United States
Department of
Agriculture
Forest Service
Recent Publications
of the Pacific Northwest Research Station
Pacific Northwest
Research Station
Second and Third Quarters, 2009
TU
DE PA
RT
RE
December 2009
MENT OF AGRI C U L
Contents
About the Pacific Northwest Research Station .................................................... 1
Subscribe to Our RSS Feeds .................................................................................... 2
Locate Publications by Using Treesearch ............................................................ 3
Station Publications ................................................................................................... 4
Journals and Other Publications .......................................................................... 1 9
Order Form .................................................................................... I nside back cover
Publications are also available at http://www.fs.fed/us/pnw/publications/index.shtml
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Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Second and Third Quarters, 2009
The Pacific Northwest Research Station
The Pacific Northwest (PNW) Research Station is one of 11 research units in the
USDA Forest Service. The research units collectively conduct the most extensive
and productive program of integrated forestry research in the world. The PNW
Research Station was established in 1925. The station has its headquarters in
Portland, Oregon; 11 research laboratories and centers in Alaska, Oregon, and
Washington; and 11 active experimental areas (watershed, range, and experimental
forests). The station also conducts research in more than 20 research natural areas.
Our mission is to generate and communicate scientific knowledge that helps
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3301 C Street, Suite 200
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Corvallis, OR 97331-4401
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Fairbanks, AK 99775-6780
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11305 Glacier Highway
Juneau, AK 99801-8545
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La Grande, OR 97850-3368
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Olympia, WA 98512-9193
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Portland, OR 97208-3890
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Prineville, OR 97754
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Laboratory
400 N 34th Street, Suite 201
Seattle, WA 98103
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and Development Center
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Sitka, AK 99835-7316
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Wenatchee, WA 98801-1229
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Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Second and Third Quarters, 2009
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Atmosphere
09-271
►Thompson,
J. 2009.
We’re all in this together: decisionmaking to
address climate change in a complex world.
Science Findings 116. Portland, OR: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station. 6 p.
Forests significantly influence the global carbon
budget: they store massive amounts of carbon in
their wood and soil, they sequester atmospheric
carbon as they grow, and they emit carbon as a
greenhouse gas when harvested or converted to
another use. These factors make forest conservation
and management important components of most
strategies for adapting to and lessening the impacts
of climate change. Developing these strategies is
complicated by the constant interplay between forest
ecosystems and climate, which impacts the costs
and effectiveness of mitigation. Researchers at the
Pacific Northwest Research Station have developed
novel methods for integrating the complex relationships between human decisions, forest ecosystems,
and the climate system. Their work shows that there
is substantial room for increased carbon storage
on public and private forest land. Sequestering
large amounts of forest carbon, however, could
require significant funding for incentives to induce
private owners to conserve forests, which during
the 1990s were converted to developed uses at a
4
rate of more than 1 million acres per year. Because
climate change is such a far-reaching topic, policy
alternatives must be evaluated in terms of land use
changes, forest management strategies, and connections to other sectors of the economy.
Keywords: Climate change, increased carbon
storage, forest conservation, management strategies
(public and private forest land).
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/sciencef/scifi116.pdf
Bibliographies
09-197
►Pacific
Northwest Research Station. 2009.
Recent publications of the Pacific Northwest
Research Station, third and fourth quarters,
2008; first quarter, 2009. Portland, OR: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station. 26 p.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/qlist0809.pdf
Economics
09-011
►Halbrook,
J.M.; Morgan, T.A.; Brandt, J.P.; Keegan,
C.E., III; Dillon, T.; Barrett, T.M. 2009.
Alaska’s timber harvest and forest products
industry, 2005. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-787.
Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
30 p.
Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Second and Third Quarters, 2009
This report traces the flow of timber harvested in
Alaska during calendar year 2005, describes the
composition and operations of the state’s primary
forest products industry, and quantifies volumes
and uses of wood fiber. Historical wood products
industry changes are discussed, as well as trends
in timber harvest, production, and sales of primary
wood products.
Keywords: Forest economics, lumber production,
mill residue, primary forest products, timberprocessing capacity.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/32896
09-213
►Warren,
D.D. 2009.
Production, prices, employment, and trade in
Northwest forest industries, all quarters 2008.
Resour. Bull. PNW-RB-258. Portland, OR: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station. 163 p.
Provides current information on lumber and
plywood production and prices; employment in the
forest industries; international trade in logs, lumber,
and plywood; volume and average prices of stumpage sold by public agencies; and other related items.
Keywords: Forestry business economics, lumber
prices, plywood prices, timber volume, stumpage
prices, employment (forest products industries),
marketing (forest products), imports and exports
(forest products).
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33388
Fire/Fuels
08-169
►Agee,
J.K.; Lehmkuhl, J.F., comps. 2009.
Dry forests of the Northeastern Cascades Fire
and Fire Surrogate Project site, Mission Creek,
Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest. Res. Pap.
PNW-RP-577. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 158 p.
The Fire and Fire Surrogate (FFS) project is a
large long-term metastudy established to assess the
effectiveness and ecological impacts of burning and
fire “surrogates” such as cuttings and mechanical
fuel treatments that are used instead of fire, or in
combination with fire, to restore dry forests. One
of the 13 national FFS sites is the Northeastern
Cascades site at Mission Creek on the OkanoganWenatchee National Forest. The study area includes
12 forested stands that encompass a representative
range of dry forest conditions in the northeastern
Cascade Range. We describe site histories and
environmental settings, experimental design, field
methods, and quantify the pretreatment composition
and structure of vegetation, fuels, soils and soil
biota, entomology and pathology, birds, and small
mammals that occurred during the 2000 and 2001
field seasons. We also describe the implementation
of thinning treatments and spring burning treatments during 2003, 2004, and 2006.
Keywords: Dry forest, Washington, Cascade Range,
vegetation, fuels, soils, soil biota, entomology,
pathology, wildlife.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/31913
08-194
►Kopper,
K.E.; McKenzie, D.; Peterson, D.L. 2009.
The evaluation of meta-analysis techniques
for quantifying prescribed fire effects on fuel
loadings. Res. Pap. PNW-RP-582. Portland, OR:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Pacific Northwest Research Station. 24 p.
Models and effect-size metrics for meta-analysis
were compared in four separate meta-analyses
quantifying surface fuels after prescribed fires in
ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws.)
forests of the Western United States. An aggregated
data set was compiled from 8 published reports that
contained data from 65 fire treatment units. Downed
woody and organic fuels were partitioned into five
classes, and four meta-analyses were performed
on each in a 2 by 2 factorial combination of fixedeffects vs. mixed-effects models with a differencebased metric (Hedges’ d) vs. a ratio-based metric
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PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION
(log-response ratio). All analyses yielded significant
effect sizes for each class of fuels, although mixedeffects models had larger confidence intervals
around mean effect sizes and smaller ranges in
those means. The use of multiple methods produced
a robust result for this study, but also carries the
danger of selective interpretation if results are
contradictory. Meta-analysis in fire research merits
further consideration because it facilitates inferences across data sets reported by multiple authors,
even when reporting is inconsistent. Nevertheless,
standardized methodology, consistent measurement
protocols, and complete reporting of both significant
and nonsignificant results will greatly assist future
synthesis efforts using metaanalysis.
database, which enables foresters and analysts to use
it as a tool to inform decisionmaking. Researchers
applied numerous policy scenarios to a 28-millionacre, four-ecosystem region of Oregon and northern
California. The study showed that converting trees
and logging residue that would otherwise have
little or no commercial value into bioenergy shows
promise for offsetting some treatment costs. Results
indicate that removing large quantities of merchantable trees would be necessary to achieve fire hazard
reduction goals.
Keywords: Fire hazard, fuel reduction, thinning,
bioenergy.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/sciencef/scifi117.pdf
Keywords: Effect size, fuel treatment, Hedges’ d,
log-response ratio, mixed-effects model.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33032
Forest Management
09-099
►Mazza,
09-341
►Oliver,
M. 2009.
Bioengery from trees: using cost-effective
thinning to reduce forest fire hazards. Science
Findings 117. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 6 p.
Increasingly large and severe wildfires threaten
millions of forested acres throughout the West.
Under certain conditions, mechanical thinning can
address these hazardous conditions while providing
opportunities to create renewable energy and reduce
our carbon footprint. But how do land managers
decide whether thinning is a good idea? How do
they decide where to begin, and what to do with
the removed trees? Prioritizing treatment areas and
determining the most effective techniques for fuel
hazard reduction depends on various factors such as
owner objectives, forest types, and the availability
of processing facilities. Scientists from the Pacific
Northwest Research Station created an analytic
system that allows forest managers to simultaneously assess fuel hazard treatment effectiveness,
the location and capacity of processing facilities,
and financial feasibility. The analysis framework
uses the nationwide Forest Inventory and Analysis
6
R. 2009.
Let’s mix it up! The benefits of variable-density
thinning. Science Findings 112. Portland, OR: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station. 6 p.
