United States
Department of
Agriculture
Forest Service
Recent Publications
of the Pacific Northwest Research Station
Pacific Northwest
Research Station
RE
TU
DE PA
RT
Third Quarter, 2010
MENT OF AGRI C U L
Now online!
See inside
cover for more
information.
Contents
About the Pacific Northwest Research Station .................................................... 1
Subscribe to Our RSS Feeds .................................................................................... 2
Locate Publications by Using Treesearch ............................................................ 3
Station Publications ................................................................................................... 4
Journals and Other Publications ...........................................................................12
Order Form .................................................................................... I nside back cover
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Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Third Quarter, 2010
The Pacific Northwest Research Station
The Pacific Northwest (PNW) Research Station is one of 11 research units in the
USDA Forest Service. The research units collectively conduct the most extensive
and productive program of integrated forestry research in the world. The PNW
Research Station was established in 1925. The station has its headquarters in
Portland, Oregon; 11 research laboratories and centers in Alaska, Oregon, and
Washington; and 11 active experimental areas (watershed, range, and experimental
forests). The station also conducts research in more than 20 research natural areas.
Our mission is to generate and communicate scientific knowledge that helps
people understand and make informed choices about people, natural resources,
and the environment.
PNW Research Station Laboratories and Centers
Anchorage
Forestry Sciences Laboratory
3301 C Street, Suite 200
Anchorage, AK 99503-3954
Corvallis
Forestry Sciences Laboratory
3200 SW Jefferson Way
Corvallis, OR 97331-4401
Fairbanks
Boreal Ecology Cooperative
Research Unit
University of Alaska Fairbanks
P.O. Box 756780
Fairbanks, AK 99775-6780
Juneau
Forestry Sciences Laboratory
11305 Glacier Highway
Juneau, AK 99801-8545
La Grande
Forestry and Range Sciences Laboratory
1401 Gekeler Lane
La Grande, OR 97850-3368
Olympia
Forestry Sciences Laboratory
3625 93rd Avenue SW
Olympia, WA 98512-9193
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Forestry Sciences Laboratory
620 SW Main, Suite 400
P.O. Box 3890
Portland, OR 97208-3890
Prineville
Western Wildland Environmental
Threat Assessment Center
3160 NE 3rd Street
P.O. Box 490
Prineville, OR 97754
Seattle
Pacific Wildland Fire Sciences
Laboratory
400 N 34th Street, Suite 201
Seattle, WA 98103
Sitka
Alaska Wood Utilization Research
and Development Center
204 Siginaka Way
Sitka, AK 99835-7316
Wenatchee
Forestry Sciences Laboratory
1133 N Western Avenue
Wenatchee, WA 98801-1229
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PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION
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Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Third Quarter, 2010
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PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION
Station Publications
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Bibliographies
10-411M
►Pacific
Northwest Research Station. 2010.
Recent publications of the Pacific Northwest
Research Station, second quarter, 2010. Portland,
OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Pacific Northwest Research Station. 24 p.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/2q10.pdf
Biometrics
09-148S
►Will-Wolf,
S. 2010.
Analyzing lichen indicator data in the Forest
Inventory and Analysis Program. Gen. Tech. Rep.
PNW-GTR-818. Portland, OR: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 62 p.
Lichens are one of several forest health indicators
sampled every year for a subset of plots on the
permanent grid established by the Forest Inventory
and Analysis (FIA) Program of the U.S. Department
of Agriculture Forest Service. This report reviews
analysis procedures for standard FIA lichen indicator data. Analyses of lichen data contribute to state,
regional, and national reports that evaluate spatial
pattern and temporal trends in forest biodiversity,
air quality, and climate. Data collection and
management follow standard national protocols. A
lichen species richness index (the number of species
per FIA plot) is available for all areas soon after
data collection. Air quality and climate indexes
(for defined regional gradients and based on lichen
species composition at plots) are developed from an
FIA lichen gradient model. Critical steps in standard
data analysis include screening plots to exclude
biased data, selection of appropriate populations,
then analysis, presentation, and interpretation of
data. Analysis of ranked indexes is recommended as
the default data option, to compensate for frequent
failure of indexes to meet assumptions for parametric statistical tests. Analysis of variance is the
recommended default tool for standard analysis of
both spatial pattern and trends across time. Because
plot density is low, dot maps are currently recommended for display. Lichen data from the Southeast
Lichen Model Region illustrate all steps in standard
analysis. Lichen indicator data can also contribute to
analyses of regional issues that may include specialized or experimental analysis techniques. Further
development of analysis approaches is needed in
several areas, including calibration between lichen
gradient models for adjacent regions and better
mapping techniques.
Keywords: Air quality, biodiversity, climate,
environmental monitoring, forest health, lichens,
pollution.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr818.pdf
4
Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Third Quarter, 2010
Economics
10-326M
►Wells,
G. 2010.
Calculating the green in green: What’s an urban
tree worth? Science Findings 126. Portland, OR:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Pacific Northwest Research Station. 6 p.
