KIU4 Zt1NG PROL3 XN
t
TRt DOUUL.A8 7ZT4 RGIOI
tø tb*
In pertisi f4tiil*ient .f
th rq4r.a.nt t.r th.
Degrs øt
.nn
oubL.a
May 10, 1930
Signature redacted for privacy.
Signature redacted for privacy.
Grei4*is StU*
I
o* The E:ii* rrc
Mieneio*
$ndu eu).ae Ttr
a
0k
o
ç of Douf,1PR Fir CTon
Mock
Thø Ki
olAgleB
Cents t
be
e.d ??
eed !
cbedu1,s To? the
reedjcef ap1s Verses
rueture
42
it Cefln
d o$ite Cz4eit cf Thcd
54
2
XX Dr7te Dste*ts
X Ny Uv Operetten
ifeet,
m1dtty, end trcu1atjo
'1
?p.o of Ktam
Cl.
Ke7 tt Csiuoreja MI$eesde of Pacifto
*.3st.4 Z4t.rstur,
crth.s
TN DOUOI
?ZI
10*
10
ZN T}J DJQ1.AS flIt R1GZON
cb has bean dse tward parfett tag the various drying
systems whiob emv giv, a Law cost pu thousand t.st .f output. hilt
the teat .t.LU remains that thai!e La auch to be aoo.aU.had in the
*othoO of iub.r ha4thg such so henUing in unit paskages,
se
degrade Lu eeeaenirag, dryin to lever moisture ontemts, aM ia*
.mic csristruatian aM operation it bLiss. On. has Li .*ok only to
the past year for aemy iz
voveno in drying apptratue such as
the never jnitsi3*ti.ns at overhead fan bUns of bith the iitLiraal
fan aM blower type. 4 se the
resent
dslps.at of the so eSU4
sir 4rers .4 the 1msnd luabep Canpany plant In S*U Calfornia,
put a ,haUemg. before tho atil p3raior vhs is looking ar a 3w
so it slow drying operation. They have prev.d a sus.ass as f.r so
a. east of
nstructt,n ant operation are coneersad and give pro.
ate of asking further headway into the drying hems in the isgla*
fir regina. il. need net be startled at 4.v.lopasnts is lunbe? dry.
tag.
ant investigations at the Interstate Coassi
sissies aioo hold out the evident tact that a. tine pregro.sai it
,U.i be alsost necssssz'y tar every lusberman to dry his 3ssb.r in
order to seat the standard shipping veigh$ as v.3,1 as the
at the customer.
h. following irs the sajor probless
the Douglas fir region it prss.n$1
], rh. drying of ae*i*a biards and
i. 4o
ture content of iw.lv peroent witbot spprsci
flis s3.iture sontent ibsut half of the shrinkage of he piess has
rs.ss4 and at this ioituz'. Content it ii La the senditisa i$
hich the custraer would lik. to buys het the taCt that asOk d.i.
ocure sheri asaaoulng to thiu usisturs s*nt,nt, the
or does not fec] that It. can absorb the loss uadsr the prss.st priss
and production coot of lumbar. Tar this reason it to ** epea pl!Oi*
at this iSa..
£ roductt.n in the sj!sunt if honoyseab in clear dines.
u.n and stU] 4**sin a fast coheduls of sin 4. or los. sad dry
the lumber to a moisture asatant of 'tan p.riut or ].mor.
£ drying plan or qotes vbtch eLli enable the .pa*'str
to dry heavy stock (12/4 and havier) s.*oatesUy enough so that
hi sa* still ecU the product at a prof
mang the
.l] will operators theta is c,nsiOr$1* 4.
sand for tat. .tgent data on the adaptability of the dry kiln ti
small operattsni so to whether it would be * paying investno
U
not.
0*0 OX' tflC
is beginning to
apocies
f the Pacific
oese sore end nor. in demand on the *srket. Msq
board feet *1. hens Zest en different oper*ttae diug2y
baOaiee it did not pay to bring thi tege to the mill, 11imlak is
bousands of
nt on areenb1s wood to dry becaumo St it* Joherint desire to Cs,.
Close sUckering will .werooma this fault tO a largs
and ti*t
extent, Then too, it has a high moisture sutsat and wan OUIjS
the kiln *paøi%y in an srdla*iy spsretiu. Any method whish *44
morose, the drying rat., rsdsse twisting, checkiag, end a teMaIy
is stain would be worth investti*g for henlask has a great pe$
tiat value.
$itka Spnaee is a *4 that is aidsPstaty easy to
it will not maintain Ii. strsngth qualities u*der the high dryii
t.rmper.tures like Dou1i fir will. For all r4rlsjse stock end
similar stock, the tp.rature must be kept Own. The s*nd tiu
peratur. at whiCh weed deterIorates and starts teeth its stP*i4tb
praperU.. has not ben determined for sit sp.ctet. In spruce It
Lu thought is be between l(0 and 180 degrees tabrenbeit
etry La the Deug)as fir region:
is incr.* sing.
lilt the wttwsod and hardwood ep
fir, $pruos, },rt Orf,rd cedar, fsetern yeltiw pine to
and 44er sod Cotteuwood are the leading spesiSs.
Ootta*weod
to be th. mist difficult t dry under most conditians
no
yet
aUstaotory mona. ktav been worked out for drying. other then
by the hot plat, methods and rather type drier,
a tol].wing prblerna have ban wurkd out at tli Ors
t$t CeUep, Sshoo). af er.stry, and re press*Id a. ateps tos!4
the tartois drtn prob]INC already *atisn.d
07 CIRCULATION
TH
KU.?I VRYZ$G
1CT COiUCN DOUGLAS flR DgNSiO
rio
tudy
beliefs as to the crr.ct am.u.: of rc4atisa
required i* coercia1 operstt.n of dry kiln. are pr.vaTh*t aas*g
opera or.. The purpose of this .xperi*ant is to ho the rsJ&ti*'
btp between the rate of circulation and the loss of mtstire .fiea
the 3asb.r, ta d.t.roins the necessary length of drying tim. for
4jfferent rst *f circulation, and the final sonditie* and is'
turo content of lumber dried for a apetitied time Aider varying ss
ditions of circulation.
A cross clrculatio* kiln zs shown in figure 13 vs. mend
for carrying en the experiments. Thi, kiln wee tesignad primarily
for exprim.nt*l pi.rpo ses, ii 20 feet long, otherwise if it*nd*td
e.tze (10 * 11 feet) WitI the entire lumber lead resting en an
verted truck .sale se that weighings can be mad, at any LUt.r*1
desired. Lsmp.rsturs end ?*nidity are aontr.U.d by an air operit.d
r.cordiag'sontral]er thermostat. rbree 39 iwob Usk tan. er.
rated by a variabl, speed five oreepoM aatsrp WiLich S** be
reulate4 and tb. tan, driven at the following speeds deliver
the following amount of air throiigh the load:
350 R.P.IJ. give a velocity of 3.32 fast p
set
load.
450 R.P,i. give a velocity of 5.92 tent per second threagb
load.
00 R.P.. give e. velocity of B.9 feet per second thougk
Xe ad.
;ren'eighths inch rough itteker, were used, spa4 fear
I ot npt parallel '4th the path of cireulatts*. !3t1 flee on io
the load *ero ueed to prevent the air fr.* "short atrcuttin('
gGn on over the tp or around the end. of the lead.
Luaber
oackod on standard kiln trucks which had eight fo ot bg*ks,
It W3 elected to run three charges at VaX7in rates of
circulation and note the affect on each one end then cowpare the
final reaults as to tine, eondttlon of stock, end coi*a.
an
speeds of 350, 450, aud 600 J,L wer* run, each delivering a
velocity of air through the load as noted on the prscsding page.
A quantity of 11/4 by 6 inch stock in 10 and 20
tot
lengths was available for this study. All rs*tstis3 iiaa graded
es select com5on
the green chain,
Ioweyer, no c.nsiderr4Ie*
Ens given to the eonditton of the knots, whether encased or t*t*
I
vewn, but graded merely on the sz* of the knot. 3sapin testM
for acieture content shovad an v*rag. of 33 pa
noistuPi lI*P
tent in the unseasoned lumber. In making these teats. the oven
thad was used, and the samples 1.L* in th ovol 24 k*rs b.t.rs
ond weighing.
