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Authors
Morris C. Johnson is an ecologist and David L. Peterson is a research biologist,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station,
Pacific Wildland Fire Sciences Laboratory, 400 N 34th Street, Suite 201, Seattle,
WA 98103; Crystal L. Raymond is a research scientist, College of Forest Resources,
University of Washington, Box 352100, Seattle, WA 98195.
Abstract
Johnson, Morris C.; Peterson, David L.; Raymond, Crystal L. 2007. Guide to
fuel treatments in dry forests of the Western United States: assessing forest
structure and fire hazard. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-686. Portland, OR: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
322 p.
Guide to Fuel Treatments analyzes a range of fuel treatments for representative
dry forest stands in the Western United States with overstories dominated by
ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa), Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), and pinyon
pine (Pinus edulis). Six silvicultural options (no thinning; thinning from below
to 50 trees per acre [tpa], 100 tpa, 200 tpa, and 300 tpa; and prescribed fire) are
considered in combination with three surface fuel treatments (no treatment, pile
and burn, and prescribed fire), resulting in a range of alternative treatments for
each representative stand. The Fire and Fuels Extension of the Forest Vegetation
Simulator (FFE-FVS) was used to calculate the immediate effects of treatments on
surface fuels, fire hazard, potential fire behavior, and forest structure. The FFEFVS was also used to calculate a 50-year time series of treatment effects at 10-year
increments. Usually, thinning to 50 to 100 tpa and an associated surface fuel
treatment were shown to be necessary to alter potential fire behavior from crown
fire to surface fire under severe fire weather conditions. This level of fuel treatment
generally was predicted to maintain potential fire behavior as surface fire for 30 to
40 years, depending on how fast regeneration occurs in the understory, after which
additional fuel treatment would be necessary to maintain surface fire behavior.
Fuel treatment scenarios presented here can be used by resource managers to
examine alternatives for National Environmental Policy Act documents and other
applications that require scientifically based information to quantify the effects of
modifying forest structure and surface fuels.
Keywords: Dry forest, FFE-FVS, fire, fire behavior, fire hazard, fuel treatments,
silviculture.
Contents
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What Is Guide to Fuel Treatments in Dry Forests of the Western United States?
Why Is Guide to Fuel Treatments Needed?
How Was Guide to Fuel Treatments Developed?
Which Data Are Used for Forest Stands, Fuels, and Fire Weather?
How Is the Fire and Fuels Extension-Forest Vegetation Simulator (FFE-FVS) Used?
Fuel Model Selection for Fire Behavior Calculations
Limitations of FFE-FVS Simulations
Which Fuel Treatment Scenarios Are Analyzed?
Thinning
Surface Fuel Treatments
Tree Regeneration
How Do I Use Guide to Fuel Treatments?
Do Your Own FVS Runs
How Is Output From the Guide Interpreted and Applied?
An Example Scenario
FFE-FVS Output and Expert Judgment
Glossary
Acknowledgments
Metric Equivalents
Literature Cited
Appendix 1: Keywords Used in FFE-FVS for Simulations Represented in the Guide
Appendix 2: Fuel Treatment Scenarios for the Northern Region (Region 1)
Region 1—Bitterroot National Forest 1
Region 1—Bitterroot National Forest 2
Region 1—Gallatin National Forest
Region 1—Lewis and Clark National Forest 1
Region 1—Lewis and Clark National Forest 2
Appendix 3: Fuel Treatment Scenarios for the Southwestern Region (Region 3)
Region 3—Carson National Forest 1
Region 3—Carson National Forest 2
Region 3—Kaibab National Forest
Region 3—Pinyon Woodland
Region 3—Santa Fe National Forest 1
Region 3—Santa Fe National Forest 2
Appendix 4: Fuel Treatment Scenarios for the Intermountain Region (Region 4)
Region 4—Payette National Forest 1
Region 4—Payette National Forest 2
Region 4—Payette National Forest 3
Appendix 5: Fuel Treatment Scenarios for the Pacific Southwest Region (Region 5)
Region 5—Plumas National Forest
Region 5—Sierra National Forest 1
Region 5—Sierra National Forest 2
Region 5—Sierra National Forest 3
Appendix 6: Fuel Treatment Scenarios for the Pacific Northwest Region (Region 6)
Region 6—Deschutes National Forest 1
Region 6—Deschutes National Forest 2
Region 6—Deschutes National Forest 3
Region 6—Malheur National Forest
Region 6—Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 1
Region 6—Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 2
Region 6—Okanogan and Wenatchee National Forests 3
What Is Guide to Fuel Treatments
in Dry Forests of the Western
United States?
The effects of fuel treatments are quantified for
Guide to Fuel Treatments analyzes potential fuel
Vegetation Simulator (FFE-FVS) (Reinhardt and
treatments, and the potential effects of those treat-
Crookston 2003) was used to calculate a variety ments, for dry forest lands in the Western United
of fuel treatment combinations (5 levels of thin-
States. The Guide examines lower to mid-elevation
ning, 3 types of surface fuel modification; and
dry forest stands with high stem densities and
prescribed fire only) for each of 25 representative
heavy ladder fuels, which are currently common
forest stands. Output from FFE-FVS runs is owing to fire exclusion and various land manage-
summarized for each stand with visualizations ment practices such as timber harvest. These
and extensive tabular data. In addition, forest
stands are the focus of potential management
structure and fuels are calculated for 50 years
activities intended to modify forest structure and
posttreatment at 10-year increments, so that long-
fuels to reduce crown-fire hazard on public lands.
term stand conditions can be assessed and users
The Guide is intended for use by fire managers,
can determine when additional fuel treatments
silviculturists, and other resource specialists who
might be needed. Users familiar with FFE-FVS
are interested in evaluating the effects of fuel treat-
have the option of running their own simulations
ment on dry forest ecosystems.
to calculate site-specific effects of treatments.
The scientific basis for fuel treatments is documented in recent syntheses (Graham et al. 2004,
Why Is Guide to Fuel Treatments
Needed?
Peterson et al. 2005) and numerous publications
Federal agencies in the United States have a
(Agee 1996, 2002; Brown et al. 2004; Carey and
strong policy and management focus on reduction
Schuman 2003; Fitzgerald 2002; Kalabokidis
of fuels that have accumulated in dry forest
and Omi 1998; Keyes and O’Hara 2002; Pollet
ecosystems from which fire has been excluded
and Omi 2002; Sandberg et al. 2001; Scott and
for up to a century. For example, the Healthy
Reinhardt 2001; Weatherspoon 1996). The Guide
Forests Restoration Act (2003) provides affirmative
provides quantitative guidelines for treatments
direction for increased fuel treatments to reduce
based on the scientific principles in these docu-
accumulated fuels and reduce the risk of large
ments and is intended to cover a broad range of
and severe fires, especially in the wildland-
possible treatments and stand conditions. How-
urban interface and municipal watersheds. As
ever, the representative cases in this publication
federal agencies and other institutions begin to
are not comprehensive, and interpretation and
increase the amount of land area subjected to fuel
application of quantitative output will typically
treatments, they will need quantitative guidelines
need to be adjusted based on local conditions and
to develop alternatives for achieving desired future
objectives.
conditions. These alternatives need to consider
forest structure, surface fuels, and potential fire
behavior. The Fire and Fuels Extension—Forest
options for silvicultural manipulation (thinning)
of stands, as well as surface fuel treatments. The
to link information and data from silviculture and
temporal effectiveness of fuel treatments also needs
fire science to (1) assist decisionmaking about fuel
to be quantified, so that additional treatments can
treatments in dry forest stands and (2) provide
be considered in long-term planning.
quantitative guidelines for fuel treatment that
allow consideration of desired future conditions
Science-based rationale and quantitative
for multiple resources (e.g., wildlife, water, timber
guidelines are especially needed for regulatory
production). Final structure of the Guide was
documentation associated with fuel management
determined after reviews by scientists and resource
and planning. The National Environmental
managers, and two tests with national forests.
Policy Act (NEPA) requires that alternatives be
considered in the development of environmental
The FFE-FVS (Reinhardt and Crookston 2003)
impact statements, environmental assessments,
was used to prepare the Guide. This tool links
and associated documentation. These alternatives
forest growth modeling (FVS) with fire behavior
typically contain qualitative and quantitative
modeling (FFE) to produce information relevant
descriptions of proposed management actions for
to management of forest stands, fuels, and fire.
a particular forest stand or landscape. The Guide
FVS has been widely used by resource managers
displays potential outcomes of applying alternative
and scientists for over two decades, has been
combinations of fuel treatments—namely,
programmed to cover many of the major forest
removal of tree stems (thinning) and reduction
types in the United States, and is regarded as a
in surface fuels (surface fuel treatment)—and
credible tool for applications in forest manage-
facilitates quantitative analysis and review of the
ment. Integration of fire concepts is a recent and
alternatives in terms of forest stand attributes,
valuable extension of the FVS approach to forest
fuels, and potential fire behavior. The availability
stand simulation, and has not been available long
of visualizations and tabular data in a standard
enough to be thoroughly tested. However, it is the
format allows resource managers to examine
only analytical tool currently available that quanti-
and select preferred fuel treatment alternatives.
tatively links stand dynamics and fire science. Visualizations are particularly useful for
At a minimum, FFE-FVS requires input of forest
displaying the outcome of fuel treatment options
stand attribute data (species, diameter at breast
to stakeholders and the general public who do not
height [d.b.h.], and height), although fuels data have formal training in natural resources.
are extremely helpful.
How Was Guide to Fuel
Treatments Developed?
Scenarios displayed in the Guide are intended
The Guide was developed by scientists at the
Pacific Wildland Fire Sciences Laboratory, Pacific
Northwest Research Station, in cooperation with
other scientists and resource managers throughout
the Western United States. The central concept is
to represent a range of dry forest types in the
Western United States, specifically those forests
dominated by ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa
Dougl. ex Laws), mixed conifer (often including
Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco]
as a codominant), and pinyon-juniper (Pinus spp.,
Juniperus spp.). Specific stand data were obtained
from resource managers on national forest units
fuel models (Anderson 1982), which are then used
throughout the Western United States. Stands
for fire behavior calculations; the original fuel
selected for analysis had high stem densities, and
values are not used. There are only 14 fuel models,
had not experienced recent fire or thinning. In the
only a few of which are generally used for forest
Guide, only stands at relatively low elevations and
fuels, although an option within FFE-FVS can be
slopes <40 percent were considered as potential
selected to use mixtures of fuel models to approxi-
candidates for fuel treatment. Fuel treatment
mate conditions that are not well represented
scenarios are organized according to Forest Service
by an individual fuel model. Decision rules in
regions in the Western United States.
FFE-FVS assign fuel loadings based on dominant
cover type and percentage of cover. The rules and
Which Data Are Used for Forest
Stands, Fuels, and Fire Weather?
Field Sampled Vegetation (FSVeg) is an Oracle1
database used to store data on overstory
trees from grid-based strategic inventories,
permanent remeasured inventory plots, and stand
examinations. Data were obtained for ponderosa
pine, mixed conifer, and pinyon-juniper forests
in the FSVeg database from national forests in
the Northern Region (Region 1), Southwestern
Region (Region 3), Intermountain Region (Region
4), Pacific Southwest Region (Region 5), and
Pacific Northwest Region (Region 6); we were
values used to estimate default initial fuel loads by
size class differ between FVS variants.
The FFE-FVS model allows users to specify
moisture percentage for woody surface fuels (1-, 10-, 100-, 1,000- and >1,000-hr, or 0–¼, ¼–1, 1–3, 3–6, and >6 in diameter, respectively;
see glossary), duff, and live vegetation. Default
values for live and duff fuel moisture for each
variant were used. Twenty-foot windspeed and
temperature can also be adjusted. The 20-foot
windspeed is a 10-minute average windspeed 20 feet above the ground.
unable to obtain usable data from the Rocky
The 75th and 98th percentile historical fire weather
Mountain Region (Region 2). Two scenarios for
data from each geographic area were obtained
pinyon-juniper were derived from Forest Inventory
from the USDA Forest Service Predictive Service
and Analysis (FIA) data. The FSVeg data were
Division and the Western Regional Climate Center
converted to files that could be loaded directly into
(Reno, Nevada). Remote automated weather
FVS. Data from 37,734 stands were obtained and
stations (RAWS) located near each national forest
screened for selection of stands to be used in fuel
were identified by using geographic information
treatment scenarios.
system coverages of federal land ownership and
Default values are provided in FFE-FVS for initial
surface fuel loadings. Although actual fuels data
can be entered, those data are converted to stylized
1 The use of trade or firm names in this publication is for
reader information and does not imply endorsement by the
U.S. Department of Agriculture of any product or service.
latitude/longitude coordinates for all hourly RAWS
data archived at the Western Regional Climate
Center. We used historical data from the fire
season only (typically April to September, although
this can vary) for fire behavior predictions. The
75th and 98th percentiles represent conditions at
the extreme of the range of values for temperature
ecosystems. The FVS variants for the Intermoun-
(high), relative humidity (low), windspeed (high),
tain and Northern Rocky Mountain regions are
and fuel moisture (low) that facilitate fuel flam-
generally considered more accurate than other
mability and fire spread. These percentiles are
variants, and have more detailed options, because
commonly used in NEPA assessments involving
FVS has been developed and used at these loca-
fire, and slight variations of these percentiles are
tions much longer than at other locations.
used for various applications in fire management
and planning. For convenience, they are referred
The FVS is a deterministic model, and for a
to in the Guide as moderate (75th) and severe
given set of inputs will always calculate the same
(98th) fire weather.
outputs. This contrasts with stochastic models that can introduce variability into calculations A coarse quality control evaluation of the RAWS
and thereby derive multiple outputs for the same
data was conducted similar to that described
set of inputs. Resource managers also need to con-
in Brown et al. (2002). The program removed
sider ecological disturbances such as fire, insects,
erroneous data and physically unreasonable
windthrow, and fungal pathogens as potential
values (e.g., negative windspeed). Data used in the
sources of variability within the fixed time series
percentile calculations of fire weather were for the
of FVS outputs.
period between 1985 and 2004. The 100-hr fuel
moistures were derived through scaling by adding First, forest stand structure and composition data
3 percent to the 10-hr fuel moistures from the
(also called an FVS portfolio) were developed for
RAWS data; this closely matches what is observed
each national forest by using the FVS-ready files,
in the field.2 Windspeeds were adjusted by using historical fire weather data, and default surface
a wind gusting estimation table (Crosby and fuel loadings. A complete list of FVS “keywords”
Chandler 2004).
used initially to build the portfolios is listed in
appendix 1; these keywords are used to select
How Is the Fire and Fuels
Extension—Forest Vegetation
Simulator (FFE-FVS) Used?
The Forest Vegetation Simulator (FVS) is an
individual-tree growth and yield model for major
forest tree species, forest types, and stand conditions (Dixon 2002). Variants of FVS are available
for specific areas of the United States (fig. 1). Variants are versions of simulated growth and yield
customized for species and productivities in forest
2 Agee, James. 2003. Personal communication. Fire ecologist,
University of Washington.
specific assumptions and options for growth and
yield simulation. The portfolio was projected 50
years to observe potential fire behavior under
moderate and severe weather scenarios. Each stand
was visualized in Stand Visualization Software
(SVS) and converted to EnVision images to observe
the horizontal and vertical distribution of stand
structure, canopy fuels, and subcanopy fuels. For
each candidate stand, 14 FFE-FVS key files were
developed according to the treatment options
summarized in figure 2.
Figure 1—Geographic variants of the Forest Vegetation Simulator. These variants account for tree growth rates and
structures associated with specific geographic locations, and are described in detail in Dixon (2002).
The Guide displays treatment effects on stand
structure, surface fuel loading, and potential fire
Fuel Model Selection for
Fire Behavior Calculations
behavior. The potential fire behavior report is
Fire behavior calculations in FFE-FVS depend on
generated for moderate and severe fire weather
stylized fuel models (Anderson 1982) rather than
scenarios, and provides information about
actual fuels. When silvicultural treatments are
expected fire type, flame length, crown fire
implemented in FFE-FVS, the actual activity fuel
potential, and tree mortality, given the weather
or slash created is not used to estimate potential
and stand structure conditions. Different
fire behavior. The FFE-FVS model has the capacity
treatments can then be compared with respect to simulate and track fuel loadings by size class
to desired future conditions for specific
over time, although it does not use the loadings
management objectives.
directly as inputs for calculating fire behavior.
Instead, FFE uses the loadings and other stand
No action
Prescribed
fire only
Thin from
below to 50
tpa, 18-in
d.b.h. limit
No action
Thin from
below to
100 tpa,
18-in d.b.h.
limit
Thin from
below to
200 tpa,
18-in d.b.h.
limit
Pile and burn
Thin from
below to
300 tpa,
18-in d.b.h.
limit
Prescribed fire
Figure 2—Conceptual diagram of the process used to simulate the effects of fuel treatments for a forest stand in FFE-FVS.
Note: tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h.= diameter at breast height.
characteristics to select one or more models from
than actual fuel quantities reduces the accuracy
14 fuel models. The rules used to select fuel
with which fuels are represented in the simulation
models differ among geographic variants.
process. Because of the limited number of fuel
models, the same fuel model may be used for very
Each fuel model represents homogeneous surface
different fuelbeds, resulting in no difference in
fuel conditions in which fire behavior is con-
predicted fire behavior.
sidered to respond similarly to changes in fuel
moisture, wind, and slope. The models define
There are common situations for which FFE-FVS
values for several parameters difficult to measure
may produce unrealistic predictions of potential
in the stand and that are not tracked in FFE,
fire behavior. For example, fuels can be removed
including fuel surface-to-volume ratio, loading,
through thinning or surface fuel treatment without
depth, moisture of extinction, heat of combustion,
a commensurate change in fuel models and poten-
dry density, total mineral content, and silica-free
tial fire behavior. Another unrealistic situation
mineral content.
occurs as fuels accumulate through time such that
a threshold is exceeded and another fuel model
The “dynamic option” in FFE that we used in
is selected, leading to a sudden, large change in
simulations to produce the Guide selects one or
fire behavior with only a small change in fuel
more fuel models based on fuel loadings and other
conditions. A more reasonable result is a gradual
stand characteristics, calculates fire intensity
change in predicted fire behavior corresponding
from each one, then computes a weighted average
to gradual changes in fuels. Finally, fuel model
flame length by interpolating factors such as fuel
2, a grass-dominated fuel model, is sometimes
loading or canopy cover. This approach can use
selected after heavy thinning (to 50 to 100 trees
several fuel models, weighted by percentage of
per acre [tpa]); this model results in higher flame
each fuel model, and calculates flame lengths that
lengths and increased crown fire potential, which
change more gradually as stand conditions change
is typically unlikely, especially if surface fuels have
than those computed from a “static” approach
also been treated.
with a single fuel model. It partially addresses the
concern about using single fuel models to repre-
For all variants, different selection logic is used for
sent large, complex fuelbeds. Based on feedback
natural fuels than for activity fuels (fuels resulting
we obtained from resource managers, we feel that
from harvest within the last 5 years), and for high
the dynamic option provides more accurate output
and low loadings of woody fuel. All variants use
for Intermountain and Northern Rocky Mountain
the same logic for activity fuels and when woody
forests than for locations where other FVS variants
debris is abundant. In these cases, the fuel model
were used.
depends only on the amount of small (<3 in) and
large (>3 in) fuel in the stand, and whether the fuel
Once a fuel model is selected, its parameters are
is natural or activity.
used to estimate potential fire behavior (Reinhardt
and Crookston 2003). Using fuel models rather
Limitations of FFE-FVS Simulations
species. Live fuels can contribute significantly to
The FVS model simulates growth and mortality
fire behavior in many forest systems, but they are
typically using cycles of 10 years, whereas FFE
represented only by how fuel models are selected
operates on a 1-year cycle. This can lead to model
rather than by what is really present in a stand.
behavior that is an artifact of combining the two
For example, some shrubs regenerate quickly after
time steps, and is not intended to represent a real
thinning and prescribed fire, but shrub regenera-
phenomenon (Reinhardt and Crookston 2003).
tion, growth, and fuels are not explicitly simulated
For example, snag numbers tend to exhibit a
in FFE-FVS. Therefore, users need to adjust
saw-toothed pattern, with sharp increases at cycle
simulation output to account for shrub fuels and
boundaries when all the cycle’s natural mortal-
their role in fire behavior.
ity is added, and gradual declines between cycle
boundaries as snag fall-down occurs. Choosing
short cycle lengths or reporting indicators only at
cycle boundaries can somewhat compensate for
this problem.
Canopy cover, overstory composition, habitat
type, and stand history influence selection of fuel
models. Live fuels are not dynamically tracked and
simulated in FFE-FVS. The default decomposition rate is often inaccurate, generally resulting in
Discontinuous behavior is particularly evident
higher rates of decomposition and loss of organic
in indicators that depend in part on canopy
matter than is realistic for most forest systems, and
base height: canopy base height itself, torching
unrealistic transfer rates between litter and duff.
index, potential tree mortality, and fire type. For
The default decomposition rate is not sensitive to
example, regeneration often occurs in pulses, and
aspect, elevation, or potential vegetation type in
a stand passes a critical point after which vulner-
FFE-FVS. Experienced FFE-FVS users can adjust
ability to torching sharply increases or decreases.
these rates to more accurately reflect processes
These discontinuities are probably exaggerated
within specific forest stands.
by the fact that regeneration and mortality occur
large trees and mortality of understory trees may
Which Fuel Treatment Scenarios
Are Analyzed?
cause canopy base height to increase sharply at a
Fuel treatment scenarios analyzed in Guide to
cycle boundary, or understory regeneration may
Fuel Treatments were determined with extensive
cause the canopy base height to decrease abruptly
feedback from federal resource managers. These
(Reinhardt and Crookston 2003).
scenarios cover a range of potential thinning and
on cycle boundaries in the model. Self-pruning of
surface fuel treatments that would be reasonable
Live fuels (herbaceous plants and shrubs) are
and appropriate alternatives for NEPA analysis and
poorly represented in FFE-FVS. Their biomass and
similar documentation. The scenarios are intended
contribution to fuel consumption and smoke are
to illustrate representative situations that might be
only nominally represented as a fixed amount that
encountered in operational management and plan-
depends on percentage of cover and dominant tree
ning, and do not illustrate all possible treatments.
Thinning
For target densities different than those in the
The following thinning options are considered:
Guide, users can interpolate or extrapolate the
• No thinning
results found in tables and visualizations. Explor-
• Thinning from below to 50 tpa
atory runs of FFE-FVS indicate that thinning to
• Thinning from below to 100 tpa
densities greater than 300 tpa rarely changes
• Thinning from below to 200 tpa
fuel conditions enough to modify fire hazard
• Thinning from below to 300 tpa
significantly from initial stand conditions.
• Prescribed fire only
Some managers prefer to use basal area as a target
Thinning from below (or low thinning) refers
for thinning. This measurement may be more
to removal of stems starting from smallest to
appropriate for even-aged stands with relatively
increasingly larger stems until the target density
low variability in tree size. Basal area is calculated
is reached. In practice, thinning from below
for each thinning treatment, so both basal area
often has a d.b.h. limit below which no stems
and stem density are available for all scenarios.
are harvested, with that lower limit set to reduce
costs and maximize value of harvested material.
In Guide scenarios, all stems are harvested
starting with trees smaller than 1 in d.b.h., then
proceeding to larger stems. For all thinnings,
no trees larger than 18 in d.b.h. are allowed to
be harvested. This limit is intended to retain
Surface Fuel Treatments
The following fuel treatment options are considered for all types of stands (table 1):
• No surface fuel treatment
• Pile and burn
• Prescribed fire
larger, more fire-resistant individuals. In practice,
this upper d.b.h. limit could be higher or lower
depending on local harvest specifications and
resource objectives.
In practice, techniques used for modification
of activity fuels and residual surface fuels vary
considerably, as does the effectiveness of those
techniques. Options included in the Guide are
Thinning from below is the most commonly used
intended to capture the more common approaches
approach to modify stand structure, density,
currently used in the field, and to represent mod-
and fuels, although many other silvicultural
erately high effectiveness. Assumptions regarding
approaches are available (Graham et al. 1999).
slash disposal, material left on site, area affected,
Thinning as used within FVS is applied equally
and effectiveness of treatments are summarized in
across a given stand. In practice, variable-density
table 1. Prescribed fire is considered to be a broad-
thinning—a spatial pattern of tree clumps and
cast burn that covers the entire treatment area.
openings—can be used to achieve the same final
tree density but attain greater heterogeneity in
stand structure. Variable-density thinning cannot
be represented in FVS, and is therefore not
considered here.
The assumptions in table 1 can be quite important
with respect to fuel characteristics and potential
fire behavior after treatments. For example, the
effectiveness of prescribed fire varies greatly in
Table 1—Summary of values and assumptions used in FFE-FVS for surface fuel treatments
Surface fuel treatment
FFE-FVS values and assumptions
FVS keywords
No action
All boles greater than 6 in diameter at breast height (d.b.h.) are removed from stand. The entire tree (branch and bole) and branch material from
trees greater than 6 in d.b.h. are left in stand.
Yardloss
Pile and burn
All boles greater than 6 in d.b.h. are removed from stand. The entire tree (branch and bole) and branch material from trees greater than 6 in d.b.h. are left in stand. 80% of the remaining fuel from the entire
stand is concentrated into piles that cover 10% of the stand area.
No tree mortality will result.
Yardloss
PileBurn
Prescribed fire
Yardloss
SimFire
All boles greater than 6 in d.b.h. are removed from stand. The entire tree (branch and bole) and branch material from trees greater than 6 in d.b.h. are left in stand. Windspeed at 20 ft above vegetation = 10 mph. FVS
predefined moisture group (3) selected to represent fuel moisture
percentages for prescribed fires. Temperature equals 70 °F. Note:
predefined moisture values are specific to FVS variants.
terms of quantity and sizes of fuels removed.
in the scenarios because it is not widely used in
Users need to consider how variation in surface
Western dry forests and is considered too risky by
fuel treatment might affect the output tables for
some resource managers.
scenarios presented here. Experienced FVS users
can modify fuel treatment options in terms of both
Tree Regeneration
technique and effectiveness to more accurately
Regeneration in FFE-FVS can affect stand
represent specific treatments.
structure and potential fire behavior through its
influence on canopy base height and canopy bulk
Successful use of prescribed fire as the only fuel
treatment can be challenging in stands with dense
ladder fuels and high loadings of surface fuel.
However, prescribed fire is sometimes used as the
only method of fuel treatment in mixed-conifer
forest of the Sierra Nevada, typically with successive burns 5 to 10 years apart. We examined the
case of two successive burns for the three Sierra
Nevada mixed-conifer stand examples in the Guide
density, so careful attention is necessary when
simulating regeneration. The FVS model includes
two regeneration models: (1) a full establishment
model that automatically simulates input and
growth of regeneration after tree removal, and (2) a partial establishment model that requires
user input for stocking (portion of area that
contains at least one seedling), density, and size of regeneration.
and found that an additional prescribed burn
10
conducted 10 years later reduced surface loadings
The full establishment model was used for the
and surface flame height. The effects from the
national forests for which it was available: Payette,
second prescribed burn also increased torching
Bitterroot, Lewis and Clark, and Gallatin National
index, tree mortality, and canopy base height.
Forests. The model automatically predicts natural
However, we have not included the two-burn case
regeneration when thinning removes >30 percent
of trees in the stand, and then adds this regenera-
based on expected trends associated with residual
tion to the tree list for growth simulation. FVS
overstory density and surface fuel treatments predicts stocking level, density, and species com-
(table 2). Regeneration after thinning is variable
position of regeneration by using several variables
and depends on the residual overstory and site
including geographic location, topography, habitat
quality of the stand, as well as seed availability
type, and basal area and species composition of
and soil moisture in the years after treatment
residual overstory (Ferguson and Crookston 1991).
(Bailey and Covington 2002, Sackett 1984).
Regeneration can be added incrementally for up
Therefore, values used in the Guide are estimates
to 20 years after thinning, or in one pulse imme-
and should be adjusted based on local conditions
diately after thinning. We used the latter option,
when information is available. The more a stand
and regeneration was restricted to one pulse 5
is opened by thinning, the more growing space is
years after thinning. Site preparation (scarification
available for regeneration (Bailey and Covington
and prescribed burning) increases mineral soil
2002, McDonald 1976). We used this general
exposure enabling more regeneration (Sackett
relationship to estimate regeneration in the 100
1984), so we increased stocking area for the pile
tpa thinning as half that of the 50 tpa thinning,
and burn (1.5 times) and prescribed fire (2 times)
and regeneration in the 200 tpa and 300 tpa
surface fuel treatments to simulate this effect.
thinning as half that of the 100 tpa thinning
(table 2). These values were then adjusted for the
A combination of scientific literature, unpublished
surface fuel treatment options; regeneration in the
data, and expert knowledge of local managers
pile and burn is 1.5 times that of the no surface
was used to determine region-specific values for
fuel treatment option, and regeneration in the
regeneration where the full establishment model
prescribed fire is 3 times that of the no surface was not available, and these values were adjusted
fuel treatment option.
Table 2—Number of trees used for regeneration in the partial establishment model of FVS
Forest Service Region
FVS-simulated
thinning treatment
Surface fuel treatment
None
Region 3
50
100
200
300
15
8
4
4
Region 5
50
100
200
300
Region 6
50
100
200
300
Pile and burn
Trees per acre
Prescribed fire
23
12
6
6
45
25
12
12
50
25
13
13
75
38
20
20
150
75
40
40
100
50
25
25
150
75
38
38
300
150
75
75
11
How Do I Use Guide to
Fuel Treatments?
Output for each scenario in the Guide is organized as follows:
• Page A—Initial stand conditions, including a stand visualization for 1 acre.
• Page B—Visualizations for four thinning
treatments without surface fuel treatments for 1 acre. Surface fuel treatments cannot be shown
in images produced by FVS.
• Page C—Narrative describing highlights of
FFE-FVS output for different fuel-treatment
alternatives.
• Page D—Fuel, fire behavior, and fire effects
(percentage basal area mortality) for all possible
combinations of thinning and surface fuel
treatments, immediately after treatments.
• Pages E, F, G, and H—Fuel, fire behavior, and
snags for all treatments for 1, 10, 20, 30, 40,
and 50 years after treatment.
• Pages H, I, and J—Forest stand attributes for
all treatments 1, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 years
after treatment.
• Pages K and L—Summary of fire behavior fuel
models assigned by FFE-FVS for all possible
combinations of thinning and surface fuel
treatments for 1, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 years
after treatments.
• Page L—Summary of fire weather values
The following describes a step-by-step
approach to analyzing a scenario:
Step 1—
After you read and understand the material above,
identify the region where your stand is located.
For example, if you are working on the OkanoganWenatchee National Forests, you should look
in the section for the Pacific Northwest Region
(Region 6). Figure 1 shows the geographic distribution of FVS variants used for each scenario. You
may occasionally find that other Regions contain
scenarios that you consider to be more appropriate
for a particular situation.
Step 2—
Review the fuel treatment scenarios under the
appropriate appendix and find the initial stand
conditions (page A) and initial fuel conditions
(page D) that best match the stand (or broader
landscape) in which you are interested. You
will rarely find a perfect match, and may need
to mentally extrapolate Guide stand conditions
to your situation. For example, grand fir (Abies
grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl.) may be the
understory dominant in a Guide scenario, but
white fir (A. concolor (Gord. & Glend.) Lindl.)
is the understory dominant in your stand. The
difference in the effects of a given fuel treatment
owing to understory species will probably not be
large, because the basic principles of how fuels and
used in simulations for moderate and severe
forest structure affect fire behavior drive FFE-FVS
conditions; limits used for prescribed fire.
calculations. Local knowledge should always guide
interpretation of this type of situation.
12
Step 3—
ings change through time, as well as how type of
Decide which silvicultural option(s) you want to
fire changes. This information can help determine
consider: no thinning, thinning to 50 tpa, thin-
when subsequent fuel treatment might be needed.
ning to 100 tpa, thinning to 200 tpa, or thinning
to 300 tpa. Find the appropriate visualization
Step 8—
(page B) and compare it to initial stand conditions.
