452
305
10,034
11,267
17.1
190
20 yrs
0.13
39
88
58
415
289
10,603
11,651
18.5
154
0.18
49
111
67
476
333
12,134
13,421
18.8
173
0.18
49
110
67
472
332
12,139
13,418
19.1
168
30 yrs
0.14
13
90
59
442
320
12,603
13,740
20.5
139
0.15
51
106
65
456
332
13,089
14,367
20.8
141
0.16
51
106
65
456
333
13,130
14,416
21.0
139
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 17c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.13
50
87
58
442
333
13,864
15,029
22.6
119
0.14
51
88
58
434
332
13,794
14,974
23.6
109
0.15
51
87
58
433
334
13,845
15,019
24.0
106
50 yrs
Region 5 — Plumas National Forest
0.17
23
124
71
414
245
4,720
5,495
12.2
300
0.23
20
124
71
414
245
6,193
7,501
12.2
300
0.23
20
124
71
414
245
6,193
7,501
12.2
300
1 yr
0.16
32
82
56
342
213
5,943
6,798
14.0
199
0.21
36
129
73
468
286
7,580
8,952
13.3
296
0.21
36
129
73
466
286
7,580
8,952
13.5
289
10 yrs
0.14
36
93
60
399
259
8,482
9,516
15.6
196
0.21
47
131
73
502
320
10,151
11,617
14.9
265
0.20
46
131
73
500
321
10,162
11,627
15.1
258
20 yrs
0.14
40
95
61
431
294
10,698
11,798
17.6
175
0.21
54
121
70
509
341
12,189
13,564
16.8
221
0.21
53
122
70
509
342
12,195
13,623
17.0
216
30 yrs
0.15
47
98
62
459
325
12,762
13,966
19.4
159
0.17
56
110
67
476
333
12,932
14,242
18.8
172
0.17
56
109
66
474
333
12,939
14,244
19.1
168
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.15
52
98
63
478
351
14,585
15,857
21.2
143
0.15
57
90
60
447
334
13,712
14,920
22.1
125
0.16
57
89
59
444
333
13,738
14,912
22.5
121
50 yrs
J
201
12
12
10
10
10
10
8
8
8
8
8
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
1
10
20
30
40
`50
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
Model
8
10
12
13
13
13
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
Model
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
10
12
13
0
0
0
Percent
80
83
51
100
100
100
Percent
20
17
49
0
0
0
Weight
Model
Weight
100
100
86
76
67
51
0
0
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
10
10
12
12
12
8
Percent
97
54
73
90
99
99
81
82
77
70
61
51
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
0
0
14
24
33
49
19
18
23
30
39
49
Percent
3
46
27
10
1
1
Weight
Weight
Model
Weight
8
8
10
10
10
10
8
8
10
10
10
10
12
10
10
10
10
12
Model
Region 5 —Plumas National Forest
Model
Fuel models
8
12
12
12
12
13
Percent
71
53
62
63
57
65
Weight
100
69
73
93
98
83
91
73
53
78
93
59
0
10
10
13
13
12
Percent
0
29
1
15
37
33
Model
Weight
Model
0
10
8
8
12
12
10
10
8
8
12
12
10
12
12
12
12
10
Model
0
31
27
7
2
17
9
27
47
22
7
41
Percent
29
47
38
37
43
35
Weight
Model
Fuel models
Weight
Model
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Percent
100
71
99
85
63
67
Weight
Fuel models
Fuel models
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Model
Weight
Prescribed fire only
No action
Table 17d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection
Weight
Weight
K
202
8
8
10
12
12
13
8
10
10
12
12
12
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
81
87
57
53
80
86
97
72
°F
Miles/hour
12
8
Temperature
Windspeed
10
3 = Moist
70
moisture values from Reinhardt and Crookston (2003).
*Moisture categories correspond to variant-specific percentage
Windspeed (mph)
Moisture category*
Temperature (°F)
Table 17f—Prescribed fire weather conditions
used in models
Severe—98th percentile
Moderate—75th percentile
Fire weather conditions
Table 17e—FVS fuel model selection
6
12
12
10
10
13
0
10
12
10
13
0
12
12
10
13
12
0
Percent
70
64
63
87
69
100
100
56
89
77
60
100
Model
Weight
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
10
10
12
12
13
13
Model
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Model
Fuel moisture
Weight
100-hr (1–3 in)
Model
10-hr (0.25–1 in)
Weight
100
58
70
83
89
58
100
60
53
74
100
100
Percent
97
69
93
57
100
100
Weight
1,000-hr (3+ in)
8
10
12
12
12
12
8
10
12
12
13
13
10
10
12
13
13
13
Model
Duff
0
12
10
10
13
13
0
8
10
13
12
0
12
12
10
12
0
0
Model
Live
0
42
30
17
11
42
0
40
47
26
0
0
Percent
3
31
7
43
0
0
Weight
3
5
4
7
7
10
15
23
125
125
100
150
Model
Fuel models
Weight
Model
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Percent - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1-hr (0–0.25 in)
19
13
43
47
20
14
0
44
11
23
40
0
Percent
30
36
37
13
31
0
Weight
Fuel models
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Table 17d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection (continued)
Region 5 — Plumas National Forest
Weight
L
203
Stand attributes: Stem density = 776 tpa, basal area = 291 ft 2 /ac, top height
= 119 ft, stand density index = 575, quadratic mean diameter = 8.3 in, crown
competition factor = 85, canopy cover = 60 percent.
Region 5 — Sierra National Forest 1
Species (based on trees per acre): White fir (Abies concolor) = 77 percent,
hardwoods = 13 percent, sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana) = 8 percent,
ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) = 1 percent.
Site: Elevation = 5,000 ft, slope = 30 percent, aspect = 225°.
Initial stand conditions
A
204
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
B
205
respectively.
are 8 ft and 12 ft for moderate and severe fire weather
accumulate rapidly, and in 50 years, flame lengths
for moderate and severe fire weather. Surface fuels also
trees grow. In 30 years, passive crown fire is unlikely
increases and canopy bulk density decreases rapidly as
for severe fire. With no action, canopy base height
ft, and potential basal area mortality is 95 percent
loading is 16 tons/ac. Potential flame lengths are 5
Woody fuel loading is 18 tons/ac, and litter and duff
passive crown fire, but crown fire spread is unlikely.
height is 2 ft, so ladder fuels are sufficient to enable
density is 0.07 kg/m 3 (0.0044 lb/ft 3 ), and canopy base
ponderosa pine and sugar pine overstory. Canopy bulk
primarily of white fir and hardwood understory with
This stand has 776 trees per acre (tpa) composed
Initial conditions/no-action trajectory
In the prescribed fire only treatment, crown fire
potential increases slightly over time as surface fuels
accumulate, but the predicted fire type is surface fire
for 50 years, and potential flame lengths remain lower
than the no-action trajectory. Surface fuels accumulate
rapidly in the low-density treatments without surface
fuel treatment, and flame lengths exceed 10 ft in 20
years, but canopy base height also increases as the trees
grow and the stand continues to self-thin. Canopy base
height remains high in relation to flame lengths in the
50 tpa treatment with a pile and burn, and in the 100
tpa treatment with no surface fuel treatment and pile
and burn. The predicted fire type is surface fire for the
50-year projection. In the 50 tpa treatment without
surface fuel treatment, the combination of regeneration
and high activity fuels creates conditions conducive
to passive crown fire in 20 years. Regeneration causes
a decrease in canopy base height in the 50 tpa and
100 tpa treatments with prescribed fire in 20 years,
and passive crown fire is the predicted fire type for
severe and moderate fire weather. In the higher density
treatments, canopy base height increases in 10 years
and the predicted fire type becomes surface fire and
remains surface fire for the 50-year projection.
The prescribed fire only treatment raises canopy base
height and reduces crown fire potential and flame
lengths, but creates many snags that contribute to
higher surface fuel loading in 10 years. In the short
term, the lower density thinning treatments (50 and
100 tpa) effectively raise canopy base height, reducing crown fire potential, but potential flame lengths
are higher than initial conditions because of activity
fuels from the treatment. The 200 tpa treatment does
not reduce canopy bulk density and only slightly
increases canopy base height; the predicted fire type
remains passive crown fire, and potential basal area
mortality is 95 percent for severe fire weather. The 300
tpa treatment is not sufficient to affect canopy base
height or canopy bulk density, so crown fire potential
remains similar to initial conditions. The low-density
treatments increase surface fuels slightly, but flame
lengths remain similar to initial conditions, and the
higher density treatments have little effect on surface
fuels. The pile and burn treatment and, to a greater
extent the prescribed fire treatment, reduce surface
fuels and flame lengths to below initial conditions. The
prescribed fire treatment reduces crown fire potential
more than thinning alone because fire-caused mortality
Region 5 — Sierra National Forest 1
of small trees further increase canopy base height.
