United States
Department of
Agriculture
Forest Service
Third and Fourth Quarters, 2008; First Quarter, 2009
TU
DE PA
RT
of the Pacific Northwest Research Station
RE
Pacific Northwest
Research Station
Recent Publications
MENT OF AGRI C U L
Contents
About the Pacific Northwest Research Station .................................................... 1
Subscribe to Our RSS Feeds .................................................................................... 2
Locate Publications by Using Treesearch ............................................................ 3
Station Publications ................................................................................................... 4
Journals and Other Publications .......................................................................... 1 9
Order Form .................................................................................... I nside back cover
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Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, First and Second Quarters, 2008; First Quarter, 2009
The Pacific Northwest Research Station
The Pacific Northwest (PNW) Research Station is one of eight research units in the
USDA Forest Service. The research units collectively conduct the most extensive
and productive program of integrated forestry research in the world. The PNW
Research Station was established in 1925. The Station has its headquarters in
Portland, Oregon; 11 research laboratories and centers in Alaska, Oregon, and
Washington; and 11 active experimental areas (watershed, range, and experimental
forests). The Station also conducts research in more than 20 research natural areas.
Our mission is to generate and communicate scientific knowledge that helps
people understand and make informed choices about people, natural resources,
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PNW Research Station Laboratories and Centers
Anchorage
Forestry Sciences Laboratory
3301 C Street, Suite 200
Anchorage, AK 99503-3954
Corvallis
Forestry Sciences Laboratory
3200 SW Jefferson Way
Corvallis, OR 97331-4401
Fairbanks
Boreal Ecology Cooperative
Research Unit
University of Alaska Fairbanks
P.O. Box 756780
Fairbanks, AK 99775-6780
Juneau
Forestry Sciences Laboratory
2770 Sherwood Lane
Suite 2A
Juneau, AK 99801-8545
La Grande
Forestry and Range Sciences Laboratory
1401 Gekeler Lane
La Grande, OR 97850-3368
Olympia
Forestry Sciences Laboratory
3625 93rd Avenue SW
Olympia, WA 98512-9193
Portland
Forestry Sciences Laboratory
620 SW Main, Suite 400
P.O. Box 3890
Portland, OR 97208-3890
Prineville
Western Wildland Environmental
Threat Assessment Center
3160 NE 3rd Street
P.O. Box 490
Prineville, OR 97754
Seattle
Pacific Wildland Fire Sciences
Laboratory
400 N 34th Street, Suite 201
Seattle, WA 98103
Sitka
Alaska Wood Utilization Research
and Development Center
204 Siginaka Way
Sitka, AK 99835-7316
Wenatchee
Forestry Sciences Laboratory
1133 N Western Avenue
Wenatchee, WA 98801-1229
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PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION
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Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, First and Second Quarters, 2008; First Quarter, 2009
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National Technical Information Services, Springfield, VA 22161 (http://www.ntis.gov).
Aquatics/Riparian
09-081
►Parks,
N. 2008.
A ravenous river reclaims its true course: the
tale of Marmot Dam’s demise. Science Findings
111. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
6 p.
Removing dams that are outdated, unsafe, or
pose significant economic or environmental costs
has emerged in the last 10 years as a major river
restoration strategy. The removal of the 45-foot-high
Marmot Dam on the Sandy River in 2007 resulted in
the biggest sediment release accompanying any dam
removal to date. It also provided an unprecedented
opportunity for scientists from the Pacific Northwest
Research Station and other organizations to predict,
monitor, and evaluate the river environment before,
during, and after the event.
The dam removal was successful on many levels.
The earthen cofferdam that had been temporarily
constructed while Marmot Dam was dismantled
rapidly eroded on cue, and reservoir sediments
were transported downstream on a timetable that
surpassed all expectations. This happened with
no detrimental effects on fish habitat or increased
flooding that might affect downstream properties.
Removing the dam showed that an energetic river
can rapidly and efficiently do the work of redistributing huge volumes of unconsolidated sediment,
even under very modest flows. Results are likely
to guide future dam removals for the next decade
4
or more, and offer dam managers a cost-effective
option for sediment disposal in some cases.
Keywords: Dam removal, Marmot Dam, Sandy
River, river restoration, sediment disposal.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/32018
Atmosphere
08-214
►Mazza,
R. 2008.
Changing with the climate. Science Update 17.
Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
12 p.
Carbon is a naturally occurring compound, essential
to life on this planet. Human activities have altered
the carbon balance, however, and as a result have
triggered changes in climates around the world.
By extracting and burning oil, coal, and natural
gas, carbon that was locked in “long-term” storage
underground has been released into the atmosphere.
The associated greenhouse gases such as carbon
dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide trap heat that
would otherwise radiate back into space. Changes
to the global climate have significant repercussions
and will affect nearly all the Earth’s species in some
way. A large source of uncertainty lies in the social
changes that may or may not occur. As we grapple
with the effects on ecosystems, and how the output
of critical ecosystem services will be affected, two
broad-based strategies are at our disposal: adaptation and mitigation. Adaptation strategies aim to
Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, First and Second Quarters, 2008; First Quarter, 2009
prepare the landscape and its habitants for the new
climate, whereas mitigation strategies attempt to
slow down the process of climate change.
Keywords: Climate change, adaptation and
mitigation strategies.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/30485
Bibliographies
08-207
►Pacific
Northwest Research Station. 2008.
Recent publications of the Pacific Northwest
Research Station, first and second quarters,
2008. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 30 p.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/1&2q08.pdf
Economics
►Warren,
D.D. 2008.
Harvest, employment, exports, and prices in
Pacific Northwest forests, 1965–2007. Gen.
Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-770. Portland, OR: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station. 17 p.
This report provides historical information on
log harvest; employment in the forest industries;
international trade in logs, lumber, and chips; and
volume and average prices of sawtimber stumpage
sold by national forests.
Keywords: Log harvest, employment (forest
products industries), exports (forest products),
and stumpage prices.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/31727
Ecosystem Structure and Function
08-095
►Schuller,
08-051
►Brackley,
08-170
A.M.; Haynes, R.W. 2008.
Timber products output and timber harvests in
Alaska: an addendum. Res. Note PNW-RN-559.
Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
41 p.
Updated projections of demand for Alaska timber
were published July 2006. Their application in land
management planning for the Tongass National Forest has resulted in numerous questions and requests
for clarification. This note discusses a broad range
of these questions from the context of why we do
projections, the model we used, the assumptions that
determine the levels of timber harvest, our use of
scenario planning, comments about how producers
in Alaska compete with other North American
producers, and the potential that some significant
changes in southeast Alaska markets have changed
the demand projections.