Determine long-term effects of fuel treatments
and silvicultural options on forest stand attributes
Step 4—
(pages H through J). Interpretations are similar to
Decide which surface fuel treatments you want to
those in Step 6 but with projections for 1, 10, 20,
consider: no surface fuel treatment, pile and burn,
30, 40, and 50 years after treatment. Information
or prescribed fire.
on snags may be helpful for evaluation of wildlife
habitat. A guideline often applied in the field is
Step 5—
that canopy base height should be considerably
The extensive tabular data for each scenario may
higher than potential flame length to reduce
be difficult for inexperienced users to navigate,
crown fire hazard—compare canopy base height
and even experienced users can miss important
(pages H through J) to flame length (pages E
points. Therefore, narrative page C summaries are
through H) to evaluate crown fire potential.
provided that highlight critical outputs of the FFEFVS simulations that may be particularly helpful
Step 9—
in evaluating alternative fuel treatments Determine the long-term effects of thinning
in the pages that follow.
options and surface fuel treatments on forest stand
attributes 1, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 years after
Step 6—
thinning (pages H through J). By moving across
Determine immediate effects of fuel treatments
the table from left to right, you can observe how
on fuels, fire, and fire effects (percentage basal
stand density and structure change over time. area mortality) (page D). Thinning treatments are
This may affect decisions about subsequent
listed across the top of the table, and surface fuel
thinning, commercial harvest, and wildlife habitat.
treatments are listed down the left side.
Note that canopy base height is a particularly
Step 7—
Determine long-term effects of fuel treatments on
fuels, fire, and fire effects (pages E through H).
important feature of canopy fuels that affects the
potential for fire to propagate from surface fuels
into the canopy.
Silvicultural options (including both with and
Step 10—
without prescribed fire) are listed across the top
Determine how fuel model assignment within
of the table, and surface fuel treatments are listed
FFE-FVS varies through time for fuel treatment
down the left side for 1, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50
alternatives; fuel model and relative weight are
years after treatment. By moving across the table
given (pages K and L). This information allows
from left to right, you can observe how fuel load-
users to determine if appropriate fuel models
have been assigned. In addition, fire weather data
13
used in the FFE-FVS simulation are summarized
Step 1—
in two small, separate tables (page L). These data
The Deschutes National Forest is in Region 6, so
provide a quantitative context for “moderate” and
that section (Deschutes National Forest 1) of the
“severe” weather conditions. If you prefer to use
Guide (pages 239–250) should be consulted.
other weather conditions, you can extrapolate or
interpolate as needed.
Step 2—
The stand has high stem density of 1,345 tpa
Do Your Own FVS Runs
Fuel treatment scenarios in the Guide illustrate
how silviculture and fire can be integrated. An
increasing number of resource managers are using
FVS as an analytical tool for assessing alternative management options. Current and potential
FFE-FVS users who want to run their own
simulations are encouraged to use the Guide as a
basis for screening potential management options.
Users may wish to run simulations on their own
FVS-ready files. The benefits of doing your own
FFE-FVS runs include generating output more
specific to a particular location, and the ability to
run FVS options other than the ones used here.
How Is Output From the Guide
Interpreted and Applied?
owing to fire exclusion, with a dense understory of
white fir creating ladder fuels into the ponderosa
pine overstory. The basal area of 246 ft 2/ac is
relatively high, indicating potential for wood production, and for large trees and snags for wildlife
habitat (page 239). Surface fuel loadings are very
high, with 11 tons/ac for fuels <6 in diameter,
and very high duff loading of 20 tons/ac (page
242); this is typical of forests with a long period of
fire exclusion. These conditions are conducive to
high-intensity surface fire with the potential for
crown fire.
Step 3—
Thinning to 50 tpa or 100 tpa (page 240) appears
visually to be the only treatments that would
reduce ladder fuels sufficiently to reduce crown
fire hazard. Canopy base height (4 ft) (page 246)
An Example Scenario
needs to be raised considerably above the pre-
The step-by-step approach described above is
dicted flame length of the initial stand condition
used here to illustrate how to interpret output
(5 ft for severe weather) (page 242). Retention of
for a specific scenario in the Guide: Region
large ponderosa pine helps meet this objective,
6—Deschutes National Forest 1. In this
because the high crowns avoid surface fire and
example, we assume the management objective is
moderate crown fire, and the thick bark resists
to make the stand as resilient to fire as possible
surface fire.
by reducing crown fire hazard while maintaining
good forage for deer and elk. For this example,
assume that pile and burn is the preferred surface
fuel treatment.
Step 4—
The narrative summary (page 241) can help to
interpret important aspects of the simulation
output. All thinning treatments effectively reduce
canopy bulk density and increase canopy base
14
height enough to reduce crown fire potential; the
247) become more similar. For this example stand,
greater the thinning, the greater the reduction in
thinning to 50 tpa and to 100 tpa appear to have
fire hazard. Thinning without surface fuel treat-
similar long-term effects on fuels and fire.
ments increases surface fuel; the greater the thinning, the greater are activity fuels and potential
Step 8—
flame lengths.
We may want to consider how an initial prescribed burn would compare to our preferred Step 5—
fuel treatment options (page 242, 247). In this
Pile and burn (starting on page 242) will be used
case, a “successful” prescribed burn would have
to treat surface fuels, as noted above.
reduced surface fuels, and removed most of the
small white fir and some ponderosa pine while
Step 6—
retaining only the largest overstory ponderosa
First, note that if fire were to occur in the stand
pine. Canopy base height remains well above
without any treatment, it would start a crown fire
flame length for 30 years of the simulation,
(flame length of 4 or 5 ft on page 242 and canopy
thereby reducing long-term crown fire hazard.
base height of 4 ft on page 246). Thinning to 50 or
100 tpa with pile and burn confers considerable
Conclusions—
fire resilience on the stand. Surface fuel treatment
The above information indicates that thinning
(pile and burn) for the 50 tpa thinning greatly
to either 50 tpa or 100 tpa with surface fuel
reduces surface fuels <6 in diameter to 5 tons/ac
treatment would meet the objective of reducing
(page 242), or about half of the initial total (page
crown fire hazard (page 247). However, this
242), even though the thinning created activity
reduction will last for 40 years in the 50 tpa
fuels from slash. Predicted flame length of 5 ft
thinning versus 50 years in the 100 tpa thinning.
(page 242) is well below the new canopy base
The 100 tpa thinning has the benefit of more
height of 44 ft (page 247); therefore fire behavior
snags and cover, which could benefit certain
changes from crown fire to surface fire, with negli-
types of wildlife. It is important to remember the
gible basal area mortality following all treatments.
recruitment of herbaceous vegetation and shrubs
is not simulated in FVS. Therefore, additional
Step 7—
thinning and/or surface fuel treatment would be
We now examine the long-term effects of pile and
needed after 30 to 50 years to maintain a fire-
burn fuel treatments (pages 243 through 248). The
resilient condition. The option of using prescribed
potential for crown fire remains low for 30 to 40
fire as the only fuel treatment appears attractive.
years. However, as surface fuels increase over time,
However, considerable risk and planning are
canopy base height decreases owing to growth
involved in implementing a prescribed burn,
of small regenerating trees, canopy bulk density
particularly in a dense stand where protection of
increases, and the potential for crown fire returns.
large trees is a priority, and an effective burn is
Note that crown fire potential increases as flame
subject to weather and fuel conditions. As with any
length (page 244) and canopy base height (page
fuel treatment, all relevant resources, including
15
posttreatment hydrology, social concerns, and
be interested in snags and large surface fuels. A
smoke production, should be included in the
public information specialist may find the images
decisionmaking process.
to be a useful component for presentation at local
stakeholder meetings. All applications of Guide
FFE-FVS Output and
Expert Judgment
information should include some communica-
The Guide is intended to inform decisions—not
the simulation approach. Finally, the knowledge
make decisions. It is generally inappropriate
of local resource specialists in fire and fuels
for users to directly apply information from the
management is always required to interpret and
Guide to management and planning issues. In fact,
apply the output of simulation models.
tion about the positive and negative aspects of
doing so could sometimes cause significant errors,
owing to shortcomings of the modeling approach
Glossary
described above, and differences between example
active crown fire—A fire that moves as one
scenarios and local stand conditions. Most of
continuous flame front involving both canopy
the numbers in the tables should be considered
fuels and surface fuels. If both torching index
“fuzzy” or to be an estimated mean with a range of
and crowning index are less than the windspeed
possible values.
measured 20 ft above the ground, fire type is
active crown fire.
Simulation models like FFE-FVS attempt to
mathematically represent complex interactions for
activity fuel—Combustible material resulting
which thorough understanding and adequate data
from or altered by forestry practices such as do not exist. This is a challenging objective, and
thinning.
it is often more realistic to compare the relative
magnitude of output among fuel treatment
basal area—Cross-sectional area of all stems in
options or between time periods, than to
the stand measured at breast height expressed
compare the actual magnitude of output. Using
per unit of land area (reported in English units as
multiple parameters, rather than a single one, is
ft 2/ac).
generally more appropriate for making decisions
about the effectiveness of a particular fuel treatment. Identifying patterns and trends of outputs
can be more valuable than focusing on individual
numbers in the tables.
The value of different components of the Guide
will differ depending on the application. For
example, a fuels specialist developing a long-term
plan may be particularly interested in the change
in fuel loadings over time. A wildlife specialist may
16
canopy cover—FVS defines canopy cover as the
percentage of the ground area that is directly
covered by tree crowns.
canopy base height—Lowest height (ft) above
the ground at which sufficient canopy fuels are
available to propagate fire vertically through the
canopy. FFE defines “sufficient fuels” as at least 30
lb ac-1 ft-1 of available canopy fuels expressed as a
running 3-ft mean of available canopy fuels.
canopy bulk density—The available canopy fuel
fuel moisture—Moisture content of a specific size
load (foliage and 50 percent of branches <0.25 in),
class of fuel expressed as a percentage of oven dry
calculated as the maximum 15-ft-deep running
weight.
mean for canopy layers 1 ft thick; reported by
convention in metric units (kg/m 3) (see Scott and
fuel model—A set of values that represents a
Reinhardt [2001] for a more detailed description).
range of fuel conditions in which fire behavior
may be expected to respond similarly to changes
conditional crown fire—The type of fire observed
in fuel moisture, wind, and slope. FFE uses the 13
in the stand depends on the origin of the fire; a
stylized fuel models described in Anderson (1982).
surface fire will remain a surface fire when mov-
An additional fuel model (14, light-moderate
ing into the subject stand, and a crown fire will
logging slash) is used within FFE to express fuel
remain a crown fire. If the crowning index is less
conditions intermediate to those in fuel models 11
than the 20-ft windspeed but the torching index
and 12.
is not, then the fire type is conditional crown fire.
Conditional crown fire is possible, but is a rare
hard snags—Dead trees that are not heavily
event. (see Scott and Reinhardt [2001] for a more
decayed yet; soft snags have 80 percent of the
detailed description).
wood density of hard snags.
crown competition factor—Relative measure-
litter—The surface layer of the forest floor that is
ment of stand density based on tree diameter. The
not in an advanced stage of decomposition, usually
percentage of an acre that would be covered by
consisting of freshly fallen leaves and twigs.
an individual tree’s crown if it were open grown
is calculated for each tree, and then the crown
competition factors for all trees are summed to get
the crown competition factor for the entire stand.
crown fire—A fire that burns in the elevated
canopy fuels. Crown fire can be of two main
forms, passive and active crown fire.
merchantable cubic feet—The volume, in cubic
feet, of the bole material in a stand suitable for
sale.
passive crown fire—A fire in which individual
tree crowns or groups of tree crowns burn, but a
solid flame is not consistently maintained in the
canopy layer, also called torching or candling. If
crowning index—The 20-ft windspeed (in mph)
the torching index is less than the 20-ft wind-
at which active crown fire is likely to be sustained.
speed, but the crowning index is not, then the fire
It is a function of canopy bulk density and crown
type is passive crown fire.
fire rate of spread.
potential fire report—An output of FFE-FVS
duff —Partially decomposed organic material of
that provides information about the potential fire
the forest floor beneath the litter layer.
behavior, fire hazard, and fire effects in a stand
under two fire weather scenarios.
17
prescribed fire—Deliberate burning of wildland
Roger Ottmar were particularly helpful. James
fuels under specified environmental conditions.
Agee, Elizabeth Reinhardt, Russell Graham, Sarah
McCaffrey, John Szymoniak, and Theresa Jain
quadratic mean diameter—The d.b.h. of a tree
provided helpful guidance during development
with average basal area.
of the guidebook. Ellen Eberhardt assisted with
stand density index—A density measurement
based on the number of trees per acre and the
d.b.h. of the average tree.
formatting and editing. We are especially grateful
to Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management resource managers for their review of the
guidebook and for contributing data sets on which
surface fire—A fire that burns in the surface fuel
the guidebook is based: Renate Bush, Louisa
layer that lies just above the ground, but not in the
Evers, Brian Ferguson, Beth Hall, Pat Jackson,
canopy fuels.
Kama Kennedy, Renee Lundberg, Bill MacArthur,
Charles Maxwell, Georgi Porter, Tim Rich, Robert
thin from below—A silvicultural treatment in
Seli, Jan Singleton, John Townsley, Eric Twombly,
which trees are removed from suppressed and
Leo Yanez, and several staff members from the
intermediate crown classes, leaving the larger trees
Bitterroot National Forest and Boise National
on site.
Forest. Research funding was provided by the Fire
and Aviation Management staff of the Washington
top height—The average height (in feet) of the Office.
40 tpa of the largest diameter.
This publication was reviewed by three anonytorching index—The 20-ft windspeed (in mph)
mous reviewers. We appreciate the assistance of
at which crown fire initiation is expected to occur.
James Agee in administering the review process.
It is a function of surface fireline intensity, foliar
moisture content, and canopy base height.
total cubic feet—The total volume in cubic feet of the bole material in a stand.
Metric Equivalents
When you know
Inches (in)
2.54
Feet (ft)
Acknowledgments
(ft 2)
Square feet
tal Research Applications Team at the Pacific
Tons per acre (ton/ac)
contributions to development of the guidebook;
discussions and critiques by Don McKenzie and
18
Acres (ac)
We thank members of the Fire and EnvironmenWildland Fire Sciences Laboratory for their
Multiply
by:
Pounds per cubic
foot (lb/ft3)
Miles per hour (mph)
To find:
Centimeters
.305
Meters
.405
Hectares
.093
2.24
16.02
.447
Square meters
Megagrams per hectare
Kilograms per
cubic meter
Meters per second
Literature Cited
Agee, J.K. 1996. The influence of forest structure
on fire behavior. In: Sherlock, J.; Landram, M.;
Gray, S., eds. Proceedings, 17 th annual forest
vegetation management conference: 52–68. On
file with: James Agee, University of Washington,
College of Forest Resources, Seattle, WA.
Agee, J.K. 2002. Fire behavior and fire-resilient
forests. In: Fitzgerald, S., ed. Fire in Oregon’s
forests: risks, effects, and treatment options.
Portland, OR: Oregon Forest Resources
Institute: 119–126.
Anderson, H.E. 1982. Aids to determining fuel
models for estimating fire behavior. Res. Pap.
INT-RP-122. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain
Forest and Range Experimental Station. 22 p.
Bailey, J.D.; Covington, W.W. 2002. Evaluating
ponderosa pine regeneration rates following
ecological restoration treatments in northern
Arizona, USA. Forest Ecology and Management.
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Brown, R.T.; Agee, J.K.; Franklin, J.F. 2004.
Forest restoration and fire: principles in the
context of place. Conservation Biology. 18: 903–912.
Brown, T.J.; Hall, B.L.; McCurdy, G.D. 2002.
Quality control of California historical RAWS
data. CEFA Report 02-01. Reno, NV: Desert
Research Institute, Program for Climate,
Ecosystem, and Fire Applications. 29 p. http://
www.cefa.dri.edu/Publications/qcreport.pdf.
(February 14, 2005).
Carey, H.; Schuman, M. 2003. Modifying wildfire
behavior—the effectiveness of fuel treatments:
the status of our knowledge. National Community Forestry Center, Southwest Region Working
Paper 2. Santa Fe, NM: Forest Trust, National
Community Forestry Center. 26 p.
Crosby, J.S.; Chandler, C.C. 2004. Get the
most from your windspeed observation. Fire
Management Today. 64: 53-55. Reprinted from
Fire Control Notes 27 (Fall 1966): 12–13.
Dixon, G.E., compiler. 2002. Essential FVS: a
user’s guide to the Forest Vegetation Simulator.
Internal Rep. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest
Management Service Center. 196 p.
Ferguson, D.E.; Crookston, N.L. 1991. User’s
guide to version 2 of the Regeneration
Establishment Model: part of the Prognosis
Model. Gen. Tech. Rep. GTR-INT-279. Ogden,
UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Intermountain Research Station. 26 p.
Fitzgerald, S.A. 2002. Fuel-reduction and
restoration treatments for Oregon’s forests. In:
Fitzgerald, S., ed. Fire in Oregon’s forests: risks,
effects, and treatment options. Portland, OR:
Oregon Forest Resources Institute: 127–138.
Graham, R.T.; Harvey, A.E.; Jain, T.B.; Tonn, J.R.
1999. The effects of thinning and similar stand
treatments on fire behavior in Western forests.
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U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Pacific Northwest Research Station. 27 p.
Graham, R.T.; McCaffrey, S.; Jain, T.B. 2004.
Scientific basis for changing forest structure
to modify wildfire behavior and severity. Gen.
Tech. Rep. GTR-RMRS-120. Fort Collins, CO:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Rocky Mountain Research Station. 43 p.
Healthy Forests Restoration Act of 2003; P.L. 108-148.
Kalabokidis, K.D.; Omi, P.N. 1998. Reduction of
fire hazard through thinning/residue disposal
in the urban interface. International Journal of
Wildland Fire. 8: 29–35.
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Keyes, C.R.; O’Hara, K.L. 2002. Quantifying
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McDonald, P.M. 1976. Shelterwood cutting in a
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[NEPA]; 42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.
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GTR-PNW-628. Portland, OR: U.S. Department
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Research Station. 30 p.
Pollet, J.; Omi, P.N. 2002. Effect of thinning and
prescribed burning on crown fire severity in
ponderosa pine forests. International Journal of
Wildland Fire. 11: 1–10.
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2003. The Fire and Fuels Extension to the
Forest Vegetation Simulator. Gen. Tech. Rep.
GTR-RMRS-116. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department
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rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr116.pdf. (10 May 2006).
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Sackett, S.S. 1984. Observations on natural
regeneration in ponderosa pine following a
prescribed fire in Arizona. Res. Note RM435. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain
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Sandberg, D.V.; Ottmar, R.D.; Cushon, G.H.
2001. Characterizing fuels in the 21st century.
International Journal of Wildland Fire. 10: 381–387.
Scott, J.H.; Reinhardt, E.D. 2001. Assessing
crown fire potential by linking models of surface
and crown fire behavior. Res. Pap. RMRSRP-29. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain
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pubs/rmrs_rp29.pdf (31 May 2006).
Weatherspoon, C.P. 1996. Fire-silviculture
relationships in Sierra forests. In: Sierra Nevada
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pubs/web/PDF/VII_C44.PDF (10 May 2006).
Appendix 1—Keywords used in FFE-FVS for Simulations
Represented in the Guide
Partial establishment model
Full establishment model
Base FVS system
TreeList Base FVS system Cutlist SVS StrClass NumCycle
TreeList
Cutlist
SVS
StrClass
NumCycle
Fire and Fuels Extension
FuelOut Fire and Fuels Extension
FuelRept
PotFire
PotFTemp
PotFWind PotFMois
SnagSum
SimFire
PileBurn FuelOut
FuelRept
PotFire
PotFTemp
PotFWind
PotFMois
SnagSum
SimFire
PileBurn
Full Establishment Model
NoInGrow
StockAdj
21
22
23
Stand attributes: Stem density = 2,345 tpa, basal area = 114 ft2/ac,
top height = 78 ft, stand density index = 338, quadratic mean diameter = 3.0 in,
crown competition factor = 116, canopy cover = 65 percent.
Region 1 — Bitterroot National Forest 1
Species (based on trees per acre): Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) = 60 percent,
grand fir (Abies grandis) = 31 percent, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) = 4 percent.
Site: Elevation = 4,400 ft, slope = 24 percent, aspect = 90 percent.
Initial stand conditions
A
Appendix 2—Fuel Treatment Scenarios for Northern Region (Region 1)
24
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 1 — Bitterroot National Forest 1
B
25
reduce crown fire potential in the short term, after 10
years the predicted fire type is surface fire, and crown
fire potential continues to decline as canopy base
height increases and flame lengths decrease. In all
thinning treatments, flame lengths decrease over time
as canopy cover increases and fuel model assignment
shifts from predominantly 2 to predominantly 9. The
200 tpa treatment has the greatest long-term effect on
crown fire potential with a predicted fire type of surface fire for 50 years with pile and burn or no surface
fuel treatment, and 40 years with prescribed fire treatment. The 50 tpa treatment had the most short-lived
effect on crown fire potential with regeneration causing
a drop in canopy base height in 30 years regardless of
surface fuel treatment.
bulk density and slightly increases canopy base height,
but not enough to prevent passive crown fire for severe
fire weather. This treatment reduces surface fuels in all
size classes, but flame lengths increase after treatment
owing to grass fuels associated with the use of fuel
model 2; grass fuels are not tracked in FFE and may or
may not be the primary fuel following prescribed fire.
All thinning treatments reduce canopy bulk density
and increase canopy base height; the greater the
thinning, the greater is the change in forest structure.
The predicted fire type after treatment is surface fire
for all thinning options, but the more open stands are
characterized predominantly by fuel model 2, so flame
lengths increase and potential basal area mortality
remains above 20 percent regardless of surface fuel
7 tons/ac. Canopy bulk density is 0.14 kg/m 3 (0.0087 lb/ft 3 ), and canopy base height is 3 ft, entire 50-year projection.
lengths remain low for moderate fire weather for the
ing again in 40 years. Crown fire potential and flame
fire potential decreasing in 20 years and then increas-
base height increase slightly over time with crown no action, flame lengths, surface fuels, and canopy mortality is 97 percent for severe fire weather. With fire, crown fire hazard is high. Potential basal area
although this stand is not classified as active crown
is 19, and severe-weather windspeed is 17 mph, so
enable active crown fire spread. Crowning index crown fire, but canopy fuels are not sufficient to so ladder fuels are sufficient to enable passive loading is 9 tons/ac, and litter and duff loading is las-fir with a ponderosa pine overstory. Woody fuel
Region 1 — Bitterroot National Forest 1
area mortality remain high owing to grass fuels.
also reduces litter and duff, but flame lengths and basal
a greater extent by the prescribed fire treatment, which
fuels are reduced by the pile and burn treatment and to
mortality are lower than the more open stands. Activity
by grass fuels, so flame lengths and potential basal area
more closed canopy, and fire behavior is influenced less
treatment. The 200 and 300 tpa treatments have a
Although the prescribed fire only treatment does not
The prescribed fire only treatment decreases canopy
acre (tpa) primarily composed of grand fir and Doug-
This stand has a high tree density of 2,345 trees per
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
long-term effects
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
immediate effects
Initial conditions/no-action trajectory
C
26
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
3
3
3
0
2
5
2
3
15
19
Surface
Passive
25
97
Initial
condition
1
0
1
0
1
4
3
5
8
51
Surface
Passive
15
72
Prescribed
fire only
5
3
2
0
2
3
3
6
38
45
Surface
Surface
15
53
1
1
0
0
2
3
3
6
47
45
Surface
Surface
15
56
0
1
1
0
0
2
4
7
31
52
Surface
Surface
11
81
1
1
0
0
2
2
4
7
32
49
Surface
Surface
9
80
0
1
1
0
0
2
4
7
30
53
Surface
Surface
9
88
Thin from
below to 100 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
5
3
1
0
2
3
4
7
32
49
Surface
Surface
9
68
Thin from
below to 50 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 3a—Projected treatment effects on fuels and fire first cycle after treatments implemented
Region 1 — Bitterroot National Forest 1
0
1
1
0
1
3
3
6
32
51
Surface
Surface
14
61
1
1
1
0
2
3
2
4
45
38
Surface
Surface
19
28
4
2
2
0
2
4
2
4
35
38
Surface
Surface
19
29
Thin from
below to 200 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
0
1
1
0
1
3
3
6
26
51
Surface
Surface
14
54
1
1
1
0
2
4
2
3
34
38
Surface
Surface
21
23
4
2
2
0
2
4
2
3
27
38
Surface
Surface
21
24
Thin from
below to 300 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
D
27
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
Fuel/fire attribute
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
3
3
2
0
2
5
2
3
24
19
Surface
Surface
374
2
0
20 yrs
4
3
2
1
3
6
2
3
20
19
Surface
Surface
330
2
0
30 yrs
4
3
2
2
3
6
2
3
9
19
Surface
Passive
286
3
0
40 yrs
2
3
1
0
1
3
3
7
39
48
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
10 yrs
2
3
1
0
1
3
3
6
48
47
Surface
Surface
4
1
0
20 yrs
2
3
1
0
1
3
3
5
1
47
Passive
Passive
21
1
0
30 yrs
2
3
1
1
1
3
3
5
0
46
Passive
Passive
20
2
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
3
2
2
0
2
5
2
3
17
19
Surface
Passive
316
1
0
10 yrs
2
3
1
1
2
3
2
4
16
46
Surface
Passive
17
2
0
50 yrs
4
4
3
2
3
6
2
3
7
20
Surface
Passive
241
4
0
50 yrs
Region 1 — Bitterroot National Forest 1
5
3
1
0
2
3
4
7
32
49
Surface
Surface
1
0
0
1 yr
3
3
3
0
2
5
2
3
15
19
Surface
Passive
195
0
0
1 yr
No action
Table 3b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection
5
3
2
0
2
3
3
6
38
45
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
1 yr
1
0
1
0
1
4
3
5
8
51
Surface
Passive
608
1
0
1 yr
2
2
2
1
1
4
2
4
30
43
Surface
Surface
22
1
0
20 yrs
2
3
2
2
2
4
2
4
42
41
Surface
Surface
19
2
0
30 yrs
2
3
2
2
2
4
2
3
53
41
Surface
Surface
18
2
0
40 yrs
2
3
1
0
1
3
3
5
59
42
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
10 yrs
2
3
1
0
1
3
3
5
68
39
Surface
Surface
7
1
0
20 yrs
2
3
1
1
1
4
3
4
84
38
Surface
Surface
26
1
0
30 yrs
2
3
2
1
2
4
2
4
97
38
Surface
Surface
27
2
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
3
2
2
1
1
4
3
5
19
46
Surface
Surface
17
1
0
10 yrs
Prescribed fire only
2
3
2
1
2
4
2
4
111
38
Surface
Surface
24
3
0
50 yrs
3
3
2
2
2
4
2
3
54
40
Surface
Surface
16
3
0
50 yrs
E
28
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0
1
1
0
0
2
4
7
32
49
Surface
Surface
9
1
0
1
1
0
0
2
2
4
7
32
49
Surface
Surface
1
0
0
1 yr
1
1
1
1
1
2
4
7
32
51
Surface
Surface
9
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
2
3
7
39
48
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
10 yrs
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
7
42
51
Surface
Surface
7
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
3
3
6
48
47
Surface
Surface
4
1
0
20 yrs
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
6
0
50
Passive
Passive
22
1
0
2
1
0
0
1
3
3
5
2
47
Surface
Passive
22
1
0
30 yrs
2
2
1
2
1
2
3
5
0
50
Passive
Passive
21
1
0
2
1
1
1
1
3
3
5
0
46
Passive
Passive
21
2
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 3b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
4
6
50
Surface
Passive
18
2
0
2
2
1
1
2
3
2
4
13
46
Surface
Passive
18
2
0
50 yrs
Region 1 — Bitterroot National Forest 1
0
1
1
0
2
3
3
6
38
45
Surface
Surface
17
1
0
1
1
0
0
2
3
3
6
47
45
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
1 yr
1
2
2
1
1
2
3
6
41
49
Surface
Surface
9
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
3
3
5
59
42
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
10 yrs
1
2
2
1
1
2
3
6
52
46
Surface
Surface
8
1
0
2
1
1
0
1
3
3
5
69
39
Surface
Surface
7
1
0
20 yrs
2
2
2
1
1
3
3
5
0
44
Passive
Passive
25
1
0
2
1
1
1
2
3
2
4
85
37
Surface
Surface
28
1
0
30 yrs
2
2
2
2
1
3
3
4
0
43
Passive
Passive
24
2
0
2
2
1
1
2
3
2
4
14
37
Surface
Passive
29
2
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
4
7
43
Surface
Passive
21
2
0
2
2
1
1
2
3
2
4
114
37
Surface
Surface
25
3
0
50 yrs
F
29
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
1
1
1
0
1
4
2
3
73
37
Surface
Surface
11
1
0
2
2
2
0
1
4
2
3
73
37
Surface
Surface
11
1
0
10 yrs
2
1
1
0
2
4
2
3
83
35
Surface
Surface
15
1
0
2
2
2
0
2
4
2
3
83
35
Surface
Surface
15
1
0
20 yrs
2
2
1
1
2
4
2
3
95
33
Surface
Surface
38
2
0
3
2
2
1
2
4
2
3
99
33
Surface
Surface
36
2
0
30 yrs
3
2
1
1
2
4
2
3
103
32
Surface
Surface
38
3
0
3
3
2
1
2
4
2
3
102
32
Surface
Surface
36
3
0
40 yrs
3
2
2
2
2
4
2
3
105
31
Surface
Surface
34
3
0
3
3
2
2
2
5
2
3
95
32
Surface
Surface
33
3
0
50 yrs
Region 1 — Bitterroot National Forest 1
1
1
1
0
2
3
2
4
45
38
Surface
Surface
7
0
0
4
2
2
0
2
4
2
4
35
38
Surface
Surface
7
0
0
1 yr
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 3b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
1
1
1
0
2
4
2
3
34
38
Surface
Surface
12
0
0
4
2
2
0
2
4
2
3
27
38
Surface
Surface
9
0
0
1 yr
2
1
1
0
2
4
2
3
46
34
Surface
Surface
21
1
0
2
2
2
0
2
4
2
3
47
32
Surface
Surface
19
1
0
10 yrs
2
1
1
0
2
4
2
3
48
33
Surface
Surface
26
1
0
3
2
2
0
2
5
2
3
60
30
Surface
Surface
27
2
0
20 yrs
3
2
1
1
2
4
2
3
60
32
Surface
Surface
63
2
0
3
3
2
1
2
5
2
3
62
29
Surface
Surface
61
2
0
30 yrs
3
2
1
1
2
4
2
3
13
31
Surface
Passive
62
3
0
3
3
2
2
2
5
2
3
10
29
Surface
Passive
60
3
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
3
3
2
2
2
5
2
3
10
31
Surface
Passive
53
4
0
3
3
3
2
2
5
2
3
8
28
Surface
Passive
52
4
0
50 yrs
G
30
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
1
3
1
3
10
1
0
34
1
0
42
45
Surface
Surface
51
Surface
Surface
0
1
9
Surface
Surface
57
5
3
3
1
1
2
3
2
20 yrs
44
32
5
1
0
6
2
1
3
3
3
2
1
10 yrs
0
1 yr
Trees per acre
None
0.14
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
3
Crown competition factor
(kg/m 3)
65
116
Canopy closure (percent)
338
Stand density index
2,411
2,956
0.14
3
137
70
373
135
2,778
3,561
3.5
114
(ft 3)
1,989
3
10 yrs
2,345
1 yr
Basal area (ft 2)
Merchantable volume
Total volume (ft 3)
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
Stand attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0.14
4
154
73
395
151
3,214
4,108
4.1
1,669
20 yrs
0.14
4
168
74
410
166
3,760
4,622
4.7
1,391
30 yrs
No action
0
2
28
Surface
Surface
40
75
4
2
3
2
1
2
3
2
30 yrs
0.13
3
179
75
418
178
4,209
5,105
5.3
1,155
40 yrs
0
2
28
Surface
Passive
39
10
3
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 3c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
treatment
Table 3b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
0.13
3
189
75
424
189
4,674
5,577
6
960
50 yrs
0
3
25
Surface
Surface
39
22
3
2
3
2
2
2
3
2
50 yrs
Region 1 — Bitterroot National Forest 1
0.04
4
79
41
178
92
2,287
2,673
3
216
1 yr
0
1
55
Surface
Surface
51
26
6
3
3
1
0
1
1
0
1 yr
0.04
6
85
43
186
99
2,491
2,924
9.4
206
10 yrs
0
1
11
Surface
Surface
45
41
5
3
3
1
1
2
3
2
10 yrs
0
2
30
Surface
Surface
40
72
4
2
3
2
1
2
3
2
30 yrs
0.05
8
95
46
202
112
2,945
3,422
10.4
191
20 yrs
0.05
10
105
48
216
124
3,439
3,926
11.3
177
30 yrs
Prescribed fire only
0
1
12
Surface
Surface
42
54
4
3
3
1
1
2
3
2
20 yrs
0.05
12
113
49
228
135
3,909
4,439
12.3
164
40 yrs
0
2
29
Surface
Passive
39
11
3
2
4
2
2
2
3
2
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.05
13
122
51
239
146
4,357
4,936
13.2
154
50 yrs
0
3
26
Surface
Surface
39
49
3
2
4
2
2
2
3
2
50 yrs
H
31
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
2,956
(ft 2)
Canopy base height (ft)
114
(ft 2)
116
3
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
2,411
114
Merchantable volume (ft3)
(ft 2)
0.14
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
3
Crown competition factor
0.04
25
64
31
162
84
2,431
2,671
8.7
202
0.04
25
71
33
173
92
2,637
2,899
9.3
194
0.04
25
71
33
170
92
2,637
2,898
9.6
181
10 yrs
0.04
27
70
33
176
93
2,838
3,110
9.3
199
0.04
26
77
35
187
101
3,067
3,363
9.9
191
0.04
26
77
35
184
101
3,059
3,355
10.2
178
20 yrs
0.04
2
78
37
187
103
3,241
3,561
10.4
177
0.04
3
84
39
196
111
3,478
3,816
11
169
0.04
3
84
38
193
111
3,478
3,804
11.4
157
30 yrs
0.04
2
86
41
200
115
3,630
4,026
11.4
162
0.04
2
91
42
207
122
3,890
4,275
12.1
154
0.04
2
91
41
203
121
3,876
4,260
12.5
143
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.04
4
95
45
213
127
4,031
4,509
12.5
150
0.04
4
99
45
218
133
4,279
4,743
13.1
141
0.04
5
98
44
214
131
4,281
4,729
13.5
131
50 yrs
Region 1 — Bitterroot National Forest 1
0.04
26
65
(kg/m3)
31
65
116
120
82
2,217
2,455
17.6
49
0.04
25
65
31
120
82
2,411
2,671
17.6
49
0.04
25
65
Canopy cover (percent)
338
Stand density index
Basal area
2,956
3
2,345
Total volume (ft3)
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
Trees per acre
0.14
65
Canopy cover (percent)
Canopy bulk density (kg/m³)
338
Stand density index
Basal area
2,411
Merchantable volume (ft3)
Total volume
3
2,956
(ft3)
2,345
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
Trees per acre
0.14
3
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
116
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
65
Stand density index
31
82
120
114
2,411
2,671
17.6
49
1 yr
338
Basal area
2,411
Merchantable volume (ft3)
Total volume
3
2,345
(ft3)
Trees per acre
None
Initial
condition
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
Stand attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
Table 3c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.04
24
77
36
155
94
2,303
2,596
13.2
99
0.04
23
77
36
155
94
2,616
2,998
13.2
99
0.04
23
77
36
155
94
2,616
2,998
13.2
99
1 yr
0.04
25
71
34
177
91
2,528
2,835
8.6
224
0.05
25
85
39
204
106
2,860
3,265
9
243
0.05
25
85
39
202
106
2,860
3,265
9.2
230
10 yrs
0.04
27
78
36
192
101
3,006
3,320
9.2
220
0.05
26
94
41
221
118
3,423
3,803
9.5
238
0.05
26
94
41
218
118
3,411
3,789
9.8
225
20 yrs
0.05
2
86
40
204
112
3,461
3,817
10.3
195
0.06
28
102
44
231
129
3,909
4,322
10.6
211
0.06
28
101
43
229
129
3,906
4,321
10.9
199
30 yrs
0.05
2
95
43
217
124
3,917
4,324
11.3
178
0.06
4
109
46
242
140
4,378
4,828
11.6
190
0.06
29
108
46
239
140
4,389
4,836
11.9
180
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.05
4
103
46
229
136
4,329
4,814
12.3
163
0.06
30
116
48
251
150
4,826
5,323
12.6
173
0.06
30
115
47
248
150
4,853
5,337
13
164
50 yrs
I
32
2,411
114
Merchantable volume (ft3)
(ft 2)
3
Canopy base height (ft)
2,411
114
Merchantable volume (ft3)
(ft 2)
116
3
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
2,411
114
Merchantable volume (ft3)
(ft 2)
0.14
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
3
Crown competition factor
(kg/m3)
65
116
Canopy cover (percent)
338
Stand density index
Basal area
2,956
3
2,345
Total volume (ft3)
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
Trees per acre
0.14
65
Canopy cover (percent)
Canopy bulk density (kg/m³)
338
Stand density index
Basal area
2,956
3
2,345
Total volume (ft3)
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
Trees per acre
0.14
116
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
65
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
338
Stand density index
Basal area
2,956
Total volume (ft3)
3
2,345
Initial
condition
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
Trees per acre
None
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
Stand attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0.04
17
92
46
192
104
2,297
2,665
9.9
194
0.06
12
92
46
192
104
2,605
3,177
9.9
194
0.06
12
92
46
192
104
2,605
3,177
9.9
194
1 yr
0.04
18
79
39
190
96
2,517
2,918
8.3
256
0.06
17
104
49
237
119
2,825
3,468
8.1
331
0.06
17
104
49
235
119
2,824
3,467
8.3
317
10 yrs
0.05
20
88
42
208
109
3,068
3,451
8.9
251
0.06
18
115
51
258
134
3,403
4,070
8.8
319
0.06
18
115
51
256
133
3,419
4,059
8.9
306
20 yrs
0.05
22
97
45
222
121
3,583
3,981
10
224
0.07
20
125
54
272
147
4,075
4,646
9.7
283
0.07
21
125
54
270
147
4,063
4,640
9.9
273
30 yrs
0.05
3
107
48
236
133
4,067
4,516
11
203
0.07
21
134
55
284
159
4,593
5,194
10.7
255
0.07
22
134
55
282
159
4,619
5,188
10.9
247
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 3c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.05
5
116
51
248
145
4,524
5,028
12
186
0.07
23
142
57
293
170
5,135
5,705
11.6
231
0.07
23
141
57
291
169
5,131
5,704
11.8
224
50 yrs
Region 1 — Bitterroot National Forest 1
0.04
12
99
50
213
107
2,293
2,670
8.3
289
0.06
7
99
50
213
107
2,597
3,210
8.3
289
0.06
7
99
50
213
107
2,624
3,250
8.3
289
1 yr
0.04
15
81
40
194
97
2,510
2,924
8.1
272
0.06
9
112
54
264
123
2,810
3,503
6.8
489
0.07
9
116
55
268
127
2,847
3,577
7
472
10 yrs
0.05
17
91
43
213
110
3,023
3,442
8.7
265
0.07
9
125
56
286
138
3,335
4,086
7.4
467
0.08
11
131
58
294
145
3,585
4,220
7.7
450
20 yrs
0.05
19
101
47
226
122
3,519
3,962
9.7
237
0.07
11
137
59
300
152
3,942
4,643
8.3
407
0.08
12
144
61
310
160
4,112
4,820
8.6
392
30 yrs
0.05
3
110
50
240
134
4,005
4,475
10.7
215
0.07
3
147
61
312
164
4,477
5,173
9.1
360
0.08
3
156
63
324
174
4,651
5,399
9.6
347
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.05
11
120
53
252
146
4,459
4,985
11.6
198
0.07
3
156
62
322
175
4,998
5,669
10
322
0.08
4
168
64
336
187
5,220
5,968
10.5
310
50 yrs
J
33
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
2
2
2
2
9
9
2
2
2
2
9
9
2
2
2
2
9
9
Model
9
9
9
9
9
9
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
Model
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
10
10
10
10
10
9
9
9
2
2
100
97
85
64
57
74
0
9
9
9
2
2
9
9
9
9
2
2
Model
Weight
Percent
61
84
74
59
57
70
96
84
73
56
60
75
6
16
26
38
Percent
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
0
3
15
36
43
26
4
16
27
44
40
25
9
Model
Weight
Percent
3
Model
Weight
2
2
2
2
9
9
2
2
9
9
9
9
2
2
9
9
9
9
Model
Model
Weight
96
82
69
51
67
81
68
55
56
68
79
89
9
2
2
2
2
10
Weight
Percent
45
36
22
11
3
6
10
Model
Weight
1
Percent
Model
9
9
9
9
2
2
9
9
2
2
2
2
10
9
2
2
2
2
Model
4
18
31
49
33
19
32
45
44
32
21
11
Percent
31
45
45
33
22
14
Weight
9
Model
Fuel models
Percent
22
Weight
Model
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Percent
46
55
55
67
78
86
Region 1 — Bitterroot National Forest 1
Percent
37
16
26
41
43
30
Weight
Fuel models
2
9
9
9
9
9
Percent
55
64
78
89
96
94
Fuel models
Fuel models
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Model
Weight
Percent
100
100
94
84
74
62
Prescribed fire only
No action
Table 3d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection
Weight
Weight
K
34
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
2
2
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
Model
74
56
59
76
92
98
96
74
°F
Miles/hour
17
9
Temperature
Windspeed
10
3 = Moist
70
moisture values from Reinhardt and Crookston (2003).