%e parcent&gs is based en the o,sn 417
3nd ftgur.4 by the foraila;
Tn1
x 100
oven
M.C.
1
feowing echedule was used on all three nns.;
__
__
tt__
1
0
150
138
72
24
i58
138
58
81
165
145
5
140
51
90
1o1
165
13,5
44
104
170
145
3,
ash kiln charge carried a lead of approximately
board feet, nd afl øf the cal.culatione a, to rate of loss of
ture are basad on the etht of te entire Liad, end i1y on maki*
.ch.ke were calculations made en tests of individual piecøs. This
is the one big advntaga of weighing the antir. Load, as it deee
not 1*nvi the ssUag if the material to the prejadise. of the
o p.r*t**8 Weighings were
eds st convenient iat.rvei.s as the run rs
rseasd, and ecord.d. These wsht. war, used in calculating the dif.
fsrent percentages which appear £.n cur,. ad table fore. A suffilirnYt
number of u'..plo. were selected at th. first of the run to .t an
age oteturs content of th. load and then the oven dry weight of the
entire load calsuiet.d as foLtows
rignslw4ht 9!
L3
The oven dry v.iht was tbefl used xa before szplsin.d in calculatieg
the is'tetui. content in por cent s the run progr.aa.4, and whn the
required Noieture content w&s reached the charge wris pulled, a.pt
in the bet charge rh,re the moi#ur, content reached ten par cant.
Regults
Charg.Ne. 1.
un at 350 R,E.It. or a veloCity of 3.32 feet a second
through the load.
1os In
!.Lt ku1b
o
150
135
66
0
33
6
150
135
66
0
34
125
150
135
66
50
32
231/2
150
135
66
3
317
33
150
135
66
"5
30.4
38
158
135
53
46
158
135
53
1300
27
52
158
140
61
1500
26,2
ur2 OtL
ini2
:*u.w.o
ttQUT.J
'tcev
ru :uç2jo 'tt9t(
WG1uo ezngo
'
Q.*QD
tT'° ao
n
,1 ft *q.
* uuq a*q
poçid Jfl014
wç1?;
..iaq
at
'Lt
at
i'9t
at
rtt
UT Lv,d.uçp
O4t
0Lt
oit
591
091
Ott
09t
Ott
rOz
59t
ctt
OOz
6t
591
t,t
056f
S
OOE
a 'u
oopz
g't
On
9
ft
S(Lt
c. ,
oOt
z
09t
act
t
091
on
cc
10
Core,
erigit:
ore. fiya1:
50.
rams
45,8 graa
ure COEL
9. z7
h.U. origtut: 14.0 ris
a
Moiture .ontsnt
Othel!
age of
Qvn tset showed otiro coitor* of
0
thiø. eaç1ei, Teet as above ahoved e1iht c
8
150
5
150
136
34.2
150
136
68
33
17
150
136
68
31
24
158
138
58
29.4
29
158
138
58
28
33.
158
138
58
27.2
41
158
138
58
25
43 1/2
158
3.38
58
24.6
54
158
3.38
58
23.25
55
158
138
58
23.2
65
158
3.38
8
fl,i
11
r
1b
11
158
138
58
21.0
76
3.58
3.38
58
20.05
1.65
145
5,
ltj
89
165
140
51
18.1
6
165
140
51
3.65
135
44
3.03
3.65
135
44
3.05
170
135
3,
3.13
110
135
Is.'
119
170
3.35
i.5
120
110
3.34
129 1/2
110
134
14.3
170
130
13.7
110
130
13.2
Initial:
Jven dry;
193.5
i6
oi.tire Cant.
Core, injti3.
f1n1:
Motttur Cønten
17.3%
I 4.4$
61.0 grase
2& rru
OLt'
e1UI) LtTtO7!
:t.u; ejo
:tCTI.TuT 'G.iO
10tt
ina 6get
T) ''T
tw!J ttq
tWTht
.tu*j2 109
:twTuT 'U49
:tut; 'eao
$e:,t 5t9
TTtV 4eao
mv4$ 29tt
wu4? O'99r
ZeAy
,uouo $flh1UtOy
rttr,
sin.r
or
80,2 gre
73,3
reas
C nto!
0* cut for *asshardet
ob
0
81/2
68
201/2
23 1/2
8
27
5$
32 1/2
36 1/2
47
58
49 1/2
158
601/2
138
23.
2
138
138
73
15 1/2
58
4V2
96 1/2
11.1
991/2
140
1/2
5,
5,
165
140
112
170
140
1161/2
110
140
45
110
140
45
14.4
4,
4.25
103
170
45
24.25
15.45
170
45
140
13.2
45
12.3
122
20.0
th4 the chars.
he final ss3..s e
Is was i.ft, but with eo*. sad
indicatod asv.re caashardsning, bat
cist
nhy sea.
Thsr was no inetu*snt avaj1ab1 to cheek the lag
ha lead, nor the gain in noistur. seet.*t is passing
tl*r.ugh the load. Ihis is tO b r.grsttid beisuse the o*rvs,
aly (figure 1) that with the i*Psai* in sirwulatten ibe
dryiag progree..s faster due to two rca.
1. * faster evaporation due to the L,su*d vapor preeeur on
the surface of th. wood.
A mar. uniform h.atin of th wood all across the load due
to the I.oansd lag in the tisiperstur. across the ].oad,
ce this .xperlmenL has been conducted, checks an the lag LudLC*
that at
535
Rj,M. there is a lag of 840 dep'e.e, which cl.sriy im'
diontee a probable leg if 12l5 degrees Lu the e]ow rate at cir*u2a.
tion, and about
6
degrees tar the fastest rat. of trculatlon. 8iads
2s.r studies in edge stacked loads indicat, a lag of
15
to 18 degree.
in a kiln equipped with a email fan of the old.r fia.t blad. type, and
a lag of 10 to 12 degrees in thi never type of kilna whais fans de)tvm'
abeut 20 p.r cent
re air thun the former.
It is tateresting to not.o that in curs
mber 2. of ftrs
2 that the drying increased at a considerable haatancd rat. after
the wood bad 1eched the fiber scturation point at about 25 er cent
moisture content arid than the rate of drying decreased at about 20.5
per nt moisture content. The possible explanation of thâ is that
alter aU or the fre. water had 'been 1st, the rac at trP.netusiia
decreased and the exterior parts of the piece bscazi* quite dry, thus
indicating thit this would be the start of the o*s.herd.tng presses,
After th. exterior parts of th. piece became quite dry th, film of
moisture betw*e the exterior and intrior cells was broken and the
transfusion tram the interior to the outside was quite slow,
At
ly
be
this point
*
steaming treatment ioui4 undoubted"
of en aid in cbeckin the cae.hardenLng process and
/
x
COARIcN
ri VZ.flJ
Ti
tUTIC
AV3 O
CX1tCWJCflO
3
S
6rr,z# sñowrny he eire'c
of c,/PI/4't/QI7 C'? t/'e'rr7
..of.ap4jl//4Dou;/as fir-
Øji
f .59Z32 -f ,Dv
e#
a
J..
'---.4.
36
,
4.
ll1lul_
.1111_
2
____
/:)
2°
30
40
5
(SO
-
70
Hout-s
.
.4
in
4
/1//ti
(1
__
__
(
(1
5eJ?r/P1.i
"
'
apis evetng wi the * i itu rose tsnt .qut2.ibriu*.
aLysin oury. aiabir 2, figure 2, it U1 be Doted
tb3.t te izttic1 rate qf tess was quite rapid. dees to 23 V2 per
cønt xgsisture soutont w)ick inttcetwa a point iher. 5)1 of the
frye wst? bad bsen roasyid and son. of the .ztsnier surf ass. bad
bcouio q.its dry, ?rea 23 1/2 par cent asisture content t* about
U per cent *oiatpe content the ret. of Zoo.
e practieeU. the
.fter r.acbin th 16 p.r cent asinturo content point, dry.
lag prorwpsi4 a a still
ier re.te thaw bilarri.
safls,
nrv. suher 3, flure 1. ezews tb saae tandancy as
carve nu.er 2. ut there to a deoid.4 deorease in ret of Lass of
aoisture at s
7 1/2 per sent iistr, content.