Keywords: National forest (Alaska), derived
demand, forest sector models, timber harvests,
softwood lumber.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/30730
R.; Halvorson, R. 2008.
The Island Research Natural Area: guidebook
supplement 35. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-762.
Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
27 p.
This guidebook describes The Island Research
Natural Area, an 84-ha (208-ac) tract established
to represent examples of the western juniper/
big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass (Juniperus
occidentalis/Artemisia tridentata/Pseudoroegneria
spicata), and the western juniper/big sagebrushantelope bitterbrush/bluebunch wheatgrass
(Juniperus occidentalis/Artemisia tridentataPurshia tridentata/Pseudoroegneria spicata)
plant associations.
Keywords: Research natural area, Juniperus
occidentalis, western juniper, Artemisia tridentata,
big sagebrush, Purshia tridentata, antelope
bitterbrush, Pseudoroegneria spicata, bluebunch
wheatgrass, Festuca idahoensis, Idaho fescue,
Texosporium sancti-jacobi, woven-spored lichen,
relict vegetation, juniper invasion, sagebrush steppe.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/30728
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PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION
08-126
►Schuller,
R.; Halvorson, R. 2008.
Horse Ridge Research Natural Area: guidebook
supplement 37. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-771.
Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
25 p.
This guidebook describes Horse Ridge Research
Natural Area, a 243-ha (600-ac) tract established
to represent an example of the western juniper/
big sagebrush/threadleaf sedge (Juniperus occidentalis/Artemisia tridentata/Carex filifolia) plant
association.
Keywords: Research natural area, Juniperus
occidentalis, western juniper, Artemisia tridentata,
big sagebrush, Carex filifolia, threadleaf sedge, relict
vegetation, juniper invasion, juniper woodland,
sagebrush steppe, Northern Great Basin, Oregon
High Desert.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/31116
Fire
08-096
►Johnstone,
J.F.; Hollingsworth, T.N.; Chapin,
F.S., III. 2008.
A key for predicting postfire successional
trajectories in black spruce stands of interior
Alaska. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-767. Portland,
OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Pacific Northwest Research Station. 37 p.
Black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill) B.S.P) is the
dominant forest cover type in interior Alaska and
is prone to frequent, stand-replacing wildfires.
Through impacts on tree recruitment, the degree of
fire consumption of soil organic layers can act as
an important determinant of whether black spruce
forests regenerate to a forest composition similar
to the prefire forest, or to a new forest composition
dominated by deciduous hardwoods. Here we present a simple, rule-based framework for predicting
fire-initiated changes in forest cover within Alaska’s
black spruce forests. Four components are presented:
(1) a key to classifying potential site moisture, (2)
a summary of conditions that favor black spruce
self-replacement, (3) a key to predicting postfire
6
forest recovery in recently burned stands, and (4) an
appendix of photos to be used as a visual reference
tool. This report should be useful to managers in
designing fire management actions and predicting
the effects of recent and future fires on postfire forest cover in black spruce forests of interior Alaska.
Keywords: Succession, fire, disturbance, boreal,
regeneration.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/31457
08-134
►Keeley,
J.E.; Aplet, G.H.; Christensen, N.L.;
Conard, S.C.; Johnson, E.A.; Omi, P.N.;
Peterson, D.L.; Swetnam, T.W. 2009.
Ecological foundations for fire management
in North American forest and shrubland
ecosystems. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-779.
Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
92 p.
This synthesis provides an ecological foundation
for management of the diverse ecosystems and
fire regimes of North America, based on scientific
principles of fire interactions with vegetation, fuels,
and biophysical processes. Although a large amount
of scientific data on fire exists, most of those data
have been collected at small spatial and temporal
scales. Thus, it is challenging to develop consistent
science-based plans for large spatial and temporal
scales where most fire management and planning
occur. Understanding the regional geographic
context of fire regimes is critical for developing
appropriate and sustainable management strategies
and policy. The degree to which human intervention has modified fire frequency, intensity, and
severity varies greatly among different ecosystems,
and must be considered when planning to alter
fuel loads or implement restorative treatments.
Detailed discussion of six ecosystems—ponderosa
pine forest (western North America), chaparral
(California), boreal forest (Alaska and Canada),
Great Basin sagebrush (intermountain West), pine
and pine-hardwood forests (Southern Appalachian
Mountains), and longleaf pine (Southeastern United
States)—illustrates the complexity of fire regimes
and that fire management requires a clear regional
focus that recognizes where conflicts might exist
Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, First and Second Quarters, 2008; First Quarter, 2009
between fire hazard reduction and resource needs.
In some systems, such as ponderosa pine, treatments
are usually compatible with both fuel reduction
and resource needs, whereas in others, such as
chaparral, the potential exists for conflicts that need
to be closely evaluated. Managing fire regimes in a
changing climate and social environment requires a
strong scientific basis for developing fire management and policy.
Keywords: Fire ecology, fire hazard, fire regime,
fire risk, fire management, fuels, fuel manipulation,
prescription burning, restoration.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/32483
08-178
►Peterson,
D.L.; Agee, J.K.; Aplet, G.H.; Dykstra,
D.P.; Graham, R.T.; Lehmkuhl, J.F.; Pilliod, D.S.;
Potts, D.F.; Powers, R.F.; Stuart, J.D. 2009.
Effects of timber harvest following wildfire
in western North America. Gen. Tech. Rep.
PNW-GTR-776. Portland, OR: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 51 p.
Timber harvest following wildfire leads to different
outcomes depending on the biophysical setting
of the forest, pattern of burn severity, operational
aspects of tree removal, and other management
activities. Fire effects range from relatively minor,
in which fire burns through the understory and may
kill a few trees, to severe, in which fire kills most
trees and removes much of the organic soil layer.
Postfire logging adds to these effects by removing
standing dead trees (snags) and disturbing the soil.
The influence of postfire logging depends on the
intensity of the fire, intensity of the logging operation, and management activities such as fuel treatments. In severely burned forest, timing of logging
following fire (same season as fire vs. subsequent
years) can influence the magnitude of effects on
naturally regenerating trees, soils, and commercial
wood value. Removal of snags reduces long-term
fuel loads but generally results in increased amounts
of fine fuels for the first few years after logging
unless surface fuels are effectively treated. By
reducing evapotranspiration, disturbing the soil
organic horizon, and creating hydrophobic soils
in some cases, fire can cause large increases in
surface-water runoff, streamflow, and erosion.