Can management of 40- to 80-year-old forests on the
Olympic Peninsula accelerate the development of
stand structures and plant and animal communities
associated with much older forests? The Olympic
Habitat Development Study, a cooperative project
between the Pacific Northwest Research Station
and the Olympic National Forest, began in 1994
to examine this question. It uses a novel type of
variable-density thinning called thinning with
skips and gaps. Ten percent of the study area was
left unthinned, while 15 percent was cleared to
create openings in the forest canopy. These gaps
also yielded most of the merchantable timber. The
remaining 75 percent of the area received a light
thinning that removed mostly the smaller trees of the
most common tree species. Five years after treatment, there was a noticeable difference in growth
rates throughout the study area. In thinned areas,
average growth was nearly 26 percent greater than
in the unthinned areas. Tree growth was greatest
around the gaps. Understory vegetation increased,
and the presence of nonnative species was low, with
most of the nonnatives found in the gaps. Wind
Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Second and Third Quarters, 2009
damage was low and predictable. The treatments
were easy to apply, and these findings suggest
that greater diversity in stand structures and plant
communities can be accelerated by thinning with
skips and gaps.
Keywords: Olympic Peninsula forests, stand
structure, variable-density thinning, tree growth.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/sciencef/scifi112.pd
09-230
►Dykstra,
D.P.; Monserud, R.A., tech. eds. 2009.
Forest growth and timber quality: crown models
and simulation methods for sustainable forest
management. Proceedings of an international
conference. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-791.
Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
267 p.
The purpose of the international conference from
which these proceedings are drawn was to explore
relationships between forest management activities
and timber quality. Sessions were organized to
explore models and simulation methodologies that
contribute to an understanding of tree development
over time and the ways that management and
harvesting activities can influence the quality of
timber products recovered from those trees. Five
keynote addresses, 29 plenary presentations, and
16 poster presentations covered the full breadth of
forest growth and timber quality issues related to
forest management. These proceedings comprise
19 papers based on presentations and posters, plus
28 abstracts for presentations whose authors chose
not to write full papers. In addition, the proceedings
include abstracts and slides from the presentations
prepared by three keynote speakers who elected not
to write papers for the proceedings.
Keywords: Forest management, forest operations,
process models, hybrid models, mechanistic crown
models, simulation, sustainable forest management,
wood quality.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33473
09-041
►Mazza,
R. 2009.
Density management and riparian buffer study
in western Oregon: phase 1 results, launch of
phase 2. [Brochure]. Portland, OR: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 8 p.
The density management and riparian buffer study
(DMS) of western Oregon was initiated in 1994 to
advance active management strategies to restore
late-succession forest habitats, a key objective of
the federal Northwest Forest Plan. DMS is one of
several operational-scale management experiments
in the region, but it is the only such study addressing
the influences of thinning and buffers on riparian
function and habitat.
Keywords: Late-successional forest, western
Oregon, density management, riparian buffer.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/density-managementbrochure.pdf
Geomorphology and Hydrology
09-239
►Mazza,
R.; Feinstein, M. 2009.
Undercover isotopes: tracking the fate of nitrogen
in streams. Science Findings 115. Portland, OR:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Pacific Northwest Research Station. 6 p.
Excess nitrogen stemming from human activities
is a common water pollutant. Fertilizer runoff,
sewage, and fossil fuel emission all contain nitrogen
that often ends in streams, rivers, and ultimately
the ocean. Research has found that more nitrogen
enters a river system than can be accounted for at
its mouth, indicating that instream processing is
occurring. A team of scientists conducted several
experiments on streams across the country to better
understand the fate of waterborne nitrogen. Sherri
Johnson from the Pacific Northwest Research Station and her collaborators from Oregon State University led the Oregon-based studies. They added
small amounts of two forms of a naturally occurring
nitrogen isotope to streams in forested, agricultural,
7
PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION
and urban areas. These novel experiments enabled
researchers to quantify the rate at which different
forms of nitrogen are processed and removed by
stream organisms. They found that small streams
are particularly effective at processing ammonium,
an easily altered form of nitrogen, but that uptake
of nitrate, a common pollutant, was comparatively
limited. They also found that land use influences
the efficiency of a waterway’s nitrogen processing
abilities, and that stream systems are less efficient at
processing and removing nitrogen when it is present
in higher concentration. Management activities
that increase channel complexity and maintain or
enhance riparian vegetation can help reduce nitrogen
loading and facilitate its processing.
Keywords: Nitrogen loading, streams, nitrogen
processing, land use, riparian vegetation.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/sciencef/scifi115.pdf
Land Use
09-078
►White,
E.M.; Alig, R.J.; Stein, S.M.; Mahal, L.G.;
Theobald, D.M. 2009.
A sensitivity analysis of “Forests on the Edge:
Housing Development on America’s Private
Forests.” Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-792.
Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
35 p.
The original Forests on the Edge report (FOTE
1) indicated that 44.2 million acres of private
forest land was projected to experience substantial
increases in residential development in the coming
decades. In this study, we examined the sensitivity
of the FOTE 1 results to four factors: (1) use of
updated private land and forest cover spatial data
and a revised model of housing density change, (2)
projection of residential development on woodland
identified as shrub/scrub land cover, (3) inclusion of
very-low-density residential development (i.e., more
than 40 acres/housing unit) in the housing density
change categories, and (4) inclusion of additional
watersheds in the analysis by changing the screening criteria. The FOTE 1 results were found to be
generally stable to the four factors. Use of updated
8
data and a revised model had the most significant
impact on the results of FOTE 1. Inclusion of shrub/
scrub land cover and modification of the watershed
screening criteria yielded minimal changes to the
results of FOTE 1. An extensive amount (26 million
acres) of very-low-density residential development
was projected on private forest land, but inclusion
of these acres of change did not appreciably change
the FOTE results. However, given the spatial extent
of projected very-low-density residential development and its potential implications for ecological
processes, additional research examining this type
of development and its impact on natural resources
is warranted.
Keywords: Forests on the Edge, residential
development, housing density, sensitivity analysis.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33267
09-157
►Mazza,
R. 2009.
Land use planning: a time-tested approach for
addressing climate change. Science Findings 113.
Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
6 p.
Oregon’s land use planning program has protected
an estimated 1.2 million acres of forest and agricultural land from development since its inception in
1973. As a result, these resource lands continue to
provide forest products and food as well as another
unexpected benefit: carbon storage. By keeping
forests as forests, land use planning capitalizes on
the natural landscape’s ability to sequester atmospheric carbon, a key contributor to climate change.
Nationwide, however, forest land is the land type
most frequently converted to more developed uses.
When this happens, carbon storage opportunities
are lost, and the new use, such as a housing development, often becomes a net carbon producer. Scientists from the Pacific Northwest Research Station
and Oregon Department of Forestry quantified the
carbon storage maintained by the land use planning
program in western Oregon. They found these gains
were equivalent to avoiding 1.7 million metric tons
of carbon dioxide emissions annually—the amount
of carbon that would have been emitted by 395,000
Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Second and Third Quarters, 2009
cars in a year. Had the 1.7 million metric tons of
stored carbon been released through development,
Oregon’s annual increase in carbon dioxide emissions between 1990 and 2000 would have been three
times what it actually was. As policymakers look for
ways to mitigate climate change, land use planning
is a proven tool with measurable results.
Keywords: Oregon, land use planning, development,
carbon storage, climate change mitigation.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/sciencef/scifi113.pdf
Monitoring
09-055
►Malone,
T.; Liang, J.; Packee, E.C. 2009.
Cooperative Alaska Forest Inventory. Gen.
Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-785. Portland, OR: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station. 42 p.
The Cooperative Alaska Forest Inventory (CAFI) is
a comprehensive database of boreal forest condition
and dynamics in Alaska. The CAFI consists of
field-gathered information from numerous permanent sample plots distributed across interior and
south-central Alaska including the Kenai Peninsula.