4t tbn ae ibe4u10 nd iuin a rate of circuls.
tian of 15 to 20 feet pr ascend a ou.rv. asuld be deocribad whiak
would in ill prob&oi14ty interseit th. rninbir 3 curve a.iid cress it
at about 15 par csflt asistur. content .zid 12 hours with * e.ndi.
ton of w.ry sever. caash*rdnt*g and probably honey cs
?roxa
in the
h. graph it can e scen t}ut * .cviu of U hour;
can ba effected br ueing tnø hLh rute f eir.ulstios end vi* proc.
ticaU the sam* fine). coition rd the dried stock, providLn the
proper taamin4 treatsents ure uz.de t
relieve the fin1 easeherdan.
in itriesos wJ4cki are aasut ta a groatr degree in the faster
unied utock.
Illifli
::IUU
Hut
l
I
111th
liii HHI:HI
..gj.
r..
f,oI Circu/el
:
0
__
__
IISIIMIUUUI I
I,ju..I-.uIkMI.--..
.
Ad
sPc. frer
lullorli
If
__
II
II,IiHI
uimuiniiimni
II1HHAIII
.
HlIflflHflflI
IIHHHHI I
.
-
nmiui IiI
-
Null
load Ihrq
Figure 2, showing thi cost per thousand
board
fect tr
* elsie of stock at various rates of circulation,
prspa
a
the toU,wing bssj.
1. Copt data frsa a large west coast iniU drying bath
n. shows a ,s$ for operating and investment of
ercial kiln at 61.60 p.r hour,
Such a coamei-ei*l bUn iU held epprodmat.].y firtj
six 4
b.rd fet of 2 3/4 by 6 inch stock,
3 The total abor of hiur. ailtipli.4 by the cost par
'ided by the capacity of kiln gLows coit per thusend
board f*
4. The additto*al cost of power rsquirid to dii,. the
fan. at an increased speed was not co,si4sre4.
'kje ssj, heeev,
would be relscuvaly *41.
The tots], saving as between the slcwest and the fast*st
rate of cirsulati,ou will be scan tø be bO.2l8 per thousind board
feet.
1, For the same
died to 14 1/2 par c,i
and for 23/4 by 6 inch stock,
re content a saving of 14 hours
sa be effected by using a sircu)atien of approxia*tsly 9 felt
per assond inatsad of 31/3 f..t per second; or a saving of three
kour
per run btwa.n a circulation .f 6 fet per second and 9
feet per second through the load. This takes Late csi4.ratin
3..
tho fieaL temt
'e*tn.nt to retev the YsU7ing dijFIOS of ca
hardening.
Th produes the sarne off act or c ditlon of the drj
stoch a hier
idjy suet be msint*in.d with the f*ater rat. of
ctrulatj,n in order to prevent too rapid surfMO drying.
'i' wo4 of a hh uieture content a ig.
cirtUati
rate of
is dosirOja bseinzes:
A
Zt eupp3es heat far vaporeiin, sad
l. Dureaiea the vapor pr.eiure on the aurfaso of the
piece which permit a xors rapid aurfce drying,
4$b an increas, ii. ctr.ulajjon and a Osroaes tn lag,
lower tempereturas vifl produ
the same results em
Con be ab
tamed with a slow rate of circulntion, a large lag, and a higher
t enpsratur..
5
A high rate of circulation end en saple aasut of air
are required to produce feet end uniform drying. which consequsat.
ly reduces the seat aS
SAP DZMN6IO$
KIU4 T.TING 0? COIWON 8/I? DIM.NSZ0$ FIR
The object
if this eerisnt was to
serve
a d.i.
stratton tsr the class im the sh.$ course in kiln dryi* ffer.4
at the Cropn stat. 4grisu3tirel College and to secure basis 4*4*
*$ to the smount and the rate øf less it moisture in eeasenj* a*p
boula fir (?ssU4.t$u
(2 by 6e
aent.
tsatfs]ja).
bros hundred f..t of Douglas fir sap dJ*o*Mon.
8 inch) was selected as the asie for the isri.
The legs tram whisk the lumber was cut
iare of uadium sise
old growth csntetMng thre, tø six ock.s of saplood. Most if the
lumber Oars tram the sids Cut
and wa. flat grain, and meat all
it the boards contained a meali mount of hier$ weed,
Oven tsati based so the dry .tght of the wood indtoatsd
o average motitur. content for the unseaneae4 lumber of 67 per
cent, and n average osight of 4380 pounds per thousand board feet.
wsighte made on a different scale of a li o common if slight'
forest sharsotci, (i,g, , mere knots) indicated a wsight of
4532 pounds per 3070 beard test.
hi* last let was takse for further
*eighiag and surfacing, AU ealsuletins were b*3e4 on the weight
f ths .ntjre laid wbicb coitinus1.1y ristid an ecai., &nd figurid
in tha bags Uia asleulatiane dive a trus avrwp far the aindi
Lion of t) entire loa4..
160
32
7
77
"5
134
1.70
154
1.75
154
i**r lot of 1070 (*4 out of 2
. C.
1.75
1.45
1.75
1.50
53
1.50
47
65
70
FIGU1E LU
GRAaHZCAL
absATxoN (.iX T1* OFLTDiG 8CHD U11
AND TIZ t3U NG It?1; OF SA? DIMENSION DOUGLAS FIR
ff. iIIHIffihIIIllIllhIIIllhIIIIIIIIIIIftuhIOIIIIIIllllIIIIIIIIIIIllhIJuuhIIIIIlIIIIIIIIIloff UIHIIOffi
HIIIIIHIHIIIIHI IIIIIHIIHIUIIIIIIHIIIOIIIHIIIIHII 111111 11111 1111111
11111 HOIIIIHHIIHIII 11111
11111
IIIIIIIIIIIIOHIHI llHhIIIlIllllIHhIIIlIHIHhIlluhIOIl 111111 11111 101111
11111 III000IIIOIHII Hill
1110
IRA
I1OIIIIOIIIHHIIftIHHIHIHOIOOI1IOIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIUIIII l1011ll1011hlOHlHINlII0111011101111HllhIIIlllllffluIll
.IOPOIIIIIOIIIIHIIIIIIIO
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Ho 'irs
7
lip,
('
AFICiL
AND ri
1hL1NG
O
Vh.:. UTIG
2 by 4 ;AP XULAS flR
1'i.0 £Uid Tvø Inches tprt Te A]iaw iPe
Cir.4i&tiu Ia LUIn L.sd)
R,,-cg,,t Mo/shire
S.
R'rc,,if ñ'et //i,rn
.5-
The let of 1070 beard feet htch waø etghod
S5Od
This t*t
from the kiln .at the end of the 77 hour pie4 sad wsvoihed 4
eeasoned condition1 was all nwnber áne cámrnón,
this time 1* the urn.urtseed condition it weighed 348? puade, ead
the moisture Soitsnt of the entire l,s4 wan oslo tatsd by mesas
of the asalse sa the basis of the øntirs Load as 22.2%. The say.
fae4 weight, af th sj* 1070 bs'!rd f.t, surfaced four sides, we*
2580 pond.e1 and the aeit.ure cntiat of the surfaced boards
di.atsd by the tpp.asta11. soiture caster varied
tO
from
0 per cent
24 per cent with 22 per ecet as s spprexlaate averag.
In the graphic rspressntatise of the run, ft*r. 4. the
isitiassue curv..
the conditions 1* the kUn end the
in
tur esateM of the 3ønd during the first 77 hours of the run, at
hick tins the lit of sm as described was rencsd. The dstta4
after the 77 hour period idiøate thor condition, is the kiln
hi rest of the land which wa left in the kiln for a total of
re sad dried to an awerag. fiaci moisture ent eat of 16 p.r
This 1*.r whisk was 'Left to th* kiln tsr 337 hours was if
appro4nsts3y the ae type and texture of lumber but all with a
rk. object of sontiadog the drying below the 22 pa?
wai to determine how tat the moimt%ar lift the o4 Or
waw mark,
his. given Condition, as ..t forth in the .s1*duls.
22
5uU
I, The ayeraze wUht per thousand board feet of Dou
fir sap out from medium sized logs rnd dried to &
i.ture conte
of 22 pr cønt is approxtmo.tely 2400 pounds,
The loss in weight per thousand hoard feet in ou&lae fir
sap out from medium sized 1oe, which baa an initial rnoiture contnt
of 67 per cent and a final moisture content of 22 per cont is 920
pound. (wtaurfiic.d),
The cost of drying the above stock to 22 per cent moisture
conc.utratien is p.27 per thousand board feet. (Cost date froa a.
large wat ooait mill drin common lumber as fellows: (1) Operating
and investment costs of one commercial kiln is 6?.
p.r hour;
(2) on. commercial kiln will held 41 trLoueand (set; (3) 77 hours by
67.6 divU.d by 41 M tves a cost of 1.27).