Through soil disturbance, especially the construction of roads, logging with ground-based equipment
and cable yarding can exacerbate this effect,
increasing erosion and altering hydrological function
at the local scale. Effects on aquatic systems of
removing trees are mostly negative, and logging and
transportation systems that disturb the soil surface
or accelerate road-related erosion can be particularly
harmful unless disturbances are mitigated. Cavitynesting birds, small mammals, and amphibians
may be affected by harvest of standing dead and
live trees, with negative effects on most species but
positive or neutral effects on other species, depending on the intensity and extent of logging. Data gaps
on postfire logging include the effects of various
intensities of logging, patch size of harvest relative
to fire size, and long-term (10+ years) biophysical
changes. Uncertainty about the effects of postfire
logging can be reduced by implementing management experiments to document long-term changes in
natural resources at different spatial scales.
Keywords: Fire effects, postfire logging, postfire
management, salvage logging, soil disturbance.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/32036
08-231
►Mazza,
R. 2008.
Paying our way: thinking strategically to offset
the cost of reducing fire hazard in western
forests. Science Findings 104. Portland, OR: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station. 6 p.
The fire hazard in many western forests is unacceptably high, posing risks to human health and
property, wildlife habitat, and air and water quality.
Cost is an inhibiting factor for reducing hazardous
fuel, given the amount of acreage needing treatment.
Thinning overly dense forests is one way to reduce
fuel loads. Much of the product removed during
these treatments has traditionally been considered
unmerchantable, but this is changing with the
growing interest in biofuel and bioelectricity. Wood
can be used to produce both. Potential may exist
in some areas to sell the biomass removed during
7
PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION
thinning as a way to offset the cost of treatment
and subsidize treatment in other areas. Scientists
have developed the Fuel Treatment Evaluator (FTE)
3.0. This Web-based tool allows users to simulate
treatments for reducing forest fire hazard to levels
specified by land managers, and it identifies the
volume of biomass removed, harvesting costs, and
estimated biomass value. The FTE 3.0 was used in
an initial assessment of 12 Western States to identify
where thinning treatments had the greatest potential
to reduce fire hazard and where revenues from
the saw logs and woodchips removed would offset
the cost of treatment. The Oregon Forest Resource
Institute and Western Governors’ Association have
both used FTE 3.0 in separate analyses of potential
bioenergy markets.
Keywords: Fuel treatments, forest management,
Fuel Treatment Evaluator.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/30484
08-263
►Bormann,
B.T.; Laurence, J.A.; Shimamoto, K.;
Thrailkill, J.; Lehmkuhl, J.; Reeves, G.; Markus, A.;
Peterson, D.W.; Forsman, E. 2008.
A management study template for learning
about postwildfire management. Gen. Tech. Rep.
PNW-GTR-777. Portland OR: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 27 p.
The concept of management studies—implemented
by managers as normal business to meet priority
learning needs—is applied to a priority regional
question: how to manage after a large wildfire
to better meet preexisting or new societal needs.
Because of a lack of knowledge and studies, deciding how to manage after wildfire is fraught with
uncertainty. We have developed the concept of a
network of management studies with a rigorous
experimental design to fill this need. Details on
how to implement this generic landscape-scale
management study on future wildfire areas are
provided. We emphasize documenting expectations, conceptual modeling, scaling for major
questions, analyzing for similarity, and monitoring
cost-effectively. The design compares a wide range
of management strategies at the landscape scale.
8
Replication and blocking are used to better attribute
results to individual strategies. Examples of more
specific prescriptions for each of the strategies are
provided, and the Tripod Fire in eastern Washington
in 2006 is used as an example of how to apply the
similarity analysis technique. A typology is also
presented to define approaches and reduce confusion
over terminology that has hindered the debate about
how to implement adaptive management.
Keywords: Adaptive management, options forestry,
management studies, management experiments,
postwildfire management, salvage logging,
landscapes, monitoring.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/31459
08-321
►Thompson,
J. 2008.
Fuel reduction and forest restoration treatments:
once is not enough. Science Findings 106. Portland,
OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Pacific Northwest Research Station. 6 p.
Frequent, low-intensity fires were historically a
common feature in many dry forests of the United
States. Today, largely owing to fire exclusion and
past management practices, many of these firedependent forests contain significantly more small
trees and fewer large trees than occurred under
the natural fire regime. These altered conditions
increase the probability of unnaturally severe
wildfires, susceptibility to uncharacteristic insect
outbreaks, and drought-related mortality. Restoration of these forests is a priority for forest managers
throughout the country. Unfortunately, little information exists about the effectiveness or ecological
consequences of commonly used fuel reduction and
forest restoration strategies. In response, a national
research project called the Fire and Fire Surrogates
Study is conducting operational-scale experiments
to evaluate restoration treatments at 13 sites across
the country.
As part of this study, researchers working in dry,
low-elevation forests in northeastern Oregon evaluated several fuel reduction and forest restoration
treatments: a commercial thin, a prescribed burn,
and a combination of the two. Thinning and the
combination of thinning and burning reduced the
Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, First and Second Quarters, 2008; First Quarter, 2009
density of live overstory trees, and burning and
the combination of thinning and burning reduced
the density of small-diameter trees. Overall, the
treatments failed to completely meet the objective
of restoring stands to historical conditions, yet each
treatment successfully modified stand density, likely
reducing the risk of high-severity fire. The results
suggest that repeated treatment over time will be
necessary to mitigate the impact of a century of
fire suppression.
Keywords: Fire and Fire Surrogates study, fuel
reduction treatments, forest restoration, Blue
Mountains.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/30767
Forest Management
08-031
►Aukema,
J.E.; Carey, A.B. 2008.
Effects of variable-density thinning on
understory diversity and heterogeneity in young
Douglas-fir forests. Res. Pap. PNW-RP-575.
Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
20 p.
Nine years after variable-density thinning (VDT)
on the Forest Ecosystem Study, we examined low
understory vegetation in 60 plots of eight stands
(four pairs of VDT and control). We compared
native, exotic, ruderal, and nonforest species
richness among the stands. We used clustering,
ordination, and indicator species analysis to look
for distinctive patches of plant associations. Native,
exotic, ruderal, and nonforest plant species diversity
were higher in VDT stands compared to control
stands for both forests. Differentiation of the understory into multiple distinct vegetation patches was
not definitive, but there were trends toward greater
heterogeneity in VDT stands.