The CAFI currently has 570 permanent sample
plots on 190 sites representing a wide variety of
growing conditions. To date, over 60 percent of the
permanent sample plots have been remeasured and
approximately 20 percent have been remeasured
three times. Repeated periodic inventories on CAFI
permanent sample plots provide valuable long-term
information for modeling of forest dynamics such
as growth and yield. Periodic remeasurements can
also be used to test and monitor large-scale environmental and climate change. This guide documents
sampling and estimation procedures of CAFI v.1.0,
and provides details of the database, including
attribute description and summary statistics. To help
researchers and land managers successfully initiate
or expand a permanent sample site program in
Alaska, this guide offers a comprehensive tutorial to
establish, maintain, and process permanent sample
plots in Alaska’s boreal forests. For more information, please visit http://www.faculty.uaf.edu/ffjl2/
CAFI.html.
Keywords: CAFI, inventory, forest dynamics, forest
health, boreal forest, tree characteristics, basal area,
growth, mortality, recruitment, site, soil, ecology.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/32894
Mycology
08-164
►Trappe,
J.M.; Molina, R.; Luoma, D.L.; Cázares, E.;
Pilz, D.; Smith, J.E.; Castellano, M.A.; Miller, S.L.;
Trappe, M.J. 2009.
Diversity, ecology, and conservation of truffle
fungi in forests of the Pacific Northwest. Gen.
Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-772. Portland, OR: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station. 194 p.
Forests of the Pacific Northwest have been an
epicenter for the evolution of truffle fungi with
over 350 truffle species and 55 genera currently
identified. Truffle fungi develop their reproductive
fruit-bodies typically belowground, so they are
harder to find and study than mushrooms that
fruit aboveground. Nevertheless, over the last five
decades, the Corvallis Forest Mycology program of
the Pacific Northwest Research Station has amassed
unprecedented knowledge on the diversity and
ecology of truffles in the region. Truffle fungi form
mycorrhizal symbioses that benefit the growth and
survival of many tree and understory plants. Truffle
fruit-bodies serve as a major food source for many
forest-dwelling mammals. A few truffle species are
commercially harvested for gourmet consumption
in regional restaurants. This publication explores the
biology and ecology of truffle fungi in the Pacific
Northwest, their importance in forest ecosystems,
and effects of various silvicultural practices on
sustaining truffle populations. General management
principles and considerations to sustain this valuable
fungal resource are provided.
Keywords: Mycorrhiza, mycophagy, small
mammals, biodiversity, conservation, fungi,
mushrooms, truffles.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/32697
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PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION
Natural Resources Policy
Plant Ecology
09-184
09-049
►Smail,
►Schuller,
R.A.; Lewis, D.J. 2009.
R.; Halvorson, R. 2009.
Forest-land conversion, ecosystem services,
and economic issues for policy: a review. Gen.
Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-797. Portland, OR: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station. 40 p.
Benjamin Research Natural Area: guidebook
supplement 36. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-786.
Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
20 p.
The continued conversion and development of
forest land pose a serious threat to the ecosystem
services derived from forested landscapes. We argue
that developing an understanding of the full range
of consequences from forest conversion requires
understanding the effects of such conversion on
both components of ecosystem services: products
and processes. However, there are unavoidable
challenges involved in quantifying the threats from
forest conversion and their related costs to human
well-being. First, most attempts to quantify the costs
of forest conversion on ecosystem services will
necessarily rely on specific ecological science that is
often emerging, changing, or simply nonexistent. For
example, the role that many species play in ecosystem processes is poorly understood. Second, given
the interconnected nature of ecosystem products
and processes, any attempt to quantify the effects
of forest conversion must grapple with jointness in
production. For example, the cost of losing a species
from forest conversion must account for that species’
role as both (1) a product that directly contributes
to human well-being, and (2) as a component in
an ecosystem process. Finally, the ecology and the
human dimensions of ecosystems are highly specific
to spatial-temporal circumstances. Consequently, the
effects of forest conversion in one spatial-temporal
context are likely to be quite different than effects
elsewhere.
This guidebook describes Benjamin Research
Natural Area, a 258-ha (637-ac) tract originally
established to represent an example of the western
juniper/Idaho fescue (Juniperus occidentalis/Festuca idahoensis) plant association. Subsequent field
surveys indicate the predominant vegetation is best
characterized as the western juniper/low sagebrush/
Idaho fescue plant association. Current vegetation
is dominated by western juniper woodland with an
understory vegetation mosaic that varies with soil
depth. Low sagebrush (Artemisia arbuscula Nutt.)
occurs as the major shrub in shallow or rocky soils,
and Wyoming big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata
Nutt. ssp. wyomingensis Beetle and Young)
predominates in areas with deeper or more finely
textured soil.
Keywords: Ecosystem services, economic analysis,
forest conversion, habitat fragmentation.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33789
Keywords: Research natural area, Juniperus
occidentalis, western juniper, Artemisia arbuscula,
low sagebrush, Artemisia tridentata ssp.
wyomingensis, Wyoming big sagebrush, Festuca
idahoensis, Idaho fescue, relict vegetation, juniper
invasion, juniper woodland, sagebrush steppe,
Northern Great Basin, Oregon High Desert.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/32880
08-127
►Schuller,
R.; Halvorson, R. 2008.
Powell Butte Research Natural Area: guidebook
supplement 38. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-773.
Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
20 p.
This guidebook describes Powell Butte Research
Natural Area, a 210-ha (520-ac) tract established
to represent examples of the western juniper/big
sagebrush/Idaho fescue (Juniperus occidentalis/
Artemisia tridentata/Festuca idahoensis) plant
10
Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Second and Third Quarters, 2009
association, the western juniper/big sagebrush/bluebunch wheatgrass (Juniperus occidentalis/Artemisia
tridentata/Pseudoroegneria spicata) plant association, and the western juniper/bluebunch wheatgrass
(Juniperus occidentalis/Pseudoroegneria spicata)
plant association.
Keywords: Research natural area, Juniperus
occidentalis, western juniper, Artemisia tridentata,
big sagebrush, Pseudoroegneria spicata, bluebunch
wheatgrass, Festuca idahoensis, Idaho fescue,
juniper woodland, sagebrush steppe, Northern Great
Basin, Oregon High Desert.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/31186
Recreation
07-161
►Hall,
T.E.; Heaton, H.; Kruger, L.E. 2009.
Outdoor recreation in the Pacific Northwest and
Alaska: trends in activity participation. Gen.
Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-778. Portland, OR: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station. 108 p.
Population growth in Oregon, Washington, and
Alaska is expected to increase demand for outdoor
recreation on public land. Among sociodemographic
characteristics, different ages and incomes correspond to different participation rates. Although older
Americans are participating more, participation
is still lower among this group for active pursuits.
Hence, as the population ages, demand for passive
activities may increase. Low-income people participate at a much lower rate than higher income people
in outdoor recreation, and the growing disparity
between the wealthy and poor may create inequities
in opportunities for participation. State recreation
planning documents for Oregon, Washington, and
Alaska have identified this issue as a significant
concern for recreation providers. Another important
factor in recreation trends in the region is ethnicity:
different ethnic groups participate in outdoor
recreation at different rates, exhibit some different
preferences for specific activities, and use recreation
sites in different ways. In Alaska, the number of
Asian/Pacific Islanders is expected to quadruple by
2025; in Oregon, the Hispanic population may triple
by 2025; and in Washington, both these segments of
the population may double.
Keywords: Recreation trends, public land, Pacific
Northwest, Alaska, Washington, Oregon.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/32762
Regional Assessments
09-082
►Hayes,
J.L.; Lundquist, J.E., comps. 2009.
The Western Bark Beetle Research Group:
a unique collaboration with Forest Health
Protection—proceedings of a symposium at the
2007 Society of American Foresters conference.
Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-784. Portland, OR: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station. 134 p.
The compilation of papers in this proceeding is
based on a symposium sponsored by the Insect and
Diseases Working Group (D5) at the 2007 Society of
American Foresters (SAF) convention in Portland,
Oregon. The selection of topics parallels the research
priorities of the Western Bark Beetle Research
Group (WBBRG) (USDA Forest Service, Research
and Development), which had been recently formed
at the time of the symposium. Reflecting a unique
partnership within the Forest Service, each paper
was jointly prepared by a research scientist with the
WBBRG and one or more entomologists with Forest
Health Protection (USDA Forest Service, State and
Private Forestry). Among these papers is a description of the currently elevated impacts of bark beetles
in the Western United States; descriptions of the
current state of knowledge of bark beetle response to
vegetation management and also to climate change;
discussions of the complex interactions of bark
beetles and fire and of the complex ecological and
socioeconomic impacts of infestations; an overview
of the use of semiochemical (behavioral chemicals)based technology for conifer protection; and a case
study exemplifying efforts to assess risks posed by
nonnative invasive bark beetles.