; larg. saving can be effected in reduced shipping w.ights.
(For .mp1s; u a. 720 rate, the saving on the above stock would be
*6.524).
A larg. profit can be ade by drying this class of stock.
(For example;
6.524 less cost of drying gives a profit of $5,254).
Very little degrade will be encountered in drying this
class of stock to a 22 per cent moisture content. Practically all
ca*.d knots on surfaced stock were intact. Checking accounted for
a degride of 0,02 per cent.
t. tUxty'eeYsn per cent of th. total of moisture is
removed
during the first 77 hours. Nine per cent is removed during the next
60 houra on the achedul indicated in the graph.
Plate I).
h. K11N £YL
)F
5YC
i(LAS
Attnpte are being mede aU over the ntqla. fir regi,a
n drj- i.are sires of dintenien toek and ta a fw tnetnnce.,
oem
tinber*,
hen
operrttor rt$empts to dry this stock en a
fast schedule, osesidereble trouble is eneountsred in the cheCking
end heneysembing near the end of the piecS. it La t* purpose Sf
the exp.ri**ntsl runs to obtain, if peesible
practical schedule
that wUl øaterially reduce the drying time and yet keep th. stock
from suffarin too heavy a degrade.
cur3o4 e approxim&t.lr 2,QOO fet of even t.4u?sd
eld growth Douglas fir of the yellow fir type was veed for the en'
priaent. 'h. Isad vie divided trite three ihrgø, each ohere be.
trig run en a diffireet schedul, as described in the following pss
The stock wee of two dzes, the larger part being 3 3/4 by 4 Vs
inches, end sns 3 1/2 by 4 1/2 inchee,
s discrimination will be
med. as to the differ-eiic ef drying rate of these tw sizes.
he etsek Was flat piled on 7/8 inch stickers with as it.
lovanci of 1/16 te 1/4 inib between the pieces in the row for Sir.
culatien.
was such thet the la eros the flat piled
bad vs around four degree Fahrenheit (or the higher *amiditiep sad
stoa4 eight degrees 7abr.nheit far
ditii. below 75 p.r cent.
* the tirs tie runs every other end was end coated with
a ooattn made 0! hard*nd gsc oil end white Iced which did net
prov very effective.
i'he kiln wa Loaded and run contintoua1y until, the
w&s dailad dry, waigking. baLnG made of the waight of the load at
convenient interval. tlweugbout the nan.
9iture content dstrnir*otieas were made by the oven
toot bath bfore end after the dryLn process. Thi
sture uite*t
no diteridned by th, toots node from the dry lumber we. uoed i&i a
basis for c*ktn ca1eu1ztins ecouee aore sap1ee wore taken f the
st*c at that period.
he foUovin te
cidened report of the kilr
nd reaotton, ,f the lumber during the run and e the sad.
0
350
146
90
404
17
350
245
87
39.4
48
1.55
145
16.5
334
51
155
146
7,
123
360
150
71
3.60
165
354
72
221
165
3.52
13.5
250
Out
24.3
0?
o;IG
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O
irwz
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25
I
ch.c
r th
sxerd.in
chock
rpQs
sever, cib
here
CrCe$$ tzc f..ce
an
inch oi
r
ru
e1ibt check, a hack one inch r less
wUI
ui the pioti
t
.si4 to
&
.diun cn*k,
ond of the pi.ce
and
in 1enthwi.o section
*1o't the cnd.
Table I
ec.
-
.2
Uictted
U*oatsd
tht
L
11.7
7.0
3.4
12,05
3.?
4.25
Z8.O
2.9
1.6
12.0
--------
- - - - -------- * - -
Average
Coated
3,0
4,95
14,8
UnCoatd
4.8
2.28
12,2
3.5
* - -fl.4
ron the tb10 it cetn us:sein tht the end coatd ioce$
phoad 1,8 per cent 1es, piecas in etch reupectivu cl-se whik t*$
sYerely od checked, but then louin at thu percent
n chko it 'i11 be niicsd that the tetel
more in the ianoo4
dedne
1ich he'we
uab*r not checked sag
olaea than in the conted,
ma this ens a1.g
tht4. this end coatin had 1it1e affect on this churge,
2
5anp]es taken for hn.yoonb wire teken at
the lead ers4 repre.snt a fair sawp]e of the whole.
Table 2
tireatt verag, ]sngittdana1. extension at honeycomb
chenks, and the gr.atest width of the wiOst øheck.
4ient
outg
o ate
t.
L.ngtk in
Inc hei
10
2.33
idth in
Inches
I * 15
10
P. rct
*t Chkd.
10
10
33
-
This would tndiiate tht the end ceattag in this p.rti*.
iar run as not mry effciiv. in reducjn the amount or severity
of 'kie hineyck. &;f cQurse, this doa* not mean that end costing.,
if
f
ho proper kjd, will tiet reduce and c1ecking avd hane7comb,
U lb
tt Bulb
Per cent.
*--
te1.
rn,
0
160
15?
£2
160
155
4
165
155
78
33.5
60
110
157
12
2.2
93
40.2
40.0
27
cant
at Bui
}lo ur
96
180
302
380
368
77
308
180
363
67
230
120
180
170
79
21.0
370
70
184
81
342
24.9
t
149
Chski
/n4yps
Thu end cheoUn, *s far as could be detsrmiasd by
0aJ
ipiri.
means waw alma t identical with the first run. Son, end cheeks
had developed in
the stock before it went into the kiln, There eta,
however, a reatsr amount of checking a1on
tha øid of the
pieces
than in run wmber 3,
G*ycomb
An4yjf
*1b1. 3
Qreat85t avsrts loujtudaua3 sztenatn of hoesycoab
checks, anct the greatest wi4th of the widest check.
.coat.4
Ko. Samples Length In. % No.
lncb
No.
Honeycs.
Honeycomb
inches
33.
2.00
18.2
:
7
I
:
7
3,85
3.20
18.2
- - - - .- -------------------- - 1.3
1115.dth In,
31.
00
00
On this tabulation the catd material sod a diff,ren.
of 1..i8 inchs from the uncoated material on Doth
nd
of the ptiQ
due to te end coating treatment4 or approximately four inches en
1WnXC?J4
2
c
i.G
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the ots4 pisc v1ich wao not derae rnd ou1d not hay, to be
trLued,
Rup Nu*bsr dl
iBo
166
63
3.60
6
U
172
84
28
3.70
79
3.80
3.66
72
332
3.80
172
83
26j
180
164
48
10
3.80
3.72
83
13
3.85
168
76
92
164
63.
96
164
61
0
4
9
54
(Up to Tharaiur)
167
00
3.85
175
80
3.04
3.85
170
70
13.0
185
3.6
67
171
i2
3.20
129
3.37
Out
(8t.aa Off)
(tght hours added for 1osi of moieturo due t Low! boin
left In warm k$)n. a adcition91 five pErcent va 3.eett
during thti tJ..)
20.5
18.3
16.5
7
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on this load so it. was not pea.
were no ends
sible te dra, soari
MCkL34 and heneC.ebj*g.
Greatest average I.e
*tensia* if hensco*b
h.cka and greatest width of widest ebeek.
Jncoate4
Length in
20
dih1 Inches
20
15
- - - - - - - - - - - __ - - - -
-
-
pon
The diffoi'ent schedules have been shown. together with
the rate of 1ss, both in graphic and tabular Sorrn. end up to this
point no large difference can be determined in the ti**1 sendittea
if the stock,
o doubt rn Number 1 hc.s a aach mere even di.tribii
iin of r4ajsture in th indjv&dua3. pieces then the other runs.
Other than this thers Seems te be no paticulor foture to r.cem'
ether of the three schedules, s fa so defect.
mend or coed
are Concerned,
In figure , which shows a cozApari n of the three ttt.
tert rune, we way, prirhap, be able to araw
me infarmattea of
a definite neture. Carve I. shows a very irregular outline with the
featu.re of * quite raptd loss of eisture 4urin the isitta3. stages
drying.
urvs
mbe
2 follows tho
the 90 hour point, which tüao brin,o the
we tendency up to about
ud to the fiber p*ture.