09-057
►Oliver,
M. 2008.
Old growth revisited: integrating social,
economic, and ecological perspectives. Science
Findings 110. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 6 p.
How should old-growth forests be managed? Should
they be managed? Stakeholders with differing
values and agendas have debated these questions
for years. Over time, the debate has evolved: now
there is greater awareness about the complexity of
old-growth ecosystems and different ways humans
value them. A scientist at the Pacific Northwest
Research Station has co-edited a book to provide
a comprehensive, multidisciplinary overview and
synthesis to further this discussion. Written for a lay
audience, Old Growth in a New World: A Pacific
Northwest Icon Reexamined is meant to help deepen
policymakers’ and public understanding of old
growth.
The book highlights the complexity of old growth
and the dialog surrounding it. Forest management
is as much a social issue as a scientific one. And the
authors contend that intrinsic values of aesthetics,
mystery, and spirituality must be considered alongside issues of carbon storage, habitat conservation,
and timber production. Society may not agree on
a definition of old growth, but working definitions
based on subregional forest types are needed to help
guide forest management. As stakeholders become
willing to hear other sides of the old-growth issue,
collaborations and ideas for new economic models
are arising that may help maintain or restore the
ecological diversity of our valued forests.
Keywords: Old-growth forest, definition, ecosystem
services, social values, fire, forest management.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/31915
Keywords: Biodiversity, forest management,
indicator species, ordination, plant communities.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/29853
9
PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION
Natural Resource Policy
08-113
08-104
►MacGregor,
D.G.; Seesholtz, D.N. 2008.
Factors influencing line officers’ decisions about
National Environmental Policy Act project design
and development. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-766.
Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
27 p.
Prior to the existence of the National Environmental
Policy Act (NEPA), Forest Service district rangers
had considerable latitude to make resource management decisions and execute management plans with
relatively little encumbrance by documentation and
process requirements. Today there appears to be
differences not only in the district ranger population,
but in the decisionmaking processes they use and
how they adapt their management style to particular
circumstances. Indepth interviews were conducted
with 12 district rangers to obtain their experiences
with project design and development, and how
project planning is influenced by considerations
about the NEPA process. District rangers appear to
have changed their management style to accommodate a shifting social and policy climate, and rangers
often view NEPA as a risk factor and as a process
to be managed. Research methods can be used to
further analyze risk in terms of resource versus
process risk, both of which can potentially affect the
agency in terms of opportunity and monetary costs,
efficiencies, and decision confidences.
Keywords: National Environmental Policy
Act (NEPA), planning, land management
decisionmaking, Forest Service.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/31458
10
Remote Sensing
►Gatziolis,
D.; Andersen, H.-E. 2008.
A guide to LIDAR data acquisition and
processing for the forests of the Pacific Northwest.
Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-768. Portland, OR: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station. 32 p.
Light detection and ranging (LIDAR) is an emerging
remote-sensing technology with promising potential
to assist in mapping, monitoring, and assessment of
forest resources. Continuous technological advancement and substantial reductions in data acquisition
cost have enabled acquisition of laser data over
entire states and regions. These developments have
triggered an explosion of interest in LIDAR technology. Despite a growing body of peer-reviewed
literature documenting the merits of LIDAR for
forest assessment, management, and planning, there
seems to be little information describing in detail
the acquisition, quality assessment, and processing
of laser data for forestry applications. This report
addresses this information deficit by providing a
foundational knowledge base containing answers to
the most frequently asked questions.
Keywords: LIDAR, Pacific Northwest, FIA, forest
inventory, laser, absolute and relative accuracy,
precision, registration, stand penetration, DEM,
canopy surface, resolution, data storage, data quality
assessment, topography, scanning.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/30652
Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, First and Second Quarters, 2008; First Quarter, 2009
Resource Inventory
08-028
►Dunham,
P.A. 2008.
Incidence of insects, diseases, and other
damaging agents in Oregon forests. Resour. Bull.
PNW-RB-257. Portland, OR: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 89 p.
This report uses data from a network of forest
inventory plots sampled at two points in time,
annual aerial insect and disease surveys, and
specialized pest damage surveys to quantify the
incidence and impact of insects, diseases, and other
damaging agents on Oregon’s forests. The number
and volume of trees damaged or killed by various
agents is summarized. Differences in the frequency
and severity of damaging agents between various
ownership categories and geographic regions of the
state are investigated.
Keywords: Forest surveys, forest inventory, forest
insects, forest diseases, Oregon.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/31460
08-073
►Christensen,
G.A.; Campbell, S.J.; Fried, J.S.,
tech. eds. 2008.
California’s forest resources, 2001–2005: fiveyear Forest Inventory and Analysis report. Gen.
Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-763. Portland, OR: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station. 183 p.
This report highlights key findings from the most
recent (2001–2005) data collected by the Forest
Inventory and Analysis Program across all forest
land in California. We summarize and interpret
basic resource information such as forest area,
ownership, volume, biomass, and carbon stocks;
structure and function topics such as biodiversity,
forest age, dead wood, and hardwood forests;
disturbance topics such as insects and diseases, fire,
invasive plants, and air pollution; and information
about the forest products industry in California,
including data on tree growth and mortality,
removals for timber products, and nontimber forest
products. The appendixes describe inventory
methods in detail and provide summary tables of
data, with statistical error, about the suite of forest
characteristics inventoried.
Keywords: Biomass, carbon, dead wood, diseases,
fire, forest land, insects, invasive plants, inventory,
juniper.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/31452
08-074
►Donnegan,
J.; Campbell, S.J.; Azuma, D.,
tech. eds. 2008.
Oregon’s forest resources, 2001–2005: five-year
Forest Inventory and Analysis report. Gen.
Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-765. Portland, OR: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station. 186 p.
This report highlights key findings from the most
recent (2001–2005) data collected by the Pacific
Northwest Forest Inventory and Analysis (PNWFIA) Program across all ownerships in Oregon. We
present basic resource information such as forest
area, land use change, ownership, volume, biomass,
and carbon sequestration; structure and function
topics such as biodiversity, older forests, dead wood,
and riparian forests; disturbance topics such as
insects and diseases, fire, invasive plants, and air
pollution; and information about the forest products
industry in Oregon, including data on tree growth
and mortality, removals for timber products, and
nontimber forest products. The appendices describe
inventory methods and design in detail and provide
summary tables of data, with statistical error, for the
suite of forest characteristics sampled.