Keywords: Bark beetles, vegetation management,
climate change, fire, socioeconomic impacts,
semiochemicals, risk assessment.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/32892
11
PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION
09-247
►Wilson,
T.M.; Schuller, R.; Holmes, R.; Pavola, C.;
Fimbel, R.A.; McCain, C.N.; Gamon, J.G.; Speaks,
P.; Seevers, J.I.; DeMeo, T.E.; Gibbons, S. 2009.
Interagency strategy for the Pacific Northwest
Natural Areas Network. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNWGTR-798. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 33 p.
Over the past 30 years, the Pacific Northwest
Interagency Natural Areas Committee has promoted
the establishment and management of natural
areas in Oregon and Washington—protected areas
devoted to research, education, and conservation
of biodiversity. This growing collection of sites is
now unmatched in its diversity and representation of
both common and unique natural ecosystems found
throughout this region. This strategy identifies
visions, goals, and actions that can help transform
this regional collection of natural areas into a
network that has the resiliency to meet a growing
number of challenges across five emphasis areas—
inventory and designation, management, research,
monitoring and data management, and education
and communication. These challenges include managing for natural ecological processes over the long
term, responding appropriately to threats such as
climate change and invasive species, protecting the
ecological integrity of sites as human use increases,
promoting research and educational activities that
address contemporary management issues, and communicating the importance of wildlands to a public
that is growing apart from the natural world. Natural
areas have the potential to serve as a critical network
of sites for studying and developing regional and
global approaches to conservation that meet diverse
human and ecological needs, including managing for
climate change.
Keywords: Natural areas, research natural area,
biodiversity, ecological network, research properties,
climate change.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33426
Resource Inventory
09-113
►Gray,
A.N.; Monleon, V.J.; Spies, T.A. 2009.
Characteristics of remnant old-growth forests
in the northern Coast Range of Oregon and
comparison to surrounding landscapes. Gen.
Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-790. Portland, OR: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station. 45 p.
Old-growth forests provide unique habitat features
and landscape functions compared to younger
stands. The goals of many forest management plans
in the Pacific Northwest include increasing the area
of late-successional and old-growth forests. The goal
of this study was to describe existing old-growth
forests in the northern Oregon Coast Range that
might serve as examples of desired future conditions
and developmental pathways. Most of the oldgrowth stands had experienced moderately severe
disturbances during their development resulting
in mid- and understory trees belonging to cohorts
younger than those of overstory trees. Most of
the stands had the full complement of old-growth
attributes (large shade-intolerant trees, shadetolerant trees, snags, and down wood), although the
dead wood attributes tended to be less abundant in
drier stand types. Thresholds for at least four of the
five old-growth attributes were met on 7 percent of
the inventory plots on federal lands, but on only 0.4
percent of the inventory plots on nonfederal lands.
Shade-intolerant trees in particular were low in
abundance in mature stands of intermediate diameter class (10 to 30 in). Large-diameter class stands
(>30 in) were more abundant near the coast than
near the Willamette Valley margin. Results suggest
that although old-growth forests can develop along
multiple pathways, stand composition and productivity constrain development such that expecting all
late-successional stands to have the full complement
of old-growth attributes may not be realistic.
Keywords: Old growth, late-succesional forest,
inventory, habitat, disturbance.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33090
12
Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Second and Third Quarters, 2009
09-177
►McIntosh,
A.C.S.; Gray, A.N.; Garman, S.L. 2009.
Canopy structure on forest lands in western
Oregon: differences among forest types and stand
ages. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-794. Portland,
OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Pacific Northwest Research Station. 35 p.
Canopy structure is an important attribute affecting
economic and ecological values of forests in the
Pacific Northwest. However, canopy cover and
vertical layering are rarely measured directly; they
are usually inferred from other forest measurements. In this study, we quantified and compared
vertical and horizontal patterns of tree canopy
structure and understory cover along a successional
gradient of forests and among stands with different
thinning histories on nonfederal lands in western
Oregon. Analyses focused on three dominant forest
type groups: wet conifer, wet hardwood, and dry
hardwood. We used data from 917 systematically
located, forested Forest Inventory and Analysis plots
measured between 1995 and 1997. On each plot,
canopy cover by layer and species was measured
on line-intercept transects, and cover of understory
species was measured on five subplots. Trends in
canopy structure with stand age did not always
follow the patterns predicted by common successional models. Most of the cover in moist stands was
in the upper tree layer, but cover in dry hardwood
stands was more evenly distributed among layers.
Contrary to expectations of canopy closure, mean
canopy cover by age class rarely exceeded 85
percent, even in unthinned productive young conifer
forests. Shade-tolerant tree species rarely made up
more than 20 percent of canopy cover, even in the
lower canopy layers and in stands >100 years old.
Although heavily thinned stands had lower total
cover, canopy structure did not differ dramatically
between thinned and unthinned stands. Our findings
suggest potential limitations of simple stand succession models that may not account for the range
of forest types, site conditions, and developmental
mechanisms found across western Oregon.
Silviculture
08-102
►Devine,
W.D.; Harrington, C.A. 2008.
Influence of four tree shelter types on
microclimate and seedling performance of
Oregon white oak and western redcedar. Res.
Pap. PNW-RP-576. Portland, OR: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 35 p.
Four types of tree shelters were evaluated in
southwestern Washington for their effects on
seedling microenvironment and performance of two
tree species. Shelter types were fine-mesh fabric
shelters, solid-walled white shelters with and without
vent holes, and solid-walled blue unvented shelters.
Summer mean and daily maximum air temperatures
were increased by 0.8 °C and 3.6 °C, respectively, in
solid-walled tree shelters. Shelter color and shelter
venting did not influence air temperatures. Tree
shelters only affected vapor pressure deficit late
in the growing season. Midday photosynthetically
active radiation within shelters ranged from 54
percent of full sun in fine-mesh fabric shelters to
15 percent of full sun in blue solid-walled shelters.
In the first year after planting, height and diameter
growth of western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex
D. Don) were significantly increased by all shelter
types, with blue solid-walled shelters resulting in
the greatest height growth. However, in blue solidwalled shelters, photosynthesis and stem diameter
growth of Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana
Dougl. ex Hook.) seedlings were significantly less
than for unsheltered seedlings.
Keywords: Tree shelter, microclimate, photosynthesis, Thuja plicata, Quercus garryana.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/30417
Keywords: Canopy structure, Douglas-fir,
succession, canopy cover, understory vegetation,
forest inventory, Pacific Northwest, hardwood.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33523
13
PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION
08-254
►Curtis,
R.O.; Marshall, D.D. 2009.
Levels-of-growing-stock cooperative study in
Douglas-fir: report no. 18—Rocky Brook, 1963–
2006. Res. Pap. PNW-RP-578. Portland, OR: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station. 91 p.
This report documents the history and results of
the Rocky Brook installation of the cooperative
levels-of-growing-stock (LOGS) study in Douglasfir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco), over the
41-year period 1965 to 2006. This 1938 plantation is
one of the two site-IV installations among the nine
installations in the study. Much public ownership
in the region is on similar poor-site lands. Results
are generally consistent with those from the other
LOGS installations, although growth has been much
slower than in the installations on more productive
sites. Volume production increased with growing
stock. Periodic annual increment is still considerably
greater than mean annual increment. On similar
public lands, rotations considerably longer than
indicated by conventional economic analysis could
reduce land use conflicts and increase carbon
sequestration while maintaining or increasing longterm timber output and timber-related revenues.
The principal future value of the data is for use (in
combination with other data) in development of
growth models.
Keywords: Thinning, growing stock, growth and
yield, stand density, Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga
menziesii series, Douglas-fir LOGS.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33053
09-074
►Curtis,
R.O.; Marshall, D.D. 2009.
Levels-of-growing-stock cooperative study in
Douglas-fir: report no. 19—The Iron Creek
study, 1966–2006. Res. Pap. PNW-RP-580.
Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
78 p.
14
This report documents the history and results of the
Iron Creek installation of the cooperative Levelsof-Growing-Stock (LOGS) study in Douglas-fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco), over the
period 1966–2006 (ages 19 to 59). This is a 1949
plantation on an excellent site, and is one of nine
installations in the study. Results are generally
consistent with those from other LOGS installations.
Volume production of thinned stands increased with
increased growing stock. Current volume growth
shows no sign of decreasing, and is still about twice
mean annual increment. On similar public lands,
rotations considerably longer than indicated by
conventional economic analyses could reduce land
use conflicts and increase carbon sequestration
while maintaining or increasing long-term timber
outputs. Small plot size prevents further thinning,
which would otherwise be desirable in some treatments. The principal future value of the data is for
use (in combination with other data) in development
of growth models.