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
long-term effects
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
immediate effects
C
206
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
3
7
8
0
1
15
3
5
0
30
Passive
Passive
31
95
Initial
condition
1
1
4
0
1
10
1
2
557
38
Surface
Surface
9
9
Prescribed
fire only
4
7
7
0
1
14
2
4
203
30
Surface
Surface
11
12
1
2
2
0
1
13
1
1
761
30
Surface
Surface
11
11
0
2
4
0
1
10
1
1
752
34
Surface
Surface
9
9
2
2
2
0
1
12
1
1
736
36
Surface
Surface
8
8
0
2
4
0
1
9
1
2
686
39
Surface
Surface
7
7
Thin from
below to 100 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
6
6
7
0
1
13
3
4
137
36
Surface
Surface
8
8
Thin from
below to 50 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 18a—Projected treatment effects on fuels and fire first cycle after treatments implemented
Region 5 — Sierra National Forest 1
0
2
4
0
1
10
1
1
753
34
Surface
Surface
9
9
1
2
2
0
1
13
3
5
0
30
Surface
Passive
13
94
3
7
8
0
1
14
3
5
0
30
Surface
Passive
13
94
Thin from
below to 200 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
0
2
4
0
1
10
1
2
563
38
Surface
Surface
9
9
1
2
2
0
1
13
3
5
0
30
Passive
Passive
31
95
3
7
8
0
1
15
3
5
0
30
Passive
Passive
31
95
Thin from
below to 300 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
D
207
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
Fuel/fire attribute
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
6
6
7
0
1
13
3
4
137
36
Surface
Surface
61
14
6
1 yr
3
7
8
0
1
15
3
5
0
30
Passive
Passive
185
21
7
1 yr
19
8
11
10
2
15
6
9
0
19
Passive
Passive
230
32
10
20 yrs
25
8
12
18
2
15
8
11
13
23
Surface
Passive
209
32
13
30 yrs
27
7
13
25
1
15
8
11
24
29
Surface
Surface
172
34
15
40 yrs
10
6
7
6
1
13
4
6
0
40
Passive
Passive
33
19
8
20 yrs
13
5
7
10
1
13
5
7
122
45
Surface
Surface
40
27
10
30 yrs
17
6
8
15
1
12
6
9
129
49
Surface
Surface
45
26
12
40 yrs
18
6
8
23
1
12
7
10
134
59
Surface
Surface
39
33
17
50 yrs
28
8
13
33
1
15
8
12
37
46
Surface
Surface
140
33
15
50 yrs
Region 5 — Sierra National Forest 1
8
6
7
3
1
13
3
5
146
37
Surface
Surface
44
14
6
10 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
9
7
9
4
2
15
4
5
0
19
Passive
Passive
221
25
8
10 yrs
No action
Table 18b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection
4
7
7
0
1
14
2
4
203
30
Surface
Surface
68
16
6
1 yr
1
1
4
0
1
10
1
2
557
38
Surface
Surface
245
30
11
1 yr
10
3
9
14
1
10
5
7
109
40
Surface
Surface
32
22
9
20 yrs
11
3
8
17
1
10
5
8
124
43
Surface
Surface
30
24
10
30 yrs
14
3
8
21
1
10
6
9
142
48
Surface
Surface
40
31
12
40 yrs
8
7
8
3
1
14
3
5
130
34
Surface
Surface
67
21
7
10 yrs
13
7
9
9
1
14
5
8
97
39
Surface
Surface
60
29
10
20 yrs
16
7
11
16
1
14
7
9
92
45
Surface
Surface
57
33
12
30 yrs
19
7
12
24
1
13
8
11
80
47
Surface
Surface
54
34
15
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
8
3
7
6
1
10
3
5
134
41
Surface
Surface
58
27
10
10 yrs
Prescribed fire only
20
7
12
32
1
13
8
11
85
51
Surface
Surface
46
35
16
50 yrs
15
3
9
28
1
10
7
10
129
53
Surface
Surface
38
31
14
50 yrs
E
208
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
5
2
3
2
1
12
2
3
508
35
Surface
Surface
44
14
6
5
3
5
4
1
9
2
3
332
38
Surface
Surface
40
20
7
0
2
4
0
1
9
1
2
686
39
Surface
Surface
57
22
8
10 yrs
2
2
2
0
1
12
1
1
736
36
Surface
Surface
61
14
6
1 yr
3
6
9
1
9
4
5
0
40
Passive
Passive
36
20
8
8
9
3
4
6
1
11
3
5
205
38
Surface
Surface
35
19
7
20 yrs
3
6
12
1
9
5
7
31
40
Surface
Surface
36
17
8
12
13
3
4
10
1
11
5
7
132
40
Surface
Surface
38
22
10
30 yrs
3
5
15
1
9
6
8
50
44
Surface
Surface
46
23
11
15
16
4
5
14
1
11
6
8
161
50
Surface
Surface
45
35
14
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 18b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
3
6
19
1
9
6
9
151
44
Surface
Surface
57
29
15
17
19
4
6
22
1
11
7
10
145
53
Surface
Surface
40
31
15
50 yrs
Region 5 — Sierra National Forest 1
2
4
0
1
13
1
1
752
34
Surface
Surface
69
22
8
0
1
2
2
0
1
13
1
1
761
30
Surface
Surface
68
16
6
1 yr
3
7
4
1
10
3
4
210
33
Surface
Surface
47
20
7
6
6
3
3
3
1
12
2
3
375
34
Surface
Surface
67
21
7
10 yrs
3
8
10
1
10
4
6
0
37
Passive
Passive
57
25
9
10
12
4
6
9
1
12
4
6
109
38
Surface
Surface
58
28
10
20 yrs
5
9
15
1
10
6
8
6
40
Surface
Passive
61
24
12
15
17
5
8
16
1
12
6
9
105
41
Surface
Surface
56
32
13
30 yrs
5
9
22
1
10
7
10
21
45
Surface
Surface
51
33
14
17
18
5
9
24
1
12
7
10
93
43
Surface
Surface
46
34
15
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
5
10
28
1
10
7
10
26
48
Surface
Surface
53
30
14
19
19
5
10
32
1
12
8
11
93
47
Surface
Surface
54
34
17
50 yrs
F
209
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
6
3
4
3
2
13
2
3
68
32
Surface
Surface
94
23
7
8
7
8
3
2
14
3
5
20
32
Surface
Surface
94
23
7
10 yrs
14
4
6
9
1
13
5
7
29
36
Surface
Surface
81
29
10
15
7
10
9
1
14
6
8
22
36
Surface
Surface
95
28
10
20 yrs
18
4
9
16
1
13
7
9
78
43
Surface
Surface
90
32
12
19
7
11
16
1
14
7
10
73
45
Surface
Surface
89
33
13
30 yrs
21
5
10
24
1
13
8
11
78
52
Surface
Surface
76
38
14
23
8
12
24
1
14
8
11
68
49
Surface
Surface
64
36
16
40 yrs
23
5
11
33
1
13
8
12
76
56
Surface
Surface
52
37
15
23
8
13
34
1
14
8
12
69
51
Surface
Surface
49
37
17
50 yrs
Region 5 — Sierra National Forest 1
1
2
2
0
1
13
3
5
0
30
Surface
Passive
80
18
7
3
7
8
0
1
14
3
5
0
30
Surface
Passive
80
18
7
1 yr
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 18b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
1
2
2
0
1
13
3
5
0
30
Passive
Passive
87
18
7
3
7
8
0
1
15
3
5
0
30
Passive
Passive
87
18
7
1 yr
6
3
4
3
2
13
2
3
50
32
Surface
Surface
136
23
7
8
7
8
3
2
14
3
5
12
32
Surface
Passive
136
23
7
10 yrs
14
4
6
9
1
13
5
7
25
37
Surface
Surface
117
31
9
15
7
10
10
1
14
6
8
18
37
Surface
Surface
115
31
9
20 yrs
20
4
9
17
1
13
7
10
25
40
Surface
Surface
82
32
11
21
7
12
17
1
14
7
10
21
39
Surface
Surface
84
32
11
30 yrs
22
5
10
24
1
13
8
11
60
46
Surface
Surface
90
34
14
22
7
13
24
1
14
8
11
58
46
Surface
Surface
90
34
14
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
24
6
11
32
1
13
8
12
46
51
Surface
Surface
64
35
17
25
8
13
32
1
14
8
12
58
48
Surface
Surface
63
35
17
50 yrs
G
210
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0
2
4
0
1
10
1
1
753
34
Surface
Surface
95
22
8
1 yr
6
3
7
4
1
10
3
4
181
35
Surface
Surface
49
21
8
10 yrs
10
4
8
10
1
10
4
7
108
39
Surface
Surface
52
25
9
20 yrs
85
2
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
0.07
60
Canopy closure (percent)
Canopy bulk density
575
Stand density index
(kg/m 3)
291
10,745
Basal area (ft 2)
Merchantable volume (ft 3)
8.3
11,693
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
Total volume (ft 3)
776
Trees per acre
None
1 yr
Stand attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0.13
3
116
66
568
310
12,648
13,764
10.0
565
10 yrs
0.13
10
102
65
530
309
13,828
15,053
11.8
406
20 yrs
0.11
21
89
63
491
310
15,001
16,298
14.5
270
30 yrs
No action
15
5
9
15
1
10
6
9
106
43
Surface
Surface
50
30
13
30 yrs
0.08
31
79
61
453
308
15,682
17,045
17.6
183
40 yrs
17
5
10
23
1
10
7
10
98
46
Surface
Surface
44
33
15
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 18c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
treatment
Table 18b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
0.04
40
68
58
397
306
16,317
17,531
24.1
97
50 yrs
18
5
10
30
1
10
7
11
93
50
Surface
Surface
53
33
18
50 yrs
Region 5 — Sierra National Forest 1
0.06
31
55
47
300
241
10,055
10,817
8.3
62
1 yr
0
2
4
0
1
10
1
2
563
38
Surface
Surface
128
30
11
1 yr
0.05
45
58
49
319
261
11,577
12,422
27.9
61
10 yrs
7
4
8
6
1
10
3
5
119
39
Surface
Surface
58
27
10
10 yrs
11
4
9
18
1
10
6
8
113
44
Surface
Surface
40
26
11
30 yrs
0.05
52
64
54
355
300
14,711
15,718
30.2
60
20 yrs
0.05
59
65
56
360
314
16,582
17,678
32.8
53
30 yrs
Prescribed fire only
9
4
9
14
1
10
5
7
99
41
Surface
Surface
41
24
10
20 yrs
0.04
69
61
55
339
308
17,293
18,358
36.3
43
40 yrs
15
5
9
22
1
10
6
9
118
46
Surface
Surface
50
28
14
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.03
74
60
55
330
308
17,668
18,765
39.0
37
50 yrs
16
5
9
28
1
10
7
10
113
49
Surface
Surface
39
31
16
50 yrs
H
211
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
291
(ft 2)
2
Canopy base height (ft)
291
(ft 2)
85
2
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
85
2
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
0.07
60
Canopy cover (percent)
Canopy bulk density
575
Stand density index
(kg/m3)
291
10,745
Basal area (ft 2)
Merchantable volume (ft3)
8.3
11,693
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
Total volume (ft3)
776
Trees per acre
0.07
60
Canopy cover (percent)