Keywords: Biomass, carbon, dead wood, diseases,
fire, forest land, insects, invasive plants, inventory,
juniper, lichens, nontimber forest products, ozone,
timber volume, timberland, wood products.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/31453
11
PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION
08-250
►Schulz,
B.K.; Bechtold, W.A.; Zarnoch, S.J. 2009.
Sampling and estimation procedures for the
vegetation diversity and structure indicator.
Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-781. Portland, OR: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station. 53 p.
The Vegetation Diversity and Structure Indicator
(VEG) is an extensive inventory of vascular plants
in the forests of the United States. The VEG indicator provides baseline data to assess trends in forest
vascular plant species richness and composition,
and the relative abundance and spatial distribution
of those species, including invasive and introduced
species. The VEG indicator is one of several sets
of measures collected by the Forest Inventory and
Analysis (FIA) Program of the USDA Forest Service
to assess forest health. This document describes
the sampling design, field data collection methods,
primary output objectives, and estimation procedures for summarizing FIA VEG data.
Keywords: FIA, forest health monitoring, forest
structure, forest vegetation, plot-based sampling,
species composition, species distribution, species
richness.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/32154
Silviculture
08-179
►Thies,
W.G.; Westlind, D.J.; Loewen, M.;
Brenner, G. 2008.
A field guide to predict delayed mortality of
fire-damaged ponderosa pine: application and
validation of the Malheur model. Gen. Tech. Rep.
PNW-GTR-769. Portland, OR: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 16 p.
The Malheur model for fire-caused delayed
mortality is presented as an easily interpreted graph
(mortality-probability calculator) as part of a onepage field guide that allows the user to determine
postfire probability of mortality for ponderosa pine
(Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.). Following both
prescribed burns and wildfires, managers need the
12
ability to predict the mortality of individual ponderosa pine trees based on burn damage. The model
was developed from fire-caused delayed mortality
observed for 4 years postburn in a replicated study
of 12 burn units and 6 nonburned units near Burns,
Oregon. During the fourth year, the percentage
of mortality on burned units was not statistically
different from that on nonburned units. Here we
report validation data from 3,237 ponderosa pines in
10 additional burns, observed for 3 years postburn,
from the southern Blue Mountains and northern
California that indicate a good fit between mortality
predicted by the Malheur model and observed
mortality. Tear-out copies of the field guide on
waterproof paper are provided.
Keywords: Blue Mountains, fire, ponderosa pine,
big trees, delayed mortality.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/31092
08-354
►Thompson,
J. 2008.
Growing trees where trees grow best: short-term
research sheds light on long-term productivity.
Science Findings 107. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station. 6 p.
In 1999, the Fall River Long-Term Site Productivity
study began in coastal Washington to investigate
how intensive management practices affect soil
processes and forest productivity. By comparing
conventional harvests to more intensive wood
removal treatments, researchers are answering
long-standing questions about how residual organic
matter influences future growth. Also, by using
herbicides to control competing vegetation, they are
quantifying the influence other vegetation has on
tree growth. Finally, they are measuring soil properties and tree growth on plots where the soil was not
compacted during harvest and comparing results to
those on plots that were either compacted by logging
equipment or compacted and subsequently tilled to
restore physical properties.
Several interesting findings have emerged after
8 years of measurements: nitrogen pools in these
soils are so high that conventional clearcutting and
Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, First and Second Quarters, 2008; First Quarter, 2009
whole-tree plus coarse-woody-debris removal only
reduced the total site nitrogen pool by 3 percent
and 6 percent, respectively. That’s a very small
percentage reduction that is unlikely to affect
long-term productivity. Vegetation control reduced
competition for water during the dry growing
season and doubled aboveground tree biomass at
age 5 compared to the plots where vegetation was
not controlled. Soil compaction did not reduce tree
growth. These findings suggest that this site is very
resilient to intensive forest management.
Keywords: Fall River Long-Term Productivity Site,
silviculture, nitrogen, herbicides, soil compaction.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/31117
evaluates their ability to address rare or little-known
species. The authors stress the importance of
integrating the legal, social, and economic environments in which planning occurs, and they outline
many of the opportunities and challenges that exist
therein. Finally, the authors offer a procedure for
merging species and system approaches in an adaptive management framework to aid conservation of
rare or little-known species and to help practitioners
respond to new information.
Keywords: Biodiversity, conservation, Survey and
Manage Program, Northwest Forest Plan.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/31465
Social Sciences
09-020
►Thompson,
J. 2008.
Conservation of biological diversity: all things
considered. Science Findings 108. Portland, OR:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Pacific Northwest Research Station. 6 p.
Most ecosystems contain a few common species
and many rare ones. By virtue of being rare, these
species are often poorly understood and difficult to
manage. Scientists at the Pacific Northwest Research
Station have recently published a landmark book that
chronicles what is known and what they’ve recently
learned about conserving cryptic biodiversity. For
the past decade, federal land managers in the Pacific
Northwest have been faced with the unprecedented
challenge of ensuring the protection of more than
400 rare or little-known species, mostly fungi,
lichen, mollusks, and amphibians thought to be
associated with old-growth forests. Expertise gained
regionally in the Northwest was synthesized with
national and international approaches to species and
systems management in the book Conservation of
Rare or Little-Known Species: Biological, Social,
and Economic Considerations.
The book represents one of the first major attempts
to address the protection of the scarce, hidden, and
often noncharismatic species that may often be
ignored during conservation planning. It reviews
existing strategies to conserve biodiversity and
08-072
►Charnley,
S.; Dillingham, C.; Stuart, C.;
Moseley, C.; Donoghue, E. 2008.
Northwest Forest Plan–the first 10 years (1994–
2003): socioeconomic monitoring of the Klamath
National Forest and three local communities.
Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-764. Portland, OR:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Pacific Northwest Research Station. 111 p.
This report examines socioeconomic changes that
took place between 1990 and 2003 on and around
lands managed by the Klamath National Forest in
California to assess the effects of the Northwest
Forest Plan (the Plan) on rural economies and
communities there. Three case communities were
studied: Scott Valley, Butte Valley, and MidKlamath. The report characterizes the region and
its history, discusses management changes on the
forest under the Plan and how they were perceived,
describes socioeconomic change in the communities
and how they were linked to the Plan, and evaluates
how well Plan socioeconomic goals were met by the
Klamath National Forest.