*Moisture categories correspond to variant-specific percentage
Windspeed (mph)
Moisture category*
Temperature (°F)
Table 3f—Prescribed fire weather conditions
used in models
Severe—98th percentile
Moderate—75th percentile
Fire weather conditions
Table 3e—FVS fuel model selection
9
9
2
2
2
10
2
2
0
0
0
10
2
2
0
0
10
10
79
94
100
100
100
96
Model
Weight
Percent
67
94
100
100
98
91
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
Model
9
9
9
9
9
9
2
9
9
9
9
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
68
52
67
85
100
96
100
100
100
100
99
90
Percent
90
100
100
96
87
76
1,000-hr (3+ in)
9
9
9
9
9
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
Fuel moisture
100-hr (1–3 in)
Model
10-hr (0.25–1 in)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
15
0
0
0
0
0
Duff
9
2
2
2
2
10
0
0
0
0
10
10
10
0
0
10
10
10
Model
Weight
Live
32
48
33
15
0
4
0
0
0
0
1
10
Percent
10
0
0
4
13
24
2
5
4
7
10
15
15
22
50
125
100
150
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Percent - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
Model
1-hr (0–0.25 in)
26
44
41
24
8
2
21
6
0
0
0
4
Percent
18
6
0
0
2
9
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
Fuel models
Fuel models
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Table 3d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection (continued)
Region 1 — Bitterroot National Forest 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
L
35
Stand attributes: Stem density = 452 tpa, basal area = 123 ft 2 /ac, top
height = 63 ft, stand density index = 258, quadratic mean diameter = 7.1 in,
crown competition factor = 134, canopy cover = 57 percent.
Region 1 — Bitterroot National Forest 2
Species (based on trees per acre): Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) =
91 percent, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) = 6 percent.
Site: Elevation = 5,200 ft, slope = 33 percent, aspect = 360°.
Initial stand conditions
A
36
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 1 — Bitterroot National Forest 2
B
37
the 50-year projection.
the predicted fire type under moderate fire weather for
surface fire for severe fire weather. Surface fire remains
dicted fire type changes from conditional crown fire to
time, and is low enough after 40 years that the pre-
fire is unlikely. Canopy bulk density decreases over
base height remains high enough that passive crown
remain below 4 ft for the 50-year projection. Canopy
little accumulation of surface fuels, and flame lengths
by fire-resistant tree species. With no action, there is
fire weather, likely because the stand is dominated
mortality is relatively low (30 percent) even for severe
fire under severe fire weather. Potential basal area
spread, so the predicted fire type is conditional crown
fire, but canopy fuels are sufficient to enable crown fire
ladder fuels are not sufficient to enable passive crown
canopy bulk density is 0.17 kg/m 3 (0.0106 lb/ft3 ), so
loading is 12 tons/ac. Canopy base height is 13 ft and
Woody fuel loading is 9 tons/ac and liter and duff
marily of Douglas-fir with a ponderosa pine overstory.
This stand has 452 trees per acre (tpa) composed pri-
Initial conditions/no-action trajectory
The 100 and 200 tpa treatments with pile and burn
or no surface fuel treatment have a long-term effect on
reducing crown fire potential. In these treatments the
predicted fire type remains surface fire, flame lengths
remain low, and canopy base height continues to
increase over time. The prescribed fire only treatment
also has a similar effect on long-term crown fire potential. In the 50 tpa treatment, regardless of surface fuels
treatment, regeneration causes a drop in canopy base
height in 30 yrs and the predicted fire type is passive
crown fire for severe and moderate fire weather. Also
in this treatment, flame lengths decrease over time but
remain above 5 ft for severe fire weather for the 50-year
projection. The 300 tpa treatment is not sufficient to
reduce canopy bulk density, so conditional crown fire
is predicted for the entire 50-year projection, although
flame lengths remain low and canopy base height
increases over time.
The prescribed fire only treatment raises canopy base
height and decreases canopy bulk density only slightly,
but the effect is sufficient to change the predicted fire
type to surface fire for severe fire weather. Surface
fuels are reduced initially, but more snags are created,
which contributes to surface fuel loading in the future.
Thinning to 200 tpa or less is needed to raise canopy
base height significantly and reduce canopy bulk
density enough to affect crown fire potential under
severe fire weather. Although heavy thinnings have
increased activity fuels, canopy base height is raised
well above expected flame length. These activity fuels
are reduced by the pile and burn treatment and to a
greater extent by the prescribed fire, but this change
in surface fuels does not reduce flame lengths, because
the heavily thinned stands with low woody surface
fuels are characterized by fuel model 2 with grass
fuels driving predicted fire behavior. The 200 and 300
Region 1 — Bitterroot National Forest 2
so these results should be interpreted cautiously.
site specific, and grass fuels are not tracked in the FFE,
lengths. The influence of grass fuels on fire behavior is
surface fuel treatments and therefore have lower flame
tpa treatments are characterized by fuel model 9 after
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
long-term effects
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
immediate effects
C
38
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
3
3
3
0
2
10
2
3
57
15
Surface
Conditional
20
30
Initial
condition
1
0
1
0
1
7
3
5
51
22
Surface
Surface
22
41
Prescribed
fire only
0
1
2
0
0
7
4
8
31
57
Surface
Surface
13
96
2
1
1
0
2
9
4
8
29
50
Surface
Surface
13
96
9
5
3
0
3
10
3
5
120
50
Surface
Surface
12
32
Thin from
below to 50 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 4a—Projected treatment effects on fuels and fire first cycle after treatments implemented
Region 1 — Bitterroot National Forest 2
0
1
2
0
0
7
4
7
31
34
Surface
Surface
17
96
2
1
1
0
2
9
3
6
47
29
Surface
Surface
17
78
7
5
3
0
2
10
3
5
45
29
Surface
Surface
17
42
Thin from
below to 100 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
0
1
2
0
1
7
3
5
49
24
Surface
Surface
21
48
1
1
1
0
2
9
2
3
63
18
Surface
Surface
23
26
4
5
3
0
2
10
2
3
26
18
Surface
Surface
23
28
Thin from
below to 200 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
0
1
2
0
1
7
3
5
51
22
Surface
Surface
22
41
1
1
1
0
2
9
2
3
67
15
Surface
Conditional
25
29
3
3
3
0
2
10
2
3
57
15
Surface
Conditional
25
30
Thin from
below to 300 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
D
39
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
Fuel/fire attribute
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
4
4
4
1
2
10
2
4
20
16
Surface
Cond.
68
1
0
20 yrs
4
4
4
1
2
10
2
4
66
16
Surface
Cond.
59
1
0
30 yrs
4
4
5
1
2
10
2
4
21
17
Surface
Cond.
53
2
0
40 yrs
3
5
3
0
1
10
4
8
25
44
Surface
Surface
32
2
0
10 yrs
2
4
3
1
1
10
4
8
30
42
Surface
Surface
7
1
0
20 yrs
2
4
3
1
1
10
4
7
0
41
Passive
Passive
16
1
0
30 yrs
1
4
3
1
1
10
4
7
0
41
Passive
Passive
15
1
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
3
3
3
0
2
10
2
3
18
16
Surface
Cond.
82
2
0
10 yrs
2
3
3
1
1
10
3
5
15
40
Surface
Passive
14
2
0
50 yrs
4
4
6
2
2
10
3
4
27
18
Surface
Surface
48
2
0
50 yrs
Region 1 — Bitterroot National Forest 2
9
5
3
0
3
10
3
5
120
50
Surface
Surface
48
2
0
1 yr
3
3
3
0
2
10
2
3
57
15
Surface
Cond.
78
2
0
1 yr
No action
Table 4b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection
7
5
3
0
2
10
3
5
45
29
Surface
Surface
49
2
0
1 yr
1
0
1
0
1
7
3
5
51
22
Surface
Surface
116
2
0
1 yr
3
4
6
1
1
7
3
4
51
23
Surface
Surface
20
1
0
20 yrs
3
4
6
1
1
7
3
4
57
23
Surface
Surface
16
1
0
30 yrs
3
4
6
2
1
7
3
4
63
24
Surface
Surface
15
1
0
40 yrs
3
5
3
0
1
10
3
6
45
28
Surface
Surface
34
2
0
10 yrs
2
5
3
1
1
10
3
5
57
27
Surface
Surface
10
1
0
20 yrs
2
4
3
1
1
10
3
5
70
26
Surface
Surface
25
1
0
30 yrs
2
4
3
1
1
10
3
5
70
26
Surface
Surface
25
1
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
3
4
6
1
1
7
3
5
41
23
Surface
Surface
20
2
0
10 yrs
Prescribed fire only
2
4
4
1
2
10
3
4
88
26
Surface
Surface
24
1
0
50 yrs
3
4
6
2
1
7
3
4
67
24
Surface
Surface
16
1
0
50 yrs
E
40
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0
1
2
0
0
7
4
8
31
57
Surface
Surface
32
2
0
2
1
1
0
2
9
4
8
29
50
Surface
Surface
48
2
0
1 yr
1
2
3
1
1
7
4
8
24
49
Surface
Surface
15
2
0
1
2
1
0
1
9
4
8
26
44
Surface
Surface
32
2
0
10 yrs
1
2
3
1
1
7
4
8
29
46
Surface
Surface
9
1
0
1
2
1
1
1
9
4
8
30
42
Surface
Surface
7
1
0
20 yrs
1
2
3
1
1
7
4
7
0
45
Passive
Passive
15
1
0
1
2
1
1
1
9
4
7
0
41
Passive
Passive
17
1
0
30 yrs
1
2
3
1
1
7
3
6
4
44
Surface
Passive
14
1
0
1
2
1
1
1
9
3
6
4
41
Surface
Passive
16
1
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 4b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
1
2
2
1
1
7
3
5
0
44
Surface
Passive
13
1
0
2
2
1
1
1
9
3
5
8
40
Surface
Passive
14
2
0
50 yrs
Region 1 — Bitterroot National Forest 2
0
1
2
0
2
9
4
7
31
34
Surface
Surface
36
2
0
2
1
1
0
2
9
3
6
47
29
Surface
Surface
49
2
0
1 yr
1
2
4
1
1
7
4
7
39
33
Surface
Surface
16
2
0
1
2
1
0
1
9
3
6
54
28
Surface
Surface
34
2
0
10 yrs
1
2
4
1
1
7
3
6
49
31
Surface
Surface
12
1
0
2
2
2
1
1
9
3
5
64
26
Surface
Surface
11
1
0
20 yrs
2
2
4
1
1
7
3
5
0
30
Passive
Passive
23
1
0
2
2
2
1
1
9
3
5
77
26
Surface
Surface
26
1
0
30 yrs
2
2
4
1
1
7
3
5
8
30
Surface
Passive
23
1
0
2
2
2
1
2
9
3
4
91
26
Surface
Surface
27
1
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
2
2
4
2
1
7
3
4
86
29
Surface
Surface
21
1
0
2
2
2
1
2
9
2
4
103
26
Surface
Surface
25
2
0
50 yrs
F
41
Pile and burn
Surface
Severe
53
2
0
41
2
0
Surface
Surface
2
2
1
0
2
9
2
3
73
18
41
2
0
Surface
Surface
3
5
3
0
2
10
2
4
53
18
10 yrs
21
1
0
Surface
Surface
3
2
2
1
2
9
2
3
83
18
21
1
0
Surface
Surface
3
5
4
1
2
10
2
4
59
18
20 yrs
41
1
0
Surface
Surface
3
2
3
1
2
9
2
3
80
18
40
1
0
Surface
Surface
3
5
4
1
2
10
2
4
64
18
30 yrs
42
1
0
Surface
Surface
3
2
3
1
2
9
2
3
79
18
41
1
0
Surface
Surface
3
4
5
1
2
10
2
4
64
18
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
38
2
0
Surface
Surface
3
3
4
2
2
9
2
4
80
19
37
2
0
Surface
Surface
3
4
6
2
2
10
2
4
69
19
50 yrs
Region 1 — Bitterroot National Forest 2
Surface
Severe
Hard snags (stems/ac)
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Surface
Moderate
Type of fire
Torching index
Crowning index
Flame length (ft)
1
1
1
0
2
9
2
3
63
18
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
53
2
0
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Surface
Moderate
Type of fire
Torching index
Crowning index
Flame length (ft)
4
5
3
0
2
10
2
3
26
18
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
1 yr
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
Table 4b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
62
2
0
Cond.
Surface
1
1
1
0
2
9
2
3
67
15
60
2
0
Cond.
Surface
3
3
3
0
2
10
2
3
57
15
1 yr
55
2
0
Cond.
Surface
3
1
1
0
2
9
2
3
77
16
53
2
0
Cond.
Surface
3
3
3
0
2
10
2
3
65
16
10 yrs
39
1
0
Cond.
Surface
3
2
2
1
2
9
2
3
79
16
37
2
0
Cond.
Surface
4
4
4
1
2
10
2
4
65
15
20 yrs
53
1
0
Cond.
Surface
4
2
3
1
2
9
2
3
79
16
51
2
0
Cond.
Surface
4
4
4
1
2
10
2
4
72
15
30 yrs
53
2
0
Cond.
Surface
4
3
4
1
2
9
2
4
76
17
52
2
0
Cond.
Surface
4
4
5
1
2
10
2
4
72
15
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
48
2
0
Surface
Surface
4
3
5
2
2
9
2
4
77
18
49
2
0
Cond.
Surface
4
4
6
2
2
10
3
4
78
16
50 yrs
G
42
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
0
3–6 in
1
6–12 in
2
>12 in
0
Litter
1
Duff
7
Moderate
3
Severe
5
Severe
49
Severe
24
Moderate Surface
Severe
Surface
0–17.9 in
48
18–29.9 in
2
30–36 in
0
1 yr
2
4
6
1
2
7
3
4
49
22
Surface
Surface
17
1
0
20 yrs
Canopy bulk density
0.17
13
Canopy base height (ft)
(kg/m 3)
57
134
258
Stand density index
Crown competition factor
123
Basal area (ft 2)
Canopy closure (percent)
2,097
Merchantable volume (ft 3)
0.17
5
142
57
268
132
2,508
3,158
7.8
7.1
2,774
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
Total volume (ft 3)
399
452
Trees per acre
None
10 yrs
1 yr
Stand attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
148
58
274
140
2,879
3,507
8.5
353
20 yrs
0.16
6
3
4
6
1
2
7
3
4
58
22
Surface
Surface
33
1
0
30 yrs
0.16
19
151
58
278
147
3,292
3,833
9.3
313
30 yrs
No action
Table 4c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory
2
4
6
1
1
7
3
5
42
23
Surface
Surface
19
2
0
10 yrs
0.15
7
154
58
280
153
3,596
4,142
10.0
279
40 yrs
3
4
6
2
2
7
2
4
8
22
Surface
Passive
34
1
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height; cond. = conditional.
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
treatment
Table 4b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
0.15
9
156
58
281
158
3,866
4,417
10.8
250
50 yrs
3
3
6
2
2
7
2
4
74
22
Surface
Surface
31
2
0
50 yrs
Region 1 — Bitterroot National Forest 2
0.11
15
102
46
175
97
1,838
2,261
7.1
164
1 yr
0
1
2
0
1
7
3
5
51
22
Surface
Surface
68
2
0
1 yr
0.10
16
105
46
180
101
2,000
2,434
10.8
159
10 yrs
3
5
6
1
1
7
3
4
43
21
Surface
Surface
21
2
0
10 yrs
3
4
6
1
2
7
2
4
58
21
Surface
Surface
37
1
0
30 yrs
0.10
19
110
47
189
109
2,338
2,761
11.6
150
20 yrs
0.10
21
114
47
196
116
2,682
3,077
12.3
142
30 yrs
Prescribed fire only
3
4
6
1
2
7
3
4
50
21
Surface
Surface
21
1
0
20 yrs
0.10
23
118
48
203
122
2,973
3,381
12.9
134
40 yrs
3
4
6
2
2
7
2
4
69
22
Surface
Surface
37
1
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.10
25
121
48
208
128
3,233
3,667
13.6
127
50 yrs
3
4
6
2
2
7
2
4
72
22
Surface
Surface
33
1
0
50 yrs
H
43
2,774
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
(ft3)
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
7.1
Trees per acre
None
13
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
7.1
2,774
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
(ft3)
134
13
0.17
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density (kg/m³)
2,097
123
Merchantable volume (ft3)
(ft 2)
0.17
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
13
Crown competition factor
0.04
23
47
25
110
54
1,154
1,301
7.6
170
0.05
23
53
28
121
61
1,310
1,477
8.2
165
0.05
23
53
0.04
26
52
28
121
61
1,393
1,562
8.2
167
0.05
25
58
30
131
68
1,550
1,740
8.8
162
0.05
25
58
30
130
68
1,552
1,746
9.1
152
20 yrs
0.04
2
59
34
133
70
1,619
1,846
9.1
154
0.05
2
64
35
141
76
1,780
2,011
9.7
148
0.05
2
64
34
139
76
1,812
2,033
10.0
138
30 yrs
0.04
4
68
39
147
81
1,874
2,189
10.1
145
0.05
4
72
39
153
85
2,011
2,321
10.6
138
0.05
5
71
38
150
85
2,049
2,345
11.0
129
40 yrs
0.05
4
78
44
163
93
2,253
2,605
11.1
138
0.05
4
80
43
165
96
2,338
2,683
11.6
131
0.05
6
79
42
162
95
2,376
2,698
11.9
122
50 yrs
Region 1 — Bitterroot National Forest 2
0.03
32
49
(kg/m3)
25
57
134
86
55
1,037
1,183
14.8
45
0.04
28
49
25
86
55
1,182
1,348
Canopy cover (percent)
258
Stand density index
Basal area
2,774
Total volume (ft3)
7.1
57
Canopy cover (percent)
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
258
Stand density index
452
123
Basal area (ft 2)
Trees per acre
2,097
Merchantable volume (ft3)
Total volume
45
452
Trees per acre
14.8
0.04
28
49
0.17
Canopy bulk density
134
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
57
Stand density index
28
119
86
258
25
61
55
123
1,313
1,476
Basal area (ft 2)
1,182
8.5
154
10 yrs
2,097
1,348
14.8
45
1 yr
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Merchantable volume (ft3)
Total volume
452
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
Table 4c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.06
23
79
37
133
80
1,443
1,646
12.7
90
0.08
22
79
37
133
80
1,722
1,964
12.7
90
0.08
22
79
37
133
80
1,722
1,964
12.7
90
1 yr
0.07
22
71
35
147
74
1,576
1,787
8.2
202
0.08
22
86
40
169
88
1,868
2,118
8.8
208
0.08
22
86
40
167
88
1,867
2,117
9.0
197
10 yrs
0.07
24
76
37
158
82
1,839
2,082
8.7
198
0.09
24
91
41
181
96
2,155
2,441
9.3
203
0.09
24
91
41
178
95
2,142
2,421
9.5
192
20 yrs
0.07
3
82
40
167
90
2,123
2,382
9.6
177
0.09
26
96
43
188
103
2,460
2,744
10.2
181
0.09
26
95
43
185
103
2,446
2,740
10.5
171
30 yrs
0.08
4
88
43
177
98
2,363
2,687
10.5
163
0.09
28
100
45
195
111
2,715
3,050
11.1
164
0.09
28
100
44
192
110
2,709
3,035
11.4
156
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.08
20
94
46
186
107
2,627
3,009
11.4
151
0.09
29
105
47
201
118
2,964
3,340
12.0
151
0.09
29
103
46
198
117
2,955
3,318
12.3
142
50 yrs
I
44
2,097
123
(ft 2)
123
(ft 2)
0.17
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
13
Crown competition factor
(kg/m3)
57
134
Canopy cover (percent)
258
Stand density index
Basal area
2,097
Merchantable volume (ft3)
7.1
2,774
Total volume (ft3)
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
Canopy bulk density (kg/m³)
452
0.17
Canopy base height (ft)
Trees per acre
13
Crown competition factor
0.10
16
123
53
208
114
1,841
2,176
10.2
200
0.14
13
53
123
57
134
208
114
2,333
2,788
10.2
200
0.14
Canopy cover (percent)
258
Stand density index
Basal area
2,774
Merchantable volume (ft3)
7.1
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
Total volume (ft3)
452
0.17
Trees per acre
Canopy bulk density
Canopy base height (ft)
13
13
Crown competition factor
(kg/m3)
53
123
57
134
208
114
2,333
2,788
10.2
200
1 yr
Canopy cover (percent)
258
Stand density index
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
123
(ft 2)
Basal area
2,097
Merchantable volume (ft3)
7.1
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
2,774
Trees per acre
None
Total volume (ft3)
452
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.11
16
101
46
194
98
2,019
2,351
8.2
267
0.14
15
131
54
242
124
2,518
2,974
8.6
310
0.14
15
131
54
240
124
2,520
2,973
8.7
299
10 yrs
0.11
18
106
47
206
106
2,327
2,693
8.7
259
0.14
17
136
54
252
132
2,842
3,318
9
299
0.14
17
136
54
251
132
2,857
3,326
9.2
288
20 yrs
0.11
20
112
48
213
114
2,677
3,024
9.5
231
0.14
19
140
55
257
139
3,211
3,646
9.8
265
0.14
19
140
55
255
139
3,203
3,650
10
256
30 yrs
0.11
4
117
50
219
121
2,952
3,329
10.3
209
0.14
21
144
55
260
145
3,521
3,952
10.6
238
0.14
21
144
55
258
145
3,502
3,954
10.7
230
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 4c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.11
24
121
51
224
128
3,196
3,612
11.1
190
0.14
23
146
55
262
150
3,755
4,227
11.3
215
0.13
23
146
55
260
150
3,752
4,218
11.5
209
50 yrs
Region 1 — Bitterroot National Forest 2
0.11
15
134
56
236
123
1,837
2,261
8.8
290
0.17
13
134
56
236
123
2,327
2,962
8.8
290
0.17
13
135
57
237
123
2,413
3,060
8.8
290
1 yr
0.12
16
106
47
203
102
2,003
2,438
8
290
0.16
15
142
57
264
132
2,503
3,147
8
379
0.17
16
147
58
272
137
2,637
3,316
8.3
370
10 yrs
0.12
18
112
48
215
110
2,368
2,789
8.5
279
0.16
17
147
58
274
140
2,887
3,506
8.5
355
0.17
18
155
59
287
150
3,228
3,805
8.9
347
20 yrs
0.11
20
117
49
222
118
2,731
3,127
9.3
248
0.16
20
151
58
278
147
3,299
3,841
9.3
315
0.17
21
162
59
296
160
3,653
4,241
9.7
309
30 yrs
0.11
23
122
51
229
126
3,023
3,452
10.1
224
0.15
21
153
58
280
153
3,593
4,140
10
280
0.17
23
166
60
300
167
4,017
4,622
10.6
276
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.11
24
126
52
234
132
3,301
3,757
10.9
204
0.14
23
156
58
281
158
3,848
4,409
10.7
250
0.16
24
169
60
302
173
4,337
4,960
11.4
246
50 yrs
J
45
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
`
1
10
20
30
40
50
2
2
2
2
2
9
2
2
2
2
2
9
11
2
2
2
2
9
Model
9
9
9
9
9
9
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
Model
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
10
10
10
10
10
10
2
10
9
9
9
2
Percent
65
83
99
79
59
58
100
100
100
81
54
69
9
9
2
9
9
9
2
Model
Weight
100
100
98
77
55
64
Percent
7
12
22
29
35
42
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
19
46
31
2
23
45
36
10
Model
Percent
17
Weight
Model
Weight
2
2
2
2
9
9
2
2
9
9
9
9
11
2
9
9
9
9
Model
Model
Percent
49
44
51
61
69
74
92
76
66
51
65
78
63
52
56
65
75
83
2
10
10
10
10
10
Weight
Percent
27
29
26
27
27
29
2
2
2
2
2
Model
Weight
13
11
10
9
8
Percent
Model
9
9
9
9
2
2
9
9
2
2
2
2
2
9
2
2
2
2
Model
8
24
34
49
35
22
37
48
44
35
25
17
Percent
25
41
43
35
27
19
Weight
9
10
10
10
10
10
Model
Fuel models
Percent
14
15
6
3
4
6
Weight
10
Model
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Weight
Region 1 — Bitterroot National Forest 2
Percent
18
17
1
21
41
42
Weight
Fuel models
9
9
9
9
9
9
Percent
73
59
63
64
64
63
Fuel models
Fuel models
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Model
Weight
Percent
93
88
78
71
65
58
Prescribed fire only
No action
Table 4d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection
Percent
12
Weight
Weight
K
46
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
Model
64
63
65
71
75
74
10
3 = Moist
70
moisture values from Reinhardt and Crookston (2003).