Canopy bulk density (kg/m³)
575
Stand density index
Basal area
10,745
Merchantable volume (ft3)
8.3
11,693
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
Total volume (ft3)
776
Trees per acre
0.07
85
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
60
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
575
Stand density index
Basal area
10,745
Merchantable volume (ft3)
8.3
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
11,693
Trees per acre
None
Total volume (ft3)
776
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.05
32
54
48
299
250
10,762
11,540
29.4
53
0.06
31
54
48
299
250
11,500
12,340
29.4
53
0.06
31
54
48
299
250
11,500
12,340
29.4
53
1 yr
0.05
4
73
57
429
292
14,458
15,451
17.6
173
0.06
52
68
56
405
306
15,209
16,235
22.8
108
0.05
4
65
55
388
305
15,203
16,223
25.3
88
20 yrs
0.05
17
77
60
453
323
16,906
18,082
19.7
153
0.05
57
68
57
403
317
16,630
17,732
25.2
92
0.04
58
63
55
373
306
16,141
17,199
27.9
72
30 yrs
0.05
29
72
59
433
318
17,509
18,719
21.4
128
0.04
73
64
57
373
303
16,949
18,057
27.5
74
0.04
65
63
56
363
318
17,582
18,698
33.2
53
40 yrs
0.04
69
66
57
398
305
17,093
18,263
23.6
101
0.03
77
64
57
374
316
18,140
19,310
30.4
63
0.03
77
59
55
339
307
17,660
18,764
36.0
43
50 yrs
Region 5 — Sierra National Forest 1
0.05
45
56
50
408
266
12,222
13,078
15.8
197
0.06
44
60
52
399
288
13,044
13,972
20.3
128
0.06
46
60
52
381
288
13,044
13,972
22.7
102
10 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 18c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.06
31
70
54
378
286
11,427
12,307
22.9
100
0.07
29
70
54
378
286
12,289
13,266
22.9
100
0.07
29
70
54
378
286
12,289
13,266
22.9
100
1 yr
0.07
42
66
54
403
285
12,645
13,572
19.3
140
0.06
41
70
55
415
306
13,300
14,299
21.5
122
0.06
41
70
55
406
306
13,300
14,299
22.7
109
10 yrs
0.06
4
71
56
414
306
14,929
15,968
21.7
120
0.06
48
69
55
398
306
14,835
15,858
23.9
98
0.05
49
68
55
389
306
14,919
15,947
25.4
87
20 yrs
0.05
11
66
57
383
303
15,864
16,917
25.5
85
0.05
56
66
55
382
309
16,068
17,141
27.1
77
0.04
54
65
55
372
306
15,803
16,843
28.4
70
30 yrs
0.04
23
64
56
375
304
16,603
17,686
27.4
74
0.05
62
64
55
375
311
17,027
18,127
29.1
68
0.04
60
62
54
353
306
16,588
17,662
32.3
54
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.04
73
64
57
367
318
17,863
18,992
32.3
56
0.04
69
60
54
344
308
17,321
18,425
35.1
46
0.04
69
60
54
343
308
17,445
18,539
35.2
45
50 yrs
I
212
2
Canopy base height (ft)
291
(ft 2 )
2
Canopy base height (ft)
291
(ft 2 )
0.07
2
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
85
(kg/m3 )
57
60
Canopy cover (percent)
Crown competition factor
0.06
31
80
439
291
11,362
12,247
16.3
200
0.07
4
80
57
439
291
12,121
13,148
16.3
200
0.07
4
80
57
439
291
12,121
13,148
16.3
200
1 yr
575
Stand density index
Basal area
10,745
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
8.3
11,693
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
Total volume (ft3 )
776
Trees per acre
0.07
85
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
60
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
575
Stand density index
Basal area
10,745
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
8.3
11,693
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
Total volume (ft3 )
776
Trees per acre
0.07
85
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
60
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3 )
575
Stand density index
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
291
(ft 2 )
Basal area
10,745
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
8.3
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
11,693
Trees per acre
None
Total volume (ft3 )
776
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.06
40
67
54
401
294
12,921
13,896
21.1
120
0.07
9
78
57
445
306
13,030
14,097
18.0
173
0.07
9
78
57
443
306
13,030
14,097
18.3
169
10 yrs
0.05
48
69
55
398
306
14,937
15,967
23.8
99
0.06
18
74
57
426
307
14,596
15,709
20.2
137
0.06
18
72
56
414
306
14,578
15,666
21.7
120
20 yrs
0.05
55
67
55
384
309
16,183
17,243
26.7
79
0.05
48
67
56
387
306
15,599
16,668
25.7
85
0.04
50
66
55
377
306
15,431
16,492
27.4
75
30 yrs
0.04
61
64
55
375
311
17,034
18,144
28.9
68
0.04
59
62
55
354
299
16,019
17,082
30.1
61
0.04
58
63
55
356
302
15,995
17,063
30.4
60
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 18c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.04
66
61
54
344
308
17,262
18,357
35.0
46
0.03
65
61
55
347
300
16,781
17,855
32.2
53
0.03
64
61
55
347
303
16,813
17,911
33.0
51
50 yrs
Region 5 — Sierra National Forest 1
0.06
31
85
57
476
291
10,066
10,829
13.3
300
0.07
2
85
57
476
291
12,131
13,177
13.3
300
0.07
2
85
57
476
291
12,131
13,177
13.3
300
1 yr
0.05
42
58
50
353
261
11,612
12,460
21.7
102
0.07
7
83
59
471
307
12,912
13,976
15.7
229
0.07
7
83
59
469
307
12,912
13,976
15.9
222
10 yrs
0.05
49
65
54
379
291
14,283
15,264
23.8
95
0.06
16
78
58
443
305
14,372
15,501
18.1
172
0.06
16
77
58
440
305
14,353
15,481
18.2
168
20 yrs
0.05
56
66
55
383
306
16,083
17,155
26.3
81
0.05
25
73
57
425
307
15,597
16,798
20.3
136
0.05
25
72
57
421
307
15,626
16,818
20.9
129
30 yrs
0.04
63
63
55
360
309
17,065
18,167
31.4
57
0.04
50
66
56
384
305
16,138
17,260
25.8
84
0.04
51
66
56
380
304
16,130
17,244
26.5
80
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.04
71
62
55
354
311
17,812
18,931
33.4
51
0.04
47
63
55
367
302
16,547
17,693
28.5
68
0.04
57
63
55
363
302
16,544
17,670
29.2
65
50 yrs
J
213
10
10
10
12
12
12
8
8
10
10
12
12
8
8
10
10
12
12
1
10
20
30
40
`50
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
Model
10
10
12
13
13
13
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
Model
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
0
12
13
12
0
0
Percent
100
83
91
71
100
100
Percent
0
17
9
29
0
0
Weight
Model
Weight
98
60
91
59
73
97
100
78
88
61
75
76
Percent
67
100
77
55
98
71
Weight
5
10
12
12
10
13
0
10
8
12
10
13
12
10
13
13
8
Model
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
2
40
9
41
27
3
0
22
12
39
25
24
Percent
33
0
23
45
2
29
Weight
Weight
Model
Weight
8
10
10
12
12
13
8
8
10
12
12
13
8
10
12
12
13
13
Model
Region 5 — Sierra National Forest 1
Model
Fuel models
8
10
10
12
12
12
Percent
55
98
62
89
56
86
Weight
100
67
70
87
74
56
100
66
69
97
62
64
5
12
12
10
10
13
Percent
7
1
45
39
6
26
Model
Weight
Model
0
8
12
10
13
12
0
10
12
10
13
12
10
12
10
13
12
12
Model
0
33
30
13
26
44
0
34
31
3
38
36
Percent
45
2
38
11
44
14
Weight
Model
Fuel models
Weight
Model
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Percent
93
99
55
61
94
74
Weight
Fuel models
Fuel models
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Model
Weight
Prescribed fire only
No action
Table 18d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection
Weight
Weight
K
214
10
8
10
12
13
13
8
10
10
12
12
13
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
100
73
67
88
72
54
83
72
°F
Miles/hour
17
11
Temperature
Windspeed
10
3 = Moist
70
moisture values from Reinhardt and Crookston (2003).
*Moisture categories correspond to variant-specific percentage
Windspeed (mph)
Moisture category*
Temperature (°F)
Table 18f—Prescribed fire weather conditions
used in models
Severe—98th percentile
Moderate—75th percentile
Fire weather conditions
Table 18e—FVS fuel model selection
0
8
12
10
13
12
0
10
12
13
12
12
0
12
10
13
12
0
Percent
100
95
78
70
79
100
100
60
53
89
56
96
Model
Weight
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
10
10
12
12
13
13
Model
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Model
Fuel moisture
Weight
100-hr (1–3 in)
Model
10-hr (0.25–1 in)
Weight
94
97
51
69
94
61
100
58
51
76
63
100
Percent
100
94
80
55
78
100
Weight
1,000-hr (3+ in)
8
10
10
12
12
12
10
8
10
12
13
13
10
10
12
12
13
13
Model
Duff
5
12
12
10
13
13
0
10
12
13
12
0
0
12
10
13
12
0
Model
Live
6
3
49
31
6
39
0
42
49
24
37
0
Percent
0
6
20
45
22
0
Weight
2
5
5
7
10
15
15
17
50
125
100
150
Model
Fuel models
Weight
Model
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Percent - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1-hr (0–0.25 in)
0
27
33
12
28
46
0
40
47
11
44
4
Percent
0
5
22
30
21
0
Weight
Fuel models
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Table 18d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection (continued)
Region 5 — Sierra National Forest 1
Weight
L
215
Stand attributes: Stem density = 1,817 tpa, basal area = 289 ft 2 /ac,
top height = 112 ft, stand density index = 676, quadratic mean diameter
= 5.4 in, crown competition factor = 136, canopy cover = 69 percent.