Keywords: Socioeconomic monitoring, Northwest
Forest Plan, forest communities, rural development,
Klamath National Forest.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/31109
13
PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION
08-247
►Thompson,
08-317
J. 2008.
►Maleki,
S. 2008.
Long-term ecological reflections: writers,
philosophers, and scientists meet in the
forest. Science Findings 105. Portland, OR:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Pacific Northwest Research Station. 6 p.
Understanding the social and economic
transitions of forest communities. Science
Update 18. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 12 p.
Over the past 7 years, a strong collaboration has
emerged between the H.J. Andrews Experimental
Forest ecosystem research group and the Spring
Creek Project for Ideas, Nature, and the Written
Word, an independently funded program for nature
writing based in the Department of Philosophy,
Oregon State University. The program is called
Long-Term Ecological Reflections and it brings
together scientists, creative writers, and environmental philosophers to consider new ways to
conceptualize and communicate views of long-term
ecological change in forests and watersheds and the
participation of humans in that change. The
Reflections program integrates the humanities with
traditional scientific approaches to learn about
the special places for which the Forest Service is
responsible, such as experimental forests and ranges,
Mount St. Helens National Volcanic Monument,
and other charismatic landscapes. The work is
conducted through a writer-in-residence program
at the Andrews Forest and special events to address
specific themes held at inspirational places throughout the region. The emerging body of written work
conveys a sense of awe, respect, and hope for the
natural world.
For much of the last century, the connection between
national forests and many rural forest communities,
especially in the Pacific Northwest, was defined
by timber-related employment. Assumptions about
the economic dependence of forest communities on
federal timber prompted the Forest Service to make
community stability a matter of agency policy. But
the relationship between forests and communities
has changed, particularly over the last 25 years with
declining timber harvests on federal land.
Keywords: Long-term ecological reflections, H.J.
Andrews Experimental Forest, Mount St. Helens.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/30619
Declines in timber production and other resourcebase industries have adversely affected rural forest
communities, leaving some with few economic
alternatives. Yet many communities once commonly
referred to as “timber dependent” have persisted
despite the loss of an economic mainstay. Why do
some communities survive or even flourish through
changing economic realities, while others do not?
What makes these communities different? Scientists
at the Pacific Northwest (PNW) Research Station
have studied the connections between forests and
communities and have found them to be more
diverse and complex than originally thought.
This issue highlights PNW social science research
on today’s forest communities and the evolving role
of federal agencies in contributing to community
well-being. A central concept is that the unique
characteristics of communities cause them to
respond and adapt to change in different ways.
Research has also revealed that partnerships and
collaborative projects with local groups may
enhance the well-being of forest communities
and accomplish resource management goals.
Keywords: Rural communities, Northwest Forest
Plan monitoring, tourism.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/31212
14
Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, First and Second Quarters, 2008; First Quarter, 2009
Wildlife
07-316
►Bate,
L.J.; Torgersen, T.R.; Wisdom, M.J.;
Garton, E.O.; Clabough, S.C. 2008.
Log sampling methods and software for stand
and landscape analyses. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNWGTR-746. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 93 p.
We describe methods for efficient, accurate
sampling of logs at landscape and stand scales
to estimate density, total length, cover, volume,
and weight. Our methods focus on optimizing the
sampling effort by choosing an appropriate sampling
method and transect length for specific forest conditions and objectives. Sampling methods include the
line-intersect method and the strip-plot method.
Which method is better depends on the variable of
interest, log quantities, desired precision, and forest
conditions. Two statistical options are available.
The first requires sampling until a desired precision
level is obtained. The second is used to evaluate
or monitor areas that have low log abundance
compared to values in a land management plan. A
minimum of 60 samples usually are sufficient to test
for a significant difference between the estimated
and targeted parameters. Both sampling methods
are compatible with existing snag and large tree
sampling methods, thereby improving efficiency
by enabling the simultaneous collection of all three
components—snags, large trees, and logs—to evaluate wildlife or other resource conditions of interest.
Analysis of log data requires SnagPRO, a userfriendly software application designed for use with
our sampling protocols. Default transect lengths are
suggested for both English and metric measurement
systems, but users may override default values
for transect lengths that better meet their specific
sampling designs. SnagPRO also analyzes wildlife
snag and large tree data.
Keywords: Coarse woody debris, density, down
woody material, line intersect, logs, monitoring,
percent cover, sampling technique, snag, large tree,
SnagPRO, strip plot, total length, volume, weight,
wildlife management, wildlife use.
08-088
►Bate,
L.J.; Wisdom, M.J.; Garton, E.O.;
Clabough, S.C. 2008.
SnagPRO: snag and tree sampling and analysis
methods for wildlife. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNWGTR-780. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 80 p.
We describe sampling methods and provide software
to accurately and efficiently estimate snag and
tree densities at desired scales to meet a variety of
research and management objectives. The methods
optimize sampling effort by choosing a plot size
appropriate for the specified forest conditions and
sampling goals. Plot selection and data analyses
are supported by SnagPRO, a software program
designed specifically to serve our sampling methods. We present two sampling methods to estimate
density and associated characteristics of snags and
trees. The first method requires sampling until a
desired precision is obtained for a density estimate.
The second method compares estimated densities
with target densities, such as target snag densities
specified under a land management plan. Our methods of snag and tree sampling are compatible with
recently developed methods of log sampling, thereby
improving efficiencies by enabling the simultaneous
collection of all three habitat components—snags,
large trees, and logs—to meet research or management objectives for a variety of resource disciplines,
including wildlife, silviculture, fuels, and soils.
Recently developed methods of log sampling also
use SnagPRO for data collection and analysis. Our
methods and software are particularly relevant to
forest management, given that nearly all federal land
use plans require monitoring of snag and tree densities in relation to management direction for wildlife.
Staffing and budgets available to estimate snag and
tree densities, however, are extremely limited, and
thus require efficient methods to achieve acceptable
accuracy.
Keywords: Cavity nester, density, foraging, large
tree, nesting, monitoring, sampling technique,
snags, SnagPRO, wildlife management, wildlife use,
woodpecker.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/32155
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/30651
15
PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION
09-052
►Parks,
N. 2008.
Looking out for the pileated woodpecker. Science
Findings 109. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 6 p.