*Moisture categories correspond to variant-specific percentage
Windspeed (mph)
Moisture category*
Temperature (°F)
96
74
°F
Miles/hour
17
9
Temperature
Windspeed
Table 4f—Prescribed fire weather
conditions used in models
Severe—98th percentile
Moderate—75th percentile
Fire weather conditions
Table 4e—FVS fuel model selection
2
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
11
10
10
10
10
10
100
100
100
93
86
79
Model
Weight
Percent
64
82
79
75
71
65
Weight
Weight
Model
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
73
61
64
68
70
69
100
100
96
85
78
69
Percent
93
87
75
67
59
50
1,000-hr (3+ in)
9
9
9
9
9
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
Fuel moisture
100-hr (1–3 in)
Model
10-hr (0.25–1 in)
18
13
7
2
Percent
Duff
2
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Model
Weight
Live
27
29
29
30
30
31
4
15
22
31
Percent
7
13
25
33
41
50
2
5
4
7
10
15
15
22
50
125
100
150
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Percent - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
2
2
2
2
Model
1-hr (0–0.25 in)
36
20
21
22
23
26
7
14
21
Percent
36
18
21
25
29
35
Weight
2
2
2
Model
10
7
2
Percent
Weight
Model
Fuel models
Fuel models
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Table 4d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection (continued)
Region 1 — Bitterroot National Forest 2
Weight
L
47
Stand attributes: Stem density = 873 tpa, basal area = 197 ft 2 /ac, top
height = 75 ft, stand density index = 430, quadratic mean diameter = 6.4 in,
crown competition factor = 280, canopy cover = 71 percent.
Region 1 — Gallatin National Forest
Species (based on trees per acre): Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) = 74
percent, hardwoods = 23 percent, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) = 2 percent.
Site: Elevation = 5,200 ft, slope = 40 percent, aspect = 225°.
Initial stand conditions
A
48
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 1 — Gallatin National Forest
B
49
crown fire for the 50-year projection.
predicted fire type for severe fire weather is conditional
unlikely. Canopy bulk density remains high, so the
height also increases, so passive crown fire remains
and potential flame lengths increase, but canopy base
fire weather. With no action, surface fuels accumulate
mortality is about 25 percent for moderate and severe
crown fire for severe fire weather. Predicted basal area
fire spread, so the predicted fire type is conditional
crown fire. Canopy fuels are sufficient to sustain crown
7 ft, so ladder fuels are not sufficient to enable passive
0.21 kg/m 3 (0.0131 lb/ft 3 ), and canopy base height is
and duff loading is 12 tons/ac. Canopy bulk density is
overstory. Woody fuel loading is 10 tons/ac, and liter
understory with Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine
acre (tpa) composed of Douglas-fir and hardwood
This stand has initial tree density of 873 trees per
Initial conditions/no-action trajectory
flame lengths increase in 10 years as snags fall and
contribute to surface fuel loading, but after 10 years,
surface fuels and flame lengths decrease. Canopy bulk
density remains high, so the predicted fire type is
conditional crown fire for the 50-year projection. In the
lower density treatments (50 and 100 tpa), predicted
fire type is surface fire for the 50-year projection,
and potential flame lengths decrease over time as the
influence of grass fuels declines. Crown fire potential
continues to decrease over time as trees grow and
the stand self-thins, causing canopy base height to
increase. In the higher density treatments (200 and
300 tpa), canopy bulk density remains high and the
predicted fire type for severe fire weather is conditional
crown fire for the 50-year projection except in the 200
tpa treatment with a prescribed fire. In this treatment,
additional fire-caused tree mortality reduces canopy
bulk density, and the predicted fire type changes from
base height and decreases canopy bulk density only
slightly, so there is little change in crown fire potential.
Surface fuels are consumed, and flame lengths decrease
immediately after treatment. All thinning treatments
reduce canopy bulk density and increase canopy base
height, but thinning to 100 tpa or less is necessary
to decrease crown fire potential. However, the lower
density thinning treatments greatly increase surface
fuel loading and have higher potential flame lengths
and basal area mortality. Activity fuels are reduced by
the pile and burn treatment and to a greater extent by
the prescribed fire treatment, but flame lengths and
basal area mortality increase following surface fuel
treatments in the low-density treatments, because fire
behavior predictions are dominated by fuel model 2. In
the high-density treatments, activity fuels are reduced
by surface fuel treatments causing a decrease in potential flame lengths and basal area mortality.
Region 1 — Gallatin National Forest
In the prescribed fire only treatment, surface fuels and
The prescribed fire only treatment raises canopy
conditional crown fire to surface fire in 20 years.
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
long-term effects
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
immediate effects
C
50
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
3
4
3
0
2
10
2
2
163
13
Surface
Conditional
26
27
Initial
condition
1
0
2
0
1
7
1
1
234
17
Surface
Conditional
20
20
Prescribed
fire only
0
2
2
0
1
7
5
9
36
48
Surface
Surface
18
93
3
2
1
0
3
9
5
8
36
45
Surface
Surface
18
92
12
6
3
0
4
10
4
6
116
45
Surface
Surface
13
33
Thin from
below to 50 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 5a—Projected treatment effects on fuels and fire first cycle after treatments implemented
Region 1 — Gallatin National Forest
0
2
2
0
1
7
4
6
80
28
Surface
Surface
14
58
2
2
1
0
3
9
3
5
147
24
Surface
Surface
12
31
10
6
3
0
3
10
4
5
163
24
Surface
Surface
13
25
Thin from
below to 100 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
0
2
2
0
1
7
2
3
362
17
Surface
Conditional
16
16
2
2
1
0
3
9
1
1
782
13
Surface
Conditional
17
17
7
6
3
0
3
10
3
3
262
13
Surface
Conditional
17
19
Thin from
below to 200 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
0
1
2
0
1
7
1
1
255
17
Surface
Conditional
18
18
2
1
1
0
2
9
1
1
315
13
Surface
Conditional
21
21
5
5
3
0
3
10
2
3
105
13
Surface
Conditional
21
24
Thin from
below to 300 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
D
51
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
Fuel/fire attribute
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
12
6
3
0
4
10
4
6
116
45
Surface
Surface
132
0
0
1 yr
3
4
3
0
2
10
2
2
163
13
Surface
Cond.
146
0
0
1 yr
6
4
3
0
3
10
3
4
91
13
Surface
Cond.
38
2
0
20 yrs
6
4
4
1
3
11
3
4
77
13
Surface
Cond.
40
2
0
30 yrs
6
4
4
2
3
11
3
4
56
14
Surface
Cond.
34
3
0
40 yrs
3
5
3
0
1
10
5
7
46
42
Surface
Surface
5
1
0
20 yrs
2
4
3
1
1
10
4
7
62
44
Surface
Surface
6
2
0
30 yrs
2
4
2
1
2
10
4
7
82
44
Surface
Surface
6
2
0
40 yrs
2
4
2
2
2
10
4
6
95
45
Surface
Surface
6
2
0
50 yrs
7
5
4
2
3
11
3
4
48
14
Surface
Cond.
34
3
0
50 yrs
Region 1 — Gallatin National Forest
5
5
3
0
1
10
5
7
33
43
Surface
Surface
74
1
0
10 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
5
4
3
0
3
10
2
3
128
13
Surface
Cond.
98
1
0
10 yrs
No action
Table 5b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection
10
6
3
0
3
10
4
5
163
24
Surface
Surface
133
0
0
1 yr
1
0
2
0
1
7
1
1
234
17
Surface
Cond.
187
1
0
1 yr
4
4
5
1
2
7
2
3
95
20
Surface
Cond.
14
1
0
20 yrs
4
4
5
2
2
8
2
4
111
20
Surface
Cond.
12
2
0
30 yrs
4
4
5
2
2
8
3
4
82
19
Surface
Cond.
11
2
0
40 yrs
5
5
3
0
2
10
3
5
116
26
Surface
Surface
75
1
0
10 yrs
3
5
3
0
2
10
3
4
250
26
Surface
Surface
7
1
0
20 yrs
3
5
3
1
2
10
2
3
427
27
Surface
Surface
8
1
0
30 yrs
3
4
3
1
2
10
2
3
517
27
Surface
Surface
9
2
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
5
4
5
1
2
7
3
4
70
20
Surface
Cond.
16
1
0
10 yrs
Prescribed fire only
3
4
3
2
2
11
2
3
488
27
Surface
Surface
9
2
0
50 yrs
4
4
5
2
2
8
3
4
85
19
Surface
Cond.
9
2
0
50 yrs
E
52
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
58
1
0
0
2
2
0
1
7
5
9
36
48
Surface
Surface
132
0
0
3
2
1
0
3
9
5
8
36
45
Surface
Surface
1 yr
10
1
0
2
2
2
1
1
7
5
8
41
47
Surface
Surface
74
1
0
2
2
1
0
1
9
5
8
34
43
Surface
Surface
10 yrs
8
1
0
2
2
2
1
1
7
5
8
45
46
Surface
Surface
5
1
0
2
2
1
0
1
9
5
7
48
42
Surface
Surface
20 yrs
7
2
0
2
2
2
2
1
7
5
8
58
47
Surface
Surface
6
2
0
2
2
1
1
1
9
4
7
65
43
Surface
Surface
30 yrs
6
2
0
2
2
2
2
1
7
5
7
68
48
Surface
Surface
6
2
0
2
2
1
1
2
9
4
7
84
44
Surface
Surface
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 5b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
6
2
0
2
3
2
2
2
7
4
7
76
48
Surface
Surface
6
2
0
2
3
1
2
2
9
4
6
103
45
Surface
Surface
50 yrs
Region 1 — Gallatin National Forest
66
1
0
0
2
2
0
3
9
4
6
80
28
Surface
Surface
133
0
0
2
2
1
0
3
9
3
5
147
24
Surface
Surface
1 yr
15
1
0
2
2
3
1
1
7
4
5
120
29
Surface
Surface
75
1
0
2
2
1
0
2
9
3
4
213
26
Surface
Surface
10 yrs
11
1
0
2
2
3
1
2
7
3
5
180
30
Surface
Surface
7
1
0
2
2
1
0
2
9
2
3
377
26
Surface
Surface
20 yrs
9
2
0
2
2
3
2
2
7
3
4
258
30
Surface
Surface
9
1
0
3
2
1
1
2
9
2
3
613
27
Surface
Surface
30 yrs
8
2
0
2
3
3
2
2
7
3
4
317
31
Surface
Surface
9
2
0
3
2
1
1
2
9
1
2
838
27
Surface
Surface
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
9
2
0
3
3
3
2
2
7
3
4
307
31
Surface
Surface
9
2
0
3
3
2
2
2
9
1
2
773
27
Surface
Surface
50 yrs
F
53
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
2
2
1
0
3
9
1
1
782
13
Surface
Cond.
134
0
0
7
6
3
0
3
10
3
3
262
13
Surface
Cond.
134
0
0
1 yr
3
2
1
0
2
9
1
1
1038
18
Surface
Cond.
10
1
0
4
5
3
0
2
10
2
3
428
18
Surface
Cond.
10
1
0
20 yrs
4
2
1
1
2
9
1
2
775
17
Surface
Cond.
11
1
0
4
5
3
1
2
11
2
3
435
18
Surface
Cond.
11
1
0
30 yrs
4
3
2
1
2
10
2
3
612
17
Surface
Cond.
12
2
0
4
5
3
1
2
11
2
3
412
18
Surface
Cond.
12
2
0
40 yrs
4
3
2
2
3
10
2
3
554
17
Surface
Cond.
12
2
0
5
5
3
2
3
11
2
4
389
18
Surface
Cond.
12
2
0
50 yrs
Region 1 — Gallatin National Forest
3
2
1
0
2
9
1
1
702
17
Surface
Cond.
77
1
0
4
5
3
0
2
10
2
3
225
17
Surface
Cond.
77
1
0
10 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 5b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
2
1
1
0
2
9
1
1
315
13
Surface
Cond.
135
0
0
5
5
3
0
3
10
2
3
105
13
Surface
Cond.
135
0
0
1 yr
3
2
1
0
3
9
1
1
562
15
Surface
Cond.
79
1
0
4
5
3
0
3
10
2
3
185
15
Surface
Cond.
79
1
0
10 yrs
4
2
1
0
3
9
1
2
498
16
Surface
Cond.
15
1
0
4
5
3
0
3
10
2
3
263
16
Surface
Cond.
14
1
0
20 yrs
5
2
2
1
3
10
2
3
361
16
Surface
Cond.
23
2
0
5
5
3
1
3
11
3
4
238
16
Surface
Cond.
23
2
0
30 yrs
6
3
2
1
3
10
2
3
320
16
Surface
Cond.
25
3
0
6
5
4
1
3
11
3
4
235
16
Surface
Cond.
25
3
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
5
3
3
2
3
10
3
4
294
16
Surface
Cond.
24
4
0
5
5
4
2
3
11
3
4
224
16
Surface
Cond.
23
4
0
50 yrs
G
54
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0
2
2
0
1
7
2
3
362
17
Surface
Cond.
75
1
0
1 yr
3
3
5
1
2
7
2
3
456
21
Surface
Surface
13
1
0
20 yrs
Canopy bulk density
0.21
7
(kg/m 3)
Canopy base height (ft)
Stand density index
71
430
Basal area (ft 2)
280
197
Merchantable volume (ft 3)
Crown competition factor
3,327
Total volume (ft 3)
Canopy closure (percent)
6.4
4,211
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
873
Trees per acre
None
1 yr
Stand attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0.21
10
300
71
460
216
4,005
4,984
6.9
843
10 yrs
3
3
5
2
2
7
2
3
469
22
Surface
Surface
10
2
0
30 yrs
0.20
10
318
72
491
234
4,787
5,763
7.1
847
20 yrs
0.20
10
334
72
514
250
5,397
6,529
7.5
817
30 yrs
No action
Table 5c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory
3
3
5
1
2
7
2
3
367
20
Surface
Cond.
16
1
0
10 yrs
0.19
9
351
72
543
267
6,156
7,347
7.7
834
40 yrs
3
3
5
2
2
8
2
3
436
22
Surface
Surface
10
2
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height; cond. = conditional.
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
treatment
Table 5b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
0.20
9
365
72
565
282
6,811
8,155
8.0
809
50 yrs
4
4
5
2
2
8
2
3
404
22
Surface
Surface
11
2
0
50 yrs
Region 1 — Gallatin National Forest
0.16
8
184
56
286
153
3,136
3,722
6.4
307
1 yr
0
1
2
0
1
7
1
1
255
17
Surface
Cond.
90
1
0
1 yr
0.13
10
192
58
298
162
3,504
4,077
9.9
304
10 yrs
4
4
5
1
2
7
2
3
153
20
Surface
Cond.
17
1
0
10 yrs
3
4
5
2
2
8
2
3
274
21
Surface
Surface
12
2
0
30 yrs
0.13
10
207
60
320
177
4,201
4,816
10.4
298
20 yrs
0.13
12
222
60
340
193
4,891
5,587
11.0
292
30 yrs
Prescribed fire only
3
4
5
1
2
7
2
3
231
21
Surface
Cond.
14
1
0
20 yrs
0.13
10
236
61
360
208
5,612
6,389
11.5
286
40 yrs
4
4
5
2
2
8
2
4
269
21
Surface
Cond.
12
2
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.14
11
251
62
380
223
6,472
7,252
12.0
282
50 yrs
4
4
5
2
2
8
3
4
266
21
Surface
Cond.
12
2
0
50 yrs
H
55
4,211
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
(ft3)
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
6.4
Trees per acre
None
71
280
7
Canopy cover (percent)
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
6.4
4,211
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
(ft3)
280
7
Canopy cover (percent)
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
3,327
197
Total volume (ft3)
Merchantable volume (ft3)
(ft 2)
7
Canopy base height (ft)
0.21
280
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
71
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
430
Stand density index
Basal area
6.4
4,211
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
873
Trees per acre
0.21
71
Stand density index
Canopy bulk density (kg/m³)
197
430
Basal area (ft 2)
3,327
Merchantable volume (ft3)
Total volume
873
Trees per acre
0.21
430
Stand density index
Canopy bulk density
197
Basal area (ft 2)
(kg/m3)
3,327
Merchantable volume (ft3)
Total volume
873
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.04
30
76
29
127
87
2,271
2,533
18.0
50
0.05
30
76
29
127
87
2,452
2,736
18.0
50
0.05
30
76
29
127
87
2,452
2,736
18.0
50
1 yr
0.04
34
81
30
167
96
2,982
3,253
11.5
134
0.05
28
88
33
177
104
3,184
3,501
12.1
131
0.05
28
88
32
175
104
3,184
3,501
12.4
123
20 yrs
0.04
37
88
32
177
104
3,466
3,772
12.1
130
0.05
31
96
34
187
112
3,708
4,053
12.7
128
0.05
30
95
34
185
112
3,708
4,053
13.1
121
30 yrs
0.04
36
94
33
186
112
3,961
4,327
12.7
127
0.05
34
102
36
197
121
4,250
4,642
13.3
125
0.05
34
102
35
195
121
4,250
4,643
13.7
118
40 yrs
0.04
39
101
35
196
119
4,527
4,898
13.3
124
0.05
37
109
37
207
129
4,834
5,248
13.9
122
0
36
109
37
205
129
4,834
5,249
14.3
115
50 yrs
Region 1 — Gallatin National Forest
0.04
33
75
29
157
88
2,528
2,765
10.9
137
0.05
24
82
31
166
96
2,728
2,982
11.4
134
0.05
24
82
31
165
96
2,728
2,982
11.8
127
10 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 5c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.08
26
119
42
187
119
2,690
3,030
14.8
99
0.10
26
119
42
187
119
2,989
3,376
14.8
99
0.10
26
119
42
187
119
2,989
3,376
14.8
99
1 yr
0.08
27
112
40
204
116
3,004
3,317
11.0
175
0.09
24
129
43
228
131
3,327
3,689
11.5
183
0.09
24
129
44
226
131
3,327
3,689
11.7
175
10 yrs
0.08
29
121
42
218
127
3,558
3,924
11.7
171
0.09
29
139
45
243
143
3,924
4,348
12.1
179
0.09
29
139
46
241
143
3,924
4,348
12.4
171
20 yrs
0.08
32
131
44
232
137
4,190
4,569
12.3
167
0.09
33
150
47
257
154
4,583
5,046
12.7
175
0.09
33
149
48
255
154
4,585
5,047
13.0
167
30 yrs
0.08
35
140
45
245
148
4,797
5,239
12.9
163
0.09
36
159
48
271
166
5,284
5,769
13.3
171
0.09
36
159
50
269
166
5,284
5,769
13.6
163
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.07
39
148
46
257
158
5,432
5,938
13.5
160
0.09
39
169
49
284
177
5,986
6,517
13.9
167
0.09
39
169
50
282
177
5,986
6,521
14.2
160
50 yrs
I
56
197
(ft 2 )
7
Canopy base height (ft)
3,327
197
Total volume (ft3 )
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
(ft 2 )
7
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
0.21
7
Canopy base height (ft)
(kg/m3 )
71
280
Canopy cover (percent)
Crown competition factor
Stand density index
157
3,099
0.15
26
178
55
(ft 2 )
268
197
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
3,527
12.1
198
0.21
26
178
55
268
157
3,600
4,122
12.1
198
0.21
26
178
55
268
157
3,600
4,122
12.1
198
1 yr
430
3,327
Total volume (ft3 )
Basal area
6.4
4,211
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
873
Trees per acre
0.21
280
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
71
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
430
Stand density index
Basal area
6.4
4,211
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
873
Trees per acre
0.21
280
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
71
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3 )
430
Stand density index
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
3,327
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
Basal area
6.4
4,211
Total volume (ft3 )
Trees per acre
None
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
873
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.13
26
154
51
259
144
3,444
3,864
10.5
239
0.16
22
192
58
309
173
3,982
4,504
10.6
280
0.16
22
192
58
308
173
3,982
4,504
10.8
272
10 yrs
0.12
30
166
53
277
157
4,099
4,577
11.1
234
0.15
31
206
61
330
188
4,718
5,302
11.2
274
0.15
31
206
61
328
188
4,718
5,302
11.4
266
20 yrs
0.11
33
179
55
295
171
4,829
5,346
11.7
229
0.15
34
220
62
349
203
5,547
6,147
11.8
267
0.15
34
220
62
347
203
5,547
6,147
12.0
260
30 yrs
0.11
36
192
57
312
185
5,599
6,148
12.3
223
0.15
38
233
63
367
218
6,298
7,015
12.4
261
0.15
38
233
63
365
218
6,300
7,015
12.5
254
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 5c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.11
40
203
58
328
197
6,342
6,952
12.9
219
0.15
41
246
63
385
232
7,212
7,904
12.9
256
0.15
41
246
63
382
231
7,204
7,895
13.1
249
50 yrs
Region 1 — Gallatin National Forest
0.16
9
216
64
321
178
3,123
3,668
10.4
300
0.21
9
216
64
321
178
3,642
4,407
10.4
300
0.21
9
216
64
321
178
3,642
4,407
10.4
300
1 yr
0.13
15
175
56
286
156
3,544
4,020
10.0
286
0.17
15
234
67
365
197
4,101
4,817
9.8
380
0.17
15
234
67
363
197
4,101
4,817
9.9
372
10 yrs
0.12
20
189
59
307
172
4,216
4,769
10.6
280
0.17
19
250
67
388
214
4,913
5,644
10.3
370
0.17
20
251
68
387
215
4,924
5,655
10.4
363
20 yrs
0.12
25
204
60
328
187
4,965
5,560
11.2
274
0.17
25
262
67
403
227
5,624
6,385
10.8
355
0.17
25
262
67
402
227
5,635
6,397
10.9
348
30 yrs
0.12
28
218
61
346
201
5,777
6,378
11.7
268
0.17
29
273
67
417
239
6,316
7,145
11.3
341
0.17
29
273
67
416
239
6,326
7,157
11.4
335
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.12
31
231
62
363
215
6,545
7,202
12.3
262
0.17
32
284
67
430
250
7,069
7,922
11.8
330
0.17
32
284
67
429
251
7,082
7,934
11.9
323
50 yrs
J
57
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
11
2
2
2
2
2
Model
8
8
8
10
10
10
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
Model
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
10
10
10
8
8
8
14
10
8
8
8
8
Percent
73
62
80
78
72
63
100
100
98
90
83
77
0
0
8
8
8
8
10
8
8
8
8
8
Model
Weight
86
96
87
79
72
67
Percent
13
34
49
42
32
25
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
10
17
23
14
4
13
21
28
33
Percent
27
36
11
20
27
31
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
0
3
9
1
1
6
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
11
8
8
8
8
8
Model
8
8
8
8
8
8
Region 1 — Gallatin National Forest
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8
10
10
10
10
Model
Fuel models
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
Percent
92
46
69
82
84
78
Weight
65
51
61
69
72
71
57
72
82
91
96
92
0
10
10
10
10
10
Weight
Percent
0
48
36
39
43
48
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
8
8
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
10
14
10
10
10
10
10
Model
35
49
39
29
21
15
40
28
18
9
4
8
Percent
8
35
16
10
14
22
Weight
0
0
0
10
10
10
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
2
2
2
0
Model
Fuel models
0
0
0
1
7
14
3
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
0
18
15
8
2
0
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Percent
100
52
64
61
57
52
Fuel models
Fuel models
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Model
Weight
Percent
87
66
51
58
68
75
Prescribed fire only
No action
Table 5d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
K
58
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
11
8
8
8
8
8
Model
84
83
83
80
73
64
10
3 = Moist
70
moisture values from Reinhardt and Crookston (2003).
*Moisture categories correspond to variant-specific percentage
Windspeed (mph)
Moisture category*
Temperature (°F)
94
80
°F
Miles/hour
21
13
Temperature
Windspeed
Table 5f—Prescribed fire weather
conditions used in models
Severe—98th percentile
Moderate—75th percentile
Fire weather conditions
Table 5e—FVS fuel model selection
2
10
10
10
10
10
0
0
0
10
10
10
8
10
10
10
10
10
100
100
100
91
79
72
Model
Weight
Percent
73
65
75
71
63
58
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
100
68
70
67
60
53
100
100
92
72
61
51
Percent
52
67
69
53
56
64
1,000-hr (3+ in)
8
8
8
8
10
10
Model
0
0
0
0
0
0
Fuel moisture
Percent
100-hr (1–3 in)
Model
10-hr (0.25–1 in)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Duff
0
10
10
10
10
10
0
0
10
10
10
10
11
10
10
10
8
8
Model
Live
0
32
30
33
40
47
0
0
8
28
39
49
Percent
48
33
31
47
44
36
Weight
3
5
5
7
8
10
16
23
50
125
100
150
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
Fuel models
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Percent - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
1-hr (0–0.25 in)
16
17
17
20
27
36
0
0
0
9
21
28
Percent
27
35
25
29
37
42
Weight
Fuel models
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Table 5d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection (continued)
Region 1 — Gallatin National Forest
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
0
0
0
0
0
0
L
59
Stand attributes: Stem density = 707 tpa, basal area = 195 ft 2 /ac, top height
= 47 ft, stand density index = 408, quadratic mean diameter = 7.1 in, crown
competition factor = 281, canopy cover = 81 percent.
Region 1 — Lewis and Clark National Forest 1
Species (based on trees per acre): Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) = 76
percent, hardwoods = 13 percent, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) = 11 percent.
Site: Elevation = 6,200 ft, slope = 27 percent, aspect = 90°.
Initial stand conditions
A
60
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 1 — Lewis and Clark National Forest 1
B
61
ft or less for the 50-year projection.
slowly over time, but potential flame lengths remain 4
conditional crown fire again. Surface fuels accumulate
stand self-thins, and the predicted fire type becomes
likely. In 30 years, canopy base height increases as the
move into the canopy, and active crown fire becomes
canopy base height declines in 20 years as small trees
57 percent for severe fire weather. With no action,
mortality is 34 percent for moderate fire weather and
severe fire weather conditions. Predicted basal area
fire spread should a crown fire enter the stand under
fire, but canopy fuels are sufficient to sustain crown
Ladder fuels are not sufficient to enable passive crown
kg/m 3 (0.0181 lb/ft 3 ), and canopy base height is 6 ft.
loading is 13 tons/ac. Canopy bulk density is 0.29
Woody fuel loading is 9 tons/ac, and liter and duff
story and Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine overstory.
(tpa) composed of Douglas-fir and hardwood under-
This stand has initial tree density of 707 trees per acre
Initial conditions/no-action trajectory
increase in 10 years as snags fall and contribute to
surface fuel loading, but after 10 years surface fuels
and flame lengths stabilize. Canopy bulk density
remains high enough that the predicted fire type is
conditional crown fire for the 50-year projection. The
lower density treatments (50, 100, and 200 tpa) have
the greatest long-term effect on crown fire potential. In
these treatments, the predicted fire type is surface fire
for the 50-year projection, and potential flame lengths
decrease over time as the influence of grass fuels
declines. Crown fire potential continues to decline as
tree growth and self-thinning cause canopy base height
to increase. In the highest density treatment (300 tpa),
canopy bulk density remains high; the predicted fire
type for severe fire weather is conditional crown fire for
the 50-year projection except for the 300 tpa treatment
with a prescribed fire surface fuel treatment. In this
treatment, additional fire-caused tree mortality reduces
canopy bulk density, and the predicted fire type
height and decreases canopy bulk density, but not
enough to significantly affect crown fire potential.
Surface fuels are consumed in the prescribed fire but
increase greatly in 10 years. All thinning treatments
reduce canopy bulk density and increase canopy base
height, but thinning to 200 tpa or less is necessary
to decrease canopy bulk density sufficiently to affect
crown fire potential. However, the lower density
thinning treatments greatly increase surface fuel
loading causing higher potential flame lengths and
basal area mortality. Activity fuels are reduced by the
pile and burn treatment and, to a greater extent, by the
prescribed fire treatment, but flame lengths and basal
area mortality decrease only slightly following treatment because fire behavior predictions are dominated
by fuel models 1 and 2 rather than 8. Grass fuels are
not tracked well in FFE and may or may not be the
primary surface fuel following treatment; the influence
of grass fuels should be interpreted with caution.
Region 1 — Lewis and Clark National Forest 1
In the prescribed fire only treatment, surface fuels
The prescribed fire only treatment raises canopy base
changes from conditional crown fire to surface fire.
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
long-term effects
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
immediate effects
C
62
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
3
3
3
0
3
10
3
4
18
11
Surface
Conditional
34
57
Initial
condition
1
0
2
0
1
7
3
4
35
16
Surface
Conditional
32
65
Prescribed
fire only
0
2
2
0
0
7
4
5
29
51
Surface
Surface
18
42
3
2
1
0
4
9
3
5
22
45
Surface
Surface
18
48
14
7
4
0
5
10
5
6
37
45
Surface
Surface
22
94
Thin from
below to 50 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 6a—Projected treatment effects on fuels and fire first cycle after treatments implemented
Region 1 — Lewis and Clark National Forest 1
0
2
2
0
1
7
3
4
34
34
Surface
Surface
21
32
3
2
1
0
4
9
3
5
26
28
Surface
Surface
21
45
12
7
4
0
4
10
4
5
52
28
Surface
Surface
21
60
Thin from
below to 100 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
0
2
2
0
1
7
3
5
27
23
Surface
Surface
24
68
2
2
1
0
4
9
3
5
30
19
Surface
Surface
25
67
9
7
4
0
4
10
3
4
82
19
Surface
Surface
25
30
Thin from
below to 200 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
0
2
2
0
1
7
3
5
31
19
Surface
Surface
27
73
2
2
1
0
3
9
3
4
40
14
Surface
Conditional
28
57
7
7
4
0
3
10
2
3
82
14
Surface
Conditional
27
29
Thin from
below to 300 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
D
63
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
Fuel/fire attribute
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
7
3
4
0
3
11
3
4
14
11
Surface
Active
31
0
0
20 yrs
7
4
4
0
3
11
3
4
25
11
Surface
Cond.
32
0
0
30 yrs
7
4
5
0
3
11
3
4
38
11
Surface
Cond.
28
0
0
40 yrs
5
6
4
0
1
10
3
5
24
49
Surface
Surface
111
0
0
10 yrs
2
5
4
0
1
10
3
5
36
51
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
20 yrs
1
5
3
0
1
10
3
4
45
53
Surface
Surface
6
0
0
30 yrs
1
4
3
0
1
10
3
4
47
55
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
6
3
3
0
3
10
3
4
28
11
Surface
Cond.
131
0
0
10 yrs
1
4
3
0
1
10
3
4
47
57
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
50 yrs
6
4
5
1
3
11
3
4
54
12
Surface
Cond.
28
0
0
50 yrs
Region 1 — Lewis and Clark National Forest 1
14
7
4
0
5
10
5
6
37
45
Surface
Surface
201
0
0
1 yr
3
3
3
0
3
10
3
4
18
11
Surface
Cond.
214
0
0
1 yr
No action
Table 6b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection
12
7
4
0
4
10
4
5
52
28
Surface
Surface
202
0
0
1 yr
1
0
2
0
1
7
3
4
35
16
Surface
Cond.
178
0
0
1 yr
5
5
7
0
2
7
3
4
73
15
Surface
Cond.
14
0
0
20 yrs
4
5
7
0
2
8
3
4
79
15
Surface
Cond.
11
0
0
30 yrs
4
4
6
0
2
8
3
4
92
15
Surface
Cond.
11
0
0
40 yrs
5
6
4
0
1
10
2
3
121
31
Surface
Surface
112
0
0
10 yrs
3
5
4
0
1
10
1
2
303
33
Surface
Surface
7
0
0
20 yrs
2
5
3
0
1
10
1
1
624
34
Surface
Surface
7
0
0
30 yrs
2
4
3
0
2
10
1
1
694
35
Surface
Surface
8
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
6
5
7
0
2
7
3
4
60
16
Surface
Surface
19
0
0
10 yrs
Prescribed fire only
2
4
3
1
2
10
1
1
793
36
Surface
Surface
8
0
0
50 yrs
4
4
6
1
2
8
3
4
101
15
Surface
Cond.