Region 5 — Sierra National Forest 2
Species (based on trees per acre): Hardwoods = 77 percent, sugar pine
(Pinus lambertiana) = 13 percent, white fir (Abies concolor) = 4 percent,
ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) = 4 percent.
Site: Elevation = 4,500 ft, slope = 40 percent, aspect = 360°.
Initial stand conditions
A
216
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 5 — Sierra National Forest 2
B
217
severe fire weather, respectively.
years flame lengths are 9 ft and 12 ft for moderate and
contributing to higher potential flame lengths; in 50
ate fire weather. Surface fuels continue to accumulate
fire weather, and surface fire is predicted for moder-
lengths, so passive crown fire remains likely for severe
again, but surface fuels also increase potential flame
fire weather. In 20 years, canopy base height increases
passive crown fire is predicted for moderate and severe
10 years as smaller trees grow into the overstory, and
height decreases and canopy bulk density increases in
15 percent for severe fire. With no action, canopy base
lengths are 3 ft, and potential basal area mortality is
litter and duff loading is 16 tons/ac. Potential flame
fire weather. Woody fuel loading is 18 tons/ac, and
sufficient to enable crown fire under moderate or severe
height is 6 ft, so ladder fuels and canopy fuels are not
density is 0.05 kg/m3 (0.0031 lb/ft3 ), and canopy base
ponderosa pine and sugar pine overstory. Canopy bulk
primarily of white fir and hardwood understory with
This stand has 1,817 trees per acre (tpa) composed
Initial conditions/no-action trajectory
potential increases slightly over time as surface fuels
accumulate, but predicted fire type remains surface fire
for 50 years, and potential flame lengths remain low.
Surface fuels accumulate rapidly in the low-density
treatments with no surface fuel treatment, and flame
lengths exceed 10 ft in 20 years, but canopy base
height also increases as the trees grow and the stand
self-thins. Canopy base height remains high relative to
flame lengths in the 50 tpa treatment with a pile and
burn, and in the 100 tpa treatment with no surface
fuel treatment and pile and burn, so predicted fire type
is surface fire for 50 years. In the 50 tpa treatment
without surface fuel treatment the combination of
regeneration and high activity fuels creates conditions
conducive to passive crown fire in 20 years. Regeneration causes a decrease in canopy base height in the 50
tpa and 100 tpa treatments with prescribed fire in 20
years, and passive crown fire is the predicted fire type
potential, flame lengths, and basal area mortality, but
creates many snags that contribute to higher surface
fuel loadings and potential flame lengths in 10 years. In
the short term, all thinning treatments increase canopy
base height and reduce crown fire potential and basal
area mortality; the greater the thinning, the greater is
the reduction in crown fire potential and basal area
mortality. However, if no surface fuel treatment is
applied, activity fuels increase potential flame lengths
in all treatments. Both the pile and burn and prescribed fire treatments reduce surface fuel loading in
all size classes, decreasing potential flame lengths and
basal area mortality to below initial conditions. Canopy
bulk density is low enough under initial conditions
that none of the treatments are sufficient to reduce
canopy bulk density, but active crown fire is unlikely,
so reductions in canopy bulk density are not necessary
in this stand.
Region 5 — Sierra National Forest 2
In the prescribed fire only treatment, crown fire
The prescribed fire only treatment reduces crown fire
fire for the 50-year projection.
increase, and the predicted fire type remains surface
density treatments, canopy base height continues to
for severe and moderate fire weather. In the higher
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
long-term effects
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
immediate effects
C
218
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
3
7
8
0
1
15
2
3
50
43
Surface
Surface
15
15
Initial
condition
1
1
4
0
1
10
1
1
994
46
Surface
Surface
9
9
Prescribed
fire only
5
7
7
0
1
14
3
4
144
43
Surface
Surface
10
11
1
2
2
0
1
13
1
1
697
43
Surface
Surface
10
10
0
2
4
0
1
10
1
1
1,046
46
Surface
Surface
8
8
1
2
2
0
1
12
1
1
1,060
43
Surface
Surface
8
8
0
2
4
0
1
9
1
1
1,015
46
Surface
Surface
7
7
Thin from
below to 100 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
5
7
7
0
1
13
3
5
205
43
Surface
Surface
8
8
Thin from
below to 50 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 19a—Projected treatment effects on fuels and fire first cycle after treatments implemented
Region 5 — Sierra National Forest 2
0
2
4
0
1
10
1
1
972
46
Surface
Surface
9
9
1
2
2
0
1
13
1
1
522
43
Surface
Surface
12
12
4
7
8
0
1
15
3
4
128
43
Surface
Surface
12
13
Thin from
below to 200 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
0
2
5
0
1
10
1
1
983
46
Surface
Surface
9
9
1
2
2
0
1
13
1
1
315
43
Surface
Surface
13
13
4
7
8
0
1
15
3
4
75
43
Surface
Surface
13
14
Thin from
below to 300 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
D
219
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
Fuel/fire attribute
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
5
7
7
0
1
13
3
5
205
43
Surface
Surface
40
26
7
1 yr
3
7
8
0
1
15
2
3
50
43
Surface
Surface
246
29
8
1 yr
15
8
9
10
1
15
6
8
1
27
Surface
Passive
403
31
11
20 yrs
20
8
10
16
2
15
7
10
1
25
Surface
Passive
289
28
12
30 yrs
23
10
11
22
2
14
8
11
6
25
Surface
Passive
259
27
13
40 yrs
8
6
6
7
1
13
4
6
0
38
Passive
Passive
24
19
6
20 yrs
9
5
5
8
1
13
4
6
15
40
Surface
Passive
17
14
6
30 yrs
10
5
5
9
1
12
4
6
47
42
Surface
Surface
14
12
6
40 yrs
11
4
4
10
1
12
5
7
69
45
Surface
Surface
15
12
6
50 yrs
25
12
12
28
2
15
9
12
15
26
Surface
Passive
213
25
14
50 yrs
Region 5 — Sierra National Forest 2
7
7
7
3
1
13
3
5
170
40
Surface
Surface
34
23
7
10 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
7
7
8
3
1
15
3
5
0
34
Passive
Passive
472
32
9
10 yrs
No action
Table 19b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection
5
7
7
0
1
14
3
4
144
43
Surface
Surface
41
26
7
1 yr
1
1
4
0
1
10
1
1
994
46
Surface
Surface
475
32
9
1 yr
7
3
6
10
1
10
4
5
146
39
Surface
Surface
27
21
7
20 yrs
8
3
5
12
1
10
4
6
74
41
Surface
Surface
26
17
7
30 yrs
11
3
5
13
1
10
5
7
75
41
Surface
Surface
27
15
7
40 yrs
6
7
7
3
1
14
3
5
122
38
Surface
Surface
35
23
7
10 yrs
8
6
7
6
1
14
4
6
98
36
Surface
Surface
25
18
6
20 yrs
9
6
6
8
1
13
4
6
106
39
Surface
Surface
26
16
6
30 yrs
12
5
6
10
1
13
5
7
112
40
Surface
Surface
34
16
7
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
6
3
5
4
1
10
3
4
270
42
Surface
Surface
42
29
8
10 yrs
Prescribed fire only
15
5
7
14
1
13
6
9
117
44
Surface
Surface
41
19
8
50 yrs
13
3
5
16
1
10
6
8
82
42
Surface
Surface
28
13
7
50 yrs
E
220
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0
2
4
0
1
9
1
1
1,015
46
Surface
Surface
49
32
9
1
2
2
0
1
12
1
1
1,060
43
Surface
Surface
40
26
7
1 yr
4
3
5
4
1
9
2
3
432
42
Surface
Surface
41
28
8
4
2
3
3
1
12
2
2
734
38
Surface
Surface
34
23
7
10 yrs
6
2
5
10
1
9
3
5
0
40
Passive
Passive
28
22
7
6
2
3
6
1
11
3
4
25
36
Surface
Surface
24
19
6
20 yrs
8
2
5
12
1
9
4
6
39
42
Surface
Surface
28
17
7
8
2
3
8
1
11
3
5
244
37
Surface
Surface
18
14
6
30 yrs
10
3
4
13
1
9
5
7
66
44
Surface
Surface
26
14
7
10
2
2
9
1
11
4
6
206
39
Surface
Surface
19
12
6
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 19b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
11
3
4
15
1
9
5
7
71
45
Surface
Surface
22
12
6
12
3
3
11
1
11
5
7
187
41
Surface
Surface
18
12
6
50 yrs
Region 5 — Sierra National Forest 2
0
2
4
0
1
13
1
1
1,046
46
Surface
Surface
58
32
9
1
2
2
0
1
13
1
1
697
43
Surface
Surface
41
26
7
1 yr
4
3
6
4
1
10
3
4
325
41
Surface
Surface
41
28
8
4
2
3
3
1
12
2
3
499
37
Surface
Surface
35
23
7
10 yrs
6
3
6
10
1
9
4
5
0
39
Passive
Passive
28
22
8
6
2
3
6
1
12
3
5
120
35
Surface
Surface
28
19
6
20 yrs
8
3
5
11
1
9
4
6
17
40
Surface
Surface
19
15
7
9
3
3
8
1
12
3
5
25
37
Surface
Surface
28
16
6
30 yrs
10
3
5
13
1
9
5
7
42
40
Surface
Surface
21
13