For urban dwellers, trees soften a city’s hard edges
and surfaces, shade homes and streets, enhance
neighborhood beauty, filter the air, mitigate storm
runoff, and absorb carbon dioxide. Trees may even
reduce crime and improve human health. However,
these benefits have not been well quantified, making
it difficult for urban planners and property owners
to weigh their costs and benefits or assess tree cover
against competing land uses. New research from the
Pacific Northwest (PNW) Research Station demonstrates that street trees increase home prices in
Portland, Oregon, that shade trees reduce household
energy use in Sacramento, California, and that these
effects can be measured and expressed in dollars. A
study led by economist Geoffrey Donovan, research
forester with the PNW Research Station, determined
that trees planted on the south and west sides of
Sacramento houses reduced summertime electricity
bills by an average of $25.16. In a second study in
Portland, Donovan’s team found that street trees
growing in front of or near a house added an average
$8,870 to its sale price and reduced its time on the
market by nearly 2 days. These economic benefits
spilled over to neighboring properties: a neighborhood tree growing along the public right-of-way
added an average of $12,828 to the combined value
of all the houses within 100 feet.
10-206S
►White,
E.M. 2010.
Woody biomass for bioenergy and biofuels in the
United States—a briefing paper. Gen. Tech. Rep.
PNW-GTR-825. Portland, OR: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 45 p.
Woody biomass can be used for the generation
of heat, electricity, and biofuels. In many cases,
the technology for converting woody biomass
into energy has been established for decades, but
because the price of woody biomass energy has
not been competitive with traditional fossil fuels,
bioenergy production from woody biomass has not
been widely adopted. However, current projections
of future energy use and renewable energy and
climate change legislation under consideration
suggest increased use of both forest and agriculture
biomass energy in the coming decades. This
report provides a summary of some of the existing
knowledge and literature related to the production
of woody biomass from bioenergy with a particular
focus on the economic perspective. The most
commonly discussed woody biomass feedstocks are
described along with results of existing economic
modeling studies related to the provision of biomass
from short-rotation woody crops, harvest residues,
and hazardous-fuel reduction efforts. Additionally,
the existing social science literature is used to
highlight some challenges to widespread production
of biomass energy.
Keywords: Forest bioenergy, climate change, forest
resources.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr825.pdf
Keywords: Urban trees, costs, benefits, urban
planners, property owners, economics.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/sciencef/scifi126.pdf
5
PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION
Forest Management
10-207M
►Wells,
G. 2010.
The mighty oak faces challenges in the Pacific
West. Science Update 20. Portland, OR: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station. 12 p.
Oaks in the Pacific West are facing four serious
challenges that may trigger major changes in oak
ecosystems. In Washington, Oregon, and northern
California, fire exclusion has enabled Douglas-fir
to encroach on the sun-loving Oregon white oak.
In California, sudden oak death is taking a toll on
tanoaks, black oaks, and coast live oaks, and in
central California, blue oak and valley oak are not
regenerating fast enough to replace older trees.
The goldspotted oak borer, first detected in 2004,
is playing a major role in oak mortality in southern
California. All along the west coast, conversion of
oak woodlands and savannas to agricultural and
residential uses has dramatically reduced oak coverage since settlement by Euro-Americans. Scientists
with the Pacific Northwest and Pacific Southwest
Research Stations are studying these various threats
and developing practical strategies for addressing
them. Most oak woodlands along the west coast are
privately owned, making it imperative to broadly
share information that may help preserve and restore
these valued ecosystems.
Keywords: Oak communities, oak threats, sudden
oak death, goldspotted oak borer, land conversion,
regeneration.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/science-update-20.pdf
6
10-137S
►Zhou,
X.; Hemstrom, M.A. 2010.
Timber volume and aboveground live tree
biomass estimations for landscape analyses in the
Pacific Northwest. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-819.
Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
31 p.
Timber availability, aboveground tree biomass,
and changes in aboveground carbon pools are
important consequences of landscape management.
There are several models available for calculating
tree volume and aboveground tree biomass pools.
This paper documents species-specific regional
equations for tree volume and aboveground live tree
biomass estimation that might be used to examine
consequences of midscale landscape management
in the Pacific Northwest. These regional equations
were applied to a landscape in the upper Deschutes
study area in central Oregon. We demonstrate an
analysis of the changes in aboveground tree biomass
and wood product availability at the scale of several
watersheds on general forest lands under an active
fuel-treatment management scenario. Our approach
lays a foundation for further landscape management
analysis, such as financial analysis of timber product
and biomass supply, forest carbon sequestration,
wildlife habitat suitability, and fuel reduction related
studies.
Keywords: Timber products, biomass supply, volume
equation, biomass equation, carbon storage, Pacific
Northwest, central Oregon.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr819.pdf
Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Third Quarter, 2010
Landscape Ecology
10-271M
►Feinstein,
Land Use
10-002S
M. 2010.
►Alig,
R.J.; Plantinga, A.J.; Haim, D.; Todd, M. 2010.
An evolving process: protecting spotted owl
habitat through landscape management. Science
Findings 125. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 6 p.
Area changes in U.S. forests and other major
land uses, 1982 to 2002, with projections to 2062.
Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-815. Portland, OR: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station. 98 p.
A network of late-successional forest reserves is central to the Northwest Forest Plan, the guiding vision
for managing federal forests in Washington, Oregon,
and northern California within the range of the
northern spotted owl. These reserves were created
to maintain older forest structure as habitat for the
northern spotted owl, marbled murrelet, and other
associated species. Since the plan’s adoption in 1994,
however, scientific thinking has evolved to question
the ecological suitability of reserves as the primary
recovery strategy for the northern spotted owl in
the fire-prone forests of eastern Washington and
Oregon. After a century of fire suppression, forest
conditions have emerged that have heightened the
threat of insect outbreaks and larger, more intense
wildfires than occurred historically. Research by
John Lehmkuhl, Paul Hessburg, and colleagues
describes how the northern spotted owl habitat is
threatened under current conditions of dry forests
east of the Cascades. They suggest the owl would
be better served by replacing the reserve system on
the east side with a whole-landscape-management
approach designed to maintain and create habitats
in dynamic landscapes, restore natural fire ecology,
and maintain populations of species associated with
older forests. The researchers are working with land
managers and other scientists to address on-theground issues of managing for ecological objectives
such as fuel reduction and spotted owl habitat.
This study updates an earlier assessment of the past,
current, and prospective situation for the Nation’s
land base. We describe area changes among major
land uses on the U.S. land base for historical trends
from 1982 to 2002 and projections out to 2062.
Historically, 11 million acres of forest, cropland,
and open space were converted to urban and other
developed uses from 1992 to 1997 on nonfederal
land in the contiguous United States. The national
rate of urbanization increased notably compared to
the 1982-92 period. The largest percentage increase
was in urban use, which grew by 10 percent or
7.3 million acres between 1997 and 2001. Forest
land was the largest source of land converted to
developed uses such as urbanization. Urban and
other developed areas are projected to continue to
grow substantially, in line with a projected U.S.
population increase of more than 120 million people
over the next 50 years, with population growth the
fastest in the West and South. Projected increases
in population and income will, in turn, increase
demands for use of land for residential, urban,
transportation, and related uses. Area of nonfederal
forest-land cover in the United States is projected to
decline over the next half century, with a 7-percent
reduction by 2062. Projected increases in urban and
developed uses will likely intensify competition for
remaining land between the agricultural and forestry
sectors. Reversions to forest land have generally
been from grassland used as pasture. All three
major land use classes—cropland, forest land, and
grassland—have lost area to urbanization, and that
trend is projected to continue.
Keywords: Northern spotted owl habitat, wholelandscape management, late-successional forest
reserves, Northwest Forest Plan.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/sciencef/scifi125.pdf
Keywords: Forest area, forest-land area, land-use
shifts.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr815.pdf
7
PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION
Monitoring
09-290S
►Lang,
D.W. 2010.
A survey of sport fish use on the Copper River
Delta, Alaska. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-814.
Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
47 p.
Aerial counts, in-person interviews, and mail-in
questionnaires were used to survey sport fish use
during the coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch
Walbaum) season on the Copper River Delta, Alaska
from 2002 through 2006. Angler counts provided
an index of use on individual streams and were used
to develop a spatial database exhibiting patterns
of use. In-person interviews and mail-in questionnaires were used to determine the effort, catch, and
harvest of coho salmon by both local residents of
Cordova and nonresident anglers. The estimated
annual effort for nonresidents ranged from 5,230
to 5,663 angler-days from 2004 through 2006. The
highest use occurred in 2005, and it appears that use
has risen since 2002, but has remained relatively
constant since 2004. Total annual effort for Cordova
residents sport fishing on the West Copper River
Delta ranged from 2,372 to 4,720 angler days from
2004 through 2006, and steadily declined over the
3 years. Sport fish use was concentrated on three
stream systems of the West Copper River Delta:
Eyak River, Ibeck Creek, and Alaganik Slough.
Other streams had little to no use. Anglers were
generally not found to use areas of streams with key
spawning habitats. Coho salmon was the targeted
species, and nonresident anglers caught and harvested more fish than did Cordova resident anglers.
Nonresident angler catches ranged from 15,192 to
28,473 coho salmon and harvests ranged from 6,887
to 10,554 coho salmon over 3 years. Annual catch
and harvest of coho salmon by Cordova residents
ranged from 2,116 to 6,033 and from 1,454 to 3,493
fish, respectively. For both groups, catch and harvest
was highest in 2004 and decreased through time.
Selective harvest (catch-and-release) was widely
practiced. Visiting anglers released 56 percent of
8
the coho salmon they caught, whereas Cordova
residents released approximately 33 percent of their
catch. The information provided with this survey
will be used to assist in management of the area.
Some examples of applications include directing
habitat monitoring and protection efforts, focusing
interpretive and educational materials toward the
correct user population, evaluating human use
capacities, assessing access and infrastructure
needs, and permitting guides.
Keywords: Recreational use, coho salmon, angler
survey, sport fish, Copper River Delta.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr814.pdf
10-102S
►Will-Wolf,
S.; Neitlich, P. 2010.