30
tion pei*t.
roa this point on it will be ioticsd, the rate of dry.
rsaReØ over that as Oown in curve buber 1. Thin f.Ilws
knowis principal that a higher t.,srstura is req4Ps4te
epsrat. the water froa wood below the fiber istu*tiis
poi*t than when the oisture conozit to higher1
In e*&ry 3, the initial inQieture content
in the other rune. Ii follow-s do aely the
r 2,
me tr.n
but shows a faster drying rate in the latter three fi*h of the r*n
except for the final 10 or 12 hour period. There to a decid4
slump in the drying rate at the firet of the rn which may be O5
counted for by the lowering of thB temcrature after the initi4
high toperature has been started.
By cobiing the goed features of each of the eeheth1ec
the following schedule is recoended at least for a fai
1ttcen
0
150
146
90
12
250
133
72
36
160
147
71
54
170
154 V2
70
180
162
65
100
180
173
85
40
34
2
3].
308
3.85
1693/2
10
24
2.32
185
3.68 1/2
48
2,
240 Untfl Dr7
3.35
168 1/2
68
140
185
174 i/a
80
144
385
Out a
2.8
percent
If a lower ueiature content
desired, it il2. be x*iee.
sary to carry the sehedul3 ahe4 at not to ezeecd 185 degree., and
with r re3.atjye humidity not lower thn 60 percent. ?ractic. w%3.3
tabli&i the bewt che4ule, bt a r&pid liii of moisture is not te
be exted below 18 percent.
nd coatine if of the correct type
be used to an
advantage it the ce et is not too jreat to be con4 otent pith scn'
Omical practice,
32
The art i fiot ai extract ion o f v.ed i s b$ contng rno
end
mora iapertant with the aftent of reforsitaUoa and aSforeatati*
po4iee of privet, and public gerciss, To meet the domestic soid
foreign d.and for certified
ono lwnber compu4is end ØØø
iercie ased cempiniss have cone iito the businee of produein
for,et trs' seed on & co ircial baste to be sold on the m.ikst.
The tezts conducted a dscriLe.d by thu per were i,s-de
to detenino thc effcct of te'nin&; trctent on the rete of drr
i: aLd th recultant effect on the percent of errnation of the
extracted eod.
A large nuber of Douglas fir (Peiuedot suga iazifol.ia)
cones were
thered in the vicinity of Lebanon, Oregon by the J4n
eU iurnbor Company during the ft.11 of 19?9, The drying operatisn
that they maintained in connection with the esed e raction plant
wet not large enough to take care of the cono rapidly enough to
previt excessive surface
ding, so in order to hasten tho dryie
severel cherge wsrc run in the uron state College dry kiln.
he conee uare placd on trays with screen bottma, and
the trays in turn run into the dry kiln. ?he cones were evenly
placed en the trays not eve' two cones deep in any iutenc.
and
,evom.eightk inch stickers placed between the trays to al]sw fey
sir .ircul*tisn,
hs kiln which is ef the t*terlM4 f*n ts prs.
vidsd aapI.e sircutatien thrsh the tray. .s* coss., Thi f.11o4ta$
s*s was
s rv$ in all if the cb*gi,
the tssperatur. a]lvsd to go above 130 dV' 7.brenhiit. The
dry bulb ttaperatur.
.o sat regul.ote6 acepL icr the ti.sa indiuted for the
yrieus ot.a4ng treats.Ste. the recain4sr of the time ths Vent.
wet bulb
bang wide open and the steam spray shet eU.
£EL 2
0
110
12
U.S
120
125
36
44
128
Do £ry
object of the itsamtn treatment at the start at the
VUX)
si t* eu it the steawing would hasten the drying proseu
and alec to i.e if the
an4n w*uld have any offect an the cones
which wore hevt1y mutted with mold.
3y inpection, it could b*
en that tha cm.. pessessd a much 1right.r , cleaner look is.i
diataly after the ateaming procaei, but at the end of the run auch
s coipariein shosd little or no di! fore*t
he cones cere held in
bo
S
i1* nti1 uniformly ory
dryasaa bein,g determined br the 1ritt1enes of the atalk o
.trobU.e. In order to be dry
ouh to extract. the sied easily the
,taU must break ofr without bending to aore thai about en angle e
40.45 degree.. Thia taiL. ia of course an1
i1'iC*l m4
1
seoordL*g te the speciss
*Ld forR of the .trobUs.
Tb. faUodng give the candeneed findieg. of the vari,us
r**.. Teita were asde to dstiri4a. the ssisture ceniset f ditfsp.
nt cpu, at the begi*njstg nd end
the rua, but the riseto
f1*etuatid so gr..tly that the prsbable error was toe kare to
sea
aider the so*p]ss taken as reprseut4i,. If the wh.is ensb.r atib.
La the ahsyj, Pr this r.u.s, the results .rc. ba.sd on the (i*4
wdht of the ahsrg. e.cb eharg. cont*iaiag about 80 ordinary
grain stcks fuU of cones, The csliulatJgal are nods as the heeLs
0! the entire chsrgs1 the eights being taken odi1e the oo* were
is the ti]*,
6650
6200
11
6150
22
6000
31
5-6
'5
43
t weight .t eherge
weight
charge
311
2562
1050 pounds
Net
44
Houre in IUI*
L41
of .409 pouzsds per pound of dry
qua.1a .409
eu of .00929 pauadi pr pound per hi$?
squa)u .00929
.4
44
d na pre
(Vente wLdo open
!
ste$n on th
I
'Vents open and no pre1iisin
t&z Z..
___
0
6625
13
6250
16 1/2
(.100
24 1/2
5950
36
5650
43
5500
-_-----*
-
----
Nat ,r5iflL1 weight
361.2
Not ftnc1 weight
2502
Nat Lees
io85
kours in LU
43
Lss in pounds pr pound of dry eibt
.433
Lss in w,iht per pound of dry weight per hour
.0].05
pre
0
5800
t erijtna3 set
t fin4 tbt
Not Loss
Honre tnXU*
ud. per pouM *f i
Loas in
slit par pou
443
or dry saight per *IuP .00978
'2$
5$.
a'
5000
40
43
- .-
---. ---
N
35*1 pwenls
U.s final weight
x.t JIO
is Kiln
43
Lou La pousti per pound of 4r7 weight
in weight per psund of dry weight per hour
.541
01200
I
Va*$s decal aM tteniiug tratasnt at 100 percent rel&.
tty or ae ni.r that as p..stbI. was gLven sense far psrisd
taa After the 30 ainute p.rtod, vs*ts epe*sd ml
Iwo
pound of
pound of
. 41
0013
Ynts cZ*ad e.nd tei
.rt.4 fe
r 5.
62$
3
51/2
16
U
560*
24
5400
3? V
45
Net en
1212
Net fitU weigjtt
212
N
3.000
Neirs $*
45
øs. L* pu*dø ptr pei
Lese *II Sig%it per psund of
.451
veikt per
sour
.0
r*14b,uy *teai4ng treatieni at 100 percent r,3.
dUy for .5 iinutes, after wlieb the opu was s)at off s,4
its
0
1150
61*5
25
'"5
6325
38
W50
43
60$
Net Pijinal wsLkt
ltd ett*
43
td. pr pound ef
4 per psund ef dry veig)*t p.r )est
reli*L*s&ry et.L*g
øetfl$St *4 100 mere
I fer sn k.ur efter *isb the etea* spray was e
i ep.nsd.
0
6350
13/a
6525
Z1 3/2
4115
5 /z
6050
233/2
5?0G
251/2
56$
ti
øJ,
U90
nq ,pwyw
PU WS$i
SIVO LW 1*1
W%JflP Rdid
*e.i O*
OU Li&
iU PU PSIØPU
4 vopi,,uuud
at iø w.
zae
po*.q. uqpuøo
qai* iuo
wau,g j
%oo'
9Soo
ft
59a00
4
,g'o0.