11
0
0
50 yrs
E
64
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0
2
2
0
0
7
4
5
29
51
Surface
Surface
86
0
0
3
2
1
0
4
9
3
5
22
45
Surface
Surface
201
0
0
1 yr
1
2
3
0
1
7
3
5
33
55
Surface
Surface
12
0
0
2
2
1
0
1
9
3
5
34
49
Surface
Surface
111
0
0
10 yrs
1
2
3
0
1
7
3
5
37
59
Surface
Surface
8
0
0
1
2
1
0
1
9
3
5
39
51
Surface
Surface
6
0
0
20 yrs
1
2
3
0
1
7
3
5
42
61
Surface
Surface
6
0
0
1
2
1
0
1
9
3
4
45
53
Surface
Surface
6
0
0
30 yrs
1
2
3
1
1
7
3
5
45
63
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
1
2
1
0
1
9
3
4
47
55
Surface
Surface
6
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 6b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
1
1
2
1
1
7
3
4
47
64
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
1
1
1
0
1
9
3
4
48
57
Surface
Surface
6
0
0
50 yrs
1 yr
0
2
2
0
4
9
3
4
34
34
Surface
Surface
95
0
0
3
2
1
0
4
9
3
5
26
28
Surface
Surface
202
0
0
Region 1 — Lewis and Clark National Forest 1
2
2
4
0
1
7
3
4
39
36
Surface
Surface
18
0
0
2
2
1
0
1
9
3
5
38
31
Surface
Surface
112
0
0
10 yrs
1
2
4
0
1
7
3
5
40
38
Surface
Surface
10
0
0
2
2
1
0
1
9
3
5
40
33
Surface
Surface
7
0
0
20 yrs
1
2
4
0
1
7
3
5
45
40
Surface
Surface
7
0
0
2
2
2
0
1
9
3
5
47
34
Surface
Surface
8
0
0
30 yrs
1
2
4
1
1
7
3
5
47
41
Surface
Surface
7
0
0
2
2
2
0
2
9
3
5
47
35
Surface
Surface
8
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
1
2
4
1
1
7
3
5
49
41
Surface
Surface
7
0
0
2
2
2
1
2
9
3
5
53
35
Surface
Surface
9
0
0
50 yrs
F
65
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
4
9
Litter
Duff
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
21
Surface
Surface
114
0
0
19
Surface
Surface
203
0
0
21
Surface
Surface
9
0
0
58
5
3
9
2
0
2
2
3
4
5
4
0
2
10
2
3
302
21
Surface
Surface
9
0
0
20 yrs
21
Surface
Surface
10
0
0
69
5
3
9
2
0
2
2
3
3
5
4
0
2
11
2
2
450
22
Surface
Surface
10
0
0
30 yrs
22
Surface
Surface
11
0
0
76
5
3
9
2
0
2
2
3
3
5
4
0
2
11
2
2
535
22
Surface
Surface
11
0
0
40 yrs
22
Surface
Surface
12
0
0
85
4
3
10
2
1
2
2
3
4
4
4
1
2
11
2
2
562
22
Surface
Surface
11
0
0
50 yrs
Region 1 — Lewis and Clark National Forest 1
48
5
3
9
2
0
1
2
3
5
6
4
0
2
10
2
3
159
21
Surface
Surface
114
0
0
10 yrs
30
5
0
>12 in
3
1
6–12 in
Severe
2
3–6 in
Moderate
2
9
7
4
0
4
10
3
4
82
19
Surface
Surface
203
0
0
0–3 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
1 yr
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 6b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
14
Surface
Cond.
204
0
0
40
4
3
9
3
0
1
2
2
7
7
4
0
3
10
2
3
82
14
Surface
Cond.
204
0
0
1 yr
15
Surface
Cond.
116
0
0
57
4
3
9
2
0
1
2
4
5
6
4
0
2
10
3
4
63
15
Surface
Cond.
116
0
0
10 yrs
15
Surface
Cond.
12
0
0
69
4
3
9
2
0
2
2
4
5
6
4
0
2
10
3
4
76
15
Surface
Cond.
12
0
0
20 yrs
14
Surface
Cond.
15
0
0
83
4
3
10
2
0
2
2
4
5
5
4
0
2
11
3
4
89
14
Surface
Cond.
14
0
0
30 yrs
15
Surface
Cond.
21
0
0
95
4
3
10
3
0
2
2
5
5
5
4
0
3
11
3
4
103
15
Surface
Cond.
21
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
15
Surface
Cond.
24
0
0
103
4
3
10
3
1
3
2
4
5
5
5
1
3
11
3
4
106
15
Surface
Cond.
24
0
0
50 yrs
G
66
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0
2
2
0
1
7
3
5
27
23
Surface
Surface
103
0
0
1 yr
2
3
6
0
2
7
3
5
44
27
Surface
Surface
12
0
0
20 yrs
2
3
5
0
2
7
3
5
49
27
Surface
Surface
9
0
0
30 yrs
2
3
5
1
2
7
3
5
59
27
Surface
Surface
9
0
0
40 yrs
3
3
5
1
2
8
3
5
68
27
Surface
Surface
10
0
0
50 yrs
0
2
2
0
1
7
3
5
31
19
Surface
Surface
114
0
0
1 yr
Canopy bulk density
0.29
6
Canopy base height (ft)
(kg/m 3)
81
281
408
Stand density index
Crown competition factor
195
Basal area (ft 2)
Canopy closure (percent)
2,035
Merchantable volume (ft 3)
7.1
3,048
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
Total volume (ft 3)
707
Trees per acre
None
1 yr
Stand attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0.30
8
294
80
432
211
2,683
3,737
7.5
682
10 yrs
0.30
5
310
78
459
226
3,302
4,456
7.7
691
20 yrs
0.29
7
323
76
477
239
3,994
5,165
8.1
667
30 yrs
No action
0.29
10
337
75
498
253
4,722
5,925
8.4
662
40 yrs
0.28
14
347
74
515
266
5,391
6,675
8.7
643
50 yrs
0.19
12
187
65
263
137
1,741
2,332
7.1
318
1 yr
0.19
17
194
66
274
144
1,970
2,626
9.2
315
10 yrs
4
4
7
0
2
7
3
4
47
20
Surface
Surface
20
0
0
10 yrs
3
4
6
0
2
7
3
4
64
20
Surface
Surface
10
0
0
30 yrs
0.20
24
207
65
294
159
2,537
3,246
9.7
309
20 yrs
0.21
28
219
64
313
172
3,097
3,891
10.2
302
30 yrs
Prescribed fire only
3
4
7
0
2
7
3
4
55
20
Surface
Surface
13
0
0
20 yrs
0.22
34
230
64
331
185
3,841
4,568
10.7
296
40 yrs
3
3
6
0
2
8
3
4
75
20
Surface
Surface
11
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 6c— Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory orest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory
3
3
5
0
1
7
3
5
35
26
Surface
Surface
19
0
0
10 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height; cond. = conditional.
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
treatment
Table 6b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
Region 1 — Lewis and Clark National Forest 1
0.21
38
241
64
348
198
4,521
5,277
11.2
290
50 yrs
3
3
6
1
2
8
3
4
84
20
Surface
Surface
12
0
0
50 yrs
H
67
3,048
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
(ft3)
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
7.1
Trees per acre
None
6
Canopy base height (ft)
7.1
3,048
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
(ft3)
195
(ft 2)
281
6
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
195
(ft 2)
6
Canopy base height (ft)
0.29
281
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
81
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
408
Stand density index
Basal area
2,035
Merchantable volume (ft3)
7.1
3,048
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
Total volume (ft3)
707
Trees per acre
0.29
81
Canopy cover (percent)
Canopy bulk density (kg/m³)
408
Stand density index
Basal area
2,035
Merchantable volume (ft3)
Total volume
707
Trees per acre
0.29
281
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
81
(kg/m3)
70
408
Stand density index
Canopy cover (percent)
0.04
19
43
21
81
39
657
790
7.1
139
0.04
18
51
25
94
47
800
956
7.8
140
0.04
18
51
25
93
47
800
956
8.1
132
10 yrs
0.03
21
47
24
88
43
885
1,004
7.7
136
0.04
20
56
27
102
52
1,029
1,204
8.4
136
0.04
20
56
27
101
52
1,029
1,204
8.6
128
20 yrs
0.03
23
53
26
96
48
1,108
1,243
8.2
132
0.04
23
62
29
110
57
1,302
1,475
8.9
133
0.04
23
62
29
109
57
1,302
1,474
9.2
125
30 yrs
0.03
24
58
28
103
53
1,337
1,501
8.7
129
0.04
24
68
31
118
63
1,576
1,765
9.4
130
0.04
24
67
31
116
63
1,576
1,764
9.7
122
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.03
25
63
29
111
58
1,588
1,773
9.2
126
0.04
25
73
33
125
68
1,866
2,070
9.9
127
0.04
24
72
33
124
68
1,868
2,069
10.2
119
50 yrs
Region 1 — Lewis and Clark National Forest 1
0.04
17
47
22
70
42
608
693
12.4
49
0.05
17
47
22
70
42
739
843
12.4
49
0.05
17
47
22
42
195
Basal area (ft 2)
739
2,035
843
12.4
49
1 yr
Merchantable volume (ft3)
Total volume
707
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
Table 6c— Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.07
16
83
37
122
70
958
1,110
11.4
99
0.09
15
83
37
122
70
1,205
1,396
11.4
99
0.09
15
83
37
122
70
1,205
1,396
11.4
99
1 yr
0.07
19
72
33
125
63
1,061
1,267
8.1
176
0.08
19
91
40
152
79
1,335
1,585
8.7
189
0.08
19
91
40
151
79
1,335
1,585
8.9
180
10 yrs
0.06
20
79
36
137
71
1,410
1,613
8.7
172
0.08
20
98
42
165
87
1,745
1,994
9.3
184
0.08
20
98
42
163
87
1,745
1,995
9.5
176
20 yrs
0.06
23
87
38
148
78
1,748
1,995
9.3
168
0.07
24
107
44
177
96
2,119
2,441
9.9
180
0.07
24
107
44
175
96
2,119
2,442
10.1
172
30 yrs
0.06
25
94
40
159
86
2,133
2,401
9.8
164
0.07
24
115
46
189
105
2,596
2,910
10.5
176
0.07
24
115
46
187
105
2,596
2,912
10.7
168
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.06
26
102
42
169
94
2,560
2,829
10.4
160
0.07
27
123
47
200
113
3,055
3,399
11.0
172
0.07
27
122
47
198
113
3,055
3,401
11.2
164
50 yrs
I
68
6
195
(ft 2 )
6
195
(ft 2 )
0.29
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
6
Crown competition factor
(kg/m3 )
81
281
Canopy cover (percent)
408
Stand density index
Basal area
2,035
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
7.1
3,048
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
Total volume (ft3 )
707
Trees per acre
0.29
281
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
81
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
408
Stand density index
Basal area
2,035
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
7.1
3,048
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
Total volume (ft3 )
707
Trees per acre
0.29
281
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
81
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3 )
408
Stand density index
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
195
(ft 2 )
Basal area
2,035
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
7.1
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
3,048
Trees per acre
None
Total volume (ft3 )
707
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.12
13
139
55
205
113
1,392
1,649
10.2
198
0.16
13
139
55
205
113
1,831
2,176
10.2
198
0.16
13
139
55
205
113
1,831
2,176
10.2
198
1 yr
0.10
18
114
48
189
97
1,582
1,884
8.5
243
0.14
20
151
57
243
127
2,072
2,467
9.0
286
0.14
20
151
56
241
127
2,072
2,467
9.2
277
10 yrs
0.10
22
125
50
206
109
2,063
2,400
9.2
237
0.14
24
163
58
262
141
2,641
3,087
9.6
279
0.14
24
163
56
261
141
2,641
3,087
9.8
271
20 yrs
0.10
24
136
52
224
121
2,594
2,969
9.8
232
0.13
29
175
59
281
155
3,282
3,756
10.2
273
0.13
29
175
57
280
155
3,282
3,756
10.3
265
30 yrs
0.10
29
146
53
240
133
3,164
3,572
10.3
227
0.13
33
187
60
299
168
3,960
4,462
10.7
267
0.13
33
186
57
298
168
3,960
4,462
10.9
260
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 6c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.10
34
156
54
255
144
3,795
4,200
10.9
222
0.13
38
197
60
316
181
4,627
5,191
11.2
262
0.13
38
197
58
314
181
4,627
5,191
11.4
254
50 yrs
9.5
297
1 yr
0.16
13
190
67
272
145
1,649
1,977
9.5
297
0.22
13
190
67
272
145
2,241
2,700
9.5
297
0.22
13
190
67
272
145
2,241
2,700
Region 1 — Lewis and Clark National Forest 1
0.15
20
148
57
232
118
1,862
2,245
8.5
304
0.21
20
205
67
312
162
2,509
3,039
8.8
383
0.21
20
205
67
310
162
2,509
3,039
8.9
374
10 yrs
0.14
24
160
58
252
132
2,391
2,827
9.0
297
0.21
26
219
67
334
177
3,155
3,741
9.3
374
0.21
26
219
67
333
177
3,155
3,742
9.4
366
20 yrs
0.14
28
173
59
271
145
2,986
3,451
9.6
290
0.22
32
231
67
353
191
3,858
4,452
9.8
365
0.22
32
231
67
353
192
3,866
4,463
9.9
358
30 yrs
0.14
33
184
60
289
158
3,614
4,111
10.1
284
0.21
37
239
67
366
202
4,453
5,122
10.3
351
0.21
37
240
67
365
202
4,462
5,133
10.4
344
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.14
37
195
61
305
170
4,272
4,801
10.6
278
0.21
40
248
67
379
212
5,187
5,822
10.7
339
0.21
40
248
67
378
213
5,198
5,833
10.8
332
50 yrs
J
69
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
14
1
1
1
1
1
Model
2
2
10
10
10
10
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
Model
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
10
10
2
2
2
2
11
10
10
0
2
2
Percent
57
52
93
100
95
87
100
100
100
100
100
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
2
2
Model
Weight
68
100
100
100
94
86
Percent
16
43
45
39
35
34
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
11
8
8
8
8
8
Model
2
10
10
2
2
2
Model
Percent
61
53
86
98
100
100
97
83
70
59
50
58
50
51
61
71
79
84
0
2
2
10
10
10
Weight
Percent
0
23
44
49
44
42
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
2
2
2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
14
10
10
10
0
0
Model
3
17
30
41
50
42
28
49
39
29
21
16
Percent
39
47
14
2
0
0
Weight
Model
Fuel models
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Weight
Region 1 — Lewis and Clark National Forest 1
0
0
32
0
0
0
6
14
Percent
43
48
7
0
5
13
Weight
Fuel models
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
100
77
56
51
56
58
Fuel models
Fuel models
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Model
Weight
Percent
84
57
55
61
65
66
Prescribed fire only
No action
Table 6d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
K
70
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
11
8
8
8
8
8
Model
75
74
90
93
92
90
100
100
100
100
96
92
86
50
70
77
78
76
Percent
Weight
10
3 = Moist
70
moisture values from Reinhardt and Crookston (2003).
*Moisture categories correspond to variant-specific percentage
Windspeed (mph)
Moisture category*
Temperature (°F)
80
65
°F
Miles/hour
16
11
Temperature
Windspeed
Table 6f—Prescribed fire weather
conditions used in models
Severe—98th percentile
Moderate—75th percentile
Fire weather conditions
Table 6e—FVS fuel model selection
1
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
0
0
0
14
10
10
10
10
10
Model
Weight
Model
10-hr (0.25–1 in)
0
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
Weight
Model
100-hr (1–3 in)
Fuel moisture
100
59
71
75
77
76
100
95
86
84
78
74
90
53
55
62
59
58
1,000-hr (3+ in)
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
11
10
2
2
2
2
Weight
Percent
Duff
0
10
10
10
10
10
0
10
10
10
10
10
2
2
10
10
10
10
Model
Weight
Live
0
41
29
25
23
24
0
5
14
16
22
26
10
47
45
38
41
42
Percent
4
6
6
9
15
18
16
25
50
125
100
150
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Percent - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
1-hr (0–0.25 in)
25
17
10
7
8
10
0
0
0
0
4
8
14
50
30
23
22
24
Percent
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
Fuel models
Fuel models
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Table 6d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection (continued)
Region 1 — Lewis and Clark National Forest 1
Weight
L
71
Stand attributes: Stem density = 6,573 tpa, basal area = 172 ft 2 /ac,
top height = 54 ft, stand density index = 575, quadratic mean diameter
= 2.2 in, crown competition factor = 243, canopy cover = 69 percent.
Region 1 — Lewis and Clark National Forest 2
Species (based on trees per acre): Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) =
92 percent, hardwoods = 6 percent, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) = 1
percent, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) = 1 percent.
Site: Elevation = 5,600 ft, slope = 25 percent, aspect = 360°.
Initial stand conditions
A
72
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 1 — Lewis and Clark National Forest 2
B
73
fire potential with the predicted fire type remaining
surface fire for the 50-year projection. Regeneration
causes a drop in canopy base height in 30 or 40 years,
but at this time, potential flame lengths are sufficiently
low that passive crown fire is prevented. The 100
tpa and 200 tpa treatments have less of a long-term
effect on crown fire potential. Flame lengths decrease
as surface fuels decompose, but passive crown fire
becomes likely again for severe fire weather in 30 or
40 years when regeneration lowers canopy base height.
Canopy bulk density remains high enough in the 300
tpa treatment that conditional crown fire is predicted
for the 50-year projection. However, if a prescribed
fire surface fuel treatment is applied, fire-caused tree
mortality reduces canopy bulk density enough that
conditional crown fire is eliminated.
trees, which raises canopy base height and reduces
crown fire potential. Many snags are created, but they
are generally small and the contributions to future
surface fuel loading are minor. All thinning treatments
reduce canopy bulk density and increase canopy base
height; the greater the thinning, the greater is the
change in forest structure. However, thinning to 200
tpa or less is necessary to prevent conditional crown
fire. All thinning treatments generate activity fuels, and
these surface fuels are sufficient to increase potential
flame lengths in the 50 tpa treatment. The pile and
burn treatment reduces woody fuel loading to below
initial conditions, and the prescribed fire treatment
reduces woody fuel loading even more and consumes
some of the duff layer. However, these changes in
surface fuel loading do not decrease potential flame
height is 14 ft and canopy bulk density is 0.21 kg/m 3
(0.0131 lb/ft3 ), so initially ladder fuels are not sufficient
constant.
fuels accumulate over time but flame lengths remain
active crown fire is predicted in 10 years. Surface
following surface fuel treatments.
may not be an important contributor to fire behavior
lengths. Grass fuels are not tracked in FFE and may or
ized by fuel model 2, which typically has high flame
stands with low woody fuel loading are character-
Region 1 — Lewis and Clark National Forest 2
density increases as smaller trees grow into the canopy;
action, canopy base height declines and canopy bulk
dominated by fire-resistant conifer species. With no
and severe fire weather, likely because the stand is
basal area mortality is about 30 percent for moderate
spread is possible under severe fire weather. Potential
to enable passive crown fire crown, but crown fire
and litter and duff loading is 13 tons/ac. Canopy base
seedlings. Woody surface fuel loading is 9 tons/ac
The Stand top height is only 54 ft and there are many
ponderosa pine and lodgepole pine in the overstory.
las-fir with some hardwoods in the understory and
lengths and basal area mortality because the opened
The 50 tpa treatment has a long-term effect on crown
The prescribed fire only treatment kills many small
6,573 trees per acre (tpa) composed mostly of Doug-
This stand has extremely high initial tree density of
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
long-term effects
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
immediate effects
Initial conditions/no-action trajectory
C
74
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
3
3
3
0
3
10
3
4
42
15
Surface
Conditional
29
33
Initial
condition
1
0
2
0
1
7
3
5
44
20
Surface
Surface
26
38
Prescribed
fire only
0
1
2
0
0
7
4
5
40
55
Surface
Surface
16
18
3
1
1
0
4
9
3
5
36
48
Surface
Surface
19
19
10
4
3
0
4
10
4
5
117
48
Surface
Surface
19
19
Thin from
below to 50 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 7a—Projected treatment effects on fuels and fire first cycle after treatments implemented
Region 1 — Lewis and Clark National Forest 2
0
1
2
0
1
7
3
5
49
32
Surface
Surface
18
18
2
1
1
0
4
9
3
4
49
28
Surface
Surface
20
20
8
4
3
0
4
10
3
4
196
28
Surface
Surface
20
20
Thin from
below to 100 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
0
1
2
0
1
7
3
4
51
21
Surface
Surface
22
24
2
1
1
0
3
9
3
5
50
17
Surface
Surface
25
31
6
4
3
0
3
10
3
4
51
17
Surface
Surface
25
25
Thin from
below to 200 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
0
1
2
0
1
7
3
5
42
20
Surface
Surface
25
34
1
1
1
0
3
9
3
5
51
16
Surface
Conditional
27
37
4
4
3
0
3
10
3
4
27
16
Surface
Conditional
27
30
Thin from
below to 300 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
D
75
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
Fuel/fire attribute
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
6
4
5
0
3
10
3
4
9
16
Surface
Passive
551
0
0
20 yrs
6
4
6
1
3
11
3
4
10
16
Surface
Passive
560
1
0
30 yrs
6
5
8
1
4
11
3
4
10
7
Cond.
Active
519
1
0
40 yrs
4
4
4
0
1
10
3
5
36
49
Surface
Surface
25
0
0
10 yrs
2
4
4
0
1
10
3
5
52
50
Surface
Surface
7
0
0
20 yrs
1
4
3
0
1
10
3
4
54
52
Surface
Surface
6
0
0
30 yrs
1
3
3
0
1
10
3
4
18
54
Surface
Surface
6
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
5
4
4
0
3
10
3
4
0
16
Passive
Active
436
0
0
10 yrs
1
3
3
1
1
10
3
4
19
57
Surface
Surface
6
0
0
50 yrs
7
5
9
2
4
11
3
4
13
5
Cond.
Active
484
1
0
50 yrs
1 yr
8
4
3
0
4
10
3
4
196
28
Surface
Surface
38
0
0
1 yr
1
0
2
0
1
7
3
5
44
20
Surface
Surface
1,629
0
0
Region 1 — Lewis and Clark National Forest 2
10
4
3
0
4
10
4
5
117
48
Surface
Surface
37
0
0
1 yr
3
3
3
0
3
10
3
4
42
15
Surface
Cond.
287
0
0
1 yr
No action
Table 7b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection
3
4
8
1
2
7
3
4
55
19
Surface
Surface
18
0
0
20 yrs
2
4
8
1
2
8
3
4
60
19
Surface
Surface
14
0
0
30 yrs
2
3
7
1
2
8
3
4
11
19
Surface
Passive
15
0
0
40 yrs
4
4
4
0
1
10
3
5
44
29
Surface
Surface
26
0
0
10 yrs
2
4
4
0
1
10
3
5
56
30
Surface
Surface
9
0
0
20 yrs
1
4
4
0
1
10
3
5
15
32
Surface
Passive
9
0
0
30 yrs
1
3
3
1
1
10
3
5
15
33
Surface
Passive
9
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
5
4
7
0
2
7
3
5
54
19
Surface
Surface
28
0
0
10 yrs
Prescribed fire only
2
3
3
1
2
10
3
5
19
35
Surface
Surface
9
0
0
50 yrs
3
3
7
1
2
8
3
4
11
19
Surface
Passive
15
0
0
50 yrs
E
76
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0
1
2
0
0
7
4
5
40
55
Surface
Surface
30
0
0
3
1
1
0
4
9
3
5
36
48
Surface
Surface
37
0
0
1 yr
1
2
3
0
1
7
3
5
44
56
Surface
Surface
17
0
0
2
2
1
0
1
9
3
5
47
49
Surface
Surface
25
0
0
10 yrs
1
2
4
1
1
7
3
5
49
56
Surface
Surface
10
0
0
1
2
2
0
1
9
3
5
52
50
Surface
Surface
7
0
0
20 yrs
1
2
4
1
1
7
3
5
14
58
Surface
Passive
7
0
0
1
2
2
0
1
9
3
4
17
52
Surface
Surface
7
0
0
30 yrs
1
2
3
1
1
7
3
4
17
61
Surface
Surface
6
0
0
1
1
2
0
1
9
3
4
18
54
Surface
Surface
6
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 7b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
1
2
3
1
1
7
3
4
17
62
Surface
Surface
6
0
0
1
1
2
1
1
9
3
4
19
57
Surface
Surface
6
0
0
50 yrs
1 yr
0
1
2
0
4
9
3
5
49
32
Surface
Surface
39
0
0
2
1
1
0
4
9
3
4
49
28
Surface
Surface
38
0
0
Region 1 — Lewis and Clark National Forest 2
2
2
4
0
1
7
3
4
54
33
Surface
Surface
24
0
0
2
2
2
0
1
9
3
4
53
28
Surface
Surface
26
0
0
10 yrs
1
2
5
1
1
7
3
4
56
35
Surface
Surface
14
0
0
1
2
2
0
1
9
3
5
56
30
Surface
Surface
9
0
0
20 yrs
1
2
5
1
1
7
3
4
14
36
Surface
Passive
9
0
0
1
2
2
0
1
9
3
5
15
32
Surface
Passive
9
0
0
30 yrs
1
2
5
1
1
7
3
5
16
38
Surface
Passive
9
0
0
1
2
2
1
2
9
3
5
15
33
Surface
Passive
9
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
1
2
4
1
1
7
3
5
18
38
Surface
Surface
9
0
0
1
2
2
1
2
9
3
5
17
34
Surface
Surface
9
0
0
50 yrs
F
77
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
2
2
2
0
2
9
3
5
60
18
Surface
Surface
27
0
0
4
4
4
0
2
10
3
5
55
18
Surface
Surface
27
0
0
10 yrs
2
2
2
0
2
9
3
5
65
18
Surface
Surface
11
0
0
3
4
4
0
2
10
3
5
61
19
Surface
Surface
11
0
0
20 yrs
2
2
2
0
2
9
3
5
76
19
Surface
Surface
11
0
0
2
4
4
0
2
10
3
5
73
19
Surface
Surface
11
0
0
30 yrs
2
2
3
1
2
9
3
5
20
20
Surface
Surface
12
0
0
2
3
4
1
2
10
3
4
80
20
Surface
Surface
11
0
0
40 yrs
3
2
3
1
2
9
3
4
20
21
Surface
Surface
12
0
0
3
3
4
1
2
11
3
4
84
20
Surface
Surface
12
0
0
50 yrs
1 yr
1
1
1
0
3
9
3
5
51
16
Surface
Cond.
40
0
0
4
4
3
0
3
10
3
4
27
16
Surface
Cond.
40
0
0
Region 1 — Lewis and Clark National Forest 2
2
1
1
0
3
9
3
5
50
17
Surface
Surface
39
0
0
6
4
3
0
3
10
3
4
51
17
Surface
Surface
39
0
0
1 yr
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 7b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
3
2
2
0
2
9
3
4
61
16
Surface
Cond.
29
0
0
4
4
4
0
2
10
3
4
57
16
Surface
Cond.
29
0
0
10 yrs
3
2
2
0
2
9
3
4
71
15
Surface
Cond.
14
0
0
3
4
4
0
2
10
3
4
67
16
Surface
Cond.
14
0
0
20 yrs
3
2
2
0
2
9
3
4
78
15
Surface
Cond.
14
0
0
3
4
4
0
2
10
3
4
76
15
Surface
Cond.
14
0
0
30 yrs
4
2
3
0
3
10
3
4
84
15
Surface
Cond.
17
0
0
4
4
4
0
3
11
3
4
85
15
Surface
Cond.
16
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
4
2
3
1
3
10
3
4
94
16
Surface
Cond.
21
0
0
4
3
4
1
3
11
3
4
92
16
Surface
Cond.
20
0
0
50 yrs
G
78
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0
1
2
0
1
7
3
4
51
21
Surface
Surface
51
0
0
1 yr
2
3
7
1
1
7
3
5
52
23
Surface
Surface
16
0
0
20 yrs
Canopy bulk density
0.21
14
(kg/m 3)
Canopy base height (ft)
Stand density index
68
575
Basal area (ft 2)
243
172
Merchantable volume (ft 3)
Crown competition factor
2,418
Total volume (ft 3)
Canopy closure (percent)
2.2
3,105
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
6,573
Trees per acre
None
1 yr
Stand attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0.20
3
244
68
575
176
2,824
3,451
2.3
6,079
10 yrs
253
71
575
178
3,106
3,760
2.4
5,734
20 yrs
0.19
4
2
3
7
1
2
7
3
5
59
23
Surface
Surface
10
0
0
30 yrs
0.19
4
264
75
575
182
3,381
4,055
2.5
5,263
30 yrs
No action
Table 7c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory
3
3
6
0
1
7
3
5
48
21
Surface
Surface
27
0
0
10 yrs
0.50
4
274
77
575
186
3,675
4,317
2.7
4,825
40 yrs
2
3
6
1
2
7
3
5
14
24
Surface
Passive
10
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height; cond. = conditional.