Keywords: Thinning, growing stock, growth and
yield, stand density, Douglas-fir, Pseudotsuga
menziesii series, Douglas-fir LOGS.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33534
Social Sciences
08-280
►Hall,
2009.
T.E.; Farnum, J.O.; Slider, T.C.; Ludlow, K.
New approaches to forest planning: inventorying
and mapping place values in the Pacific
Northwest Region. Res. Note. PNW-RN-562.
Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
20 p.
This report chronicles a large-scale effort to map
place values across the Pacific Northwest Region
(Washington and Oregon) of the U.S. Forest Service.
Through workshops held with Forest Service staff,
485 socioculturally meaningful places were identified. Staff also generated corresponding descriptions
of the places’ unique social and biophysical
elements—in other words, “niche” qualities and
“niche” statements that reflected people’s values.
These places and their niches were then mapped
Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Second and Third Quarters, 2009
using geographic information systems technology.
Niche information was supplemented with additional
existing data such as National Visitor Use Monitoring, National Survey of Recreation and the Environment, U.S. and Canadian census data, and other
relevant social and economic information. Current
and potential applications of this informationgathering technique are discussed, including its uses
in forest planning at regional and niche-based levels.
Keywords: Geographic information systems
mapping, niche planning, Pacific Northwest, place
attachment, place meanings, regional planning,
social values.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33525
09-002
►Allen,
S.D.; Wickwar, D.A.; Clark, F.P.; Dow, R.R.;
Potts, R.; Snyder, S.A. 2009.
Values, beliefs, and attitudes technical guide for
Forest Service land and resource management,
planning, and decisionmaking. Gen. Tech. Rep.
PNW-GTR-788. Portland, OR: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 112 p.
In recent years, the Forest Service and the public
have placed increasing priority on making sure that
management of public lands takes into account the
needs of nearby communities, regional residents,
national residents, and even members of the public
who may not currently visit public lands. As awareness and commitment to this wide range of stakeholders grows, so does the need for forest managers
and planners to understand the dynamic linkages
among the forest, surrounding communities, and
other stakeholders, including the national public.
Knowing about public values, beliefs, and attitudes
(VBAs) relevant to public land management is
one foundation for understanding these linkages.
Managers and planners aware of the systematic differences in values, beliefs, and attitudes held by the
public and stakeholder groups are in a better position
to define resource issues, develop alternative ways
of addressing them, assess their social and cultural
impacts, identify acceptable management measures,
and monitor the results. The VBA technical guide
is designed to acquaint Forest Service staff and line
officers with the concepts of values, beliefs, and
attitudes; to demonstrate ways in which VBAs and
associated concepts can be measured and analyzed;
and to suggest methods for applying VBA information to decisions about projects and plans.
Keywords: Attitudes, beliefs, values, qualitative
research, quantitative research, human dimensions,
stakeholders, social aspects of forest management.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33266
09-083
►Shindler,
B.; Mallon, A.L. 2009.
Public acceptance of disturbance-based
forest management: a study of the Blue River
Landscape Strategy in the Central Cascades
Adaptive Management Area. Res. Pap. PNWRP-581. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 42 p.
This report examines public perspectives on
disturbance-based management conducted in the
central Cascade Range in Oregon as part of the
Blue River Landscape Strategy. A mail survey to
local residents was used to describe the public’s
understanding of this form of management, identify
perceived associated risks and potential barriers
to implementation, and the overall level of support
for disturbance-based practices. Findings suggest
the public generally supports the disturbance-based
concept, particularly ecological benefits, but many
individuals are still uncertain about details and are
withholding judgment until they see the outcomes
of implementation. Support is highly correlated with
citizens’ past interaction with local managers. Major
concerns involve the amount of timber harvesting
necessary to achieve objectives and the possibility
that changing national politics may influence the
consistency of agency policies toward disturbancebased management.
Keywords: Disturbance-based management,
historical range of variability, social acceptability,
citizen-agency interactions.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33031
15
PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION
Wildlife
09-187
►Parks,
N. 2009.
On the track of the elusive wolverine. Science
Findings 114. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 6 p.
The wolverine is one of the rarest and least-known
mammals in North America. A lack of understanding regarding its historical distribution in the
contiguous United States and its broad-scale habitat
needs has hampered conservation efforts. Using a
suite of research methods, including the assemblage
of historical data on wolverine occurrence, analyses
of habitat factors, GIS mapping, radio-telemetry
tracking, and genetic studies, researchers were able
to address these information gaps. Their findings
show that historically, wolverines occurred primarily
in high-elevation areas of the major western mountain ranges and in the Great Lakes region, where
spring snow cover persisted throughout the animals’
reproductive denning period. By the mid-1900s,
the wolverine’s range was dramatically diminished,
owing probably to high levels of human-caused
mortality and low or nonexistent immigration rates.
Today, wolverines survive in high-elevation pockets
of northern Washington, northwestern Montana,
south-central Idaho, and northwestern Wyoming.
Throughout the year, wolverines stay within areas
characterized by persistent spring snow cover, even
when dispersing to new locales, and avoid areas with
warmer temperatures to prevent thermal stress. This
narrowly defined “bioclimatic envelope” suggests
the wolverine’s range will retreat northward in the
face of climate change, but it also offers an empirical
basis for initiating new conservation efforts.
Keywords: Wolverine, habitat analysis, conservation,
bioclimatic envelope, climate change.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/sciencef/scifi114.pdf
16
Wood Utilization
08-092
►Fresco,
N.; Chapin, F.S., III. 2009.
Assessing the potential for conversion to biomass
fuels in interior Alaska. Res. Pap. PNW-RP-579.
Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
56 p.
In rural Alaskan communities, high economic,
social, and ecological costs are associated with
fossil fuel use for power generation. Local concerns
regarding fuel prices, environmental contamination, and the effects of global climate change have
resulted in increased interest in renewable energy
sources. In this study we assessed the feasibility
of switching from fossil fuels to wood energy in
rural Alaskan villages in forested regions of interior
Alaska. Modeling results based on recent data on
rural energy use, demographics, economics, and
forest dynamics indicated that the installation costs
of biomass systems would be recouped within 10
years for at least 21 communities in the region.
In addition, results showed that all but the largest
remote communities in the interior could meet all
their electrical demand and some heating needs with
a sustainable harvest of biomass within a radius
of 10 km of the village. Marketable carbon credits
may add an additional incentive for fuel conversion,
particularly if U.S. prices eventually rise to match
European levels. Biomass conversion also offers
potential social benefits of providing local employment, retaining money locally, and reducing the risk
of catastrophic wildfire near human habitation. This
analysis demonstrated that conversion to biomass
fuels is economically viable and socially beneficial
for many villages across interior Alaska.
Keywords: Biomass fuel, carbon offset, interior
Alaska, wood energy.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/32986
Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Second and Third Quarters, 2009
08-279
►Nicholls,
08-322
D.; Brackley, A. 2008.
►Nicholls,
D.; Miles, T. 2009.
House log drying rates in southeast Alaska
for covered and uncovered softwood logs. Gen.
Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-782. Portland, OR: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station. 18 p.
Cordwood energy systems for community
heating in Alaska—an overview. Gen. Tech. Rep.
PNW-GTR-783. Portland, OR: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 17 p.
Log moisture content has an important impact on
many aspects of log home construction, including
log processing, transportation costs, and dimensional stability in use. Air-drying times for house
logs from freshly harvested trees can depend on
numerous factors including initial moisture content,
log diameter, bark condition, and environmental
conditions during drying. In this study, we evaluated
air-drying properties of young-growth Sitka spruce
(Picea sitchensis [Bong.] Carr) and of western
hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla [Raf.] Sarg.) from logs
harvested in southeast Alaska. For each species,
we considered inside storage in a warehouse vs.
outside storage, as well as debarked logs vs. logs
with bark remaining, resulting in four experimental
treatments. We considered moisture losses after 8
and 12 months of air drying. There was considerable
moisture loss for Sitka spruce logs, and much of the
drying occurred during the first 8 months. Fastest
drying rates for both species were for peeled logs
with inside storage. Western hemlock logs showed
higher moisture content and greater moisture content
variation (vs. Sitka spruce) and in most cases would
require additional drying beyond the 12-month study
period to produce satisfactory house logs. Results
of this study are significant because they can help
entrepreneurs determine appropriate levels of capital
investment (e.g., land, covered storage, debarking
equipment), as well as whether to dry and process
logs in southeast Alaska vs. some other location.