Development of lichen response indexes using a
regional gradient modeling approach for largescale monitoring of forests. Gen. Tech. Rep.
PNW-GTR-807. Portland, OR: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 65 p.
Development of a regional lichen gradient model
from community data is a powerful tool to derive
lichen indexes of response to environmental
factors for large-scale and long-term monitoring
of forest ecosystems. The Forest Inventory and
Analysis (FIA) Program of the U.S. Department of
Agriculture Forest Service includes lichens in its
national inventory of forests of the United States,
to help monitor the status of forested ecosystems.
Development of a model for a specific region to
calculate lichen response indexes that are correlated
with air quality and major climate factors, and are
also independent of each other, is a critical step
in achieving program goals. These indexes are
the primary lichen bioindicators used in FIA for
assessing regional patterns and monitoring trends
of lichen response to environment over time. This
general approach is also applicable to other monitoring efforts. A first step in the modeling process
is to identify an appropriate geographic region
for a model. Unconstrained ordination alone, or
combined with indicator species analysis followed
by regression analysis, are two approaches borrowed from plant ecology that have been shown to
Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Third Quarter, 2010
generate successful regional lichen gradient models.
Calculation of lichen response indexes for new plots
not part of the original model is necessary to support
long-term monitoring. We explain the rationale
for recommended approaches, describe in detail
the recommended steps in the model development
process, and explain how to document and evaluate
results, all to support successful application of a
model for monitoring. A template is included for
documenting a model and archiving all products
necessary to understand and apply it, as is required
for each FIA model.
Keywords: Air pollution, air quality, biomonitor,
climate, environmental response index, forest health,
lichen, community, ordination.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr807.pdf
Natural Resources Policy
09-134S
►Swanson,
F.J.; Eubanks, S.; Adams, M.B.; Brissette,
J.C.; DeMuth, C. 2010.
Guide to effective research-management
collaboration at long-term environmental
research sites. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-821.
Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
12 p.
The Forest Service system of experimental forests
and ranges (EFRs) and other sites of long-term
silvicultural, watershed, and ecological research
have contributed to science and natural resource
management for more than a century. An important
aspect of the success of EFR programs is strong
collaboration between the research and land manager communities. This guide offers suggestions for
effective research management partnerships based
at EFRs and other long-term research sites. Keys to
success include mutual understanding and respect,
shared commitment to learning, and joint projects
and communications programs.
Regional Assessments
09-284S
►Pye,
J.M.; Rauscher, H.M.; Sands, Y.; Lee, D.C.;
Beatty, J.S., tech. eds. 2010.
Advances in threat assessment and their
application to forest and rangeland management.
Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-802. Portland, OR: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest and Southern Research Stations. 708 p. 2
vol.
In July 2006, more than 170 researchers and managers from the United States, Canada, and Mexico
convened in Boulder, Colorado, to discuss the state
of the science in environmental threat assessment.
This two-volume general technical report compiles
peer-reviewed papers that were among those
presented during the 3-day conference. Papers are
organized by four broad topical sections—Land, Air
and Water, Fire, and Pests/Biota. Land topics include
discussions of forest land conversion and soil quality
as well as investigations of species’ responses
to climate change. Air and water topics include
discussions of forest vulnerability to severe weather
and storm damage modeling. Fire topics include
discussions of wildland arson and wildfire risk
management as well as how people perceive wildfire
risk and uncertainty. Pests/biota topics include
discussions of risk mapping and probabilistic risk
assessments as well as investigations of individual
threats, including the southern pine beetle and
Phytophora alni.
Keywords: Environmental threats, threat assessment,
wildfire, pests, forest and rangeland management.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr802/pnw_
gtr802a.pdf
Keywords: Experimental forests, experimental
ranges, adaptive management, guidelines for
management, technology transfer.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr821.pdf
9
PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION
Silviculture
Special Forest Products
09-200S
10-138S
►Levy,
►Smith,
L.S.Y.; Deal, R.L.; Tappeiner, J.C. 2010.
J.; Crone, L.K.; Alexander, S.J. 2010.
The density and distribution of Sitka spruce and
western hemlock seedling banks in partially
harvested stands in southeast Alaska. Res. Pap.
PNW-RP-585. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest
Research Station. 20 p.
A U.S. Forest Service special forest products
appraisal system: background, methods, and
assessment. Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-822.
Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
22 p.
This study’s objective was to document and describe
the current seedling bank of Sitka spruce (Picea
sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) and western hemlock
(Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) stands in southeast
Alaska that were partially cut between 1900 and
1984. We investigated the following: (1) What are
seedling bank densities? (2) What are seedling
size- and age-class distributions? (3) Do seedbed
type, treatment, and understory vegetation affect
seedling density and species composition? and (4)
What are seedling growth rates? Density was high
for both Sitka spruce (22,000 seedlings/ha) and
western hemlock (223,000 seedlings/ha) and varied
widely between sites. There were always fewer
spruce than hemlock. Ninety-five percent of spruce
and 94 percent of hemlock were less than 0.5 m tall.