The pileated woodpecker is a species of conservation concern and a keystone species in mature
and old forests of the Pacific Northwest. In the
Blue Mountains of northeast Oregon, researchers
from the Pacific Northwest Research Station in La
Grande, Oregon, studied the effects of natural and
human-caused disturbance on pileated populations
and their habitat over a period spanning from 1973
to 2005. During this time, several pervasive insect
outbreaks transformed the forest from one characterized by predominantly live conifers with dense
canopy cover (prime pileated habitat) to one with
increasing numbers of snags and downed wood.
Logging for forest restoration and fuel reduction
treatments also took place, further impacting
habitat for the birds.
The researchers were able to compare the effects on
pileated populations at various stages as the birds’
environment changed. They found, surprisingly, that
despite heavy tree mortality, the number of nesting
pairs, their reproductive success, and home range
locations remained fairly consistent—provided
that dead trees and logs remained abundant and
extensive logging had not occurred. Conversely,
nesting pair numbers and reproductive success
decreased significantly where extensive regeneration
cuts eliminated many nest and roost trees, as well as
snags and downed wood where the birds forage for
insects.
Keywords: Pileated woodpecker, habitat, natural
disturbance, human disturbance, insect outbreaks,
logging.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/31848
Wood Utilization
07-180
►Nicholls,
D.L.; Monserud, R.A.; Dykstra, D.P. 2008.
A synthesis of biomass utilization for bioenergy
production in the Western United States. Gen.
Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-753. Portland, OR: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station. 48 p.
We examine the use of woody residues, primarily
from forest harvesting or wood products manufacturing operations (and to a limited degree from
urban wood wastes), as a feedstock for directcombustion bioenergy systems for electrical or
thermal power applications. We examine opportunities for utilizing biomass for energy at several
different scales, with an emphasis on larger scale
electrical power generation at stand-alone facilities,
and on smaller scale facilities (thermal heating only)
such as governmental, educational, or other institutional facilities. We then identify west-wide barriers
that tend to inhibit bioenergy applications, including
accessibility, terrain, harvesting costs, and capital
costs. Finally, we evaluate the role of government as
a catalyst in stimulating new technologies and new
uses of biomass material.
Keywords: Biomass, bioenergy, fuel hazard
reduction, renewable energy, harvesting, forest
products.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/30180
08-142
►Roos,
J.A.; Ganguly, I.; Brackley, A. 2009.
Adoption of engineered wood products in Alaska.
Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-775. Portland, OR: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station. 10 p.
Based on an in-grade testing program, the
Ketchikan Wood Technology Center has registered
three proprietary grademarks for Alaska species
of hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.),
yellow-cedar (Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don)
Spach), and spruce (combined Sitka spruce [Picea
sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.] and white spruce [Picea
glauca (Moench) Voss]). The Ketchikan Wood
16
Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, First and Second Quarters, 2008; First Quarter, 2009
Technology Center conducted tests to establish
glulam beam manufacturing specifications. In
conjunction with this program, there is a need to
measure the market for glulam beams in Alaska.
The purpose of this research was to compare Alaska
residential builder adoption rates of glulam beams
and other engineered wood products to those of the
continental United States. The results showed that
a higher percentage of Alaska builders use glulam
beams compared with builders in the rest of the
United States.
Keywords: Alaska, glulam, glu-lam, engineered
wood, lumber.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/31989
►Brackley,
A.M.; Haynes, R.W.; Alexander, S.J. 2008.
Timber harvests in Alaska: 1910–2006. Res. Note
PNW-RN-560. Portland, OR: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 24 p.
This publication provides estimates of total softwood harvest by owner for Alaska for 1910–2006.
This information is a mix of reported and estimated
data. These data are being used to develop assumptions needed in forest planning by both public and
private forest managers.
Keywords: Timber harvests, Alaska forest products,
timber supply, forest products trade, forest planning.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/31910
08-185
►Brackley,
08-261
A.M.; Nicholls, D.; Hannan, M. 2009.
An evaluation of the grades and value of red
alder lumber in southeast Alaska. Gen. Tech. Rep.
PNW-GTR-774. Portland, OR: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 27 p.
Many stands in southeast Alaska harvested since
1950, especially where there has been a high degree
of disturbance of mineral soil, have regenerated
to red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) and are now
approaching maturity. The availability of red alder
raises questions addressed in this study about the
recovery of lumber from this resource. Information
in this study was obtained from trees estimated to
be 46 years old on a site outside of Ketchikan. Rates
of recovery using a thin-kerf portable band mill
were higher than those reported by larger production
mills in Washington and Oregon. Grade yields of the
Alaska material are comparable to those attained in
other regions. This study determined that there were
no significant differences in material characteristics
that would set this Alaska log resource apart from
red alder in the other regions of North America. The
potential value of the products is sufficient to allow
production in Alaska for use in the manufacturing of
value-added products within the state or shipment of
finished lumber to domestic or export markets.
Keywords: Red alder, southeast Alaska, lumber,
grade, value-added products.
08-281
►Brackley,
A.M.; Crone, L.K. 2009.
Estimating sawmill processing capacity for
Tongass timber: 2005 and 2006 update. Res.
Note PNW-RN-561. Portland, OR: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 15 p.
In spring 2006 and 2007, sawmill capacity and wood
utilization information was collected for selected
mills in southeast Alaska. The collected information
is required to prepare information for compliance
with Section 705(a) of the Tongass Timber Reform
Act. The total estimated design capacity in the
region (active and inactive mills) was 289,850
thousand board feet (mbf) Scribner log scale in
calendar year (CY) 2005 and 284,350 mbf in CY
2006. The estimated design capacity of active mills
was 259,850 mbf for CY 2005 and 247,850 mbf for
CY 2006. This is a 2.9-percent decrease in active
design capacity from CY 2004 (255,350 mbf) to CY
2006. The estimated volume of material processed
during CY 2006 was 32,141 mbf Scribner log scale.
This is a 3.6-percent increase over CY 2004 (31,027
mbf Scribner log scale).
Keywords: Southeast Alaska sawmills, mill capacity,
timber usage.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/31911
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/32915
17
PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION
09-003
►Brackley,
A.M.; Wolcott, M.P. 2009.
Alaska Wood Tides No. 7 [Newsletter]. Sitka, AK:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Pacific Northwest Research Station, Alaska Wood
Utilization Research and Development Center. 4 p.
This issue of the newsletter of the Wood Utilization
Research and Development Center in Sitka features
an article on the market for wood-plastic composite
decking material and its impact on local economies.
It also provides research updates, staff news, and
lists of current and upcoming publications.