1j'
Ja v.jsirma.
it 1PT WI 0
Lzc)
asd 'q Jej
u
aqt
5 $'IflVL
pun.d .z,d q2M u
0 punid jd apTod K' no
Tt
u ur sano
t*UT
P4T0
SM
Li
41
The rsaui.$ 01 ths.e teits shoe 4.iriy t.4 there i *
advat*gs in stetng tratm.nts tar the purpise ef ape.din up t
dri*g eshed4e or for the purpose at r.Ue$*ig the a
of a4d
nya.U* s* the sane. aothin can be bitter tI*a dry hset and
ptenty
f sircLatt..
P B 05 14
SCHAi
o1woo
flRTZ$G Or
AND
;OAmi*
hLAPL
NICU
42
Cottonwood aM meple YOneata are ruy dttfiiilt to
y La
kila because of their ten4snc to iviekle, split, sad veIl
the drying process. Cottnwod *epecially sene to htv the
soeEs s*rs.ng.d is e sort of
era ow'bandd mennor, c
eyes sbjtnkao. Isp1s. especially the
knstt.y and birds
or. pieces, ha, the aas tendøncy to wrinkl, as cottonseed, sad 1*
addition. arpL. eplits easily upon drying, sp.iially if n.y ott
to raaO to held it in piaCi
4
Me1e ro the Green to Oven Dry Condition
$ Xs
J3road1,*$ Ma.1.
4
11.6
3.1
1.1
14.1
3.9
9.2
ebjeet of these teste was to develop ic
voeld dry the veneer eteck to five p i'cent noisture cant.s
1itte d.rtde in sr1*kUn, sp]itttn,
cupping, and staining
poseiW., and stiLL sniMati a abort drying p'io4 that would ha
to the operator.
svr*l $se *r
diff.rnt
using dUtorsnt aohduiøj aM
oiho4s ø placing the Tensors in the kiln load.
3oas
43
at t)
t..k waa pt n treye nd aee Os *ttckers;
M5O
etickers
aLht *.ubaa ap&rt *tad ao0 toir inches apart in sa*h at the 4U.
fsr.*it Nh.d3.a z'u*. The foflowing sates and tabMl4tsaa eat
rth the esadit ions a they øscnrred du4* the dryisj pi.4.
.L !*
MEi
g Ot$Z
i
sert*a of eli charges we
ciffsrent a*hs4.
ule., different athds of aticksriasj, aM diffsrsnt weibtinj sf
the loads. Herein is a lint of chedulos used, which ty be earthy
of turie? oeneideration in nnking pr*etie*i. pp1icatLs*.
t
Tttbi" tine nor otur ot teck was euf$&cLant to aba*.
amine any tandard pra*iioe, end tha 1st two chrrØs
consisted of stock that had b*en sUht1' deteriorated by azeld sad
a1ight dr eaaasM*g, flswv.r, the r.ealts are a deft*ite pointer
ii the prebable pract
L
1di*X,
2
120
125
1.30
135
1.1.2
8*
31.2
11
U'
U'
U'
'S
'4
5*
'M
4.
340
U.6
4.7
140
U'
47
Cher
Wersge Initisi i,
ap3i
.pis
eri.nt
8
Cotton 201.7
3/16 CGttta 1$o.8
urs Cint
Vo np3s)
3/16
.tte*)
ivrage esv.n
ars.snt evin te$
V20 C.ttes)
?art ef the etock was put on trsys, but pr.i.d *nsttis.
*tary hecua,s they 1r0 not we]. supported throughout the tty'
ond booaups the iflth of the ,enssT sheets were not
øtick.re, The trays were of five' eihtbs Snc
iined 'itb
the
ateri*3 and .tiekre
iht L*GMe apart.
stoch that was sUckered turned out considerably bet.
than the stack in th. trays, having ue warp and wrinkle thr.a*.
Part of the maple si s1.ost tree fro* tam ea4 part of it
a alight traic of sticker stain dough the mt&1s Zaers.
1aror ehoets e.f nepli, results were quite good, bet perhaps,.
b* *at.riu1].y iaproved by ale ear sUckering.
Net drying tin., forty.two hour.; 1/20 stock. seven *
3/36, thø.e deep.
0
142
4
144
132
8 3/2
150
132
201/2
150
3.32
150
126
50
8y
2
350
3.36
67
870
28 1/2
150
130
57
32
150
3.27
52
127
45
82
tx'i4ne1 L C.
cotton wood
875
255.9
Final oLattLre Content
4.5
oi9ture Cntot
4J
3.
tecIc
w
be a
and knotty.
tiIere
k1irM.
.Tap3.a
perca
for 3/3.6
laid 3 deep
for' 3/20
1id 7 deep
tnhe oprt, wih g.ve too
&tb o s3.t1kt veitti*g of
ftorr
9
tt
hed1e for not ;;ria3. t hat i
t.ock, tbi
s)io*L4
not cro a bgt
Lgck tuzed to be in u ø1iht1r bettr conditto*
t han La charge nuaber 4.
136
61/2
0
13%
12$
80
1.40
1.30
15
I,
140
68
14
145
70
25
150
36
155
62
133
56
1450
44
47
171$
4
43
50
128
41.
124
1.60
120
164
116
a4 dstir. CGntent 1.09 psr)fl.
otir* CøiteM t*c,*a to 1qr
1.
3.6
G
2
3
o.2
4
7.7
5
9.6
10
n
47
1/20 Cottonwood
Av.ras
4.05 p.r oeM
15
3/16 Cottonwood
25,6
3 41,9
he 3/U Inch cottonwood was
in good coedition, stick.
hr.. dssp and sight Snohss par on one inch stickers. On the sholi,
reaulte wr sjnj1tr as to the final condition of the stack, to cberg.
nuabor
3
Ph. 1/20 cottonwood stock turned ut fair, but tiø cross
griinid nateria1 showed decided wrinkling. Probably could be helped
b.y closer sticker,. The itock was etiekered eiØit Inches apart ad
1tjtt eleven layers Osp,
The 1/20 aapl. was eticked the same s cottenweed it the
saws thioknsu, The stock in this run trn.d out badly wrinklid, but
with no splitting worthy of ssntion. The stack wa very knotty, which
eou1d account
di! f.rs
r
'rinklin due to uneven dryjn of the
of th
parts,
Cr.ss weint of load 1710 ounde gross; 625
Dry wei1xt
1395
pounds grass.
Chaip
8t,ck, 1/20 inch mapl. only.
Sch.dul!
b
B.
0
125
117
78
1185
S
125
112
65
1170
41
2.24
14
135
122
67
21 3/2
:L35
220
63
140
220
60
35
145
125
$5
4'
150
125
53
154
US
a etao3
deep. weiAt..d down two poun
uit
1080
our incha3 ea$ leid fourteen lq.ri
to t
are jnc. ha t*c1c
a aininui4 auuut o wrthk1in
iid warpii, but
op1ittin wa preozrt, ,:oiature dietributio
cusivs
by iyers, b.t'sn
the eticker..
1
4.2.
2
5.3
4
erc
C
4.9
5.4
4.5
10
5.1
1.1
5.3.
4.7
12
4,9
4.]
13
3'.,
5.7
3.4
.2
fhe heavy veighttng ,, o doi*bt
sty. Iplitting, fe
the ca&se of the emSib
vsnoer b.iuj held tight by' th weight wou]4
Mt *11.., St to .hrt*k, ii, thsrefor,, sp1tttSoc would teke p1w.
to 0eow4 for the brtnkags,
0
140
8
145
'33
23
150
132
31
'5!;
132
44
160
121
55
160
127
14
'so
70
n the .buy. .mhsth4.. there vac s m'dryl*g tis. is
the heUle was not in p1e.. Ii
woul
bun *sswue4 thLt ii}it hours
c*retu11r cover t4s ?r.-drin tiis. 1owycr, twelvs heurs
aihi be neceeury under ordtnary cond1ti*n
*1 lOOd iXi
caua thia zi&ount
siure cnt.ezft.
Thia 1i.t p1ai of eticU.0
W20
t
ur inche apart, p4th l'aurt,*
v54tr, uniformly wehted dowi, iznd run em the above
50
$4$k 5$Ji1M
Thsts *n V*eer
Cottonwood, 1/20 Inch:
O?igia1 width
24.25 1n*)s
iinsl width
22 5/34
To 5
ercet shrtnkae, bzed on dry width
.C.)