Spruce had a mean age of 8 years (range 1 to 41
years) and hemlock 19 years (range 1 to 110 years).
Both species were four times as common on logs as
on undisturbed forest floor. Under closed-canopy
conditions at the 15 sites harvested between 1900
and 1958, the average annual height growth rate was
2.3 cm for hemlock and 1.7 cm for spruce. At the
two open-canopy sites, harvested in 1983 and 1984,
annual height growth rates increased to 8.2 cm for
hemlock and 10.2 cm for spruce. Our results suggest
that the seedling bank of both species is established
and well stocked, thus providing advanced regeneration for the postharvest stand. Because forest
managers have increasing concern about effects
of clearcut harvesting in Pacific Northwest forest
ecosystems and renewed interest in maintaining or
restoring biodiversity, other silvicultural methods
warrant examination.
Increasing concern over the management and harvest of special forest products (SFP) from national
forest lands has led to the development of new Forest
Service policy directives. In this paper, we present a
brief history of SFPs in the Western United States,
highlighting the issues that necessitated new management direction. The new policy directives that
led to the development of a cost appraisal system for
SFPs are discussed. The framework, components,
and uses of this cost appraisal system are described
in detail. An informal assessment of the impact,
effectiveness, and value of the cost appraisal system
is also included.
Keywords: Natural regeneration, seedling banks,
Sitka spruce, western hemlock, partial cutting.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_rp585.pdf
10
Keywords: Nontimber forest products, special forest
products, cost appraisal system.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr822.pdf
Wood Utilization
10-233S
►Brackley,
A.M.; Barber, V.A.; Pinkel, C. 2010.
Developing estimates of potential demand for
renewable wood energy products in Alaska. Gen.
Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-827. Portland, OR: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station. 31 p.
Goal three of the current U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service strategy for improving the
use of woody biomass is to help develop and expand
markets for woody biomass products. This report is
concerned with the existing volumes of renewable
wood energy products (RWEP) that are currently
used in Alaska and the potential demand for RWEP
for residential and community heating projects in
the state. In this report, data published by the U.S.
Department of Commerce, Bureau of Census and
Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Third Quarter, 2010
the U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Agency have been used to build a profile of
residential and commercial energy demand for
Alaska census tracts. By using peak prices from the
fall of 2008, the potential value of a British thermal
unit (Btu) from various fuels has been calculated
to identify those situations where wood-based fuels
are economically competitive or advantageous when
compared with alternative fuel sources. Where these
situations are identified, the Btu usage has been
converted to equivalent volumes of wood energy
products. Data have been presented so potential
demand is available by census tract. No attempt has
been made to define the rate of conversion or the
time that it will take for total conversion to renewable wood energy. The ultimate rate of conversion
is a function of government policies that encourage
conversion, costs associated with converting, and
price of alternative fuels. If fuel oil prices increase
to the levels experienced in 2008, there would be
a strong economic incentive to convert heating
systems to use solid wood fuels. If all of the liquid
fuels used by the residential and commercial sectors
in Alaska were converted to solid wood energy, it is
estimated that 1.3 million cords of material would be
required annually.
somewhat greater interest in the use of wood energy
compared to other regions. Likewise, consumption
of fossil fuels was considerably greater in interior
Alaska. Cost was a primary factor influencing motivation to convert to wood energy. Most respondents
were at least somewhat familiar with residential
wood-burning systems, however relatively few were
familiar with Environmental Protection Agency
certified woodstoves. Firewood/cordwood was by
far the preferred wood fuel choice, whereas wood
briquettes were least preferred. Similarly, firewood
was the type of wood fuel that respondents were
most familiar with. Variations were observed
between Alaska’s primary regions (southeast,
south-central, and interior). This could be attributed
to a number of factors including colder climates in
interior Alaska, and overall low use of wood energy
in south-central Alaska because of preferences for
natural gas. Fuel oil prices of $4.00 to $5.00 per
gallon would be needed for most homeowners to
convert to wood heating. There was a broad range
of willingness to pay for new wood energy systems
(from about $1,000 to $3,000). However, this survey
was not random and results may not be representative of the populations at each sampling location.
Keywords: Alaska, wood energy, heating fuels.
Keywords: Alaska, biomass, bioenergy, wood
energy, renewable, cordwood, pellets, fossil fuels.
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr827.pdf
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_gtr826.pdf
10-208S
►Nicholls,
D.L.; Brackley, A.M.; Barber, V. 2010.
Wood energy for residential heating in Alaska:
current conditions, attitudes, and expected use.
Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-826. Portland, OR: U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station. 30 p.
This study considered three aspects of residential
wood energy use in Alaska: current conditions and
fuel consumption, knowledge and attitudes, and
future use and conditions. We found that heating oil
was the primary fuel for home heating in southeast
and interior Alaska, whereas natural gas was used
most often in south-central Alaska (Anchorage).