Keywords: Wood-plastic composite, WPC,
decking, sawmills.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/sitka/publications/
wood-tides/no7.pdf
18
Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, First and Second Quarters, 2008; First Quarter, 2009
Journals and Other Publications
The following publications were not published by the Pacific Northwest Research
Station, although the work was supported by the Station. These publications may be
viewed online at the USDA Research and Development Treesearch Web site listed
under each article. If you would like a hard copy, you may print the articles from this
Web site. For more information about Treesearch, see page 3 of this report.
You may also obtain hard copies through university libraries or from the publisher;
some outlets may charge for these services. Forestry libraries in the Northwest
receive proceedings volumes and subscribe to the journals in which PNW authors
publish. Some forestry libraries in the Northwest are:
Valley Library
Oregon State University
Corvallis, OR 97331
(Visit or request article from
the Interlibrary Loan section)
Forestry Resources Library, AQ15
60 Bloedel Hill
University of Washington
Seattle, WA 98195
(To visit only)
Interlibrary Borrowing Services
Suzzallo Library, FM 25
University of Washington
Seattle, WA 98195
(To request article only)
University of Alaska Library
3211 Providence Drive
Anchorage, AK 99508
(Visit or request article from the
Interlibrary Loan section)
Economics
►Ince,
P.J.; Spelter, H.; Skog, K.E. [et al.]. 2008.
Market impacts of hypothetical fuel treatment
thinning programs on federal lands in the
Western United States. Forest Policy and
Economics. 10: 363–372.
Keywords: Fuel treatment, economics, forest
thinning, market welfare.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/30658
Fire
►Joyce,
L.A.; Blate, G.M.; Littell, J.S. [et al.]. 2008.
National forests. In: Julius, S.H.; West, J.M.,
eds. Preliminary review of adaptation options
for climate-sensitive ecosystems and resources.
Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency: 3-1 to 3-127.
Keywords: Climate change, national forests,
land management.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/30612
Forest Management
►McMahan,
A.J.; Ager, A.A.; Maffei, H. [et al.]. 2008.
Modeling bark beetles and fuels on landscapes:
a demonstration of ArcFuels and a discussion
of possible model enhancements. In: Havis, R.N.;
Crookston, N.L., eds. Third Forest Vegetation
Simulator conference. Proceedings. RMRS-P-54.
Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station:
40–52.
Keywords: Forest Vegetation Simulator, Westwide
Pine Beetle Model, Fire and Fuels Extension,
ArcFuels.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/30967
19
PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION
►Monserud,
R.A.; Yang, Y.; Huang, S.;
Tchebakova, N. 2008.
►Meinzer,
F.C.; Woodruff, D.R.; Domec, J.-C.
[et al.]. 2008.
Potential change in lodgepole pine site index and
distribution under climate change in Alberta.
Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 38: 343–352.
Coordination of leaf and stem water transport
properties in tropical forest trees. Oecologia.
156: 31–41.
Keywords: Climate change, lodgepole pine,
productivity, dryness index, growing degree days.
Keywords: Capacitance, stomata, transpiration,
turgor, xylem vulnerability.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/29812
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/31778
Plant Pathology
Invertebrates
►Negrón,
J.F.; Bentz, B.J.; Fettig, C.J. [et al.]. 2008.
US Forest Service bark beetle research in the
Western United States: looking toward the
future. Journal of Forestry. September 2008:
325–331.
Keywords: Bark beetles, western forest insects.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/30829
►Schaberg,
P.G.; Hennon, P.E.; D’Amore, D.V.;
Hawley, G.J. 2008.
Influence of simulated snow cover on the cold
tolerance and freezing injury of yellow-cedar
seedlings. Global Change Biology. 14: 1–12.
Keywords: Yellow-cedar decline, forest decline,
freezing, cold tolerance, climate change.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/14616
Mycology
►Mueller,
G.M.; Schmit, J.P.; Leacock, P.R.
[et al.]. 2007.
Global diversity and distribution of macofungi.
Biodiversity Conservation. 16: 37-48.
Keywords: Ascomycetes, basidiomycetes,
biodiversity, biogeography, endemism, species lists.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/30287
Plant Ecology
►Meinzer,
F.C.; Bond, B.J.; Karanian, J.A. 2008.
Biophysical constraints on leaf expansion in a tall
conifer. Tree Physiology. 28: 197-206.
Keywords: Douglas-fir, osmotic adjustment,
phenology, Pseudotsuga menziesii, tissue
extensibility, tree height, turgor.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/29811
Remote Sensing
►Blackard,
J.A.; Finco, M.V.; Helmer, E.H.
[et al.]. 2008.
Mapping U.S. forest biomass using nationwide
forest inventory data and moderate resolution
information. Remote Sensing of Environment.
112: 1658–1677.
Keywords: Forest biomass, MODIS, classification
and regression keys, forest probability, carbon, FIA.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/31482
►Breidenbach,
[et al.]. 2008.
J.; Kublin, E.; McGaughey, R.
Mixed-effects models for estimating stand
volume by means of small footprint airborne
laser scanner data. The Photogrammetric Journal
of Finland. 21:1: 4–15.
Keywords: Forest, statistics, LIDAR, volume,
mixed-effects model.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/30482
20
Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, First and Second Quarters, 2008; First Quarter, 2009
Threatened, Endangered,
Sensitive Species
► McKelvey,
K.S.; Aubry, K.B.; Schwartz, M.K. 2008.
Using anecdotal occurrence data for rare or
elusive species: the illusion of reality and a
call for evidentiary standards. BioScience.
58(6): 549–555.
Keywords: Anecdotal, evidentiary standards, fisher,
ivory-billed woodpecker, wolverine.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/31759
Wood Utilization
►Brackley,
A.M.; Barber, V. 2008.
Consumer and purchasing agent response to
terms used to describe forest products from
southeast Alaska. Forest Products Journal. 58(1/2):
47–52.
Keywords: Alaska, forest products, consumer
attitudes.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/32583
►Nicholls,
D.; Bumgardner, M. 2007.
Evaluating selected demographic factors related
to consumer preferences for furniture from
commercial and from underutilized species.
Forest Products Journal. 57(12): 79-82.
Keywords: Underutilized species, demographics,
segmentation, oak, cherry, red alder.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/13301
►Nicholls,
D.L.; Monserud, R.A.; Dykstra, D.P. 2008.
Biomass utilization for bioenergy in the Western
United States. Forest Products Journal. 58(1/2):
6–16.
Keywords: Fuel-reduction thining, biomass,
bioenergy.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/32599
21
Pacific Northwest Research Station
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