6
12
3
4
11
1
12
5
7
124
39
Surface
Surface
34
16
7
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
11
3
4
14
1
9
5
7
50
40
Surface
Surface
20
12
6
15
3
5
14
1
12
6
8
121
41
Surface
Surface
37
19
10
50 yrs
F
221
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
4
2
3
3
1
13
2
3
423
38
Surface
Surface
46
24
7
6
6
7
3
1
14
3
5
113
38
Surface
Surface
46
24
7
10 yrs
7
3
3
7
1
13
3
5
115
36
Surface
Surface
41
21
7
9
6
7
7
1
14
4
6
82
36
Surface
Surface
41
21
7
20 yrs
10
3
4
9
1
13
4
6
107
38
Surface
Surface
37
17
7
11
6
7
9
1
14
5
7
86
38
Surface
Surface
37
17
7
30 yrs
14
4
5
13
1
12
6
8
83
37
Surface
Surface
55
19
9
14
6
7
13
1
14
6
8
78
37
Surface
Surface
54
19
9
40 yrs
19
6
7
18
1
12
7
10
73
39
Surface
Surface
51
21
11
19
8
9
18
1
14
7
10
57
37
Surface
Surface
53
17
9
50 yrs
Region 5 — Sierra National Forest 2
1
2
2
0
1
13
1
1
522
43
Surface
Surface
44
26
7
4
7
8
0
1
15
3
4
128
43
Surface
Surface
44
26
7
1 yr
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 19b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
1
2
2
0
1
13
1
1
315
43
Surface
Surface
49
26
7
4
7
8
0
1
15
3
4
75
43
Surface
Surface
49
26
7
1 yr
4
2
3
3
1
13
2
3
256
39
Surface
Surface
55
25
7
6
7
8
3
1
15
3
5
66
39
Surface
Surface
55
25
7
10 yrs
8
3
4
7
1
13
3
5
69
37
Surface
Surface
53
22
7
9
6
8
7
1
15
5
6
43
37
Surface
Surface
53
22
7
20 yrs
11
3
4
10
1
13
5
6
64
41
Surface
Surface
69
20
8
12
6
7
10
1
14
5
7
51
41
Surface
Surface
68
20
8
30 yrs
17
5
6
14
1
13
6
9
50
41
Surface
Surface
77
24
10
17
7
9
14
1
14
7
9
45
40
Surface
Surface
71
22
10
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
22
6
9
21
1
13
8
11
47
43
Surface
Surface
69
23
11
20
7
11
20
1
14
8
11
40
40
Surface
Surface
68
24
12
50 yrs
G
222
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0
2
4
0
1
10
1
1
972
46
Surface
Surface
76
32
9
1 yr
5
3
6
4
1
10
3
4
275
42
Surface
Surface
41
28
8
10 yrs
7
3
6
10
1
10
4
6
145
39
Surface
Surface
27
21
7
20 yrs
Canopy bulk density
0.05
6
Canopy base height (ft)
(kg/m 3)
69
136
Crown competition factor
676
Stand density index
Canopy closure (percent)
289
11,325
Basal area (ft 2)
Merchantable volume (ft 3)
5.4
12,433
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
Total volume (ft 3)
1,817
Trees per acre
None
1 yr
Stand attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0.06
3
218
79
690
322
12,047
13,449
6.7
1,306
10 yrs
0.08
10
193
80
692
349
12,729
14,479
8.2
948
20 yrs
0.09
15
170
79
682
370
13,468
15,479
9.9
694
30 yrs
No action
8
3
5
11
1
10
4
6
17
40
Surface
Surface
22
15
7
30 yrs
0.09
20
140
75
627
369
14,311
16,141
12.1
461
40 yrs
10
3
5
12
1
10
5
7
51
41
Surface
Surface
23
14
7
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 19c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
treatment
Table 19b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
0.09
26
119
71
578
367
15,437
16,941
14.7
312
50 yrs
12
3
5
14
1
10
5
7
68
41
Surface
Surface
25
14
7
50 yrs
Region 5 — Sierra National Forest 2
0.04
40
66
52
377
260
11,386
12,295
5.4
144
1 yr
0
2
5
0
1
10
1
1
983
46
Surface
Surface
97
32
9
1 yr
0.05
44
70
55
394
276
12,275
13,297
18.8
143
10 yrs
5
4
6
4
1
10
3
4
263
41
Surface
Surface
41
28
8
10 yrs
8
3
5
11
1
10
4
6
19
41
Surface
Surface
27
16
7
30 yrs
0.05
45
77
59
432
310
14,265
15,474
20.0
142
20 yrs
0.05
28
81
61
456
337
16,081
17,365
21.6
132
30 yrs
Prescribed fire only
7
3
6
10
1
10
4
6
141
39
Surface
Surface
28
21
7
20 yrs
0.05
32
85
63
477
364
17,979
19,276
23.3
122
40 yrs
11
3
5
13
1
10
5
7
53
41
Surface
Surface
26
14
7
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.05
38
87
65
490
387
19,720
21,105
25.5
109
50 yrs
13
4
5
15
1
10
6
8
64
42
Surface
Surface
34
16
8
50 yrs
H
223
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
289
(ft 2)
136
6
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
289
(ft 2)
136
6
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
0.05
6
Canopy base height (ft)
(kg/m3)
69
136
Crown competition factor
676
Stand density index
Canopy cover (percent)
289
11,325
Basal area (ft 2)
Merchantable volume (ft3)
5.4
12,433
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
Total volume (ft3)
1,817
Trees per acre
0.05
69
Canopy cover (percent)
Canopy bulk density (kg/m³)
676
Stand density index
Basal area
11,325
Merchantable volume (ft3)
5.4
12,433
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
Total volume (ft3)
1,817
Trees per acre
0.05
69
Canopy cover (percent)
Canopy bulk density (kg/m3)
676
Stand density index
Basal area
11,325
Merchantable volume (ft3)
5.4
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
12,433
Trees per acre
None
Total volume (ft3)
1,817
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.04
44
54
48
302
256
11,354
12,143
30.7
50
0.05
44
54
48
302
256
12,098
12,951
30.7
50
0.05
44
54
48
302
256
12,098
12,951
30.7
50
1 yr
0.05
4
74
57
432
289
13,943
14,924
16.7
190
0.06
6
70
57
418
307
14,849
15,881
21.3
124
0.05
4
66
55
397
306
14,848
15,870
24.0
98
20 yrs
0.05
16
77
60
451
309
15,439
16,552
17.8
180
0.06
56
75
60
444
334
16,788
17,953
22.5
121
0.05
10
70
58
423
332
16,801
17,932
25.2
96
30 yrs
0.04
28
80
62
467
327
16,833
18,099
18.8
170
0.05
63
77
62
458
352
18,335
19,602
23.8
114
0.05
21
74
60
441
352
18,458
19,697
26.2
94
40 yrs
0.04
36
84
64
488
350
18,397
19,849
20.0
161
0.05
67
80
63
470
368
19,749
21,133
25.0
108
0.04
30
76
62
453
368
19,910
21,222
27.5
89
50 yrs
Region 5 — Sierra National Forest 2
0.05
49
53
49
399
260
12,259
13,092
15.7
193
0.05
48
58
52
391
282
13,054
13,971
20.3
125
0.05
48
58
52
373
282
13,054
13,971
22.8
99
10 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 19c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.04
44
64
53
361
270
11,466
12,293
22.3
100
0.05
27
112
53
64
361
12,330
13,284
5.0
1,644
0.05
27
64
53
361
270
12,330
13,284
22.3
100
1 yr
0.05
47
58
51
382
269
12,398
13,296
19.0
136
0.05
33
70
57
421
302
13,356
14,407
20.1
137
0.05
33
70
57
412
302
13,356
14,407
21.2
124
10 yrs
0.05
4
68
56
410
295
14,198
15,187
20.1
133
0.06
34
78
60
449
331
15,341
16,492
21.5
132
0.06
34
78
61
445
335
15,517
16,682
22.5
121
20 yrs
0.05
10
73
59
440
323
16,106
17,238
21.3
131
0.05
10
81
62
468
355
17,161
18,421
23.1
122
0.05
40
80
62
461
357
17,253
18,510
24.1
112
30 yrs
0.05
20
76
61
457
344
17,724
18,969
22.6
124
0.05
47
81
63
472
369
18,635
19,935
24.9
109
0.05
47
80
63
462
369
18,591
19,887
26.2
99
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.05
29
79
63
472
363
19,334
20,637
23.9
117
0.05
54
79
62
459
368
19,296
20,611
26.6
95
0.04
54
77
62
448
369
19,549
20,831
28.4
84
50 yrs
I
224
6
Canopy base height (ft)
289
(ft 2 )
6
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
0.05
6
Canopy base height (ft)
(kg/m3 )
69
136
Canopy cover (percent)
0.04
40
78
57
280
426
Crown competition factor
Stand density index
11,461
12,345
16.0
200
0.05
19
78
57
426
280
12,284
13,403
16.0
200
0.05
19
78
57
426
280
12,284
13,403
16.0
200
1 yr
676
289
(ft 2 )
Basal area
11,325
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
5.4
12,433
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
Total volume (ft3 )
1,817
Trees per acre
0.05
136
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
69
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
676
Stand density index
Basal area
11,325
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
5.4
12,433
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
Total volume (ft3 )
1,817
Trees per acre
0.05
136
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
69
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3 )
676
Stand density index
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
289
(ft 2 )
Basal area
11,325
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
5.4
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
12,433
Trees per acre
None
Total volume (ft3 )
1,817
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.05
46
63
53
387
274
12,378
13,362
19.4
133
0.05
28
83
60
467
312
13,156
14,425
16.7
206
0.05
28
83
60
465
312
13,156
14,425
16.9
201
10 yrs
0.05
46
72
57
420
305
14,354
15,472
20.6
131
0.06
31
89
63
496
343
15,159
16,504
18.2
189
0.06
31
89
63
494
343
15,168
16,514