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
treatment
Table 7b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
0.64
5
292
78
575
190
3,922
4,555
2.8
4,420
50 yrs
2
3
6
1
2
7
3
5
15
26
Surface
Passive
10
0
0
50 yrs
1 yr
0.15
21
168
50
252
127
2,002
2,466
2.2
348
1 yr
0
1
2
0
1
7
3
5
42
20
Surface
Surface
62
0
0
Region 1 — Lewis and Clark National Forest 2
0.15
24
173
52
266
133
2,239
2,694
8
381
10 yrs
4
4
7
0
2
7
3
5
47
20
Surface
Surface
28
0
0
10 yrs
2
4
8
1
2
7
3
4
63
20
Surface
Surface
12
0
0
30 yrs
0.15
24
184
57
291
144
2,690
3,191
7.8
434
20 yrs
0.15
25
196
61
309
156
3,228
3,750
8.2
424
30 yrs
Prescribed fire only
3
4
8
1
2
7
3
5
55
20
Surface
Surface
17
0
0
20 yrs
0.15
5
209
64
328
168
3,826
4,360
8.6
419
40 yrs
2
3
7
1
2
8
3
4
71
20
Surface
Surface
12
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.15
5
223
65
346
181
4,447
5,004
9
410
50 yrs
3
3
7
1
2
8
3
4
16
20
Surface
Surface
12
0
0
50 yrs
H
79
3,105
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
(ft3)
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
2.2
Trees per acre
None
172
(ft 2)
14
Canopy base height (ft)
2.2
3,105
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
(ft3)
172
(ft 2)
243
14
0.21
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density (kg/m³)
2,418
172
Total volume (ft3)
Merchantable volume (ft3)
(ft 2)
14
Canopy base height (ft)
0.21
243
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
68
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
575
Stand density index
Basal area
2.2
3,105
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
6,573
68
Canopy cover (percent)
Trees per acre
575
Stand density index
Basal area
2,418
Merchantable volume (ft3)
Total volume
6,573
Trees per acre
0.21
243
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
68
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
575
Stand density index
Basal area
2,418
Merchantable volume (ft3)
Total volume
6,573
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.04
29
50
20
96
45
905
1,032
6.9
173
0.04
29
63
23
112
55
1,085
1,244
7.7
172
0.04
29
63
23
111
55
1,085
1,244
7.9
161
10 yrs
0.04
31
55
22
103
50
1,082
1,239
7.4
168
0.04
31
68
26
119
60
1,291
1,476
8.1
167
0.04
31
67
26
118
60
1,291
1,475
8.4
157
20 yrs
0.04
6
61
25
110
54
1,314
1,467
7.8
164
0.04
7
74
28
127
65
1,552
1,729
8.6
163
0.04
31
73
28
125
65
1,552
1,728
8.8
153
30 yrs
0.03
7
66
27
117
59
1,554
1,712
8.2
160
0.04
7
80
31
135
70
1,808
2,001
9.0
159
0.04
7
79
30
133
70
1,808
1,999
9.3
150
40 yrs
0.03
7
72
29
125
64
1,769
1,968
8.7
156
0.04
8
85
32
142
76
2,054
2,283
9.4
156
0.04
8
85
32
140
75
2,054
2,280
9.7
146
50 yrs
Region 1 — Lewis and Clark National Forest 2
0.04
28
59
20
82
51
810
938
13.6
50
0.05
28
59
20
82
51
980
1,137
13.6
50
0.05
28
59
20
82
51
980
1,137
13.6
50
1 yr
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 7c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.08
28
101
32
143
85
1,311
1,538
12.5
100
0.10
28
101
32
143
85
1,616
1,900
12.5
100
0.10
28
101
32
143
85
1,616
1,900
12.5
100
1 yr
0.08
29
85
30
149
74
1,480
1,687
8
211
0.09
29
107
36
178
92
1,813
2,071
8.7
221
0.09
29
106
36
176
92
1,813
2,071
9.0
210
10 yrs
0.07
31
91
34
158
81
1,772
2,010
8.5
206
0.09
31
113
39
188
99
2,154
2,442
9.2
215
0.09
31
113
39
186
99
2,154
2,441
9.4
205
20 yrs
0.07
6
99
37
169
88
2,104
2,367
9.0
201
0.08
7
122
42
199
107
2,530
2,849
9.7
210
0.08
7
121
42
197
107
2,534
2,847
9.9
200
30 yrs
0.06
7
107
39
179
95
2,471
2,752
9.4
196
0.08
7
130
45
210
115
2,944
3,287
10.1
205
0.07
7
129
44
207
115
2,951
3,287
10.4
195
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.06
8
114
42
189
103
2,842
3,162
9.9
192
0.07
8
138
47
221
123
3,390
3,748
10.6
201
0.07
9
137
46
218
123
3,382
3,747
10.9
191
50 yrs
I
80
172
(ft 2 )
14
Canopy base height (ft)
2,418
172
Total volume (ft3 )
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
(ft 2 )
14
Canopy base height (ft)
2,418
172
Total volume (ft3 )
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
(ft 2 )
0.21
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
14
Crown competition factor
(kg/m3 )
68
243
Canopy cover (percent)
575
Stand density index
Basal area
2.2
3,105
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
6,573
Trees per acre
0.21
243
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
68
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
575
Stand density index
Basal area
2.2
3,105
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
6,573
Trees per acre
0.21
243
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
68
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3 )
575
Stand density index
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
2,418
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
Basal area
2.2
3,105
Total volume (ft3 )
Trees per acre
None
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
6,573
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.14
27
164
47
229
129
1,757
2,084
10.9
200
0.18
25
164
47
229
129
2,285
2,723
10.9
200
0.18
25
164
47
229
129
2,285
2,723
10.9
200
1 yr
0.13
29
128
41
207
105
1,949
2,272
8.4
275
0.17
29
172
50
266
138
2,512
2,945
8.9
319
0.16
28
172
50
264
138
2,512
2,945
9.1
308
10 yrs
0.13
30
136
45
219
114
2,335
2,678
8.8
269
0.16
30
181
54
279
148
2,970
3,421
9.3
312
0.16
30
181
54
277
148
2,970
3,421
9.5
301
20 yrs
0.12
32
145
48
232
123
2,745
3,133
9.3
263
0.16
34
192
56
294
159
3,456
3,950
9.8
306
0.16
34
191
56
292
159
3,457
3,950
9.9
295
30 yrs
0.11
7
154
51
245
132
3,193
3,625
9.7
257
0.15
8
202
58
308
169
3,984
4,512
10.2
299
0.15
37
201
58
306
169
3,984
4,513
10.4
289
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 7c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.11
7
163
53
258
142
3,735
4,146
10.2
252
0.14
8
211
59
322
180
4,527
5,100
10.6
293
0.14
41
211
59
319
180
4,532
5,101
10.8
283
50 yrs
9.8
300
1 yr
0.15
21
213
57
292
159
1,959
2,363
9.8
300
0.20
21
213
57
292
159
2,616
3,183
9.8
300
0.20
21
213
57
292
159
2,616
3,183
Region 1 — Lewis and Clark National Forest 2
0.15
23
159
50
246
125
2,190
2,583
8.3
334
0.20
24
224
61
331
170
2,905
3,451
8.7
417
0.20
24
224
61
329
170
2,905
3,451
8.8
406
10 yrs
0.15
26
170
53
262
135
2,638
3,064
8.7
327
0.20
27
236
63
348
183
3,430
4,027
9.1
408
0.20
27
236
64
347
183
3,430
4,027
9.2
397
20 yrs
0.15
29
181
56
278
147
3,128
3,594
9.2
319
0.21
30
249
65
366
195
4,033
4,648
9.5
399
0.20
30
248
65
364
195
4,033
4,649
9.6
389
30 yrs
0.15
32
192
58
294
158
3,656
4,164
9.6
312
0.21
33
259
66
381
207
4,639
5,269
9.9
389
0.21
33
260
66
380
207
4,653
5,283
10.0
380
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.15
7
203
60
309
169
4,272
4,763
10.1
306
0.20
37
268
67
393
216
5,170
5,865
10.3
377
0.20
37
268
67
391
217
5,183
5,880
10.4
368
50 yrs
J
81
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
10
10
2
2
2
12
Percent
91
62
53
71
90
92
90
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
100
100
100
100
100
100
85
100
100
100
97
88
14
10
0
0
2
Percent
82
78
100
100
99
11
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
2
2
2
Model
1
1
1
1
1
1
Percent
9
38
47
29
10
8
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
11
1
1
2
2
Model
Percent
99
56
54
61
73
Weight
100
98
81
65
53
58
85
71
53
62
74
84
82
1
10
10
10
10
10
Percent
8
47
35
26
22
25
Model
Weight
Model
0
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
14
2
2
1
1
Model
0
2
19
35
47
42
11
29
47
38
26
16
18
Percent
1
23
45
39
27
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
10
0
0
Model
Fuel models
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
0
22
1
0
0
Weight
Model
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Percent
92
53
65
74
78
75
Region 1 — Lewis and Clark National Forest 2
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
0
0
0
3
12
10
Percent
18
22
0
0
1
Weight
Fuel models
2
2
2
2
2
2
Weight
Fuel models
Fuel models
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Model
Weight
Weight
Model
2
2
10
10
10
10
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
Model
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Prescribed fire only
No action
Table 7d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection
Percent
Weight
Weight
K
82
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
11
2
2
2
2
2
Model
64
49
65
82
93
92
10
3 = Moist
70
moisture values from Reinhardt and Crookston (2003).
*Moisture categories correspond to variant-specific percentage
Windspeed (mph)
Moisture category*
Temperature (°F)
80
69
°F
Miles/hour
16
11
Temperature
Windspeed
Table 7f—Prescribed fire weather
conditions used in models
Severe—98th percentile
Moderate—75th percentile
Fire weather conditions
Table 7e—FVS fuel model selection
2
1
1
10
10
10
1
0
0
0
0
2
10
10
10
10
10
84
100
100
100
100
100
Model
Weight
Percent
65
78
90
94
94
89
0
10
10
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
0
14
13
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
6
0
0
0
0
0
Model
Weight
Model
100-hr (1–3 in)
Fuel moisture
74
63
70
75
77
76
100
100
100
95
88
80
1,000-hr (3+ in)
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
Weight
Percent
67
76
81
79
76
69
Duff
1
10
10
10
10
10
0
0
0
10
10
10
11
10
10
10
10
10
Model
Weight
Live
26
36
30
25
23
24
0
0
0
5
12
20
Percent
33
24
19
21
24
31
4
12
5
12
10
14
15
25
50
125
100
150
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Percent - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
10-hr (0.25–1 in)
Model
1-hr (0–0.25 in)
36
37
21
10
7
8
16
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
29
22
10
6
6
11
Weight
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
Model
Fuel models
Fuel models
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Table 7d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection (continued)
Region 1 — Lewis and Clark National Forest 2
Weight
L
83
Stand attributes: Stem density = 384 tpa, basal area = 80 ft 2 /ac, top height = 50 ft,
stand density index = 177, quadratic mean diameter = 6.2 in, crown competition
factor = 77, canopy cover = 54 percent.
Region 3 — Carson National Forest 1
Species (based on trees per acre): White fir (Abies concolor) = 65 percent,
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) = 27 percent, ponderosa pine (Pinus
ponderosa) = 5 percent.
Site: Elevation = 9,200 ft, slope = 20 percent, aspect = 45°.
Initial stand conditions
A
Appendix 3—Fuel Treatment Scenarios for the Southwestern Region (Region 3)
84
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 3 — Carson National Forest 1
B
85
likely for moderate and severe fire weather.
flame lengths. In 20 years, passive crown fire becomes
fuels accumulate over time causing higher potential
as smaller trees grow into the overstory, and surface
base height remains low, canopy bulk density increases
percent for severe fire weather. With no action, canopy
ate fire weather, but potential basal area mortality is 87
Predicted flame lengths are low for severe and moder-
is 6 tons/ac, and litter and duff loading is 6 tons/ac.
crown fire for severe fire weather. Woody fuel loading
fire, but canopy fuels are not sufficient to enable active
so ladder fuels are sufficient to enable passive crown
kg/m 3 (0.0044 lb/ft 3 ), and canopy base height is 2 ft,
ponderosa pine overstory. Canopy bulk density is 0.07
Douglas-fir and white fir understory with a low-density
This stand has 384 trees per acre (tpa) composed of
Initial conditions/no-action trajectory
Although the prescribed fire only treatment does not
reduce crown fire potential initially, in 10 years, crown
fire potential decreases and surface fire is predicted
for moderate and severe fire weather. Flame lengths
decrease over time as brush fuels decrease and canopy
base height continues to increase, so crown fire
potential declines over the 50-year trajectory. Thinning
to 50 to 100 tpa has a long-term effect on crown fire
potential. The predicted fire type in these treatments
is surface fire for 50 years, and flame lengths decrease
over time as brush fuels decrease. Canopy base height
increases over time in the higher density treatments
(200, 300 tpa), but the stands remain susceptible
to passive crown fire for 50 years. However, in the
high-density treatments, the prescribed fire surface fuel
treatment further increases canopy base height because
additional understory trees are killed. This decreases
crown fire potential, and the predicted fire type is
surface fire for 50 years.
The prescribed fire only treatment increases canopy
base height and decreases canopy bulk density and
surface fuel loading. Potential flame lengths for severe
fire weather increase to 5 ft, and passive crown fire
remains likely because brush grows, and fire behavior
is predicted by using fuel model 5. Brush fuels are
not tracked in FFE, and the influences of brush fuels
following treatment are site specific. Thinning to 100
tpa or less is required to increase canopy base height
and reduce canopy bulk density sufficiently to affect
crown fire potential. All thinning treatments increase
surface fuels that contribute to higher potential flame
lengths. The pile and burn and prescribed fire surface
fuel treatments reduce woody surface fuels to below
initial levels, and this reduces potential flame lengths
and basal area mortality in the more dense treatments.
However, potential flame lengths and basal area mortality remain high in the 50 tpa treatment regardless
of surface fuel treatment, and in the 100 and 200 tpa
Region 3 — Carson National Forest 1
is driven by brush fuel models.
treatments with a prescribed fire, because fire behavior
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
long-term effects
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
immediate effects
C
86
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
2
2
2
0
2
4
2
3
7
37
Surface
Passive
18
87
Initial
condition
1
0
1
0
0
3
1
5
11
43
Surface
Passive
15
96
Prescribed
fire only
0
0
1
0
0
3
1
6
23
48
Surface
Surface
12
65
1
1
1
0
2
4
1
5
24
43
Surface
Surface
12
60
4
2
2
0
3
4
2
5
29
43
Surface
Surface
12
46
Thin from
below to 50 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 8a—Projected treatment effects on fuels and fire first cycle after treatments implemented
Region 3 — Carson National Forest 1
0
0
1
0
0
3
1
5
11
43
Surface
Passive
15
96
1
1
1
0
2
4
2
3
28
37
Surface
Surface
16
21
3
2
2
0
2
4
2
3
23
37
Surface
Surface
17
23
Thin from
below to 100 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
0
0
1
0
0
3
1
5
11
43
Surface
Passive
15
96
1
1
1
0
2
4
2
3
8
37
Surface
Passive
18
83
3
2
2
0
2
4
2
3
7
37
Surface
Passive
18
88
Thin from
below to 200 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
0
0
1
0
0
3
1
5
11
43
Surface
Passive
15
96
1
1
1
0
2
4
2
3
8
37
Surface
Passive
18
83
2
2
2
0
2
4
2
3
7
37
Surface
Passive
18
87
Thin from
below to 300 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
D
87
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
Fuel/fire attribute
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
3
2
2
0
3
5
2
3
0
29
Passive
Passive
9
0
0
20 yrs
3
2
2
0
4
5
2
3
0
25
Passive
Passive
10
0
0
30 yrs
3
2
2
1
4
5
2
4
0
22
Passive
Passive
10
1
0
40 yrs
3
2
2
0
2
5
2
5
26
44
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
10 yrs
3
2
2
0
2
5
1
5
30
43
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
20 yrs
2
2
2
0
2
5
2
3
69
42
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
30 yrs
2
2
2
0
2
5
2
3
71
40
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
2
2
2
0
3
5
2
3
6
34
Surface
Passive
7
0
0
10 yrs
2
2
2
0
2
5
2
3
66
39
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
50 yrs
4
2
2
1
5
5
2
4
3
19
Surface
Passive
10
1
0
50 yrs
Region 3 — Carson National Forest 1
4
2
2
0
3
4
2
5
29
43
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
1 yr
2
2
2
0
2
4
2
3
7
37
Surface
Passive
5
0
0
1 yr
No action
Table 8b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection
2
1
2
0
2
3
1
5
23
44
Surface
Surface
5
1
0
10 yrs
2
1
2
1
2
3
1
5
24
41
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
20 yrs
2
1
2
1
2
3
2
3
59
41
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
30 yrs
2
1
2
1
2
3
2
3
67
39
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
40 yrs
3
2
2
0
2
5
2
3
37
36
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
10 yrs
2
2
2
0
3
5
2
3
43
34
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
20 yrs
3
2
2
0
3
5
1
2
196
32
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
30 yrs
3
2
2
0
3
5
1
2
213
31
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
3
2
2
0
2
4
2
3
23
37
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
1 yr
1
0
1
0
0
3
1
5
11
43
Surface
Passive
76
1
0
1 yr
Prescribed fire only
3
2
2
0
3
5
1
2
218
30
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
50 yrs
2
1
2
1
2
3
2
3
67
37
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
50 yrs
E
88
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0
0
1
0
0
3
1
6
23
48
Surface
Surface
8
1
0
1
1
1
0
2
4
1
5
24
43
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
1 yr
1
0
1
0
1
3
1
5
24
45
Surface
Surface
5
1
0
1
1
1
0
2
4
1
5
25
42
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
10 yrs
1
1
2
1
2
3
1
5
25
42
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
2
1
1
0
2
4
1
5
29
40
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
20 yrs
2
1
2
1
2
3
1
5
31
41
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
2
1
1
0
2
4
2
3
72
42
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
30 yrs
2
1
2
1
2
3
1
5
33
40
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
2
1
1
0
2
4
2
3
75
40
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 8b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
2
1
2
1
2
3
2
3
33
40
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
2
1
1
0
2
4
2
3
72
39
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
50 yrs
Region 3 — Carson National Forest 1
0
1
1
0
2
4
1
5
11
43
Surface
Passive
15
1
0
1
1
1
0
2
4
2
3
28
37
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
1 yr
2
1
2
0
2
3
1
5
23
41
Surface
Surface
5
1
0
1
1
1
0
2
4
2
3
43
36
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
10 yrs
2
1
2
1
2
3
1
5
24
39
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
2
1
1
0
3
4
2
3
51
33
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
20 yrs
2
1
2
1
2
3
2
3
59
36
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
2
1
1
0
3
4
1
1
307
32
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
30 yrs
2
1
2
1
2
3
2
3
67
36
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
2
1
1
0
3
4
1
1
349
31
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
2
1
2
1
3
4
2
3
65
35
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
3
1
1
0
3
4
1
1
318
30
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
50 yrs
F
89
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
1
1
1
0
3
4
2
3
9
34
Surface
Passive
4
0
0
2
2
2
0
3
5
2
3
6
34
Surface
Passive
4
0
0
10 yrs
2
1
1
0
3
4
2
3
9
32
Surface
Passive
6
0
0
3
2
2
0
3
5
2
3
6
32
Surface
Passive
6
0
0
20 yrs
2
1
1
0
4
4
2
3
18
30
Surface
Surface
7
0
0
3
2
2
0
4
5
2
3
13
30
Surface
Passive
7
0
0
30 yrs
3
1
1
0
4
4
3
4
10
27
Surface
Passive
7
0
0
3
2
2
0
4
5
3
4
10
27
Surface
Passive
7
0
0
40 yrs
3
1
1
1
4
5
2
4
24
24
Surface
Surface
6
1
0
3
2
2
1
4
5
2
4
17
25
Surface
Surface
6
1
0
50 yrs
Region 3 — Carson National Forest 1
1
1
1
0
2
4
2
3
8
37
Surface
Passive
3
0
0
3
2
2
0
2
4
2
3
7
37
Surface
Passive
3
0
0
1 yr
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 8b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
1
1
1
0
2
4
2
3
8
37
Surface
Passive
5
0
0
2
2
2
0
2
4
2
3
7
37
Surface
Passive
5
0
0
1 yr
1
1
1
0
3
4
2
3
9
34
Surface
Passive
6
0
0
2
2
2
0
3
5
2
3
6
34
Surface
Passive
6
0
0
10 yrs
2
1
1
0
3
4
2
2
10
30
Surface
Passive
7
0
0
3
2
2
0
3
5
2
3
5
30
Surface
Passive
7
0
0
20 yrs
2
1
1
0
4
4
2
3
8
26
Surface
Passive
9
0
0
3
2
2
0
4
5
2
3
4
26
Surface
Passive
9
0
0
30 yrs
3
1
1
0
4
4
2
4
11
23
Surface
Passive
9
1
0
3
2
2
0
4
5
2
4
11
23
Surface
Passive
9
1
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
3
1
1
1
5
5
2
4
25
20
Surface
Surface
8
1
0
4
2
2
1
5
5
2
4
18
21
Surface
Surface
8
1
0
50 yrs
G
90
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0
0
1
0
0
3
1
5
11
43
Surface
Passive
36
1
0
1 yr
2
1
2
0
2
3
1
5
23
43
Surface
Surface
5
1
0
10 yrs
2
1
2
1
2
3
1
5
24
40
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
20 yrs
2
Canopy base height (ft)
0.07
77
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
54
Canopy closure (percent)
(kg/m 3)
177
Stand density index
Merchantable volume (ft 3)
80
1,150
Total volume (ft 3)
Basal area (ft 2)
6.2
1,337
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
384
Trees per acre
None
1 yr
Stand attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0.07
2
88
59
197
92
1,349
1,567
6.7
375
10 yrs
0.09
1
102
64
217
104
1,508
1,799
7.2
367
20 yrs
0.11
1
117
69
236
116
1,687
2,021
7.7
360
30 yrs
No action
2
1
2
1
2
3
2
3
59
38
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
30 yrs
0.13
2
132
73
256
129
1,868
2,254
8.2
352
40 yrs
2
1
2
1
2
3
2
3
67
36
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 8c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
treatment
Table 8b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
0.16
3
148
77
277
143
2,087
2,515
8.7
344
50 yrs
2
1
2
1
3
4
2
3
71
34
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
50 yrs
Region 3 — Carson National Forest 1
0.05
6
62
46
112
70
1,083
1,225
6.2
66
1 yr
0
0
1
0
0
3
1
5
11
43
Surface
Passive
57
1
0
1 yr
0.05
10
65
48
118
75
1,184
1,329
14.4
66
10 yrs
2
1
2
0
2
3
1
5
23
43
Surface
Surface
5
1
0
10 yrs
2
1
2
1
2
3
2
3
59
37
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
30 yrs
0.06
10
72
51
130
84
1,358
1,530
15.4
65
20 yrs
0.06
10
79
55
141
93
1,560
1,735
16.3
64
30 yrs
Prescribed fire only
2
1
2
1
2
3
1
5
24
39
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
20 yrs
0.06
11
85
57
151
102
1,760
1,938
17.2
63
40 yrs
2
1
2
1
2
3
2
3
67
36
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.07
11
91
60
161
111
1,955
2,135
18.0
63
50 yrs
2
1
2
1
3
4
2
3
70
35
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
50 yrs
H
91
1,337
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
(ft3)
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
6.2
Trees per acre
None
80
(ft 2)
2
Canopy base height (ft)
6.2
1,337
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
(ft3)
80
(ft 2)
77
2
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
1,150
80
Total volume (ft3)
Merchantable volume (ft3)
(ft 2)
2
Canopy base height (ft)
0.07
77
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
54
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
177
Stand density index
Basal area
6.2
1,337
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
384
Trees per acre
0.07
54
Canopy cover (percent)
Canopy bulk density (kg/m³)
177
Stand density index
Basal area
1,150
Merchantable volume (ft3)
Total volume
384
Trees per acre
0.07
77
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
54
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
177
Stand density index
Basal area
1,150
Merchantable volume (ft3)
Total volume
384
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.05
11
57
44
101
65
1,003
1,121
15.5
50
0.05
11
57
44
101
65
1,135
1,269
15.5
50
0.05
11
57
44
101
65
1,135
1,269
15.5
50
1 yr
0.06
11
59
45
121
72
1,256
1,381
12.4
86
0.06
12
68
49
129
82
1,409
1,552
14.5
71
0.05
12
68
49
127
82
1,409
1,552
15.4
63
20 yrs
0.06
13
64
48
131
80
1,422
1,556
13.1
85
0.06
13
73
52
139
90
1,590
1,739
15.3
70
0.06
13
73
52
136
90
1,590
1,737
16.2
63
30 yrs
0.06
13
70
50
141
87
1,584
1,724
13.8
84
0.06
13
79
54
148
98
1,766
1,920
16.0
70
0.06
13
78
54
145
97
1,765
1,916
17.0
62
40 yrs
0.06
12
75
53
150
94
1,748
1,892
14.5
83
0.06
12
84
57
157
105
1,940
2,097
16.8
69
0.06
12
83
57
153
105
1,938
2,092
17.8
61
50 yrs
Region 3 — Carson National Forest 1
0.05
11
55
42
112
65
1,090
1,211
11.7
87
0.06
11
63
47
120
74
1,230
1,368
13.7
72
0.05
11
63
47
117
74
1,230
1,368
14.5
64
10 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 8c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.05
6
72
52
134
78
1,084
1,225
12.0
100
0.07
5
72
52
134
78
1,258
1,432
12.0
100
0.07
5
72
52
134
78
1,258
1,432
12
100
1 yr
0.06
10
65
48
126
75
1,187
1,332
12.4
89
0.07
7
81
55
151
89
1,370
1,548
12.2
111
0.07
7
81
55
150
89
1,370
1,548
12.4
107
10 yrs
0.06
10
72
51
138
84
1,363
1,534
13.2
88
0.08
8
89
59
165
100
1,563
1,779
13.0
109
0.08
8
89
59
164
100
1,563
1,779
13.2
105
20 yrs
0.07
10
80
55
150
93
1,564
1,741
14.0
87
0.08
9
98
63
179
111
1,784
2,010
13.7
108
0.08
9
98
63
178
111
1,784
2,010
14.0
104
30 yrs
0.07
11
86
58
161
102
1,764
1,946
14.7
86
0.08
10
106
65
192
121
2,011
2,247
14.5
106
0.08
10
106
65
190
121
2,010
2,245
14.7
102
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.07
12
92
60
172
111
1,960
2,147
15.5
85
0.09
11
114
68
205
132
2,246
2,482
15.2
105
0.09
11
113
68
203
131
2,244
2,479
15.5
101
50 yrs
I
92
80
(ft 2)
2
Canopy base height (ft)
1,150
80
Total volume (ft3)
Merchantable volume (ft3)
(ft 2)
77
2
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
1,150
80
Total volume (ft3)
Merchantable volume (ft3)
(ft 2)
2
Canopy base height (ft)
0.07
77
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
54
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
177
Stand density index
Basal area
6.2
1,337
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
384
Trees per acre
0.07
54
Canopy cover (percent)
Canopy bulk density (kg/m³)
177
Stand density index
Basal area
6.2
1,337
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
384
Trees per acre
0.07
77
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
54
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
177
Stand density index
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
1,150
Merchantable volume (ft3)
Basal area
6.2
1,337
Total volume (ft3)
Trees per acre
None
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
384
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.05
6
76
53
155
80
1,083
1,225
8.5
200
0.07
2
76
53
155
80
1,253
1,449
8.5
200
0.07
2
76
53
155
80
1,253
1,449
8.5
200
1 yr
0.05
10
65
48
122
75
1,183
1,329
13.3
78
0.07
2
86
58
173
91
1,352
1,556
9.1
202
0.07
2
86
58
173
91
1,352
1,556
9.1
200
10 yrs
0.06
10
72
51
134
84
1,363
1,533
14.2
77
0.08
2
97
62
190
102
1,525
1,779
9.8
198
0.08
2
97
62
189
102
1,525
1,779
9.8
196
20 yrs
0.06
10
80
55
145
93
1,561
1,738
15.0
76
0.09
3
109
66
205
114
1,720
2,003
10.4
193
0.09
3
109
66
205
114
1,720
2,002
10.4
191
30 yrs
0.07
11
86
58
156
102
1,760
1,940
15.8
75
0.10
4
120
70
221
125
1,918
2,236
11.0
189
0.10
4
120
70
220
125
1,917
2,234
11.1
187
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 8c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.07
12
92
60
166
111
1,956
2,140
16.6
74
0.12
6
130
73
236
137
2,176
2,474
11.6
185
0.12
6
130
73
235
137
2,175
2,471
11.7
183
50 yrs
Region 3 — Carson National Forest 1
0.05
6
77
54
169
80
1,083
1,225
7.0
300
0.07
2
77
54
169
80
1,252
1,463
7.0
300
0.07
2
77
54
169
80
1,252
1,463
7.0
300
1 yr
0.05
10
65
48
122
74
1,183
1,328
13.2
78
0.07
2
89
59
189
92
1,353
1,573
7.5
299
0.07
2
89
59
189
92
1,353
1,573
7.5
297
10 yrs
0.06
10
72
51
134
84
1,362
1,534
14.2
77
0.09
2
101
64
208
104
1,519
1,799
8.1
293
0.09
2
101
64
207
104
1,519
1,799
8.1
291
20 yrs
0.07
10
79
55
145
93
1,562
1,738
15.0
76
0.11
2
116
69
226
116
1,707
2,024
8.6
286
0.11
2
115
68
226
116
1,707
2,024
8.7
284
30 yrs
0.07
11
86
58
156
102
1,758
1,939
15.8
75
0.13
4
129
73
245
129
1,898
2,266
9.2
280
0.13
4
129
73
244
129
1,897
2,265
9.2
278
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.07
12
91
60
166
111
1,955
2,139
16.6
74
0.15
6
143
76
264
143
2,141
2,522
9.8
274
0.15
6
143
76
263
142
2,141
2,520
9.8
272
50 yrs
J
93
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
5
5
5
5
5
9
5
5
5
9
9
9
5
5
5
9
9
9
Model
9
9
9
9
10
10
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
Model
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
10
10
10
10
0
0
11
10
10
10
10
10
Percent
75
94
97
99
98
96
100
100
100
100
100
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
Weight
100
100
100
100
100
100
Percent
3
8
15
24
0
0
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
25
6
3
1
2
4
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
5
9
9
9
9
9
9
8
8
8
9
9
9
8
8
8
Model
5
5
5
9
9
9
Model
Percent
90
94
92
89
87
83
100
100
100
100
100
97
100
100
100
100
99
94
0
0
0
0
0
10
Weight
Percent
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Model
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
1
6
Percent
10
6
8
11
13
17
Weight
Model
Fuel models
Weight
Model
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Weight
Region 3 — Carson National Forest 1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
Fuel models
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
100
100
100
100
100
98
Fuel models
Fuel models
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Model
Weight
Percent
97
92
85
76
100
100
Prescribed fire only
No action
Table 8d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
K
94
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
5
5
5
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
9
9
9
9
10
10
Model
100
100
100
100
100
97
87
69
°F
Miles/hour
18
10
Temperature
Windspeed
10
3 = Moist
70
moisture values from Reinhardt and Crookston (2003).
*Moisture categories correspond to variant-specific percentage
Windspeed (mph)
Moisture category*
Temperature (°F)
Table 8f—Prescribed fire weather onditions
used in models
Severe—98th percentile
Moderate—75th percentile
Fire weather conditions
Table 8e—FVS fuel model selection
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
10
10
10
10
0
0
100
100
100
95
100
100
Model
Weight
Percent
96
92
87
80
100
100
Weight
Weight
Fuel moisture
Model
100
100
100
100
100
96
100
100
100
92
100
100
1,000-hr (3+ in)
5
5
5
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
9
9
9
9
10
10
Weight
Percent
97
92
85
77
100
100
Duff
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0
0
10
10
10
10
0
0
Model
Weight
Live
0
0
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
8
0
0
Percent
3
8
15
23
0
0
3
5
5
7
13
16
16
19
50
125
100
150
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Percent - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
100-hr (1–3 in)
Model
10-hr (0.25–1 in)
Model
1-hr (0–0.25 in)
0
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
5
0
0
Percent
4
8
13
20
0
0
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
Fuel models
Fuel models
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Table 8d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection (continued)
Region 3 — Carson National Forest 1
Weight
L
95
Stand attributes: Stem density = 953 tpa, basal area = 157 ft 2 /ac, top height
= 65 ft, stand density index = 365, quadratic mean diameter = 5.5 in, crown
competition factor = 174, canopy cover = 82 percent.
Region 3 — Carson National Forest 2
Species (based on trees per acre): White fir (Abies concolor) = 43 percent,
Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) = 42 percent, ponderosa pine (Pinus
ponderosa) = 12 percent.
Site: Elevation = 9,000 ft, slope = 35 percent, aspect = 180°.
Initial stand conditions
A
96
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 3 — Carson National Forest 2
B
97
the 50-year projection.
remains likely for severe fire weather for the duration of
10 years for moderate fire weather. Active crown fire
crown fire hazard. Passive crown fire is predicted in
causing higher potential flame lengths and increasing
slightly as trees grow, but surface fuels accumulate
canopy base height and canopy bulk density increase
100 percent for severe fire weather. With no action,
ate fire weather, but potential basal area mortality is
Predicted flame lengths are low for severe and moder-
ing is 9 tons/ac, and litter and duff loading is 7 tons/ac.
predicted for moderate fire weather. Woody fuel load-
active crown fire for severe fire weather. Surface fire is
crown fire, but canopy fuels are not sufficient to enable
3 ft, so ladder fuels are sufficient to enable passive
0.24 kg/m 3 (0.015 lb/ft3 ), and canopy base height is
ponderosa pine overstory. Canopy bulk density is
Douglas-fir and white fir understory with a low-density
This stand has 953 trees per acre (tpa) composed of
Initial conditions/no-action trajectory
All treatments have a long-term effect on crown fire
potential, and surface fire remains the predicted fire
type for moderate and severe fire weather for the
duration of the 50-year projection. Regeneration is low
in all treatments, so canopy base height increases over
time as trees grow and crowns rise. In stands that had
a surface fuel treatment, surface fuels accumulate over
time contributing to higher potential flame lengths; all
treatments have flame lengths of at least 4 ft for severe
fire weather in 50 years. A second treatment may be
necessary to reduce surface fuels.
The prescribed fire only treatment increases canopy
base height and decreases canopy bulk density
sufficiently enough to reduce the predicted fire type
to surface fire for moderate and severe fire weather.