This study found that a leading option for local
producers would be to peel Sitka spruce logs, then
air dry them indoors for 8 to 12 months. Another
effective strategy would be to peel western hemlock
logs, then air dry them indoors for 12 months.
Wood has become an important energy alternative
in Alaska, particularly in rural areas where liquid
fuel costs can be substantial. In some cases, wood
fuel is readily available to communities, increasing
the attractiveness of wood energy. Wood energy
systems in rural Alaska can also lead to employment
gains as well as benefits to local cash economies.
Many Alaska villages are now considering wood as
a fuel source for community heating, several have
completed feasibility studies, and others are moving
forward with design and construction activities.
Cordwood is readily available in many regions of
Alaska, although not always in commercial quantities. However, for many small-scale applications,
efficient cordwood systems could be a viable energy
option. In this paper, we provide a qualitative review
of factors such as wood fuel availability, cordwood
system size, wood fuel cost, wood quality, labor,
fuel drying, and underground piping. Other general
observations are noted, based on case studies of
operating cordwood systems in Alaska.
Keywords: Wood energy, cordwood, rural Alaska,
community development, economic development.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/31912
Keywords: Sitka spruce, western hemlock, moisture
content, air drying.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/32153
17
PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION
09-131
►Nicholls,
09-176
D. 2009.
►Roos,
J.A.; Brackley, A.M.; Sasatani, D. 2009.
Wood energy in Alaska—case study evaluations
of selected facilities. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNWGTR-793. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 33 p.
The U.S. glulam beam and lamstock market and
implications for Alaska lumber. Gen. Tech. Rep.
PNW-GTR-796. Portland, OR: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 19 p.
Biomass resources in Alaska are extensive and
diverse comprising millions of acres of standing
small-diameter trees, diseased or dead trees, and
trees having low-grade timber. Limited amounts of
logging and mill residues, urban wood residues, and
waste products are also available. Recent wildfires
in interior Alaska have left substantial volumes
of burned timber, potentially usable for biomass
energy. Motivated, in part, by rising fuel prices,
organizations across the state—including businesses, schools, and government agencies—have all
expressed an interest in wood energy applications.
Numerous sites have pursued feasibility studies
or engineering design analysis, and others have
moved forward with project construction. Recent
advances in biomass utilization in Alaska have been
enabled by numerous factors, and involve various
fuel sources, scales of operation, and end products.
Already, thermal wood energy systems are using
sawmill residues to heat lumber dry kilns, and a
public school heating system is in operation. Management policies on national forests and state forests
in Alaska could determine the type and amounts
of available biomass from managed forests, from
wildland-urban interface regions, and from salvage
timber operations. Biomass products in Alaska having potential for development are as diverse as wood
pellets, cordwood (firewood), compost, wood-plastic
composite products, and liquid fuels. In addition,
new technologies are allowing for more efficient
use of biomass resources for heating and electrical
generation at scales appropriate for community
power. This case study review considers successes
and lessons learned from current wood energy
systems in Alaska and also considers opportunities
for future bioenergy development.
In this study, glulam beam manufacturers in the
United States and Canada were surveyed regarding
their lamstock usage and glulam beam distribution
channels. The respondents were divided into three
subsets to measure regional comparisons: U.S. West,
U.S. Central and South, and Canada. They were
further divided into subsets based on annual sales
figures. The research showed that the three main
species used for lamstock lumber were Douglas-fir
(Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) in the U.S.
West, southern yellow pine (Pinus palustris Mill.)
in the U.S. Central and South, and spruce-pine-fir
in Canada. Of all these species, southern yellow
pine appears to be increasing its market share
in both the treated and untreated categories. Of
the companies surveyed, 42.9 percent indicated
their usage of untreated southern yellow pine had
increased, and 23.8 percent indicated their usage
of treated southern yellow pine had increased. The
importance of various lamstock attributes was also
examined, and gluability was found to be the most
important. Overall, manufacturers are using visually
graded material as opposed to machine-stress-rated
products. Distribution channels were also examined,
and the results showed that larger companies
tend to sell their glulam beams through building
materials distributors and smaller companies sell
more directly to builders. For the Alaska forest
products industry, this research shows the feasibility
of expanding the market for lamstock made from
Alaska species by gaining a better understanding
of the established glulam manufacturing industry.
Alaska yellow-cedar is already being used as
lamstock to manufacture glulam beams for exterior
weather-exposed applications. A strong marketing
campaign could increase the acceptance of these
species in the glulam manufacturing market.
Keywords: Alaska, biomass, bioenergy, wood
energy, renewable, cordwood, sawmill residues.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33088
18
Keywords: Glulam, lamstock, Alaska, lumber.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33524
Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Second and Third Quarters, 2009
Journals and Other Publications
The following publications were not published by the Pacific Northwest Research
Station, although the work was supported by the station. These publications may be
viewed online at the USDA Research and Development Treesearch Web site listed
under each article. If you would like a hard copy, you may print the articles from this
Web site. For more information about Treesearch, see page 3 of this report.
You may also obtain hard copies through university libraries or from the publisher;
some outlets may charge for these services. Forestry libraries in the Northwest
receive proceedings volumes and subscribe to the journals in which PNW authors
publish. Some forestry libraries in the Northwest are:
Valley Library
Oregon State University
Corvallis, OR 97331
(Visit or request article from
the Interlibrary Loan section)
Natural Sciences Library
Box 352900
University of Washington
Seattle, WA 98195-2900
(To visit only)
Interlibrary Borrowing Services
Suzzallo Library, FM 25
University of Washington
Seattle, WA 98195
(To request article only)
University of Alaska Library
3211 Providence Drive
Anchorage, AK 99508
(Visit or request article from the
Interlibrary Loan section)
Aquatic/Riparian Systems
►Clarke,
S.E.; Burnett, K.E.; Miller, D.J.; 2008.
Modeling streams and hydrogeomorphic
attributes in Oregon from digital and field data.
44(2): 459–477.
Keywords: Rivers, digital elevation models,
watershed management, aquatic ecology, channel
morphology, geographic information systems.
►Mulholland,
2008.
Stream denitrification across biomes and its
response to anthropogenic nitrate loading.
Nature. 452: 202–206.
Keywords: Aquatic ecosystems, landscape
dynamics, water quality, nutrients, nitrogen.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33197
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33134
►Fellman,
J.B.; Hood, E.; Edwards, R.T.; D’Amore,
D.V. 2008.
Return of salmon-derived nutrients from the
riparian zone to the stream during a storm in
southeastern Alaska. Ecosystems. 11: 537–544.
Keywords: Pacific salmon, dissolved organic matter,
fluorescence spectroscopy, PARAFAC.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33145
P.J.; Helton, A.M.; Poole, G.C. [et al.].
Biometrics
►Temesgen,
H.; Barrett, T.M.; Latta, G. 2008.
Estimating cavity tree abundance using nearest
neighbor imputation methods for western Oregon
and Washington forests. Silva Fennica. 42(3):
337–353.
Keywords: Snag size, snag frequency, stand
structure, forest landscape modeling, nearest
neighbor imputation.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33165
19
PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION
Ecosystem Structure and Function
►Beier,
C.M.; Sink, S.E.; Hennon, P.E. [et al.]. 2008.
Fire/Fuels
►Donovan,
G.H.; Brown, T.C.; Dale, L. 2008.
Twentieth-century warming and the dendroclimatology of declining yellow-cedar forests in
southeastern Alaska. Canadian Journal of Forest
Research. 38: 1319–1334.
Incentives and wildfire management in the United
States. In: Holmes, T.P.; Prestemon, J.P.; Abt,
K.L., eds. The economics of forest disturbances.
Netherlands: Springer: 323–340. Chapter 16.
Keywords: Yellow-cedar, southeast Alaska,
temperate rain forest, snowpack, freezing injury.
Keywords: Wildfire, fire suppression, policy,
economics.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33248
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33139
►Fischlin,
A.; Midgley, G.F.; Price, J.T. [et al.]. 2007.
Ecosystems, their properties, goods, and
services. In: Parry, M.L.; Canziani, O.F.; Palutikof,
J.P. [et al.], eds. Climate change 2007: impacts,
adaptation, and vulnerability. Contribution of
Working Group II to the fourth assessment report
of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press:
211–272. Chapter 4.
Keywords: Global climate change, ecosystem goods,
ecosystem services, IPCC.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33102
►Heithecker,
T.D.; Halpern, C.B. 2007.
Edge-related gradients in microclimate in
forest aggregates following structural retention
harvests in western Washington. Forest Ecology
and Management. 248: 163–173.