18.4
186
20 yrs
0.05
10
76
60
447
333
16,341
17,524
22.0
126
0.05
36
92
65
517
369
17,049
18,506
19.8
173
0.05
36
92
65
515
369
17,066
18,522
20.0
170
30 yrs
0.05
23
79
62
463
353
17,956
19,233
23.4
118
0.06
38
87
64
494
369
17,820
19,144
22.2
137
0.06
39
87
64
492
369
17,836
19,163
22.4
135
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 19c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.05
32
80
63
472
369
19,359
20,698
24.9
110
0.05
45
84
63
477
368
18,379
19,707
24.2
116
0.06
44
85
63
481
379
18,973
20,311
25.5
107
50 yrs
Region 5 — Sierra National Forest 2
0.04
40
91
60
467
284
11,451
12,352
13.2
300
0.05
11
91
60
467
284
12,260
13,443
13.2
300
0.05
11
91
60
467
284
12,260
13,443
13.2
300
1 yr
0.05
46
66
54
400
276
12,384
13,393
18.2
154
0.05
17
97
64
509
317
13,014
14,361
14.0
298
0.05
17
97
64
507
317
13,014
14,361
14.1
291
10 yrs
0.05
45
75
58
436
309
14,337
15,510
19.3
151
0.06
19
103
66
540
350
14,826
16,357
15.4
270
0.06
19
102
66
537
349
14,815
16,343
15.6
263
20 yrs
0.05
11
79
61
458
334
16,121
17,348
20.8
141
0.05
25
102
67
545
369
16,437
17,926
17.3
226
0.05
25
101
67
541
369
16,464
17,952
17.5
220
30 yrs
0.05
25
82
63
477
358
17,906
19,204
22.4
131
0.05
29
96
66
521
369
17,332
18,744
19.3
181
0.05
30
94
66
520
369
17,284
18,696
19.4
179
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.05
32
82
64
478
369
19,135
20,460
24.1
116
0.05
39
90
65
501
369
18,286
19,660
21.3
148
0.05
39
88
64
496
369
17,880
19,217
21.9
141
50 yrs
J
225
10
10
10
10
10
10
8
8
10
10
10
10
8
8
10
10
10
10
1
10
20
30
40
`50
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
Model
8
10
12
12
13
13
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
Model
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
10
12
10
13
12
0
Percent
60
99
79
68
78
100
Percent
40
1
21
32
22
0
Weight
Model
Weight
100
69
90
90
73
57
0
10
8
12
12
12
0
10
8
8
12
12
8
8
12
12
12
12
Percent
65
90
89
82
78
68
100
87
57
86
91
71
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
0
31
10
10
27
43
0
13
43
14
9
29
Percent
35
10
11
18
22
32
Weight
Weight
Model
Weight
8
8
10
10
10
10
8
8
10
10
10
12
10
10
10
10
10
12
Model
Region 5 — Sierra National Forest 2
Model
Fuel models
8
10
10
10
10
12
Percent
59
90
89
77
56
81
Weight
100
56
99
86
73
56
100
85
100
99
72
68
0
8
12
12
12
10
Percent
0
46
4
15
35
37
Model
Weight
Model
0
10
12
12
12
12
0
10
0
12
12
10
8
8
12
12
12
10
Model
0
44
1
14
27
44
0
15
0
1
28
32
Percent
41
10
11
23
44
19
Weight
Model
Fuel models
Weight
Model
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Percent
100
54
96
85
65
63
Weight
Fuel models
Fuel models
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Model
Weight
Prescribed fire only
No action
Table 19d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection
Weight
Weight
K
226
8
8
10
10
12
12
8
10
10
10
10
10
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
100
54
96
87
71
52
83
72
°F
Miles/hour
17
11
Temperature
Windspeed
10
3 = Moist
70
moisture values from Reinhardt and Crookston (2003).
*Moisture categories correspond to variant-specific percentage
Windspeed (mph)
Moisture category*
Temperature (°F)
Table 19f—Prescribed fire weather conditions
used in models
Severe—98th percentile
Moderate—75th percentile
Fire weather conditions
Table 19e—FVS fuel model selection
0
8
12
12
12
12
0
10
0
12
10
13
10
8
12
12
10
13
Percent
52
87
80
58
75
68
100
83
100
83
55
82
Model
Weight
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
8
10
10
10
12
12
Model
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Model
Fuel moisture
Weight
100-hr (1–3 in)
Model
10-hr (0.25–1 in)
Weight
100
58
94
83
63
60
100
81
100
73
84
52
Percent
53
89
73
53
98
54
Weight
1,000-hr (3+ in)
8
10
10
10
10
12
8
8
10
10
12
13
8
10
10
12
12
12
Model
Duff
0
8
12
12
12
10
0
10
0
12
10
12
10
8
12
10
13
13
Model
Live
0
42
6
17
37
40
0
19
0
27
16
48
Percent
47
11
27
47
2
46
Weight
2
5
5
7
10
15
15
17
50
125
100
150
Model
Fuel models
Weight
Model
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Percent - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1-hr (0–0.25 in)
0
46
4
13
29
48
0
17
0
17
45
18
Percent
48
13
20
42
25
32
Weight
Fuel models
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Table 19d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection (continued)
Region 5 — Sierra National Forest 2
Weight
L
227
Stand attributes: Stem density = 1,991 tpa, basal area = 272 ft2/ac, top
height = 112 ft, stand density index = 655, quadratic mean diameter =
5.0 in, crown competition factor = 103, canopy cover = 63 percent.
Region 5 — Sierra National Forest 3
Site: Elevation = 4,600 ft, slope = 20 percent, aspect = 135°.
Species (based on trees per acre): Hardwoods = 58 percent, white
fir (Abies concolor) = 37 percent, sugar pine (Pinus lambertiana) = 3
percent, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) = 2 percent.
Initial stand conditions
A
228
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 5 — Sierra National Forest 3
B
229
respectively.
are 7 ft and 10 ft for moderate and severe fire weather,
lengths increase over time; in 50 years, flame lengths
projection. Surface fuels accumulate rapidly and flame
fire weather in 20 years and remains so for the 50-year
dicted fire type changes to passive crown fire for severe
increases and canopy bulk density decreases, so pre-
trees grow and the stand self-thins, canopy base height
active crown fire is predicted for severe fire weather. As
years as smaller trees grow into the overstory, and
decreases and canopy bulk density increases in 10
for severe fire. With no action, canopy base height
ft, and potential basal area mortality is 87 percent
loading is 22 tons/ac. Potential flame lengths are 4
Woody fuel loading is 18 tons/ac, and litter and duff
is unlikely under moderate and severe fire weather.
enable passive crown fire, but active crown fire spread
base height is 6 ft, so ladder fuels are sufficient to
bulk density is 0.13 kg/m 3 (0.0081 lb/ft3 ), and canopy
ponderosa pine and sugar pine overstory. Canopy
primarily of white fir and hardwood understory with
This stand has 1,991 trees per acre (tpa) composed
Initial conditions/no-action trajectory
In the prescribed fire only treatment, potential flame
lengths increase over time as surface fuels accumulate,
but canopy base height also increases, so predicted fire
type remains surface fire for 50 years. Regeneration
is sufficient to cause a decrease in canopy base height
in 20 years in the 50 tpa treatment without surface
fuel treatment and with prescribed fire, and in the
100 tpa treatment with prescribed fire. At this time,
the predicted fire type becomes passive crown fire,
but canopy base height increases again in 30 years
and the fire type reverts to surface fire. Surface fuels
and potential flame lengths increase over time in the
200 and 300 tpa treatment, but canopy base height
also increases as trees grow and the stand self-thins,
so crown fire potential remains low for the 50-year
projection. Canopy bulk density remains low enough
that active crown fire is unlikely in all treatments for
the 50-year projection.
The prescribed fire only treatment raises canopy base
height and reduces crown fire potential, but it creates many snags that contribute to higher surface fuel
loadings and potential flame lengths in 10 years. In the
short term, all thinning treatments increase canopy
base height, reducing crown fire potential. The greater
the thinning, the more canopy base height increases,
but there is little difference between the 200 and 300
tpa treatments. Only the lower density treatments
reduce canopy bulk density. However, they increase
surface fuels causing higher potential flame lengths;
higher density treatments have little effect on surface
fuels and flame lengths. The pile and burn and prescribed fire treatments reduce surface fuels, potential
flame lengths, and basal area mortality. Mortality of
smaller overstory trees in the prescribed fire treatment
also further increases canopy base height. In the 50
tpa treatment, potential flame lengths remain high for
Region 5 — Sierra National Forest 3
interpreted with caution.