Surface fuels are also reduced, and flame lengths
remain similar to initial conditions. All thinning
treatments increase canopy base height and reduce
canopy bulk density, but thinning to 200 tpa or less is
necessary to decrease crown fire potential. All thinning
treatments increase surface fuels, which contribute to
higher potential flame lengths. The pile and burn and
Region 3 — Carson National Forest 2
and brush fuels are not tracked in FFE.
results should be interpreted cautiously because grass
fuels following treatment is site specific, and these
brush fuel models. The presence of grass and brush
treatments because fire behavior is driven by grass and
treatments (50 to 100 tpa), even with surface fuel
basal area mortality remain high in the more open
more dense treatments. Potential flame lengths and
potential flame lengths and basal area mortality in the
surface fuels to below initial levels, and this reduces
prescribed fire surface fuel treatments reduce woody
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
long-term effects
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
immediate effects
C
98
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
3
3
3
0
2
5
2
3
14
13
Surface
Active
30
100
Initial
condition
1
0
1
0
1
4
2
3
49
26
Surface
Surface
22
23
Prescribed
fire only
0
0
1
0
0
3
4
6
33
57
Surface
Surface
11
38
2
1
1
0
5
4
4
6
34
50
Surface
Surface
12
35
10
4
2
0
5
4
4
6
45
50
Surface
Surface
13
33
Thin from
below to 50 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 9a—Projected treatment effects on fuels and fire first cycle after treatments implemented
Region 3 — Carson National Forest 2
0
0
1
0
1
4
4
6
37
40
Surface
Surface
15
41
2
1
1
0
4
5
2
3
88
31
Surface
Surface
16
16
8
4
3
0
5
5
3
5
62
31
Surface
Surface
16
34
Thin from
below to 100 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
0
0
1
0
1
4
2
5
39
35
Surface
Surface
18
43
2
1
1
0
4
5
2
3
87
24
Surface
Surface
21
21
7
4
3
0
4
5
3
4
46
24
Surface
Surface
21
33
Thin from
below to 200 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
0
0
1
0
1
4
2
3
85
29
Surface
Surface
20
20
1
1
1
0
3
5
2
3
52
18
Surface
Conditional
25
25
5
3
3
0
3
5
3
4
25
18
Surface
Conditional
25
32
Thin from
below to 300 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
D
99
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
Fuel/fire attribute
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
10
4
2
0
5
4
4
6
45
50
Surface
Surface
8
1
0
1 yr
3
3
3
0
2
5
2
3
14
13
Surface
Active
43
1
0
1 yr
6
3
3
1
7
6
3
4
0
14
Passive
Active
53
2
0
20 yrs
8
4
4
1
8
6
4
5
0
13
Passive
Active
51
2
0
30 yrs
8
4
4
2
8
6
4
5
0
12
Passive
Active
49
2
0
40 yrs
5
4
2
1
2
4
3
5
52
49
Surface
Surface
6
2
0
20 yrs
5
4
3
1
2
4
2
5
58
48
Surface
Surface
6
2
0
30 yrs
4
4
3
2
2
5
2
5
60
47
Surface
Surface
6
3
0
40 yrs
4
4
3
2
2
5
2
5
58
46
Surface
Surface
6
3
0
50 yrs
9
5
5
2
9
7
4
6
0
12
Passive
Active
62
2
0
50 yrs
Region 3 — Carson National Forest 2
7
4
2
0
2
4
3
5
51
52
Surface
Surface
6
1
0
10 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
4
3
3
0
6
5
3
4
0
14
Passive
Active
46
1
0
10 yrs
No action
Table 9b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection
8
4
3
0
5
5
3
5
62
31
Surface
Surface
8
1
0
1 yr
1
0
1
0
1
4
2
3
49
26
Surface
Surface
189
1
0
1 yr
5
3
4
1
4
4
3
4
41
26
Surface
Surface
10
2
0
20 yrs
5
3
4
2
5
4
3
4
46
24
Surface
Surface
10
2
0
30 yrs
5
3
4
2
5
4
3
4
45
23
Surface
Surface
10
2
0
40 yrs
6
4
3
0
3
5
3
4
71
33
Surface
Surface
7
1
0
10 yrs
5
4
3
1
3
5
3
4
81
32
Surface
Surface
7
2
0
20 yrs
5
4
3
1
3
6
3
4
85
31
Surface
Surface
7
2
0
30 yrs
5
4
3
1
3
6
3
4
94
30
Surface
Surface
8
2
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
5
3
4
1
4
4
3
4
33
29
Surface
Surface
12
1
0
10 yrs
Prescribed fire only
5
4
3
2
4
6
3
4
104
30
Surface
Surface
8
3
0
50 yrs
6
4
4
2
5
5
3
4
51
22
Surface
Surface
12
2
0
50 yrs
E
100
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0
0
1
0
0
3
4
6
33
57
Surface
Surface
18
1
0
2
1
1
0
5
4
4
6
34
50
Surface
Surface
8
1
0
1 yr
1
1
2
1
2
3
2
6
48
54
Surface
Surface
11
1
0
2
1
1
0
2
4
2
6
48
50
Surface
Surface
6
1
0
10 yrs
2
1
2
1
2
3
2
6
52
52
Surface
Surface
8
2
0
3
1
1
1
2
4
2
5
50
47
Surface
Surface
6
2
0
20 yrs
3
1
2
2
2
3
2
5
59
50
Surface
Surface
7
2
0
3
2
1
1
2
4
2
5
57
46
Surface
Surface
6
2
0
30 yrs
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
5
62
48
Surface
Surface
7
3
0
3
2
2
2
2
4
2
5
59
44
Surface
Surface
6
2
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 9b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
3
2
3
3
2
3
2
5
60
48
Surface
Surface
7
3
0
4
2
2
2
3
4
2
5
58
44
Surface
Surface
6
3
0
50 yrs
Region 3 — Carson National Forest 2
0
1
1
0
4
5
4
6
37
40
Surface
Surface
24
1
0
2
1
1
0
4
5
2
3
88
31
Surface
Surface
8
1
0
1 yr
2
1
3
1
2
4
2
5
54
41
Surface
Surface
11
1
0
2
1
1
0
3
5
2
3
109
33
Surface
Surface
7
1
0
10 yrs
3
1
4
1
3
4
2
5
59
39
Surface
Surface
8
2
0
3
2
1
1
3
5
2
3
104
32
Surface
Surface
7
2
0
20 yrs
3
2
4
2
3
4
2
3
86
37
Surface
Surface
7
2
0
4
2
2
1
3
5
2
3
98
31
Surface
Surface
8
2
0
30 yrs
4
2
4
2
3
4
3
4
86
36
Surface
Surface
7
2
0
4
2
2
1
3
5
2
3
101
30
Surface
Surface
8
2
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
4
2
4
3
3
4
3
4
89
36
Surface
Surface
7
3
0
5
2
2
2
4
5
3
3
107
30
Surface
Surface
8
2
0
50 yrs
F
101
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
2
1
1
0
4
5
2
3
77
26
Surface
Surface
8
1
0
6
4
3
0
4
5
3
4
52
26
Surface
Surface
8
1
0
10 yrs
3
2
1
1
4
5
2
3
70
25
Surface
Surface
9
2
0
5
4
3
1
4
5
3
4
58
25
Surface
Surface
9
2
0
20 yrs
4
2
2
1
5
5
2
3
69
24
Surface
Surface
9
2
0
5
4
3
1
5
6
3
4
63
24
Surface
Surface
9
2
0
30 yrs
5
2
2
1
5
5
3
4
65
24
Surface
Surface
10
2
0
6
4
3
1
5
6
3
4
63
24
Surface
Surface
10
2
0
40 yrs
6
2
2
2
5
6
3
4
69
23
Surface
Surface
15
2
0
6
4
4
2
5
6
3
4
75
23
Surface
Surface
14
2
0
50 yrs
Region 3 — Carson National Forest 2
2
1
1
0
4
5
2
3
87
24
Surface
Surface
9
1
0
7
4
3
0
4
5
3
4
46
24
Surface
Surface
9
1
0
1 yr
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 9b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
10 yrs
1
3
1
1
1
1
0
0
3
5
5
5
2
2
3
3
52
37
18
19
Surface Surface
Conditional Surface
10
10
1
1
0
0
5
5
3
3
3
3
0
0
3
5
5
5
3
3
4
4
25
23
18
19
Surface Surface
Conditional Surface
10
10
1
1
0
0
1 yr
4
1
1
1
5
5
2
3
29
18
Surface
Surface
15
2
0
5
3
3
1
5
5
3
4
22
18
Surface
Surface
15
2
0
20 yrs
5
2
2
1
6
5
3
4
36
18
Surface
Surface
22
2
0
6
4
3
1
6
6
3
4
33
18
Surface
Surface
22
2
0
30 yrs
6
2
2
1
6
5
3
4
39
19
Surface
Surface
24
2
0
7
4
4
1
6
6
3
4
35
18
Surface
Surface
23
2
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
7
3
3
2
6
6
3
4
49
18
Surface
Surface
21
2
0
7
4
5
2
6
6
4
5
33
18
Surface
Surface
21
2
0
50 yrs
G
102
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0
0
1
0
1
4
2
5
39
35
Surface
Surface
34
1
0
1 yr
3
2
4
1
3
4
2
3
67
36
Surface
Surface
11
1
0
10 yrs
3
2
4
1
3
4
2
3
75
34
Surface
Surface
9
2
0
20 yrs
Canopy bulk density
0.24
3
(kg/m 3)
Canopy base height (ft)
Stand density index
82
365
Basal area (ft 2)
174
157
Merchantable volume (ft 3)
Crown competition factor
2,482
Total volume (ft 3)
Canopy closure (percent)
5.5
3,149
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
953
Trees per acre
None
1 yr
Stand attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0.21
3
200
86
404
181
2,941
3,694
6.1
896
10 yrs
0.22
3
227
90
440
204
3,422
4,267
6.7
845
20 yrs
0.23
4
253
92
474
228
3,933
4,856
7.2
798
30 yrs
No action
4
2
4
2
3
4
3
4
81
33
Surface
Surface
8
2
0
30 yrs
0.25
4
278
94
506
250
4,443
5,481
7.8
753
40 yrs
4
3
4
2
4
4
3
4
91
31
Surface
Surface
8
2
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 9c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
treatment
Table 9b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
0.25
5
299
95
527
268
4,966
6,035
8.4
697
50 yrs
5
3
4
3
4
4
3
4
96
30
Surface
Surface
8
2
0
50 yrs
Region 3 — Carson National Forest 2
0.10
7
115
68
222
120
2,292
2,708
5.5
233
1 yr
0
0
1
0
1
4
2
3
85
29
Surface
Surface
50
1
0
1 yr
0.09
8
124
71
236
129
2,483
2,944
10.2
230
10 yrs
4
3
4
1
3
4
2
3
60
31
Surface
Surface
12
2
0
10 yrs
4
3
4
2
4
4
3
4
70
29
Surface
Surface
9
2
0
30 yrs
0.10
9
143
76
262
148
2,935
3,426
11.0
225
20 yrs
0.11
10
158
79
286
166
3,360
3,908
11.8
219
30 yrs
Prescribed fire only
4
3
4
1
4
4
3
4
62
30
Surface
Surface
10
2
0
20 yrs
0.12
10
175
83
308
184
3,792
4,389
12.6
213
40 yrs
5
3
4
2
4
4
3
4
80
28
Surface
Surface
9
2
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.13
11
188
85
327
200
4,236
4,860
13.3
206
50 yrs
5
3
4
3
4
4
3
4
86
27
Surface
Surface
9
2
0
50 yrs
H
103
3,149
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
(ft3)
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
5.5
Trees per acre
None
82
174
3
Canopy cover (percent)
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
5.5
3,149
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
(ft3)
174
3
Canopy cover (percent)
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
2,482
157
Total volume (ft3)
Merchantable volume (ft3)
(ft 2)
3
Canopy base height (ft)
0.24
174
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
82
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
365
Stand density index
Basal area
5.5
3,149
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
953
Trees per acre
0.24
82
Stand density index
Canopy bulk density (kg/m³)
157
365
Basal area (ft 2)
2,482
Merchantable volume (ft3)
Total volume
953
Trees per acre
0.24
365
Stand density index
Canopy bulk density
157
Basal area (ft 2)
(kg/m3)
2,482
Merchantable volume (ft3)
Total volume
953
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.04
19
64
47
118
80
1,810
2,031
17.1
50
0.04
19
64
47
118
80
1,961
2,224
17.1
50
0.04
19
64
47
118
80
1,961
2,224
17.1
50
1 yr
0.04
21
64
48
138
85
2,142
2,375
13.7
83
0.05
19
74
52
145
95
2,316
2,600
15.9
69
0.04
19
74
52
142
95
2,316
2,600
16.9
61
20 yrs
0.04
22
70
50
146
92
2,342
2,597
14.5
80
0.05
20
79
54
153
103
2,531
2,837
16.8
67
0.05
20
78
54
149
102
2,529
2,833
17.8
59
30 yrs
0.04
22
75
53
154
99
2,528
2,803
15.3
77
0.05
20
83
57
161
110
2,730
3,059
17.7
64
0.05
20
83
56
156
109
2,727
3,052
18.7
57
40 yrs
0.05
21
80
55
161
106
2,701
2,999
16.1
74
0.05
19
88
59
167
116
2,912
3,268
18.5
62
0.05
19
87
58
163
116
2,907
3,257
19.6
55
50 yrs
Region 3 — Carson National Forest 2
0.04
20
60
45
130
79
1,927
2,153
13.0
85
0.04
19
69
50
137
88
2,086
2,356
15.1
71
0.04
19
69
50
134
88
2,086
2,356
16.0
63
10 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 9c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.06
18
93
61
170
106
2,127
2,422
13.9
100
0.08
18
93
61
170
106
2,417
2,782
13.9
100
0.08
18
93
61
170
106
2,417
2,782
13.9
100
1 yr
0.06
19
84
57
163
101
2,281
2,594
13.6
99
0.07
18
103
64
190
119
2,586
2,980
14.1
109
0.07
18
103
64
189
119
2,586
2,980
14.4
105
10 yrs
0.06
19
91
60
176
111
2,594
2,923
14.5
97
0.08
19
112
67
204
131
2,942
3,363
15.0
106
0.08
19
112
67
203
131
2,942
3,363
15.3
102
20 yrs
0.06
20
98
63
187
121
2,899
3,250
15.4
94
0.08
19
119
70
218
143
3,292
3,738
15.9
103
0.08
19
119
70
216
143
3,291
3,736
16.2
99
30 yrs
0.07
20
105
65
198
131
3,184
3,557
16.2
91
0.08
20
127
72
230
154
3,629
4,104
16.8
100
0.08
20
127
72
228
154
3,627
4,101
17.1
97
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.07
21
111
67
208
140
3,465
3,862
17.1
88
0.09
21
135
74
241
164
3,949
4,454
17.6
98
0.08
21
135
74
239
164
3,945
4,448
17.9
94
50 yrs
I
104
157
(ft 2 )
3
Canopy base height (ft)
2,482
157
Total volume (ft3 )
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
(ft 2 )
3
Canopy base height (ft)
2,482
157
Total volume (ft3 )
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
(ft 2 )
0.24
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
3
Crown competition factor
(kg/m3 )
82
174
Canopy cover (percent)
365
Stand density index
Basal area
5.5
3,149
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
953
Trees per acre
0.24
174
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
82
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
365
Stand density index
Basal area
5.5
3,149
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
953
Trees per acre
0.24
174
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
82
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3 )
365
Stand density index
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
2,482
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
Basal area
5.5
3,149
Total volume (ft3 )
Trees per acre
None
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
953
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.07
14
123
71
230
130
2,275
2,609
10.9
200
0.11
11
123
71
230
130
2,696
3,136
10.9
200
0.11
11
123
71
230
130
2,696
3,136
10.9
200
1 yr
0.07
14
103
64
197
117
2,434
2,814
12.5
138
0.10
11
140
75
258
149
2,879
3,388
11.7
202
0.10
11
140
75
257
149
2,879
3,388
11.7
200
10 yrs
0.07
16
116
69
215
132
2,822
3,223
13.4
135
0.11
12
156
79
281
168
3,348
3,894
12.5
197
0.11
12
156
79
281
168
3,348
3,894
12.6
195
20 yrs
0.08
17
126
72
232
146
3,171
3,627
14.3
131
0.11
13
169
82
303
185
3,769
4,393
13.3
192
0.11
13
169
82
302
185
3,769
4,393
13.4
190
30 yrs
0.08
18
137
74
248
159
3,540
4,028
15.1
128
0.11
13
184
84
322
201
4,198
4,879
14.0
187
0.11
13
184
84
322
201
4,201
4,882
14.1
185
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 9c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.09
19
145
77
262
172
3,908
4,421
15.9
124
0.12
14
191
85
334
213
4,579
5,289
14.8
178
0.12
14
191
85
334
213
4,582
5,292
14.9
176
50 yrs
Region 3 — Carson National Forest 2
0.09
13
144
76
269
143
2,302
2,667
9.3
300
0.16
6
144
76
269
143
2,765
3,292
9.3
300
0.16
6
144
76
269
143
2,765
3,292
9.3
300
1 yr
0.08
13
113
68
215
124
2,482
2,888
11.4
173
0.15
6
166
81
303
166
2,995
3,572
10.1
299
0.15
6
166
81
303
166
2,995
3,572
10.1
297
10 yrs
0.09
13
128
72
236
140
2,898
3,327
12.3
169
0.16
6
186
84
331
187
3,503
4,121
10.9
289
0.16
6
186
84
329
186
3,493
4,109
10.9
286
20 yrs
0.09
14
139
75
255
155
3,278
3,763
13.2
164
0.16
8
199
86
349
202
3,926
4,600
11.7
271
0.16
8
199
86
347
202
3,908
4,586
11.7
269
30 yrs
0.09
16
152
78
273
170
3,661
4,197
14.0
159
0.15
9
212
88
364
216
4,304
5,059
12.5
255
0.16
9
212
88
363
216
4,294
5,048
12.5
253
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.10
17
163
80
289
184
4,062
4,629
14.8
155
0.16
11
223
89
379
231
4,741
5,528
13.2
243
0.16
11
223
89
378
230
4,727
5,516
13.2
241
50 yrs
J
105
2
5
5
5
5
5
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
2
5
5
5
5
5
10
10
5
5
5
5
Model
9
10
10
10
10
10
Model
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
10
9
9
12
12
12
Percent
93
60
95
87
74
62
12
5
10
10
10
10
Percent
87
60
53
57
57
56
100
100
100
91
83
76
0
0
0
10
10
10
10
0
10
10
10
10
Model
Weight
80
100
97
89
81
75
Percent
7
40
5
13
26
38
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
9
17
24
20
0
3
11
19
25
Percent
13
40
47
43
43
44
Weight
Weight
Model
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
5
5
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
Model
9
10
10
10
10
10
Region 3 — Carson National Forest 2
Model
Fuel models
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
96
66
59
59
64
70
Weight
100
99
83
72
62
54
88
96
86
75
64
53
0
9
9
9
9
9
Percent
0
42
31
25
17
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
0
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
12
9
9
9
9
9
Model
0
1
17
28
38
46
12
4
14
25
36
47
Percent
4
34
41
41
36
30
Weight
Model
Fuel models
Weight
Model
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Percent
100
58
69
75
83
92
Weight
Fuel models
Fuel models
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Model
Weight
Prescribed fire only
No action
Table 9d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
K
106
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
5
9
9
9
10
10
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Model
100
78
63
53
56
66
84
75
°F
Miles/hour
18
10
Temperature
Windspeed
10
3 = Moist
70
moisture values from Reinhardt and Crookston (2003).
*Moisture categories correspond to variant-specific percentage
Windspeed (mph)
Moisture category*
Temperature (°F)
Table 9f—Prescribed fire weather conditions
used in models
Severe—98th percentile
Moderate—75th percentile
Fire weather conditions
Table 9e—FVS fuel model selection
0
10
10
10
9
9
10
10
10
10
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
99
89
73
58
56
72
Model
Weight
Percent
80
66
67
73
83
95
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Fuel moisture
100-hr (1–3 in)
Model
10-hr (0.25–1 in)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
Model
100
66
51
58
67
77
100
84
63
59
81
99
1,000-hr (3+ in)
9
9
9
10
10
10
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Weight
Percent
51
60
70
86
97
86
Duff
0
10
10
9
9
9
0
10
10
9
9
12
9
9
9
9
12
12
Model
Weight
Live
0
34
49
42
33
23
0
16
37
41
19
1
Percent
49
40
30
14
3
14
3
5
5
7
13
16
16
19
50
125
100
150
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Percent - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
1-hr (0–0.25 in)
0
22
37
47
44
34
1
11
27
42
44
28
Percent
20
34
33
27
17
5
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
Fuel models
Fuel models
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Table 9d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection (continued)
Region 3 — Carson National Forest 2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
L
107
Species (based on trees per acre): Ponderosa pine (Pinus
ponderosa) = 100 percent.
Site: Elevation = 7,000 ft, slope = 1 percent, aspect = 270°.
Region 3 — Kaibab National Forest
Stand attributes: Stem density = 496 tpa, basal area = 106 ft 2 /ac, top height
= 41 ft, stand density index = 234, quadratic mean diameter = 6.3 in, crown
competition factor = 84, canopy cover = 57 percent.
Initial stand conditions
A
108
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 3 — Kaibab National Forest
B
109
potential in the short term, they do reduce crown fire
potential in the long term. In all treatments, canopy
base height increases over time as the trees grow
and the stand self-thins. Flame lengths remain high
for severe fire weather, but the increase in canopy
base height causes the predicted fire type to shift to
surface fire in 10 years for the prescribed fire only, 50
tpa, 100 tpa, and 200 tpa treatments. The predicted
fire type remains surface fire for the 50-year trajectory although fuel model 5 still drives fire behavior,
and flame lengths remain at least 4 ft for severe fire
weather. Crown fire potential remains high in the 300
tpa treatment for 40 years. The 300 tpa treatment with
prescribed fire has a greater long-term effect on crown
fire potential because fire-caused mortality of overstory
trees increases canopy base height enough that the predicted fire type changes from active to passive crown
fire initially and then to surface fire in 30 years.
surface fuels, but does not affect canopy base height
and canopy bulk density enough to decrease crown fire
potential. Thinning to 50 tpa is required to increase
canopy base height and decrease canopy bulk density,
but even with this treatment, potential flame lengths
and basal area mortality remain high, and the predicted
fire type is passive crown fire for severe fire weather.
The 200 and 300 tpa treatments have essentially no
effect on forest structure, and basal area mortality
remains 100 percent for severe fire weather. All treatments have flame lengths of 1 ft and low basal area
mortality for moderate fire weather. The pile and burn
and prescribed fire treatments reduce woody surface
fuels in all size classes; potential flame lengths and
basal area mortality remain high for severe fire weather
because the predominant fuel model is 5, suggesting
that brush fuels would drive fire behavior in these open
stands with low woody fuels. The FFE model does not
lb/ft3 ), and canopy base height is 4 ft, so ladder fuels
fuel models 9 and 10.
as the predominant fuel model shifts from model 5 to
fuels accumulate, but flame lengths decrease over time
fire in 30 years and to surface fire in 50 years. Surface
changes from active crown fire to conditional crown
trees grow and crown fire potential declines; fire type
With no action, canopy base height increases as the
so these results should be interpreted with caution.
Brush fuels are not entered and tracked in the FFE,
model is 5 (fire behavior is driven by brush fuels).
for severe fire weather because the predominant fuel
6 ft and potential basal area mortality is 100 percent
low woody fuel loading, potential flame lengths are
and duff loading is 7 tons/ac. Despite the relatively
fire weather. Woody fuel loading is 7 tons/ac, and litter
fuels are sufficient to enable active crown fire for severe
are sufficient to enable passive crown fire, and canopy
Region 3 — Kaibab National Forest
interpreted with caution.
track brush fuels directly so these results should be
Although the treatments have little effect on crown fire
The prescribed fire only treatment effectively reduces
acre (tpa). Canopy bulk density is 0.10 kg/m 3 (0.0062
This is a pure ponderosa pine stand with 496 trees per
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
long-term effects
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
immediate effects
Initial conditions/no-action trajectory
C
110
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
3
2
2
0
2
5
1
6
11
29
Surface
Active
20
100
Initial
condition
1
0
1
0
1
3
1
6
12
39
Surface
Passive
16
98
Prescribed
fire only
0
0
1
0
1
3
1
7
24
45
Surface
Passive
9
96
1
1
1
0
2
3
1
7
25
41
Surface
Passive
10
96
4
2
2
0
2
4
2
6
26
41
Surface
Passive
10
96
Thin from
below to 50 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 10a—Projected treatment effects on fuels and fire first cycle after treatments implemented
Region 3 — Kaibab National Forest
0
0
1
0
1
3
1
6
11
41
Surface
Passive
12
98
1
1
1
0
2
4
1
6
12
35
Surface
Passive
14
98
4
2
2
0
2
4
2
6
13
35
Surface
Passive
14
98
Thin from
below to 100 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
0
0
1
0
1
3
1
6
12
39
Surface
Passive
15
98
1
1
1
0
2
4
1
6
14
29
Surface
Active
19
100
3
2
2
0
2
5
1
6
14
29
Surface
Active
19
100
Thin from
below to 200 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
0
0
1
0
1
3
1
6
12
39
Surface
Passive
16
98
1
1
1
0
2
4
1
6
11
29
Surface
Active
20
100
3
2
2
0
2
5
1
6
11
29
Surface
Active
20
100
Thin from
below to 300 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
D
111
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
Fuel/fire attribute
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
4
2
2
0
2
4
2
6
26
41
Surface
Passive
2
0
0
1 yr
3
2
2
0
2
5
1
6
11
29
Surface
Active
6
0
0
1 yr
5
3
2
0
5
5
2
4
29
27
Surface
Active
13
0
0
20 yrs
6
3
2
0
5
5
2
4
41
29
Surface
Cond.
25
0
0
30 yrs
6
4
2
0
5
6
2
4
49
30
Surface
Cond.
26
0
0
40 yrs
4
2
2
0
2
4
2
6
51
55
Surface
Surface
3
1
0
20 yrs
4
3
2
0
2
4
2
6
63
55
Surface
Surface
3
1
0
30 yrs
4
3
2
0
2
4
2
6
66
54
Surface
Surface
3
1
0
40 yrs
5
3
2
1
3
4
2
6
72
55
Surface
Surface
3
1
0
50 yrs
7
4
2
0
5
6
2
4
56
31
Surface
Surface
22
0
0
50 yrs
Region 3 — Kaibab National Forest
4
2
2
0
2
4
2
6
43
57
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
10 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
4
3
2
0
4
5
2
4
25
26
Surface
Active
9
0
0
10 yrs
No action
Table 10b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection
4
2
2
0
2
4
2
6
13
35
Surface
Passive
2
0
0
1 yr
1
0
1
0
1
3
1
6
12
39
Surface
Passive
103
1
0
1 yr
4
1
2
1
3
4
2
6
25
38
Surface
Passive
6
1
0
20 yrs
4
2
2
1
4
4
2
4
46
38
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
30 yrs
5
2
2
1
4
4
2
4
60
39
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
40 yrs
4
2
2
0
3
4
2
6
38
41
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
10 yrs
4
3
2
0
3
4
2
5
40
42
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
20 yrs
5
3
2
0
3
5
2
4
54
42
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
30 yrs
5
3
2
0
3
5
2
4
64
42
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
4
1
2
0
3
3
1
6
27
42
Surface
Passive
8
1
0
10 yrs
Prescribed fire only
5
4
2
0
4
5
2
4
88
43
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
50 yrs
5
3
2
1
4
4
2
4
71
40
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
50 yrs
E
112
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0
0
1
0
1
3
1
7
24
45
Surface
Passive
9
1
0
1
1
1
0
2
3
1
7
25
41
Surface
Passive
2
0
0
1 yr
2
1
1
0
2
3
1
7
40
47
Surface
Surface
8
1
0
2
1
1
0
2
3
1
6
42
53
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
10 yrs
3
1
1
1
2
3
1
6
45
46
Surface
Surface
5
1
0
3
1
1
0
2
3
1
6
50
51
Surface
Surface
3
1
0
20 yrs
3
1
1
1
3
3
1
6
48
46
Surface
Surface
3
1
0
3
1
1
0
2
3
1
6
60
52
Surface
Surface
3
1
0
30 yrs
3
2
1
1
3
3
2
6
50
43
Surface
Surface
3
1
0
4
2
1
0
3
4
2
6
63
49
Surface
Surface
3
1
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 10b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
4
2
1
1
3
3
2
6
51
43
Surface
Surface
3
1
0
4
2
1
1
3
4
2
6
69
51
Surface
Surface
3
1
0
50 yrs
Region 3 — Kaibab National Forest
0
1
1
0
2
4
1
6
11
41
Surface
Passive
15
1
0
1
1
1
0
2
4
1
6
12
35
Surface
Passive
2
0
0
1 yr
3
1
1
0
2
3
1
6
37
45
Surface
Surface
8
1
0
2
1
1
0
3
4
1
6
37
41
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
10 yrs
3
1
1
1
3
3
1
6
43
45
Surface
Surface
5
1
0
3
1
1
0
3
4
1
6
40
42
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
20 yrs
4
1
1
1
3
3
2
6
35
43
Surface
Surface
3
1
0
4
2
1
0
3
4
2
3
57
40
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
30 yrs
4
2
1
1
3
3
2
5
48
43
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
5
2
1
0
4
4
2
4
68
41
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
5
2
1
1
3
4
2
5
60
44
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
5
2
1
0
4
4
2
4
91
42
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
50 yrs
F
113
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
1
1
1
0
2
4
1
6
14
29
Surface
Active
3
0
0
3
2
2
0
2
5
1
6
14
29
Surface
Active
3
0
0
1 yr
4
1
1
0
4
4
2
3
45
32
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
5
3
2
0
4
5
2
4
38
32
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
20 yrs
5
2
1
0
4
5
2
3
53
33
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
5
3
2
0
4
5
2
4
49
33
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
30 yrs
6
2
1
0
4
5
2
4
65
34
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
6
4
2
0
4
5
2
4
68
34
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
40 yrs
6
3
1
0
4
5
2
4
79
35
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
7
4
2
0
4
6
2
4
70
35
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
50 yrs
Region 3 — Kaibab National Forest
2
1
1
0
4
4
1
3
58
34
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
4
3
2
0
4
5
2
4
39
34
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
10 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 10b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
1
1
1
0
2
4
1
6
11
29
Surface
Active
4
0
0
3
2
2
0
2
5
1
6
11
29
Surface
Active
4
0
0
1 yr
2
1
1
0
4
4
1
3
44
28
Surface
Cond.
6
0
0
4
3
2
0
4
5
2
4
30
28
Surface
Active
6
0
0
10 yrs
4
1
1
0
4
5
2
3
34
29
Surface
Cond.
7
0
0
5
3
2
0
4
5
2
4
29
29
Surface
Active
7
0
0
20 yrs
5
2
1
0
5
5
2
3
49
29
Surface
Cond.
5
0
0
5
3
2
0
5
5
2
4
46
29
Surface
Cond.
4
0
0
30 yrs
6
2
1
0
5
5
2
4
55
30
Surface
Cond.
14
0
0
6
4
2
0
5
6
2
4
54
30
Surface
Cond.
13
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
7
3
1
0
5
5
2
4
63
31
Surface
Surface
17
0
0
7
4
2
0
5
6
2
4
61
31
Surface
Surface
17
0
0
50 yrs
G
114
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0
0
1
0
1
3
1
6
12
39
Surface
Passive
30
1
0
1 yr
3
1
2
1
3
3
2
6
28
39
Surface
Passive
6
1
0
20 yrs
6.3
1,410
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
(ft 3)
106
(ft 2)
84
4
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
0.10
57
Canopy closure (percent)
Canopy bulk density (kg/m 3)
234
Stand density index
Basal area
1,176
Merchantable volume (ft 3)
Total volume
496
Trees per acre
None
1 yr
Stand attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0.11
5
101
63
269
127
1,596
1,879
6.9
486
10 yrs
114
68
298
145
2,038
2,354
7.5
475
20 yrs
0.11
6
4
2
2
1
4
4
2
5
38
40
Surface
Surface
4
1
0
30 yrs
0.10
8
125
71
319
160
2,461
2,817
8.1
450
30 yrs
No action
Table 10c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory
3
1
2
0
3
3
1
6
30
42
Surface
Passive
8
1
0
10 yrs
0.10
9
135
74
338
174
2,836
3,275
8.6
429
40 yrs
5
2
2
1
4
4
2
4
64
41
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height; Cond. = conditional.