Firewood heating played a much more important
role as a secondary (vs. primary) heating source in
all regions of Alaska. In interior Alaska, there was a
11
PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION
Journals and Other Publications
The following publications were not published by the Pacific Northwest (PNW) Research
Station, although the work was supported by the station. These publications may be viewed
online at the USDA Research and Development Treesearch Web site listed under each article. If you would like a hard copy, you may print the articles from this Web site. For more
information about Treesearch, see page 3 of this report. You may also obtain hard copies
through university libraries or from the publisher; some outlets may charge for these services. Forestry libraries in the Northwest receive proceedings volumes and subscribe to the
journals in which PNW authors publish. Some forestry libraries in the Northwest are:
Valley Library
Natural Sciences Library
Oregon State University
Box 352900
Corvallis, OR 97331
University of Washington
(Visit or request article from
Seattle, WA 98195-2900
the Interlibrary Loan section)
(To visit only)
Interlibrary Borrowing Services
Suzzallo Library, FM 25
University of Washington
Seattle, WA 98195
(To request article only)
Ecosystem Structure and Function
►Trappe,
J.M.; Kovacs, G.M.; Claridge, A.W. 2010.
Comparative taxonomy of desert truffles of the
Australian outback and the African Kalahari.
Mycological Progress. 9: 131–143.
Keywords: Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Pezizaceae,
Sclerodermataceae, Tuberaceae.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/37236
Genetics
►St.
Clair, B.; Howe, G. 2010.
Ensuring that forests are adapted to future
climates. Northwest Woodlands. 26(2): 20–21.
Keywords: Climate change, genetic management,
gene conservation, assisted migration.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/37232
12
University of Alaska Library
3211 Providence Drive
Anchorage, AK 99508
(Visit or request article from the
Interlibrary Loan section)
►Ye,
T.Z.; Jayawickrama, K.J.S.; St. Clair, J.B. 2010.
Realized gains from block-plot coastal Douglasfir trials in the northern Oregon Cascades. Silvae
Genetica. 59(1): 29–39.
Keywords: Realized genetic gain, Douglas-fir,
competition.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/37240
Geomorphology and Hydrology
►Hill,
B.H.; McCormick, F.H.; Harvey, B.C. [et al.].
2010.
Microbial enzyme activity, nutrient uptake
and nutrient limitation in forested streams.
Freshwater Biology. 55: 1005–1019.
Keywords: Microbial enzymes, nutrient uptake and
limitation, streams.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/34962
Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Third Quarter, 2010
►Tague,
C.; Grant, G.E. 2009.
►Kagan,
J.S.; Ohmann, J.L.; Gregory, M.; Tobalske,
C. 2008.
Groundwater dynamics mediate low-flow
response to global warming in snow-dominated
alpine regions. Water Resources Research. 45:
WO7421. 12 p. DOI: 10.1029/2008WR007179.
Land cover map for map zones 8 and 9 developed
from SAGEMAP, GNN, and SWReGAP: a pilot
for NWGAP. U.S. Department of the Interior,
U.S. Geological Survey. Gap Analysis Bulletin. 15:
15–19.
Keywords: Climate change, hydrology-vegetation
modeling, snow hydrology, geology.
Keywords: Biogeography, plant community ecology,
landscape pattern, vegetation modeling, land cover,
mapping.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/37234
Invasive Plants and Animals
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/37164
►Parks,
C.G.; Endress, B.A.; Vavra, M.; McInnis,
M.L.; Naylor, B.J. 2008.
Cattle, deer, and elk grazing of the invasive plant
sulfur cinquefoil. Natural Areas Journal. 28(4):
404–409.
Land Use
►Baker,
2010.
Net farm income and land use under a U.S.
greenhouse gas cap and trade. Policy Issues
7. Milwaukie, WI: Agriculture and Applied
Economics Association. 5 p.
Keywords: Invasive species, noxious weeds,
ungulate herbivory, wildlife habitat.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/37225
Keywords: Net farm income, greenhouse gas (GHG)
emissions, mitigation, land use, multisector model
(FASOM-GHG).
Invertebrates
►Stewart,
K.W. 2010.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/36813
The larva of Paracapnia disala (Jewett)
(Plecoptera: Capniidae). Illiesia. 6(2): 11–15.
Keywords: Plecoptera, Capniidae, Paracapnia,
larvae.
►
Landscape Ecology
Keywords: Spatial land-use models, landscape
change, wildland-urban interface, mule deer.
C.; Conklin, D.R.; Unsworth, M.H. 2009.
Local atmospheric decoupling in complex
topography alters climate change impacts.
International Journal of Climatology. DOI: 10.1002/
joc.2007: 8.
Kline, J.D.; Moses, A.; Burcsu, T. 2010.
Anticipating forest and range land development
in central Oregon (USA) for landscape analysis,
with an example application involving mule deer.
Environmental Management. 45: 974–984.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/37233
►Daly,
J.S.; McCarl, B.A.; Murray, B.C. [et al.].
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/36929
►
Lewis, D.; Plantinga, A.; Wu, J. 2009.
Keywords: Climate change, cold air drainage, cold
air pooling, temperature, complex terrain, synoptic
circulation, climate impacts.