8.1
Cottonwood 3/16 inch:
Qrigina width
tza1 width
36.0 In0ss
33.5
Percent &u'lakr.ge, ba..d on dr Width
1ap1e
7.46
Vzo ln*2i:
Jri$inal widtM
30 2/16 Inchea
Ein.1 Width
28 9/16
f,raent )g'j*kae, bed .a dry' width
6.21
'hi1e thir do,e not exaGt1j b.r out tLo con1ueione
rched in the weihtin of cóttonood, zd a Iieer weighting of
p1e, the ditference can only be ecp1ined by th tact th.t a1s
has fiber nd train which will split more eail tban cottoze4
.
under to drjin ca4tiouc.
1. sticsrin. .th e*itenw*d nd e4e v.neere .ho4
be p3ci8 in trays wkz.teh av tUcker *crose the bottow et four jasli
53.
intn,is
uld in order to get a m4w s*ount of irtiating pru
sure ef two or three pounds p' ouare inch should o appLed to the
Cottoned stock,
p3.e wilt eztnd only nl.ighi pressure,
2. Triy hoidinb the stock ahou1 be coflstrted so that
the trinied pieces dU Juat fLt lift tn the tray ind the tray Shoii
fi1J4 o tbt
b
tk
tota3.
ftkne* of tc vcneer wifl Szced th
totti t&ckner3g of the tray by thut l/U Of en irzCii
ta1e pioo
where
ileO* U
of 1/20 inch voneu i pieced in the sei. trii.
h1*
t stacking the ireneer in th tryd a11cve presur3 to be
exertod on thu stock at all tinee which helps to keep it straight
method
during the drying process,
cheduls. These schedules as pressnie4 her. are not
tnf.2.1ab1c, b'at sueet the condition. on which the etock etn be
3,
dried.
urtWr study aM uee tiU d.wonztraii their utUt)r v*3.ii.
ietto'ood 3/20 inch pil.d 7 layers deep in the tray.
C.ttensod 3/U inch piled 3 layers
.et
p
in the tray.
.
1
0
142
13
5
145
2.32
3.0
15t)
3.32
60
25
330
129
55
335
3.27
45
35
32
stock that t. badly croas banded or oth
ular the foUowint; schedules hov evidenci f being unstabis. It
Is reeouended thit th stock drtsd on this schedu* be placed Ia
the trye 4evrrn or twelve thIcknas8eo deap for the 1/20 Lcb st3ck.
35
132
135
128
140
128
70
24
150
135
65
36
355
137
0
48
360
134
(8
52
165
132
40
56
165
128
35
*p1e, 1f20 tz1t stock placed fourten ]syere d*ap 1*
tray with stickore our inches rtpart.
ZL
0
125
111
5
125
112
10
135
24
140
121
36
14%
125
4
145
121
52
345
115
70
65
60
40
diffi. drirtg tie
4
e
correct
t
necesesrr
be mhou3d
I,
ssbd*].
*t, oliss3y w*toh4 be Ibiu].d stook
PART
I
LUM1R
5ING *
asu4n as spp].is to lw*br aeans to
fi 1ev u.s.
Za soaso*tng lber tkis is ascoçlt.bsd by the renoZ af a 4uirs
orti.a of the soiture .tthia the wood by
dryin,g prsiee.
Aift ,bjecttvas In seasoning 3.nbet ar
1. ;e upUc4%tet if jos.iLle the
e the
i! toisturozt o*t
ec.w Lo iusotual use,
Tb. d&.edflh.
tab. of not seasoning b.in&j
A ]u'
hrinkae of the lwiber after being put
Into us. rorad.re the structure lose stable. Thets have shown that
th. r*jtdtty of a otruetur. sonstructid of k*ln dried atrrial h.s
a 20 perse*t aor r..tstsoe to wind, quak end øther dtste$tons
than the sees structure oonstruetsd of rJaterial end n11od tO
adjusted to the sliastic conditions.
haskiug results ta the opseing up of idinE,
op in fact all wood so as to allow a liss r.sirtanoe to iwil held.
tn ab1jty and even for a quicker d.teptoratia of painted pieiiø
beeauo* it aUsw, an opening for decay to enter the pis.
o, arpin causes gross distortions in furniturs
and other eonrigid pteess to sueh n zteut as t onke it of low
stility value.
d
Cupping be the s-e effec
eeaoing 4Lthe wood
1s_tLjcay, atêl*,
fld tflaect attack. ROod which h
e. moisture 0otent of 1005:
18 pc.r.t or mere then 60 percent based o* the dr
eiht if
the wood, ii practically free frew attük by most eny of the .d
rotting
4 th. ievr iture content too, Iaecte do set
find the wood etruotare to their Ukieg.. prebeb1y
oeuo it is
either hzr4er to bore through ol' is not a suiteble isculater for
the es anti Larvae.
3.
hs trongtn and ritfnoep of Lumbar or wood in gea.rSil
is inareae4 by the seasoning proc. This irs true to tb.e more
mrke4 extent nly after th, fiber aaturtion point has been rea$L
(28 and 48)
eutus tupture
?ercent W.C.
og1as Fir 14ngloaf ?tne
Pounds er 5 a
1
15,100
5
14,600
10
c
Crushing
Dei
F
14,100
14.800
19,800
11,000
U .850
14.000
14,700
8 .400
ô .750
15
12,800
11,800
6,5oo
6,450
20
ic ,3o0
10400
5,200
4,600
25
9.200
8 ,00
4,500
3,050
- - -- -
4. Durin the time the lumber is pbd on or in th. ser
pasnt it ie eubect to stainiru from the attack of csrtaiz
it which blue teixj fungi is en outstendin ezai7p1, *ntces
t
'e1'
eaeoAe.
e hygro-oopietty is rodi.d by dryin
Which
rnene that the wd Will zit
o iauch uoitura eeu it
ad t e4rssrdin3rily bi )aiiditje*,
One of ths
,
re.tt reaa*1E
eeiezj their iutEr or osd prothcte
t:u
redt&ce the :ei?it
avin
of their hi?.e
thereby eUect
zdeot
7eators
by
in t}icy can
e
the treih't bill
o
.uuber ie usually 13oLt f.o.b. detixiation
tt tb so11r ill eithr
nd this
ab3*ctø
ices ceused by
errT t
the excesi'' freihi biU or profit from th
L18
sand aiht tkin th sta4rd s4pptn weiht,
overweight aria the lzittr tnderwoight by the iv
by hayi
a lo
he tcre is tar1
ormm*.
kowever,
the tnporac. of the r*duccd weight te not so gr.t tfl e*3IpiX!iao
with ht cthr factors ae it v*e a few yare back bocavee at proud
the isudenoy i tord a qt&lity prcdtion rather tn a quIttity
pr.duoti.* nd the cuoeer teands, on the whie,
pre4ust uid
i, t
better
id*
the benefit t the c1elor to sell such, for if
ifl
rater
*'oe4g jn+o th litjtjte ti4d
at the lubor dee'er. I.nd ribtLy so, ror hi, rodvc-t :jll erb a
hihr utt1iy value if the od prort is not correctly
ot a 8Ub8titjteJ
iake
fieiand and coxdijGned,
ieri ci*pslficstions of dryi, sea1y
sa.i.d air dryth; ana }iin drying, 5r dqin h been the biutort*
There
re t-o
sethod, arid utU thi cozdri
o
the ola
te azkc kiln, rca the only
iti.. for sp.ci4 pr
aethed of seasoning unless
(esU qusnt
01 seed wri stored in attiss, oto.)
the status of air drying astheds is on the deer.aso, s*d iv3.y
V9*9 few in.ianis do any mU, in tb e Leuglas fir r.gi.* season
their output in thin naim.r. in the Western yel].v pine ares. it itUl
is a quit. preaiasnt setbod as 10 evidanasd by the
the operators in the snd nod Llmath Tails roØ.n.
ioiotb yards of
Zn the R4
r.$Le* air drying ii used ti sosses heavy eisker stock t pr.tant
eoUsp.,
0*0
operstian in Fieldt County, California, hays 1*
their ynria better then *Lnsty ni]J.ien fost of Ridsood and Deugas
fIr stock.
The main dIsadvantage of air seasoning, or upo sure to Out.