Keywords: Aggregated retention, edge effects, forest
microclimate, light, temperature, variable-retention.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33105
►Littell,
J.S.; Peterson, D.L.; Tjoelker, M. 2008.
Douglas-fir growth in mountain ecosystems:
water limits tree growth from stand to region.
Ecological Monographs. 78(3): 349–368.
Keywords: Climate change, climate effects,
Douglas-fir, limiting factors, tree growth, niche,
dendrochronology.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33172
20
►Fried,
J.S.; Gilless, J.K.; Riley, W.J. [et al.]. 2008.
Predicting the effect of climate change on wildfire
behavior and initial attack success. Climatic
Change. 87(Suppl. 1): S251–S264.
Keywords: Global change, wildland fire protection
planning, DFES2, California.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33147
►Hessburg,
2007.
P.F.; Reynolds, K.M.; Keane, R.E. [et al.].
Evaluating wildland fire danger and prioritizing
vegetation and fuels treatments. Forest Ecology
and Management. 247: 1–17.
Keywords: EMDS, NetWeaver, decision support,
landscape evaluation, fire danger, monitoring, forest
restoration, fire hazard, fire behavior, ignition risk,
wildland-urban interface.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33152
►Kasischke,
E.S.; Turetsky, M.R.; Ottmar, R.D
[et al.]. 2008.
Evaluation of the composite burn index for
assessing fire severity in Alaskan black spruce
forests. International Journal of Wildland Fire. 17:
515–526.
Keywords: Burn index, black spruce, Alaska, fire.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33162
Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Second and Third Quarters, 2009
►Youngblood,
J.D. 2008.
A.; Wright, C.S.; Ottmar, R.D.; McIver,
Changes in fuelbed characteristics and resulting
fire potentials after fuel reduction treatments in
dry forests of the Blue Mountains, northeastern
Oregon. Forest Ecology and Management. 255:
3151–3169.
Keywords: Douglas-fir, Fire and Fire Surrogate
study, fire potentials, Fuel Characteristic Classification system, fuel reduction, ponderosa pine,
restoration treatments, prescribed burning, thinning.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33123
Fish
►Bisson,
P.A.; Gregory, S.V.; Nickelson, T.E.; Hall,
J.D. 2008.
The Alsea watershed study: a comparison with
other multi-year investigations in the Pacific
Northwest. In: Stednick, J.D., ed. Hydrological and
biological responses to forest practices. New York:
Springer: 259–289.
Keywords: Salmon, trout, long-term population
monitoring, Pacific Northwest watersheds.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33127
Forest Management
►Hummel,
S.; O’Hara, K.L. 2008.
Forest management. In: Jorgensen, S.E.; Fath, B.D.,
eds. Encyclopedia of ecology. Vol. 2. Ecological
engineering. Oxford: Elsevier: 1653–1662.
Keywords: Biodiversity, carbon cycle, climate
change, forest dynamics, ecological forest management, harvesting systems.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33141
Geomorphology and Hydrology
►Czarnomski,
[et al.]. 2008.
N.M.; Dreher, D.M.; Snyder, K.U.
Dynamics of wood in stream networks of the
western Cascades Range, Oregon. Canadian
Journal of Forest Research. 38: 2236–2248.
Keywords: Biomass, woody debris, debris flows,
landscape pattern, stream channel networks, floods,
watershed management.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33135
►Major,
J.J.; O’Connor, J.E.; Grant, G.E. [et al.]. 2008.
Initial fluvial response to the removal of Oregon’s
Marmot Dam. Eos. 89(27): 241–252.
Keywords: Dam removal, sediment transport,
channel morphology.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33175
►McDonnell,
2007.
J.J.; Sivapalan, M.; Vache, K. [et al.].
Moving beyond heterogeneity and process
complexity: a new vision for watershed
hydrology. Water Resources Research. 43, W07301.
DOI: 10.1029/2006WR005467.
Keywords: Watershed management, hydrologic
modeling, hydrologic processes.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33114
►Miller,
D.J.; Burnett, K.M. 2007.
A probabilistic model of debris-flow delivery to
stream channels, demonstrated for the Coast
Range of Oregon, USA. Geomorphology. 94:
184–205.
Keywords: Debris flow, landslide, disturbance,
aquatic habitat, risk assessment.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33193
21
PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION
►Wallick,
J.R.; Grant, G.; Lancaster, S. [et al.]. 2007.
►Hosaka,
K.; Castellano, M.A.; Spatafora, J.W. 2008.
Patterns and controls on historical channel
change in the Willamette River, Oregon, USA.
In: Gupta, A., ed. Large rivers: geomorphology and
management. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons: 491–516.
Chapter 23.
Biogeography of Hysterangiales (Phallomycetidae, Basidiomycota). Mycological Research. 112:
448–462.
Keywords: Floods, alluvial deposits, channel
geomorphology, mapping, restoration.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33153
Keywords: Ectomycorrhizae, truffles, mycophagy,
phylogeography.
http://treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33121
Invasive Plants and Animals
►Endress,
B.A.; Parks, C.G.; Naylor, B.J.; Radosevich,
S.R. 2008.
Herbicide and native grass seeding effects
on sulfur cinquefoil (Potentilla recta)infested grasslands. Invasive Plant Science and
Management. 1: 50–58.
Keywords: Rangeland, restoration, species richness,
plant community dynamics, sulfur cinquefoil,
bunchgrass.
http://treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33142
Mount St. Helens
►Swanson,
F.J. 2008.
Languages of volcanic landscapes. In: In the blast
zone: catastrophe and renewal on Mount St. Helens.
Corvallis, OR: Oregon State University Press:
105–111.
Keywords: Mount St. Helens, volcanoes, disturbance
ecology.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33242
Mycology
►Hosaka,
K.; Bates, S.T.; Beever, R.E. [et al.]. 2006.
Molecular phylogenetics of the gomphoidphalloid fungi with an establishment of the new
subclass Phallomycetidae and two new orders.
Mycologia. 98(6): 949–959.
Keywords: Systematics, molecular phylogenetics,
truffles, taxonomy.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33095
22
Plant Ecology
►Domec,
2008.
J.-C.; Lachenbruch, B.; Meinzer, F.C. [et al.].
Maximum height in a conifer is associated with
conflicting requirements for xylem design.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
105(33): 12069–12074.
Keywords: Air-seeding pressure, bordered pit,
embolism, hydraulic architecture, Pseudotsuga
menziesii.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33138
►Hao,
G.-Y.; Hoffmann, W.A.; Scholz, F.G. [et al.].
2008.
Stem and leaf hydraulics of congeneric tree
species from adjacent tropical savanna and forest
ecosystems. Oecologia. 155: 405–415.
Keywords: Plant water relations, embolism,
vulnerability, phylogenetic inertia.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33151
►Johnson,
D.M.; Smith, W.K. 2008.
Cloud immersion alters microclimate,
photosynthesis and water relations in
Rhododendron catawbiense and Abies fraseri
seedlings in the southern Applachian Mountains,
USA. Tree Physiology. 28: 385–392.
Keywords: Altitude, climate change, diffuse light,
fog, photoinhibition, transpiration.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33245
Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Second and Third Quarters, 2009
►Manter,
D.K.; Kelsey, R.G. 2008.
Ethanol accumulation in drought-stressed conifer
seedlings. International Journal of Plant Science.
169(3): 361–369.
Keywords: Douglas-fir, fermentation, lodgepole
pine, ponderosa pine, water stress.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33180
►Meinzer,
2008.
F.C.; Campanello, P.I.; Domec, J.-C. [et al.].
Constraints on physiological function associated
with branch architecture and wood density in
tropical forest trees. Tree Physiology. 28: 1609–
1617.
Recreation
►Cerveny,
L.K. 2008.
A review of: “Organ, John F., Daniel, J. Decker,
Len H. Carpenter, William F. Siemer, and Shawn
J. Riley. Thinking like a manager: reflections
on wildlife management.” Society & Natural
Resources. 21(4): 363–365.
Keywords: Wildlife management, fiction, natural
resource decisions.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33132
Regional Assessments
►Johnson,
K.N.; Duncan, S.; Spies, T.A. 2007.
Keywords: Capacitance, functional convergence,
hydraulic architecture, osmotic potential,
photosynthesis, transpiration, water potential.
Regional policy models for forest biodiversity
analysis: lessons from coastal Oregon. Ecological
Applications. 171: 81–90.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33191
Keywords: Anticipatory assessments, mixed-owner
landscapes, political processes, regional ecosystem
perspectives, stakeholders.