Targeting incentives to reduce habitat
fragmentation. American Journal of Agricultural
Economics. 91(4): 1080–1096.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/36804
Keywords: Biodiversity conservation, forests,
habitat fragmentation, land use, spatial modeling.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/37217
13
PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION
Mycology
►Barrett,
►Matheny,
B. 2009.
G; Trappe, J.M.; Drew, A. [et al.]. 2009.
Out of the Palaeotropics? Historical biogeography and diversification of the cosmopolitan
ectomycorrhizal mushroom family Inocybaceae.
Journal of Biogeography. 36(4): 577–592.
Fungus diversity in revegetated paddocks
compared with remnant woodland in a southeastern Australian agricultural landscape.
Ecological Management and Restoration. 10(3):
200–209.
Keywords: Agaricales, Basidiomycota, BEAST,
biogeography, dispersal, ectomycorrhizal, fungi,
Palaeotropics, relaxed molecular clock, vicariance.
Keywords: Agricultural impacts, mycorrhizae,
restoration, structural complexity, tree planting,
woodlands.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/36803
►Bruns,
2010.
P.B.; Aime, M.C.; Bougher, N.L.; Buyck,
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/37222
►Regvar,
M.; Likar, M.; Piltaver, A.; Kugonic, N.;
Smith, J.E. 2010.
T.D.; Grubisha, L.C.; Trappe, J.M. [et al.].
Fungal community structure under goat willows
(Salix caprea L.) growing at metal polluted
site: the potential of screening in a model
phytostabilisation study. Plant and Soil. 330:
345–356.
Suillus quiescens, a new species commonly found
in the spore bank in California and Oregon.
Mycologia. 102(2): 438–446.
Keywords: Bioassay, suilloid-specific primers,
Suillus brevipes, S. occidentalis, S. volcanalis.
Keywords: Fungal endophytes, heavy metal
pollution, ITS rRNA, mycorrhiza, photosynthesis,
Salix.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/36799
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/37228
►Gianchini,
2010.
A.J.; Hosaka, K.; Nouhra, E. [et al.].
Phylogenetic relationships of the Gomphales
based on nuc-255-rDNA, mit-12S-rDNA, and
mit-atp6-DNA combined sequences. British
Mycological Society. 114: 224–234.
►Stanikunaite,
S.A. 2009.
Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitory and antioxidant
compounds from the truffle Elaphomyces
granulatus. Phytotherapy Research. 23: 575–578.
Keywords: Gomphales, Homobasidiomycetes, atp6,
rDNA, systematic.
Keywords: Elaphomyces granulatus, Ascomycota,
hypogeous, truffle, COX-2, RAW 264.7 cells,
antiinflammatory, antioxidants, DCFH oxidation,
HL-60 cells.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/37160
►
Keywords: Pachyphloeus, ITS, LSU, Ascomycota,
molecular analysis, morphology, phylogeny.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/37162
14
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/37231
Healy, R.A.; Bonito, G.; Trappe, J.M. 2009.
Calongea, a new genus of truffles in the
Pezizaceae (Pezizales). Anales del Jardín Botánico
de Madrid. 66(1): 25–32.
R.; Khan, S.I.; Trappe, J.M.; Ross,
►
Trappe, J.M.; Claridge, A.W. 2010.
The hidden life of truffles. Scientific American.
April: 78–84.
Keywords: Truffles, ecosystems, food.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/37239
Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Third Quarter, 2010
Plant Ecology
►Brady,
T.J.; Monleon, V.J.; Gray, A.N. 2010.
Calibrating vascular plant abundance for
detecting future climate changes in Oregon
and Washington, USA. Ecological Indicators. 10:
657–667.
Keywords: Vascular plant species, climate
indicators, transfer functions.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/36800
Recreation
►Jakus,
Threatened, Endangered,
Sensitive Species
P.M.; Keith, J.E.; Liu, L.; Blahna, D.J. 2010.
The welfare effects of restricting off-highway
vehicle access to public lands. Agricultural and
Resource Economics Review. 39(1): 89–100.
Keywords: Off-highway vehicles, recreational
access, unobserved heterogeneity, random utility
model.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/37163
Social Sciences
►Chapin,
F.S., III; Carpenter, S.R.; Kofinas, G.P. [et
al.]. 2009.
Ecosystem stewardship: sustainability strategies
for a rapidly changing planet. Trends in Ecology
and Evolution. 25(4): 241–249.
Keywords: Ecosystem management, forest policy,
public participation, public interest.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/36802
Soil
►Rygiewicz,
P.T.; Monleon, V.J.; Ingham, E.R.;
Martin, K.J.; Johnson, M.G. 2010.
Soil life in reconstructed ecosystems: initial soil
food web responses after rebuilding a forest soil
profile for a climate change experiment. Applied
Soil Ecology. 45: 26–38.
►Miller,
M.P.; Forsman, E.D.; Swingle, J.K.; Miller,
S.A.; Haig, S.M. 2010.
Size-associated morphological variation in
the red tree vole (Arborimus longicaudus).
Northwestern Naturalist. 91: 63–73.