does not track brush fuels directly, so results should be
open stands with low woody fuels. The FFE model
that brush fuels would drive fire behavior in these
because the predominant fuel model is 5, suggesting
severe fire weather despite reduction of activity fuels
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
long-term effects
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
immediate effects
C
230
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
4
7
7
0
1
21
3
4
15
20
Surface
Passive
19
87
Initial
condition
1
1
3
0
1
15
1
1
444
26
Surface
Surface
14
14
Prescribed
fire only
6
7
6
0
1
19
3
4
82
27
Surface
Surface
12
13
2
2
2
0
1
17
1
1
468
27
Surface
Surface
12
12
0
2
4
0
1
13
1
1
456
32
Surface
Surface
11
11
2
2
2
0
1
15
1
5
208
33
Surface
Surface
8
9
0
2
3
0
1
12
1
5
166
36
Surface
Surface
8
9
Thin from
below to 100 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
9
6
5
0
1
17
3
5
121
33
Surface
Surface
8
10
Thin from
below to 50 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 20a—Projected treatment effects on fuels and fire first cycle after treatments implemented
Region 5 — Sierra National Forest 3
0
2
4
0
1
14
1
1
439
26
Surface
Surface
13
13
1
2
2
0
1
18
3
5
53
20
Surface
Surface
17
19
4
7
7
0
1
20
3
5
53
20
Surface
Surface
18
21
Thin from
below to 200 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
0
2
4
0
1
15
1
1
444
26
Surface
Surface
14
14
1
2
2
0
1
19
3
4
18
20
Surface
Surface
19
20
4
7
7
0
1
21
3
4
18
20
Surface
Surface
19
22
Thin from
below to 300 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
D
231
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
Fuel/fire attribute
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
9
6
5
0
1
17
3
5
121
33
Surface
Surface
70
17
5
1 yr
4
7
7
0
1
21
3
4
15
20
Surface
Passive
354
18
5
1 yr
23
7
12
9
2
20
6
8
4
18
Surface
Passive
482
19
5
20 yrs
28
8
15
14
2
20
7
9
6
20
Surface
Passive
305
18
5
30 yrs
30
9
18
19
2
20
7
10
13
23
Surface
Passive
279
20
6
40 yrs
9
5
7
6
1
16
4
6
2
38
Passive
Passive
21
11
4
20 yrs
10
4
6
7
1
16
4
6
19
39
Surface
Surface
11
8
4
30 yrs
10
4
5
8
1
15
4
6
49
37
Surface
Surface
9
6
3
40 yrs
11
3
5
8
1
15
4
6
73
37
Surface
Surface
9
6
3
50 yrs
33
11
20
27
2
20
7
10
23
20
Surface
Surface
185
25
7
50 yrs
Region 5 — Sierra National Forest 3
9
5
6
3
1
16
3
6
127
36
Surface
Surface
53
15
4
10 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
11
7
9
3
2
21
3
5
0
14
Passive
Active
637
19
5
10 yrs
No action
Table 20b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection
6
7
6
0
1
19
3
4
82
27
Surface
Surface
71
17
5
1 yr
1
1
3
0
1
15
1
1
444
26
Surface
Surface
566
21
5
1 yr
11
3
10
9
1
14
4
6
121
29
Surface
Surface
29
13
4
20 yrs
13
3
9
11
1
14
5
7
101
29
Surface
Surface
30
11
4
30 yrs
15
3
9
13
1
14
5
8
118
29
Surface
Surface
42
14
4
40 yrs
9
6
7
3
1
18
3
5
118
27
Surface
Surface
54
15
4
10 yrs
11
5
7
6
1
18
4
6
144
30
Surface
Surface
23
11
4
20 yrs
13
5
7
8
1
18
4
6
148
29
Surface
Surface
21
9
4
30 yrs
15
4
7
9
1
18
5
7
185
29
Surface
Surface
28
11
4
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
8
3
9
4
1
14
3
5
134
27
Surface
Surface
62
18
5
10 yrs
Prescribed fire only
18
4
8
14
1
17
6
8
178
30
Surface
Surface
43
19
4
50 yrs
19
4
11
18
1
14
6
9
101
31
Surface
Surface
53
22
5
50 yrs
E
232
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0
2
3
0
1
12
1
5
166
36
Surface
Surface
72
21
5
2
2
2
0
1
15
1
5
208
33
Surface
Surface
70
17
5
1 yr
4
2
5
4
1
11
2
5
189
38
Surface
Surface
53
19
5
5
2
3
3
1
15
2
4
250
34
Surface
Surface
53
15
4
10 yrs
6
2
6
9
1
11
3
5
11
39
Surface
Passive
25
13
4
6
2
4
6
1
14
2
4
20
36
Surface
Surface
20
11
4
20 yrs
8
2
5
10
1
11
3
5
44
38
Surface
Surface
12
8
4
8
2
4
7
1
14
3
4
281
36
Surface
Surface
9
6
3
30 yrs
9
2
5
10
1
11
3
5
77
38
Surface
Surface
12
7
3
9
2
3
7
1
14
3
5
109
35
Surface
Surface
8
6
3
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 20b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
11
2
4
10
1
11
4
6
85
37
Surface
Surface
19
7
3
10
2
3
7
1
14
3
5
116
34
Surface
Surface
11
6
3
50 yrs
Region 5 — Sierra National Forest 3
0
2
4
0
1
17
1
1
456
32
Surface
Surface
86
21
5
2
2
2
0
1
17
1
1
468
27
Surface
Surface
71
17
5
1 yr
5
3
7
4
1
13
2
4
219
31
Surface
Surface
62
19
5
5
2
3
3
1
17
2
3
389
27
Surface
Surface
54
15
4
10 yrs
8
3
8
9
1
13
4
6
2
32
Passive
Passive
28
13
4
9
2
4
6
1
16
3
4
233
29
Surface
Surface
21
10
4
20 yrs
10
2
7
11
1
13
4
6
16
32
Surface
Surface
17
9
4
12
2
4
7
1
16
4
5
26
29
Surface
Surface
23
9
4
30 yrs
12
2
7
12
1
12
4
7
36
32
Surface
Surface
22
9
4
14
2
5
9
1
16
4
6
194
29
Surface
Surface
29
11
4
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
14
2
7
13
1
12
5
7
46
32
Surface
Surface
22
10
3
17
3
6
13
1
16
5
8
185
32
Surface
Surface
42
21
5
50 yrs
F
233
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
7
2
4
3
1
18
3
4
91
22
Surface
Surface
70
15
4
9
6
8
3
1
20
3
5
75
22
Surface
Surface
70
15
4
10 yrs
13
3
6
7
1
18
4
6
87
24
Surface
Surface
53
13
4
14
6
9
7
1
20
5
7
71
24
Surface
Surface
52
13
4
20 yrs
17
3
8
10
2
17
5
7
85
26
Surface
Surface
80
13
4
18
6
11
10
2
19
6
8
79
26
Surface
Surface
72
14
4
30 yrs
21
4
12
15
1
17
6
9
113
26
Surface
Surface
86
14
5
21
7
14
15
1
19
7
10
102
26
Surface
Surface
85
14
5
40 yrs
22
5
16
23
1
17
7
10
93
29
Surface
Surface
61
23
5
22
7
18
23
1
19
7
10
89
28
Surface
Surface
62
22
5
50 yrs
Region 5 — Sierra National Forest 3
1
2
2
0
1
18
3
5
53
20
Surface
Surface
75
16
5
4
7
7
0
1
20
3
5
53
20
Surface
Surface
75
16
5
1 yr
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 20b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
1
2
2
0
1
19
3
4
18
20
Surface
Surface
84
17
5
4
7
7
0
1
21
3
4
18
20
Surface
Surface
84
17
5
1 yr
7
2
4
3
2
18
3
4
69
22
Surface
Surface
81
16
4
9
6
8
3
1
20
3
5
57
22
Surface
Surface
81
16
4
10 yrs
13
3
6
7
2
18
4
6
64
23
Surface
Surface
63
13
4
14
6
9
7
2
20
5
7
51
23
Surface
Surface
62
13
4
20 yrs
18
4
8
10
2
18
5
8
53
28
Surface
Surface
96
19
5
19
6
11
10
2
20
6
8
45
28
Surface
Surface
95
18
5
30 yrs
23
5
13
17
1
18
7
10
42
29
Surface
Surface
104
19
5
24
8
16
17
1
20
7
10
39
28
Surface
Surface
103
19
5
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
25
6
19
25
1
18
8
11
57
30
Surface
Surface
98
20
5
25
8
21
25
1
20
8
11
41
29
Surface
Surface
90
21
6
50 yrs
G
234
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0
2
4
0
1
14
1
1
439
26
Surface
Surface
101
21
5
1 yr
7
4
9
4
1
14
3
5
136
26
Surface
Surface
62
19
5
10 yrs
10
4
10
9
1
14
4
6
122
29
Surface
Surface
34
14
4
20 yrs
Canopy bulk density
0.13
6
Canopy base height (ft)
(kg/m 3)
63
103
655
Stand density index
Crown competition factor
272
Basal area (ft 2)
Canopy closure (percent)
9,483
Merchantable volume (ft 3)
5.0
10,448
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
Total volume (ft 3)
1,991
Trees per acre
None
1 yr
Stand attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0.22
3
204
78
675
313
11,605
12,846
6.6
1,312
10 yrs
0.16
10
174
78
668
337
13,472
14,967
8.2
914
20 yrs
0.13
14
154
77
660
358
15,034
16,818
9.8
677
30 yrs
No action
13
3
10
11
1
14
5
7
15
29
Surface
Passive
34
11
4
30 yrs
0.11
19
128
72
610
358
15,907
17,804
12.0
453
40 yrs
15
3
10
14
1
13
5
8
141
29
Surface
Surface
41
13
4
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 20c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
treatment
Table 20b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
0.13
25
115
69
580
357
16,440
18,189
13.6
352
50 yrs
17
4
11
17
2
13
6
9
128
31
Surface
Surface
47
21
7
50 yrs
Region 5 — Sierra National Forest 3
0.09
19
65
50
352
241
9,751
10,597
5.0
139
1 yr
0
2
4
0
1
15
1
1
444
26
Surface
Surface
124
21
5
1 yr
0.09
43
69
52
378
264
11,393
12,351
18.8
138
10 yrs
7
4
10
4
1
14
3
5
133
26
Surface
Surface
62
18
5
10 yrs
13
4
10
11
1
14
5
7
16
29
Surface
Surface
36
11
4
30 yrs
0.08
53
78
57
428
310
14,828
15,948
20.5
135
20 yrs
0.08
47
81
59
454
342
17,482
18,736
22.6
122
30 yrs
Prescribed fire only
10
4
10
9
1
14
4
6
124
28
Surface
Surface
38
14
5
20 yrs
0.08
55
81
59
457
357
19,158
20,441
24.9
106
40 yrs
15
4
10
14
1
14
5
8
130
29
Surface
Surface
46
14
4
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.07
58
77
58
442
358
19,765
21,058
27.2
89
50 yrs
18
4
12
18
1
14
6
9
103
31
Surface
Surface
62
24
5
50 yrs
H
235
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
7,490
252
Merchantable volume (ft3)
(ft 2)
3
Canopy base height (ft)
7,490
252
Total volume (ft3)
Merchantable volume (ft3)
(ft 2)
215
3
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
0.13
3
(kg/m3)
Canopy base height (ft)
Stand density index
62
532