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
treatment
Table 10b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
0.09
10
145
77
355
186
3,277
3,720
9.1
412
50 yrs
5
3
2
1
4
4
2
4
75
41
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
50 yrs
Region 3 — Kaibab National Forest
0.07
5
68
57
160
91
1,204
1,380
6.3
139
1 yr
0
0
1
0
1
3
1
6
12
39
Surface
Passive
52
1
0
1 yr
0.06
9
74
50
170
98
1,390
1,572
11.4
137
10 yrs
3
1
2
0
3
3
1
6
26
41
Surface
Passive
8
1
0
10 yrs
4
2
2
1
4
4
2
4
46
38
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
30 yrs
0.07
8
83
54
189
112
1,777
1,966
12.3
135
20 yrs
0.07
10
92
58
205
125
2,124
2,372
13.2
132
30 yrs
Prescribed fire only
4
1
2
1
3
4
2
6
25
37
Surface
Passive
6
1
0
20 yrs
0.07
13
101
62
220
137
2,521
2,771
13.9
129
40 yrs
5
2
2
1
4
4
2
4
60
39
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.06
15
108
65
233
148
2,913
3,156
14.6
127
50 yrs
5
3
2
1
4
4
2
4
67
39
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
50 yrs
H
115
1,410
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
(ft3)
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
6.3
Trees per acre
None
57
84
4
Canopy cover (percent)
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
6.3
1,410
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
(ft3)
84
4
Canopy cover (percent)
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
1,176
106
Total volume (ft3)
Merchantable volume (ft3)
(ft 2)
4
Canopy base height (ft)
0.10
84
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
57
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
234
Stand density index
Basal area
6.3
1,410
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
496
Trees per acre
0.10
57
Stand density index
Canopy bulk density (kg/m³)
106
234
Basal area (ft 2)
1,176
Merchantable volume (ft3)
Total volume
496
Trees per acre
0.10
234
Stand density index
Canopy bulk density
106
Basal area (ft 2)
(kg/m3)
1,176
Merchantable volume (ft3)
Total volume
496
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.05
10
55
42
114
76
1,109
1,239
16.7
50
0.06
10
55
42
114
76
1,209
1,356
16.7
50
0.10
4
84
57
234
106
1,176
1,410
6.3
496
1 yr
0.05
16
61
45
141
87
1,570
1,697
13.6
86
0.05
17
67
49
146
95
1,700
1,842
15.7
71
0.04
15
61
46
132
86
1,375
1,520
15.7
64
20 yrs
0.05
16
66
49
152
95
1,878
2,008
14.3
85
0.04
19
72
51
156
104
2,023
2,165
16.5
70
0.04
17
67
49
143
95
1,700
1,842
16.7
63
30 yrs
0.06
16
72
51
162
104
2,187
2,312
15.1
84
0.05
19
77
54
165
112
2,348
2,482
17.3
68
0.04
20
72
51
152
103
2,024
2,163
17.5
62
40 yrs
0.06
18
77
54
171
112
2,488
2,606
15.8
82
0.05
20
82
56
173
119
2,662
2,783
18.0
67
0.04
20
76
53
161
111
2,347
2,477
18.4
61
50 yrs
Region 3 — Kaibab National Forest
0.05
15
55
42
130
78
1,264
1,392
12.8
88
0.04
15
61
46
135
86
1,375
1,520
14.8
72
0.06
10
55
42
114
76
1,209
1,356
16.7
50
10 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 10c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.06
5
68
49
150
90
1,169
1,322
12.9
100
0.08
5
68
49
150
90
1,311
1,492
12.9
100
0.08
5
68
49
150
90
1,311
1,492
12.9
100
1 yr
0.05
13
65
48
147
89
1,344
1,495
13.0
97
0.06
12
77
54
171
104
1,504
1,686
13.1
110
0.06
12
77
54
169
104
1,504
1,686
13.4
106
10 yrs
0.05
14
72
51
160
99
1,678
1,841
13.9
95
0.06
12
85
57
186
116
1,887
2,073
14.0
108
0.06
12
85
57
184
116
1,887
2,073
14.3
104
20 yrs
0.06
11
79
55
173
110
2,010
2,199
14.7
93
0.06
11
92
60
200
127
2,224
2,466
14.8
106
0.06
12
92
60
198
127
2,224
2,465
15.1
102
30 yrs
0.06
14
86
57
185
120
2,362
2,546
15.5
92
0.06
14
100
63
212
138
2,611
2,852
15.6
104
0.06
14
100
63
210
138
2,611
2,849
15.9
100
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.06
19
91
60
195
129
2,702
2,875
16.2
90
0.06
19
106
65
223
147
2,989
3,219
16.3
102
0.06
19
106
65
221
147
2,987
3,215
16.6
98
50 yrs
I
116
106
(ft 2 )
4
Canopy base height (ft)
1,176
106
Total volume (ft3 )
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
(ft 2 )
4
Canopy base height (ft)
1,176
106
Total volume (ft3 )
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
(ft 2 )
0.10
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
4
Crown competition factor
(kg/m3 )
57
84
Canopy cover (percent)
234
Stand density index
Basal area
6.3
1,410
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
496
Trees per acre
0.10
84
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
57
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
234
Stand density index
Basal area
6.3
1,410
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
496
Trees per acre
0.10
84
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
57
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3 )
234
Stand density index
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
1,176
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
Basal area
6.3
1,410
Total volume (ft3 )
Trees per acre
None
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
496
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.07
5
81
55
192
104
1,204
1,376
9.7
200
0.10
5
81
55
192
104
1,381
1,608
9.7
200
0.10
5
81
55
192
104
1,381
1,608
9.7
200
1 yr
0.06
10
73
52
166
97
1,391
1,565
11.9
125
0.08
8
93
61
218
121
1,594
1,831
10.5
202
0.08
8
93
61
217
121
1,594
1,831
10.5
200
10 yrs
0.07
9
82
56
183
110
1,766
1,953
12.8
123
0.09
8
105
65
240
137
2,030
2,290
11.3
198
0.09
8
105
65
239
137
2,030
2,290
11.3
196
20 yrs
0.06
11
90
59
199
123
2,105
2,348
13.6
121
0.08
10
115
68
259
152
2,453
2,753
12.0
194
0.08
10
115
68
259
152
2,459
2,752
12.0
192
30 yrs
0.06
14
99
63
213
134
2,500
2,739
14.4
119
0.08
12
125
71
276
165
2,850
3,209
12.6
191
0.08
13
125
71
276
165
2,853
3,212
12.7
189
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 10c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.06
16
105
65
226
145
2,888
3,118
15.1
116
0.08
14
134
74
292
178
3,302
3,658
13.2
188
0.08
14
135
74
292
178
3,307
3,662
13.2
186
50 yrs
Region 3 — Kaibab National Forest
0.07
5
83
57
211
106
1,204
1,380
8.0
300
0.10
4
83
57
211
106
1,381
1,629
8.0
300
0.10
4
83
57
211
106
1,381
1,629
8.0
300
1 yr
0.06
9
74
52
172
98
1,391
1,572
11.1
145
0.10
6
98
62
241
125
1,595
1,857
8.7
300
0.10
6
98
62
241
125
1,595
1,857
8.7
298
10 yrs
0.07
8
83
56
191
112
1,773
1,966
12.0
143
0.10
6
110
67
267
142
2,043
2,332
9.4
295
0.10
6
110
67
267
142
2,043
2,332
9.4
293
20 yrs
0.07
10
92
60
208
125
2,118
2,372
12.8
140
0.10
9
123
71
292
159
2,480
2,828
10.0
291
0.10
9
123
71
291
159
2,480
2,828
10.0
289
30 yrs
0.07
13
101
64
223
137
2,517
2,770
13.5
137
0.10
10
132
73
307
172
2,874
3,279
10.7
278
0.10
10
132
73
307
172
2,877
3,281
10.7
276
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.07
14
109
66
236
148
2,912
3,158
14.2
135
0.09
11
140
75
320
183
3,299
3,699
11.2
265
0.09
11
140
75
320
183
3,304
3,705
11.3
263
50 yrs
J
117
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
Model
5
9
10
10
10
10
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
Model
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
10
10
9
9
9
9
Percent
96
65
53
67
79
89
10
10
10
10
10
10
Percent
75
82
80
79
74
67
100
100
98
90
81
72
0
0
10
10
10
10
0
0
0
10
10
10
Model
Weight
100
100
100
94
84
76
Percent
4
35
47
33
21
11
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
10
19
28
0
0
0
6
16
24
Percent
25
18
20
21
26
33
Weight
Weight
Model
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
9
9
9
5
5
5
9
9
10
Model
5
5
5
9
9
10
Region 3 — Kaibab National Forest
Model
Fuel models
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
84
77
70
63
54
54
Weight
100
100
90
81
70
62
100
100
91
80
66
57
0
10
10
10
10
9
Percent
0
13
26
35
45
48
Model
Weight
Model
0
0
10
10
10
10
0
0
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
9
Model
0
0
10
19
30
38
0
0
9
20
34
43
Percent
16
23
30
37
46
46
Weight
Model
Fuel models
Weight
Model
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Percent
100
87
74
65
55
52
Weight
Fuel models
Fuel models
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Model
Weight
Prescribed fire only
No action
Table 10d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection
Weight
Weight
K
118
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
5
5
5
5
9
9
5
9
9
9
10
10
5
9
10
10
10
Model
100
94
80
69
59
50
74
57
°F
Miles/hour
30
12
Temperature
Windspeed
10
3 = Moist
70
moisture values from Reinhardt and Crookston (2003).
*Moisture categories correspond to variant-specific percentage
Windspeed (mph)
Moisture category*
Temperature (°F)
Table 10f—Prescribed fire weather conditions
used in models
Severe—98th percentile
Moderate—75th percentile
Fire weather conditions
Table 10e—FVS fuel model selection
0
10
10
10
10
10
0
10
10
10
9
9
10
10
9
9
9
100
98
77
62
50
60
Model
Weight
Percent
93
70
55
65
74
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
1
10
30
40
50
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
9
9
9
10
10
5
5
5
9
9
10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Fuel moisture
5
9
10
10
10
0
0
0
0
0
Model
100-hr (1–3 in)
Model
10-hr (0.25–1 in)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
Weight
0
10
10
10
10
9
0
10
10
10
9
9
10
10
9
9
9
Model
1,000-hr (3+ in)
100
91
77
66
56
52
100
96
72
56
57
70
Percent
95
69
62
72
83
Duff
0
9
23
34
44
48
0
4
28
44
43
30
Percent
5
31
38
28
17
Weight
Live
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
Fuel models
4
8
6
10
12
19
15
26
50
125
100
150
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Percent - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
1-hr (0–0.25 in)
0
6
20
31
41
50
0
2
23
38
50
40
Percent
7
30
45
35
26
Weight
Fuel models
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Table 10d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection (continued)
Region 3 — Kaibab National Forest
Weight
L
119
Stand attributes: Stem density = 733 tpa, basal area = 162 ft 2 /ac, top height
= 23 ft, stand density index = 356, quadratic mean diameter = 6.4 in, crown
competition factor = 190, canopy cover = 85 percent.
Region 3 — Pinyon Woodland
Species (based on trees per acre): Pinyon pine (Pinus edulis) = 86 percent,
hardwoods = 12 percent, ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) = 2 percent.
Site: Elevation = 7,100 ft, slope = 35 percent, aspect = 10°.
Initial stand conditions
A
120
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Region 3 — Pinyon Woodland
B
121
height continues to increase over time as the trees grow
and the stand self-thins. Crown fire remains unlikely
for the duration of the 50-year projection in all treatments. However, flame lengths remain high, especially
in stands treated with a prescribed fire, so another
treatment may be necessary to reduce grass and brush
fuels that accumulate following surface fuel treatments.
canopy base height and decreases canopy bulk density
because fire-caused tree mortality is high. Only 26
trees per acre remain after treatment. Surface fuels
are consumed in the prescribed fire treatment, but
then greatly increase in 10 years, likely the result of
fallen snags. All thinning treatments increase canopy
base height and decrease canopy bulk density; the
pine. Canopy bulk density is 0.07 kg/m 3 (0.0044
lb/ft3 ), and canopy base height is 4 ft, so ladder fuels
fire weather.
around 3 ft for moderate fire weather and 5 ft for severe
flame lengths, but flame lengths generally remain
accumulate slowly causing slight increases in potential
fire weather for the 50-year projection. Surface fuels
and passive crown fire remains likely under severe
height and canopy bulk density change little over time,
for moderate fire weather. With no action, canopy base
ity is 99 percent for severe fire weather and 93 percent
flame lengths are 5 ft, and potential basal area mortal-
8 tons/ac, and duff is negligible in this stand. Potential
spread. Woody fuel loading is 7 tons/ac, litter loading is
fuels are not sufficient to enable active crown fire
are sufficient to enable passive crown fire, but canopy
Region 3 — Pinyon Woodland
prescribed fire depending on the location.
in FFE and may or may not be important following
area mortality remain high. Grass fuels are not tracked
prescribed burn, so potential flame lengths and basal
stands are characterized as fuel model 2 following the
fuels more than the pile and burn treatment, but all
The prescribed fire treatment reduces woody surface
contributor to fire behavior depending on the location.
in FFE directly and may or may not be an important
acterized by fuel model 5. Brush fuels are not tracked
more open stand with low woody surface fuels is char-
tpa treatment following the pile and burn, because the
lengths and basal area mortality remain high in the 50
stands (100 tpa, 200 tpa, and 300 tpa). Potential flame
lengths and basal area mortality in the higher density
woody surface fuels, and this decreases potential flame
tality remain high. The pile and burn treatment reduces
loading, so potential flame lengths and basal area mor-
However, all thinning treatments increase surface fuel
passive crown fire for moderate and severe fire weather.
structure. All treatments eliminate the potential for
greater the thinning, the greater is the change in forest
Regeneration is low in all treatments, so canopy base
The prescribed fire only treatment greatly increases
pine, hardwoods, and a small component of ponderosa
This has 733 trees per acre (tpa) composed of pinyon
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
long-term effects
Silvicultural and surface fuel treatments—
immediate effects
Initial conditions/no-action trajectory
C
122
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Potential basal area mortality (%)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
Moderate
Severe
3
1
3
0
8
0
3
5
0
34
Surface
Passive
93
99
Initial
condition
1
0
1
0
0
0
4
7
31
169
Surface
Surface
88
98
Prescribed
fire only
0
0
2
0
0
9
3
6
26
146
Surface
Surface
66
98
2
1
1
0
2
12
2
6
22
146
Surface
Surface
32
98
8
12
13
0
1
22
3
6
26
146
Surface
Surface
66
98
Thin from
below to 50 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 11a—Projected treatment effects on fuels and fire first cycle after treatments implemented
Region 3 — Pinyon Woodland
0
0
3
0
1
12
3
4
61
89
Surface
Surface
44
97
1
1
2
0
2
15
1
1
323
89
Surface
Surface
37
37
5
5
6
0
3
17
3
4
61
89
Surface
Surface
44
97
Thin from
below to 100 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
0
0
3
0
1
12
2
3
66
57
Surface
Surface
47
95
1
1
2
0
2
15
1
1
296
57
Surface
Surface
43
43
4
5
6
0
2
17
2
3
66
57
Surface
Surface
47
95
Thin from
below to 200 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
0
0
1
0
0
0
3
4
23
50
Surface
Surface
72
99
1
1
1
0
8
0
2
3
82
50
Surface
Surface
49
81
4
2
3
0
8
0
3
4
23
50
Surface
Surface
72
99
Thin from
below to 300 tpa,
18-in d.b.h. limit
D
123
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
Fuel/fire attribute
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
8
12
13
0
1
22
3
6
26
146
Surface
Surface
1
0
0
1 yr
3
1
3
0
8
0
3
5
0
34
Surface
Passive
26
0
0
1 yr
5
2
3
0
6
1
3
5
0
37
Surface
Passive
98
0
0
20 yrs
6
4
4
0
6
1
3
5
6
37
Surface
Passive
82
0
0
30 yrs
7
5
5
1
6
1
3
5
4
40
Surface
Passive
64
0
0
40 yrs
1
9
10
0
0
21
3
6
30
143
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
20 yrs
1
8
9
1
1
21
4
6
34
143
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
30 yrs
1
7
8
1
1
20
4
6
35
141
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
40 yrs
1
6
7
1
1
20
4
6
39
139
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
50 yrs
7
5
6
1
6
2
4
5
0
42
Surface
Passive
50
0
0
50 yrs
Region 3 — Pinyon Woodland
3
10
12
0
0
21
3
6
28
146
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
10 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
3
2
3
0
6
0
4
5
0
35
Surface
Passive
62
0
0
10 yrs
No action
Table 11b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection
5
5
6
0
3
17
3
4
61
89
Surface
Surface
1
0
0
1 yr
1
0
1
0
0
0
4
7
31
169
Surface
Surface
196
2
0
1 yr
3
5
8
2
1
0
4
7
27
143
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
20 yrs
3
5
7
2
2
0
4
7
27
139
Surface
Surface
1
0
0
30 yrs
2
5
7
2
2
0
4
7
28
139
Surface
Surface
1
0
0
40 yrs
4
5
6
0
4
17
2
4
80
86
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
10 yrs
4
5
5
0
4
17
2
4
77
85
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
20 yrs
4
5
5
0
4
17
3
4
79
86
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
30 yrs
4
5
5
0
5
17
3
4
72
87
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
5
5
8
2
1
0
4
7
24
152
Surface
Surface
11
0
0
10 yrs
Prescribed fire only
5
5
5
1
5
17
3
4
65
87
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
50 yrs
2
4
6
2
2
1
4
7
29
137
Surface
Surface
1
0
0
50 yrs
E
124
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0
0
2
0
0
9
5
8
16
346
Surface
Passive
22
1
0
2
1
1
0
2
12
2
6
22
146
Surface
Surface
1
0
0
1 yr
1
1
4
2
1
9
4
8
14
325
Surface
Surface
11
0
0
1
1
1
0
3
12
3
6
25
146
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
10 yrs
1
1
4
2
2
9
4
8
12
341
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
2
1
1
0
3
12
4
6
26
143
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
20 yrs
1
2
4
2
2
9
4
8
16
308
Surface
Passive
2
0
0
2
2
1
0
3
12
4
6
30
143
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
30 yrs
1
2
4
2
2
9
4
8
21
194
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
2
2
1
0
3
12
4
6
32
140
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 11b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
2
2
3
2
2
9
4
7
21
170
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
3
2
1
1
3
12
4
6
38
136
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
50 yrs
Region 3 — Pinyon Woodland
0
1
3
0
2
15
4
7
28
134
Surface
Surface
22
1
0
1
1
2
0
2
15
1
1
323
89
Surface
Surface
1
0
0
1 yr
2
2
5
1
2
12
4
6
28
131
Surface
Surface
8
0
0
1
1
2
0
4
15
1
1
384
86
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
10 yrs
2
2
5
1
3
12
4
6
45
130
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
2
2
2
0
4
15
1
2
226
85
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
20 yrs
2
2
5
1
3
12
3
5
76
129
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
3
2
2
0
4
15
2
3
174
86
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
30 yrs
3
2
5
1
3
12
3
4
115
128
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
4
2
2
0
5
15
2
3
135
87
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
3
2
5
1
3
12
4
6
139
128
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
4
3
2
1
5
16
2
3
111
87
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
50 yrs
F
125
Pile and burn
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
None
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Fuel/fire attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
1
1
2
0
2
15
1
1
296
57
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
4
5
6
0
2
17
2
3
66
57
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
1 yr
3
2
2
0
5
15
2
3
141
62
Surface
Surface
11
0
0
4
5
5
0
5
17
3
4
56
62
Surface
Surface
10
0
0
20 yrs
4
2
2
0
5
15
2
3
85
64
Surface
Surface
13
0
0
5
5
6
0
5
17
3
4
41
64
Surface
Surface
13
0
0
30 yrs
5
3
3
0
6
16
3
4
41
65
Surface
Surface
12
0
0
6
5
6
0
6
17
3
5
36
65
Surface
Surface
12
0
0
40 yrs
6
4
3
1
6
16
3
4
41
66
Surface
Surface
11
0
0
6
6
6
1
6
17
4
5
30
65
Surface
Surface
11
0
0
50 yrs
Region 3 — Pinyon Woodland
2
1
2
0
4
15
1
2
253
57
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
4
5
6
0
4
17
2
4
63
57
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
10 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 11b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
1
1
1
0
8
0
2
3
82
50
Surface
Surface
6
0
0
4
2
3
0
8
0
3
4
23
50
Surface
Surface
6
0
0
1 yr
2
1
1
0
5
0
1
2
194
51
Surface
Surface
15
0
0
4
2
3
0
5
0
2
3
76
51
Surface
Surface
15
0
0
10 yrs
3
1
1
0
5
1
3
4
22
52
Surface
Surface
18
0
0
5
3
3
0
5
1
3
4
22
52
Surface
Surface
18
0
0
20 yrs
5
2
2
0
6
1
3
4
22
52
Surface
Surface
16
0
0
5
3
3
0
6
1
3
4
22
52
Surface
Surface
16
0
0
30 yrs
6
3
2
0
6
1
3
4
29
52
Surface
Surface
13
0
0
6
4
4
0
6
1
3
4
29
52
Surface
Surface
13
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
7
3
3
1
7
2
3
4
29
52
Surface
Surface
16
0
0
7
4
4
1
7
2
3
5
24
52
Surface
Surface
16
0
0
50 yrs
G
126
Fuel/fire attribute
0–3 in
3–6 in
6–12 in
>12 in
Litter
Duff
Moderate
Severe
Severe
Severe
Moderate
Severe
0–17.9 in
18–29.9 in
30–36 in
0
0
3
0
1
12
1
1
239
94
Surface
Surface
37
1
0
1 yr
2
3
6
1
3
12
2
6
24
97
Surface
Surface
9
0
0
10 yrs
3
3
6
1
3
12
2
3
106
97
Surface
Surface
5
0
0
20 yrs
Canopy bulk density
0.07
4
Canopy base height (ft)
(kg/m 3)
85
190
Crown competition factor
356
Stand density index
Canopy closure (percent)
162
Basal area (ft 2)
1,565
Total volume (ft 3)
Merchantable volume
6.4
1,648
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
(ft 3)
733
Trees per acre
None
1 yr
Stand attribute
Surface fuel
treatment
0.06
4
209
87
382
182
2,072
2,223
7.1
662
10 yrs
0.06
4
212
88
381
189
2,468
2,648
7.9
562
20 yrs
0.06
5
215
88
382
195
2,912
3,054
8.5
492
30 yrs
No action
3
3
6
1
3
12
2
3
97
103
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
30 yrs
0.05
5
217
88
381
200
3,327
3,435
9.1
441
40 yrs
3
3
6
1
4
12
3
5
44
103
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 11c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Hard snags (stems/ac)
Torching index
Crowning index
Type of fire
Flame length (ft)
Prescribed fire Surface fuel loadings (tons/ac)
Surface fuel
treatment
Table 11b—Treatment effect on fuels and fire behavior, 50-year projection (continued)
0.05
5
218
89
380
205
3,762
3,804
9.7
401
50 yrs
3
3
6
1
4
12
3
5
46
104
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
50 yrs
Region 3 — Pinyon Woodland
0.01
17
28
24
47
30
421
432
6.4
26
1 yr
0
0
1
0
0
0
4
7
27
131
Surface
Surface
69
1
0
1 yr
0.01
17
30
26
49
32
486
497
15.2
25
10 yrs
3
4
7
1
2
0
4
6
27
123
Surface
Surface
9
0
0
10 yrs
3
4
6
2
3
0
3
5
60
122
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
30 yrs
0.01
19
32
27
53
35
610
623
16.2
25
20 yrs
0.01
20
34
29
56
38
733
747
17.0
24
30 yrs
Prescribed fire only
3
4
7
1
2
0
4
6
31
122
Surface
Surface
4
0
0
20 yrs
0.01
21
35
30
58
40
857
873
17.8
23
40 yrs
3
4
6
1
3
1
3
6
52
122
Surface
Surface
2
0
0
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.01
22
37
31
61
42
977
994
18.5
23
50 yrs
3
4
6
2
3
1
3
5
69
118
Surface
Surface
3
0
0
50 yrs
H
127
1,648
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
(ft3)
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
6.4
Trees per acre
None
85
190
4
Canopy cover (percent)
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
6.4
1,648
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
(ft3)
162
(ft 2)
190
4
Crown competition factor
Canopy base height (ft)
1,565
162
Total volume (ft3)
Merchantable volume (ft3)
(ft 2)
4
Canopy base height (ft)
0.07
190
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
85
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
356
Stand density index
Basal area
6.4
1,648
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
733
Trees per acre
0.07
85
Canopy cover (percent)
Canopy bulk density (kg/m³)
356
Stand density index
Basal area
1,565
Merchantable volume (ft3)
Total volume
733
Trees per acre
0.07
356
Stand density index
Canopy bulk density
162
Basal area (ft 2)
(kg/m3)
1,565
Merchantable volume (ft3)
Total volume
733
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.01
14
60
45
97
62
459
459
15.1
50
0.01
12
60
45
97
62
946
946
15.1
50
0.01
12
60
45
97
62
946
946
15.1
50
1 yr
0.01
16
31
27
63
34
621
622
10.2
61
0.01
13
70
50
119
74
1,304
1,305
14.0
70
0.01
13
70
50
117
74
1,304
1,305
14.9
62
20 yrs
0.01
13
33
28
65
36
721
728
10.5
60
0.01
14
74
52
125
79
1,528
1,530
14.6
68
0.01
14
74
52
122
79
1,527
1,528
15.5
60
30 yrs
0.01
16
35
29
68
38
820
839
11.0
58
0.01
14
77
54
129
83
1,742
1,746
15.2
66
0.01
14
76
53
125
82
1,739
1,741
16.1
58
40 yrs
0.01
16
38
31
72
42
949
959
11.6
57
0.01
15
79
55
132
86
1,950
1,957
15.7
64
0.01
15
79
54
128
85
1,944
1,948
16.6
57
50 yrs
Region 3 — Pinyon Woodland
0.01
16
30
26
61
33
515
515
9.8
63
0.01
13
65
48
113
69
1,067
1,067
13.3
71
0.01
13
66
48
110
69
1,068
1,068
14.1
63
10 yrs
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 11c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.01
17
91
60
150
90
819
829
12.9
100
0.02
10
91
60
150
90
1,370
1,384
12.9
100
0.02
10
91
60
150
90
1,370
1,384
12.9
100
1 yr
0.01
17
58
44
104
61
946
957
12.2
76
0.02
11
101
64
169
102
1,570
1,584
13.1
109
0.02
11
101
64
167
102
1,570
1,584
13.3
105
10 yrs
0.01
19
63
47
112
68
1,195
1,207
13.0
74
0.02
11
110
67
182
113
1,958
1,972
14.0
107
0.02
11
110
67
181
113
1,958
1,973
14.2
103
20 yrs
0.01
21
68
49
119
74
1,440
1,454
13.7
72
0.02
12
118
69
194
123
2,345
2,361
14.8
104
0.02
12
118
69
193
123
2,345
2,360
15.0
100
30 yrs
0.01
22
73
52
126
79
1,686
1,703
14.4
70
0.02
12
125
71
204
132
2,738
2,753
15.5
101
0.02
12
125
71
203
132
2,735
2,750
15.8
97
40 yrs
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.01
24
77
54
132
85
1,936
1,957
15.1
68
0.02
12
131
73
214
141
3,139
3,155
16.2
98
0.02
12
131
73
212
141
3,133
3,149
16.5
95
50 yrs
I
128
162
(ft 2 )
4
Canopy base height (ft)
1,565
162
Total volume (ft3 )
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
(ft 2 )
4
Canopy base height (ft)
1,565
162
Total volume (ft3 )
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
(ft 2 )
0.07
Canopy base height (ft)
Canopy bulk density
4
Crown competition factor
(kg/m3 )
85
190
Canopy cover (percent)
356
Stand density index
Basal area
6.4
1,648
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
733
Trees per acre
0.07
190
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
85
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3)
356
Stand density index
Basal area
6.4
1,648
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
733
Trees per acre
0.07
190
Crown competition factor
Canopy bulk density
85
Canopy cover (percent)
(kg/m3 )
356
Stand density index
tpa = trees per acre; d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
Prescribed fire
Pile and burn
1,565
Merchantable volume (ft3 )
Basal area
6.4
1,648
Total volume (ft3 )
Trees per acre
None
Quadratic mean diameter (in)
733
Stand attribute
Initial
condition
Surface fuel
treatment
0.02
9
130
73
219
122
972
983
10.6
200
0.03
7
130
73
219
122
1,736
1,752
10.6
200
0.03
7
130
73
219
122
1,736
1,752
10.6
200
1 yr
0.02
11
75
53
128
75
1,128
1,140
12.1
94
0.03
8
146
77
244
140
2,009
2,025
11.3
201
0.03
8
146
77
244
140
2,009
2,025
11.3
199
10 yrs
0.02
12
83
56
140
85
1,440
1,454
13.0
92
0.03
9
156
79
259
153
2,509
2,526
12.1
190
0.03
9
157
79
259
153
2,510
2,527
12.2
188
20 yrs
0.02
12
89
59
150
93
1,753
1,772
13.8
90
0.03
9
165
81
271
164
2,986
3,003
12.9
179
0.03
9
165
81
271
164
2,986
3,003
13.0
178
30 yrs
0.02
13
96
62
160
101
2,073
2,093
14.6
87
0.03
10
172
82
282
174
3,449
3,473
13.7
171
0.03
10
172
82
282
174
3,447
3,470
13.7
169
40 yrs
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
Table 11c—Treatment effect on forest stand attributes, 50-year trajectory (continued)
0.01
13
102
64
168
109
2,400
2,422
15.3
85
0.03
10
179
83
292
184
3,920
3,944
14.4
163
0.03
10
179
83
292
184
3,915
3,938
14.4
162
50 yrs
Region 3 — Pinyon Woodland
0.01
17
151
78
261
138
719
730
9.2
300
0.04
6
151
78
261
138
1,849
1,871
9.2
300
0.04
6
151
78
261
138
1,849
1,871
9.2
300
1 yr
0.01
16
52
40
90
54
830
842
12.9
60
0.04
7
167
81
286
155
2,112
2,135
9.9
289
0.04
7
167
81
285
155
2,113
2,136
10.0
287
10 yrs
0.01
18
56
43
97
60
1,047
1,061
13.7
58
0.04
7
180
83
303
170
2,650
2,670
10.7
271
0.04
7
180
83
303
170
2,651
2,670
10.8
270
20 yrs
0.01
21
60
45
103
65
1,264
1,280
14.5
57
0.04
7
191
85
320
184
3,191
3,208
11.4
258
0.04
7
191
85
319
184
3,191
3,208
11.5
256
30 yrs
0.01
22
64
47
108
69
1,479
1,498
15.2
55
0.04
8
201
87
334
196
3,727
3,748
12.1
247
0.04
8
201
87
334
196
3,727
3,748
12.1
245
40 yrs
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in d.b.h. limit
0.01
23
67
49
113
74
1,691
1,714
15.8
54
0.04
8
208
88
344
206
4,221
4,244
12.7
234
0.04
8
208
88
344
206
4,224
4,247
12.7
233
50 yrs
J
129
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
Prescribed fire
2
2
2
2
2
2
5
5
6
6
6
6
10
10
10
6
6
6
Model
10
6
10
10
10
10
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
Model
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
None
Surface fuel
treatment
6
10
6
6
12
12
Percent
75
56
66
91
92
81
5
5
6
10
10
10
Percent
72
49
42
43
52
59
100
93
84
100
100
100
0
5
5
0
0
0
6
6
5
5
5
10
Model
Weight
97
69
54
69
78
86
Percent
25
44
34
9
8
19
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
Weight
Model
0
7
16
0
0
0
3
31
46
28
13
13
Percent
27
36
31
39
38
38
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
8
2
Percent
1
16
27
18
10
3
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
2
2
2
2
8
2
8
8
8
8
8
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
Model
Region 3 — Pinyon Woodland
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
10
5
6
6
5
5
5
5
Model
Fuel models
10
10
10
2
2
2
Percent
58
53
59
66
75
84
Weight
100
91
65
42
46
65
100
100
86
72
59
53
0
2
2
10
10
10
Percent
0
33
42
46
37
32
Model
Weight
Model
0
10
10
8
10
10
0
0
10
10
10
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
Model
0
9
19
33
30
35
0
0
14
28
41
47
Percent
42
47
41
34
25
16
Weight
0
0
8
10
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
Fuel models
0
0
16
25
24
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
Thin from below to 100 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Percent
100
67
58
54
63
68
Weight
Fuel models
Fuel models
Thin from below to 50 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Model
Weight
Prescribed fire only
No action
Table 11d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
Weight
K
130
Continue to Part C
8
5
8
8
10
10
1
10
20
30
40
50
Prescribed fire
62
56
100
100
100
72
85
75
°F
Miles/hour
19
10
Temperature
Windspeed
10
3 = Moist
70
moisture values from Reinhardt and Crookston (2003).
*Moisture categories correspond to variant-specific percentage
Windspeed (mph)
Moisture category*
Temperature (°F)
Table 10f—Prescribed fire weather conditions
used in models
Severe—98th percentile
Moderate—75th percentile
Fire weather conditions
Table 11e—FVS fuel model selection
10
10
0
0
0
10
0
10
10
8
0
0
10
8
8
8
12
12
100
92
70
52
100
100
Model
Weight
Percent
53
59
74
91
95
85
Model
10-hr (0.25–1 in)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
Weight
Model
100-hr (1–3 in)
Fuel moisture
56
100
46
43
100
57
67
89
100
100
100
100
1,000-hr (3+ in)
2
10
2
10
2
2
8
8
10
10
10
10
10
8
10
10
10
10
Weight
Percent
84
57
100
100
100
92
Duff
10
0
10
2
0
10
10
10
0
0
0
0
8
10
0
0
0
12
Model
Weight
Live
44
0
42
36
0
43
33
11
0
0
0
0
Percent
16
43
0
0
0
8
3
5
5
7
13
16
16
19
50
125
100
150
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Percent - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
1-hr (0–0.25 in)
38
44
0
0
0
28
0
8
30
48
0
0
Percent
47
41
26
9
5
15
Weight
0
0
8
8
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Model
0
0
12
21
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Percent
0
0
0
0
0
0
Weight
Fuel models
Fuel models
tpa = trees per acre, d.b.h. = diameter at breast height.
8
8
8
10
10
10
1
10
20
30
40
50
Pile and burn
8
10
10
10
10
10
Model
1
10
20
30
40
50
Years
None
Surface fuel
treatment
Thin from below to 300 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Thin from below to 200 tpa, 18-in. d.b.h. limit
Table 11d—Forest Vegetation Simulator fuel model selection (continued)
Region 3 — Pinyon Woodland
Model
Weight
L