Keywords: Allen’s Rule, Arborimus longicaudus,
Arborimus longicaudus silvicola, Bergmann’s Rule,
dusky tree vole, latitude, morphology, Oregon red
tree vole, subspecies.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/37223
►Peery,
M.Z.; Hall, L.A.; Anna, S.; Beissinger, S.R.
[et. al]. 2010.
Genetic analyses of historic and modern marbled
murrelets suggest decoupling of migration
and gene flow after habitat fragmentation.
Proceedings of the Royal Society B. 277(1682):
697–706.
Keywords: Dispersal, genetic variation, habitat
fragmentation.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/37226
Wildlife
►Bate,
L.J.; Wisdom, M.J.; Wales, B.C. 2007.
Snag densities in relation to human access and
associated management factors in forests of
northeastern Oregon, USA. Landscape and urban
planning. 80: 278–291.
Keywords: Current Vegetation Survey (CVS) data,
Interior Northwest Landscape Analysis System
(INLAS), modeling, roads, snags, wildlife.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/36805
Keywords: Atmospheric CO2 concentration,
amoebae, bacterial biomass, flagellates, fungal
biomass, nematodes, protozoa, soil physical
disturbance.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/37229
15
PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION
Wildlife
►Copeland,
2010.
J.P.; McKelvey, K.S.; Aubry, K.B. [et al.].
The bioclimatic envelope of the wolverine (Gulo
gulo): Do climatic constraints limit its geographic
distribution? Canadian Journal of Zoology. 88:
233–246.
Keywords: Wolverine, Gulo gulo, climatic
constraints, geographic distribution.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/34712
►Flaherty,
E.A.; Ben-David, M. 2010.
Overlap and partitioning of the ecological and
isotopic niches. Oikos. 19(9): 1409–1416.
Keywords: Diet, ecological niche, habitat use,
isotopic niche, northern flying squirrel, southeast
Alaska, stable isotope.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/37165
Wood Utilization
►Barbour,
R.J.; Fried, J.; Daugherty, P.J. [et al.]. 2008.
Potential biomass and logs from fire-hazardreduction treatments in southwest Oregon and
northern California. Forest Policy and Economics.
10: 400–407.
Keywords: Fuel treatments, biomass, fire-hazardreduction, thinning, wood products.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/36830
►Barbour,
R.J.; Singleton, R.; Maguire, D.A. 2007.
Evaluating forest product potential as part
of planning ecological restoration treatments
on forested landscapes. Landscape and urban
planning. 80: 237–248.
Keywords: Forest products, ecological restoration,
wood supply, cost, revenue, GIS, landscape analysis,
landscape modeling, ecosystem management.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/36806
►Flaherty,
E.A.; Ben-David, M.; Smith, W.P. 2010.
Diet and food availability: implications for
foraging and dispersal of Prince of Wales
northern flying squirrels across managed
landscapes. Journal of Mammalogy. 91(1): 79–91.
Keywords: Clearcuts, fecal analyses, fungi, oldgrowth forests, soil macroinvertebrates, southeast
Alaska, stable isotope analysis, truffles.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/36930
►Brackley,
A.; Nicholls, D.; Hannan, M. 2010.
Red alder potential in Alaska. Timber processing.
36(4): 30–31.
Keywords: Red alder, lumber recovery, Alaska,
portable mills.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/36801
►Lachenbruch,
B.; Johnson, G.R.; Downes, G.M.;
Evans, R. 2010.
Relationships of density, microfibril angle, and
sound velocity with stiffness and strength in
mature wood of Douglas-fir. Canadian Journal of
Forestry Research. 40: 55–64.
Keywords: Microfibril angle, wood stiffness,
Douglas-fir.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/37215
16
Recent Publications of the Pacific Northwest Research Station, Third Quarter, 2010
►Langum,
C.E.; Yadama, V.; Lowell, E.C. 2009.
Physical and mechanical properties of younggrowth Douglas-fir and western hemlock from
western Washington. Forest Products Journal.
59(11/12): 37–47.
Keywords: Wood quality, raw material, mechanical
properties, forest products, juvenile wood.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/37216
►Linton,
2010.
J.M.; Barnes, H.M.; Seale, R.D.; Jones, P.D.
Suitability of live and fire-killed smalldiameter ponderosa and lodgepole pine trees for
manufacturing a new structural wood composite.
Bioresource Technology. 101(15): 6242–6247.
Keywords: Steam-pressed scrim lumber, structural
composite lumber, lodgeple pine, ponderosa pine,
static bending.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/37218
►Lowell,
E.C.; Dykstra, D.; McFadden, G. 2009.
Effects of bear damage on Douglas-fir lumber
recovery. Western Journal of Applied Forestry.
25(2): 73–80.
Keywords: Bear damage, Douglas-fir lumber
recovery, log value.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/37219
►Todoroki,
C.L.; Lowell, E.C.; Dykstra, D.P. 2010.
Automated knot detection with visual postprocessing of Douglas-fir veneer images.
Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. 70:
163–171.
Keywords: Knot detection, image processing, veneer
stiffness, acoustic velocity.
http://www.treesearch.fs.fed.us/pubs/37235
17
PACIFIC NORTHWEST RESEARCH STATION
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