Basal area (ft 2)
215
252
Merchantable volume (ft3)
Crown competition factor
7,490
Total volume (ft3)
Canopy cover (percent)
7.0
8,192
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
947
Trees per acre
0.13
62
Canopy cover (percent)
Canopy bulk density (kg/m³)
532
Stand density index
Basal area
7.0
8,192
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
947
Trees per acre
0.13
215
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
62
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
532
Stand density index
Basal area
7.0
8,192
Total volume (ft3)
Trees per acre
None
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
947
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.04
55
117
36
213
163
5,557
5,691
23.4
55
0.04
54
117
36
213
163
5,820
5,961
23.4
55
0.04
54
117
36
213
163
5,820
5,961
23.4
55
1 yr
0.04
54
117
36
309
165
5,876
6,011
9.4
342
0.04
51
123
37
289
173
6,152
6,297
12.6
199
0.04
54
123
37
273
173
6,152
6,298
14.5
150
20 yrs
0.04
54
121
37
317
170
6,103
6,228
9.7
335
0.04
51
126
37
295
179
6,390
6,524
13.0
194
0.04
51
126
37
279
178
6,381
6,514
14.9
146
30 yrs
0.04
4
131
39
325
177
6,316
6,450
10.0
327
0.04
52
132
38
301
184
6,597
6,733
13.3
190
0.04
52
131
38
284
184
6,597
6,734
15.3
143
40 yrs
0.04
5
146
41
332
183
6,504
6,667
10.2
319
0.04
5
137
40
307
189
6,799
6,964
13.7
185
0.04
5
135
39
289
189
6,790
6,947
15.7
140
50 yrs
Region 5 — Sierra National Forest 3
0.04
55
115
35
303
160
5,677
5,813
9.1
351
0.04
54
120
36
283
167
5,946
6,089
12.3
203
0.04
54
120
36
268
167
5,946
6,089
14.2
153
10 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 20c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.07
28
151
46
295
210
6,908
7,109
19.6
100
0.08
28
151
46
295
210
7,321
7,540
19.6
100
0.08
28
151
46
295
210
7,321
7,540
19.6
100
1 yr
0.08
35
147
45
347
207
7,120
7,330
12.6
238
0.09
35
156
47
343
221
7,550
7,782
15.3
173
0.09
35
156
47
332
221
7,550
7,782
16.6
147
10 yrs
0.09
38
152
46
358
217
7,499
7,701
13.1
232
0.10
38
161
48
353
231
7,939
8,161
15.8
169
0.10
39
162
48
344
232
7,970
8,193
17.2
144
20 yrs
0.09
39
157
47
370
228
7,881
8,090
13.6
227
0.10
39
166
48
363
241
8,304
8,527
16.4
164
0.10
39
166
48
352
241
8,305
8,528
17.8
140
30 yrs
0.09
39
162
47
379
236
8,204
8,414
14.0
220
0.10
39
170
49
371
250
8,642
8,868
17.0
159
0.10
39
170
49
359
249
8,626
8,850
18.4
135
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.10
39
166
48
387
245
8,488
8,729
14.5
213
0.11
39
174
49
378
258
8,913
9,174
17.6
153
0.10
39
174
49
366
257
8,894
9,152
19.0
130
50 yrs
I
236
252
(ft 2 )
3
Canopy base height (ft)
7,490
252
Total volume (ft3 )
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
(ft 2 )
3
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
0.13
3
Canopy base height (ft)
(kg/m3 )
62
215
Canopy cover (percent)
Crown competition factor
Stand density index
245
7,362
0.10
9
189
56
(ft 2 )
383
252
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
7,856
15.0
200
0.13
9
189
56
383
245
7,655
8,257
15.0
200
0.13
9
189
56
383
245
7,655
8,257
15.0
200
1 yr
532
7,490
Total volume (ft3 )
Basal area
7.0
8,192
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
947
Trees per acre
0.13
215
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
62
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
532
Stand density index
Basal area
7.0
8,192
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
947
Trees per acre
0.13
215
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
62
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3 )
532
Stand density index
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
7,490
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
Basal area
7.0
8,192
Total volume (ft3 )
Trees per acre
None
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
947
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.10
16
179
54
390
241
7,601
8,164
13.7
235
0.11
16
192
57
404
254
7,876
8,559
14.4
224
0.11
16
192
57
399
254
7,876
8,559
14.9
211
10 yrs
0.10
23
183
54
397
250
8,121
8,539
14.4
221
0.11
23
195
57
411
264
8,453
8,955
15.2
210
0.11
23
195
57
406
264
8,455
8,957
15.6
199
20 yrs
0.11
27
189
55
409
262
8,560
8,988
15.0
213
0.12
27
201
58
423
277
8,912
9,440
15.8
202
0.12
27
201
58
418
276
8,910
9,438
16.3
191
30 yrs
0.12
32
194
55
420
273
8,987
9,460
15.6
205
0.13
32
203
57
427
283
9,146
9,732
16.4
192
0.13
32
203
57
421
283
9,139
9,724
16.9
181
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 20c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.12
35
200
56
431
285
9,445
9,910
16.2
198
0.14
35
200
57
421
283
9,198
9,782
17.0
180
0.14
35
200
57
416
283
9,188
9,771
17.5
170
50 yrs
Region 5 — Sierra National Forest 3
0.09
9
203
59
422
250
7,205
7,688
12.4
300
0.13
5
203
59
422
250
7,751
8,444
12.4
300
0.13
5
203
59
422
250
7,751
8,444
12.4
300
1 yr
0.09
6
180
54
393
237
7,463
8,021
12.9
262
0.12
5
209
60
446
264
7,954
8,749
12.3
321
0.12
5
209
60
443
264
7,954
8,749
12.5
308
10 yrs
0.10
6
184
54
402
247
7,979
8,407
13.5
247
0.12
5
215
61
459
277
8,618
9,243
12.9
304
0.12
5
214
60
454
276
8,600
9,222
13.2
291
20 yrs
0.10
6
187
54
408
255
8,321
8,752
14.2
232
0.13
5
217
61
463
284
8,888
9,533
13.5
287
0.13
5
219
61
464
288
9,027
9,669
13.9
274
30 yrs
0.11
6
190
54
412
264
8,599
9,090
14.9
217
0.13
5
213
60
456
284
8,853
9,582
14.1
264
0.13
5
215
60
455
287
8,970
9,695
14.5
252
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.11
35
189
54
408
266
8,766
9,270
15.7
197
0.14
5
210
59
448
284
8,787
9,633
14.6
243
0.14
5
210
59
445
286
8,913
9,738
15.2
228
50 yrs
J
237
10
10
10
10
10
10
5
8
10
10
10
10
5
5
10
10
10
10
1
10
20
30
40
`50
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
Model
10
10
12
13
13
13
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
Model
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
0
12
13
12
0
0
Percent
100
78
69
92
100
100
Percent
0
22
31
8
0
0
Weight
Model
Weight
73
46
82
95
89
80
8
8
8
12
12
12
8
5
8
8
8
12
5
12
12
12
12
12
Percent
99
92
82
82
81
80
65
47
63
83
94
96
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
27
29
12
5
11
20
35
33
32
17
6
4
Percent
1101
8
18
18
19
20
Weight
0
26
6
0
0
0
0
20
5
0
0
0
Percent
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
Model
Weight
8
10
10
10
10
12
8
8
10
10
10
12
10
10
10
10
12
12
Model
Region 5 — Sierra National Forest 3
0
10
5
0
0
0
0
10
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
Fuel models
8
10
10
12
12
12
Percent
70
94
71
57
62
98
Weight
100
59
84
69
54
64
100
70
90
83
57
83
0
12
12
10
10
13
Percent
0
2
40
41
20
23
Model
Weight
Model
0
8
12
12
12
10
0
10
8
12
12
10
8
12
12
12
10
13
Model
0
41
16
31
46
36
0
30
10
17
43
17
Percent
30
6
29
43
38
2
Weight
Model
Fuel models
Weight
Model
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Percent
100
98
60
59
80
77
Weight
Fuel models
Fuel models
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Model
Weight
Prescribed fire only
No action
Table 20d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection
Weight
Weight
K
238
Continue to Part D
10
10
10
12
12
13
8
10
10
12
12
12
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
100
100
60
63
85
87
100
100
74
74
66
72
Percent
100
91
59
100
51
85
Weight
83
72
°F
Miles/hour
17
11
Temperature
Windspeed
0
8
12
10
10
13
0
0
12
10
13
12
13
12
0
12
10
Model
10
3 = Moist
70
moisture values from Reinhardt and Crookston (2003).
*Moisture categories correspond to variant-specific percentage
Windspeed (mph)
Moisture category*
Temperature (°F)
Table 20f—Prescribed fire weather conditions
used in models
Severe—98th percentile
Moderate—75th percentile
Fire weather conditions
Table 20e—FVS fuel model selection
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
10
10
12
12
12
13
Model
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Model
Fuel moisture
Weight
100-hr (1–3 in)
Model
10-hr (0.25–1 in)
Weight
100
98
60
61
84
76
100
100
70
86
55
100
Percent
100
91
63
92
71
100
Weight
1,000-hr (3+ in)
8
10
10
12
12
12
10
10
10
12
13
13
10
10
12
12
13
13
Model
Duff
0
12
12
10
10
13
0
0
12
10
12
0
0
12
10
13
12
0
Model
Live
0
2
40
39
16
24
0
0
30
14
45
0
Percent
0
9
37
8
29
0
Weight
2
5
5
7
10
15
15
17
50
125
100
150
Model
Fuel models
Weight
Model
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Percent - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
1-hr (0–0.25 in)
0
0
40
37
15
13
0
0
26
26
34
28
Percent
0
9
41
0
49
15
Weight
Fuel models
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Table 20d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection (continued)
Region 5 — Sierra National Forest 3
Weight
L