►Sperry,
J.S.; Meinzer, F.C.; McCulloh, K.A. 2008.
Safety and efficiency conflicts in hydraulic
architecture: scaling from tissues to trees. Plant,
Cell, and Environment. 31: 632–645.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33107
►Spies,
T.A.; Johnson, K.N. 2007.
Keywords: Capacitance, ecological wood anatomy,
hydraulic limits to tree height, Murray’s law,
vascular design, xylem.
Projecting forest policy and management effects
across ownerships in coastal Oregon. Ecological
Applications. 17(1): 3–4.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33159
Keywords: Multiownership, integration.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33118
►Woodruff,
2008.
D.R.; Meinzer, F.C.; Lachenbruch, B.
Height-related trends in leaf xylem anatomy and
shoot hydraulic characteristics in a tall conifer:
safety versus efficiency in water transport. New
Phytologist. 180: 90–99.
Keywords: Embolism, foliar anatomy, growth
limitation, hydraulic conductance, Pseudotsuga
menziesii, water stress.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33169
Remote Sensing
►Eskelson,
B.N.; Temesgen, H.; Barrett, T.M. 2008.
Comparison of stratified and non-stratified most
similar neighbour imputation for estimating
stand tables. Forestry. April: 126–134. DOI:
10.1093/forestry/cpn003.
Keywords: Most similar neighbor, stratified most
similar neighbor method, stand tables.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33143
23
PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION
►Goward,
S.N.; Masek, J.G.; Cohen, W. [et al.] 2008.
Forest disturbance and North American carbon
flux. Eos. Transactions of the American Geophysical
Union. 89(11): 105–106.
Keywords: Forest disturbance, Landsat.
http://www.treesearch/fs.fed.us/pubs/33149
►Kennedy,
R.E.; Cohen, W.B.; Schroeder, T.A. 2007.
Trajectory-based change detection for automated
characterization of forest disturbance dynamics.
Remote Sensing of Environment. 110: 370–386.
Keywords: Landsat thematic mapper, disturbance,
change detection, clearcuts, thinnings.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33108
►Lobser,
S.E.; Cohen, W.B. 2007.
MODIS tasseled cap: land cover characteristics
expressed through transformed MODIS data.
International Journal of Remote Sensing. 28(22):
5079–5101.
Keywords: Tasseled cap, MODIS, vegetation indices,
land cover.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33110
►Turner,
D.P.; Ritts, W.D.; Law, B.E. [et al.]. 2007.
Scaling net ecosystem production and net
biome production over a heterogeneous region
in the Western United States. Biogeosciences
Discussions. 4: 1093–1135.
Keywords: Ecosystem function, carbon cycling,
disturbance.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33120
►Wulder,
2007.
M.A.; White, J.C.; Goward, S.N. [et al.].
Silviculture
►Chen,
2008.
H.Y.H.; Fu, S.; Monserud, R.A.; Gillies, I.C.
Relative size and stand age determine Pinus
banksiana mortality. Forest Ecology and Management. 255: 3980–3984.
Keywords: Relative competitiveness, stand composition, logistic model, boreal forest, Jack pine.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33133
►Zald,
2008.
H.S.J.; Gray, A.N.; North, M.; Kern, R.A.
Initial tree regeneration responses to fire
and thinning treatments in a Sierra Nevada
mixed-conifer forest, USA. Forest Ecology and
Management. 256: 168–179.
Keywords: Forest regeneration, mixed conifer, fire,
thinning, microsite, seed rain.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33190
Social Sciences
►Fischer,
A.P.; Bliss, J.C. 2008.
Behavioral assumptions of conservation policy:
conserving oak habitat on family-forest land
in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Conservation
Biology. 22(2): 275–283.
Keywords: Conservation policy, family forests,
policy design, private land, threatened habitat.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33146
►McLain,
2008.
R.J.; Donoghue, E.M.; Kusel, J. [et al.].
Multiscale socioeconomic assessment across large
ecosystems: lessons from practice. Society and
Natural Resources. 21: 719–728.
Landsat continuity: issues and opportunities
for land cover monitoring. Remote Sensing of
Environment. 112: 955–969.
Keywords: Socioeconomic assessment, ecosystem management, community assessment,
socioeconomic monitoring.
Keywords: Landsat, monitoring land cover, change
detection, remote sensing.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33182
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33176
24
Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Second and Third Quarters, 2009
Soil
►Fellman,
2008.
J.B.; D’Amore, D.V.; Hood, E.; Boone, R.D.
Fluorescence characteristics and biodegradability
of dissolved organic matter in forest and wetland
soils from coastal temperate watersheds in
southeast Alaska. Biogeochemistry. DOI 10.1007/
s10533-008-9203-x.
Keywords: Biodegradable dissolved organic carbon,
dissolved organic matter, fluorescence, PARAFAC,
peatland, soil biogeochemistry.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33144
Threatened, Endangered,
Sensitive Species
►Koehler,
G.M.; Maletzke, B.T.; Von Kienast, J.A.
[et al.]. 2007.
Habitat fragmentation and the persistence of lynx
populations in Washington state. The Journal of
Wildlife Management. 72(7): 1518–1524.
Keywords: Canada lynx, habitat fragmentation,
habitat selection Lepus americanus, Lynx
canadensis, population status snowshoe hares,
Washington.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33170
►Maletzke,
2007.
B.T.; Koehler, G.M.; Wielgus, R.B. [et al.].
Habitat conditions associated with lynx hunting
behavior during winter in northern Washington.
The Journal of Wildlife Management. 72(7): 1473–
1478.
Keywords: Canada lynx, habitat selection, hunting
behavior, Lepus americanus, Lynx canadensis,
predation, sinuosity, snowshoe hare, snow tracking,
Washington.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33177
Wildlife
►Kluber,
M.R.; Olson, D.H.; Puettmann, K.J. 2008.
Amphibian distributions in riparian and upslope
areas and their habitat associations on managed
forest landscapes in the Oregon Coast Range.
Forest Ecology and Management. 256: 529–535.
Keywords: Amphibians, density management,
habitat, managed headwater forests, riparian buffers.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33167
►Lehmkuhl,
J.F.; Peffer, R.D.; O’Connell, M.A. 2008.
Riparian and upland small mammals on the
east slope of the Cascade Range, Washington.
Northwest Science. 82(2): 94–107.
Keywords: Riparian, buffer zone, small mammals.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33171
►Long,
2008.
R.A.; Rachlow, J.L.; Kie, J.G.; Vavra, M.
Fuels reduction in a western coniferous forest:
effects on quantity and quality of forage for elk.
Rangeland Ecology and Management. 61(3): 302–
313.
Keywords: Cervus elaphus, in vitro dry-matter
digestibility, nitrogen, nutrition, Oregon, percentage
of cover, prescribed fire.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33173
►Suzuki,
N.; Olson, D.H.; Reilly, E.C. 2007.
Developing landscape habitat models for rare
amphibians with small geographic ranges: a case
study of Siskiyou Mountains salamanders in the
Western USA. Biodiversity Conservation. DOI:
10.1007/s10531-007-9281-4.
Keywords: GIS, habitat suitability, information
theory, logistic regression, Plethodon stormi, spatial
scale.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33161
25
PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION
►Wiens,
J.A.; Hayward, G.D.; Holthausen, R.S.;
Wisdom, M.J. 2008.
Using surrogate species and groups for
conservation planning and management.
BioScience. 58(3): 241–251.
Keywords: Conservation, management, species
groups, surrogate groups, Columbia Basin.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33168
Wood Utilization
►Lowell,
2008.
E.C.; Becker, D.R.; Rummer, R. [et al.].
An integrated approach to evaluating the
economic costs of wildfire hazard reduction
through wood utilization opportunities in the
Southwestern United States. Forest Science. 54(3):
273–283.
Keywords: Ponderosa pine, fuel reduction, decision
tool, HCR Estimator.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33174
►Zhu,
J.Y.; Scott, C.T.; Gleisner, R. [et al.]. 2007.
Mill demonstration of TMP production from
forest thinnings: pulp quality, refining energy,
and handsheet properties. BioResources. 2(4):
544–559.
Keywords: Forest thinning, small-diameter trees,
suppressed growth, thermomechanical pulp, pulp
from small logs.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/33125
26
Pacific Northwest Research Station
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U.S. Department of Agriculture
Pacific Northwest Research Station
333 S.W. First Avenue
P.O. Box 3890
Portland, Oregon 97208-3890
PRSRT STD
US POSTAGE
PAID
PORTLAND OR
PERMIT NO. G-40
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use, $300
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