Ltasaphu'i, ospeolsIly ii the Douglas fir and Redwood r.gtu,is
hat the seasoning La effected 7 the
10*$,
t 1$, a*ly the
three naawier meath. are very favorable for the dPying process, the
rest f the out having to be put up end bald over for a p'-aiad IS
six to nine sooth, it pU.d in the fall and winter. Al.., the dryo
ag withia the pile will not be ui$faz'w and all of the stock iU
t resh the sane moisture content
Kin drying t drying by aean. of subjecting the seed to
artificially c.ntr,).d conditions, generally at a higher tanparatnro
a*d henidity than San be obtained
door atmosphere seasoning, ThCr.
drying 1.
preferred oor air
the feflowing poInts.
any J.a*0fl of the 71ST' in
a
ab.r of reasons
kiln
nsy be øiari*i t
J.u*b.r auy be seasoned to a
kiln drylnt then it sea be by air drying
his is
LW. because
lower Miallitis. and higher t*speratures re u s.d whish sIt sot a
lower seam?. conteM dus to the hygescoptoity of 51t
wood,
Laaber this. faster baeuse not. heat is prisent far
evaporation if *iature, lewas the viecocity of the setstur.
its'
in the wild, mad produies strsul4i.n. ThØ operator II*y takO
tags of this fait by ressiving orders for .psiial etosk M turn it
out in a shirt p'Lod it time, wb.reca it he had to depend
*ir
drying, th. order would be refused and banded em 4. thies whe Could
fill it t.diat.ly,
The ecasea of the ysar has no effect n the drying
ndition within the kiln as it does within the lumber pile ut.tts
berotor, tb. ecms results can be obtained at any season of the
year and it ii not asasseaFy to keep ]snbir an head for three to
ala. sintha in order ti season it.
The resinous exudaitea so cesn an the edertor
finished houjs as well as the inuido, is due 4* the ilepage of
the fluid resin through the wood.
13y
siag the high tmspersturss
reoonmendsd for moot drying sOadulee tor Douglas fir, this resia
is hardened, end after the lumber Is put into use, no mossy ase4*
tisne oscur.
oo4 ratting fungi, item fungi, mold, and issie
wood are imnadatiiy killed in the ordinary
dules for Douglas
fir aru used. A teerture of 130
degrees F
it
'in
ifl .tfecttvsly kill all insectig or ].arnI,
kill fungi, nd 110 degrees ehrwebsSt iU kill
hours
S. 4 p?.periy Co*tPslltng the cendtttus itthia tb. ki1*
he degrsdi is .saeoaisg son be held to i Liai**. ther.y of fool.
jug a poviug in both aaterial and asusy,
6, oa the whole, th. evidence stems is be in favor of
kiln dryiog as oai*.t air drying as for as cost is son*ø
table sonteinod heroin *bow that a saving of a. much as $3
bi saved in drying is the California pine region, On tOste eon4u$t
it the Oregon State Collg dry kU.. tepte sev that ** *a*k *0
.52 per tho&aaM tea be effected by dryisg sep Douglas fir.
TABIj 8
Xi1* Drying and Air Drying Cit
Iron rinhor', Dec. 1.925
0.2$
t*.ft
16
.22
Stacking
.60
.61.
Interest on Lusbo
.03
.32
rran.p,rtau.n (to)
on Fixed investment
sp. on ira4 investment
.39
.45
.24
Matencnsg end repairs
.1.9
.31
Power
.52
.00
60
Opruttii
kitg
d
$.30 0.00
J2 y3
rttn
aneportation (fl'om)
an4 !axeg
.34
.34
.08
.2a
Vorhead
3.78 *3.98
saVing
A
modified by fl. L Cakleaf1
Gnn'al, Dry Kili C,t!pafly
i
A*yde and ?Oetngs loss
4,14
SaVing with Used
42.O4 Pe
-a
.Lid for undej5
Total 5Lvtn$ with
1Cj3jg
4
3.54
Toot very mill, in th. flouglas fir
reion euttin more
5 p000 feet er day is equipped with
some kind cf a dry kiln
AIl, of the larger mills are !aking it a policy to dry cU
of the
eLers and eons even dry all of their Ofl&nons
azy of the small
mills cutting only 25 or 3OOOO fet per day find it profitabj
to ins.afl a dry kiln ind dry the most of their ap eleir
COoa
In the latter op.ratjn the ex}zast otea
for rieatjng and for buildjn up the
and
is utilj4
idjj)' in the kiln.
6Z
a* if ti erSr sw
t1Ia find it very profitable ti
the co*m.fl diwe3$iu.fl8 and boards both froa the
vavpint of a
4)*S Lb*r aer is de
ieaecriing **thad end froi the fact t
iionding a higher Tade product than fernerli.
is drying of heavy clear a and tiube1'L is not a
profitable icatiea .f the fact tkat the increased vat* of the
drytn,
pro duOt dose not ca!pensat a t hi producer for hi a cc at of
flagrade io apt to hi V1U7 heavy in this class of
the teadeney to md ehk and .0p1.it duriflg
teceitatng a very ale. siheduli.
eak teóau$i if
the aonin procliSs
62
!OI&TU
C(flW o1 wor
I! Lx
n g.nera.I the tree ray be std to crisi
f root, otia,
aid richeo. The root eyete i*y be ciaesLfied in sev.re1 iaya.
but the 4n function ii to mppor the teii anc act s an intuki
for wtr I* .1L1ti U eolutioii wticb ortor the root br way of
oezojs. be eten Ia
the part of the tree which the .waber
an io noe. ittorested ii, for here is the part thit yields the
etructro ti rs1 clear boarde, and djnenejon ctoOk. In sorne *eae
s ir ij4 onj otnar valuai] species, the roit, &re nico utilized
ut .ors often for veneera than for luubor, The bzches support the
leavee which aiatactur. the sorberi dioxidi of the air and tb
obla
and water into availabti p'ant food used for tree
o4
!tl4
The fundamental end visible prts of the stem iay for
purpaa of the ordthary' luther.Ln a cor;sjdercd a tark, cumbjw
eGondiry
ocd, and pith, starting from the oute4e of the sten and
geth tq the center in the order nened. The stracture of bark is
highly cop1s nd idly variable, thi u*in ptrpose being to protect
and give
port to the cumbitm layer,
is that thin layer of eiis just ixajde the
bark an ien the sep ii vrunninghl it ia here that the bark is easU
torn frols the wqdy oiuent, n the eaimzbiwn all grovth takes plasi
Th
caeibium
by the proceo u1 cell division, or bark elements on the
laysr
weido of the
63
1* sients of s.cond*ry wood u's highly vari*bli dspe4in
on the 8psCi.
of wood and coditjo of grorth. YO' convenienos ths,y
may be c1eified as three divttnct loment
e filovs:
%1aecular elements
Trus v*. oel
'racheids
(Wood) tracheids
ray trachida
Yibrous iezsnt
ood fibers
sptate wood fiber
I*renCzyrnrt OLLS ele'erite
wood psrenchyta
P. cy p anehyoa
elome1u
The diffiu]tr ef
re ut together t
n
short explanation of hv these diferent
trjro wuoda is evidøut, but in snort
they way DO said to con1st of ccll p1ec4 one upon the other snub
the saas senner as bricks are placed toethar to form a solid
pilaeter, the esils being held together by the wid.e lwieUa the
compositian of vhich is iporfectly known but thoht to cnaist
iarj34r of surn, the latter haviflg the sums effect as iiortar
*
the brick convtruc'Uon,
;stficatii 9L
ood
The wo.d ef a tree i.s elaeified a, to the p ition of the
vario&e rlerent in the to1lowin
anrier;
'on porous, all canferous woods1 the ai part of the
woody tructre beirg made up i traceid and. ray
paronohyrw. collu.
'4
Ring porous, th hardwo4, which have the lara pores at
ad az'r&ng.ed in a sy.ta,istie manner (concentric cirel
nd. usually in the priag vod.
pQZOUS woods, ars the ardwoods whish hav the pares
cali,tar.0 fairly eeniy throughet the entir. annual rtng
ituch disceoion is heard song the layis
as t whiob kind of
*ood is the stronger, alu grown or fast rpwn. in the on par.u.woQds
the ratø of rowtb &ke no uif(ersns in the strength alitt.s; in
the rg rus voois the fait drown is
strongar, end in the non
the iediuii rate of growth in the stronger, se in Døugap fir a
growth of 12 to 16 rings per inch ivss the strongest wood, AØ a
poraa
L..
general rule, the heavisr/worjtt, otn.r things bein equal, the greater
the strength. 4cc the greater the pr.portton of sueer void the
stronger the piece,
$!! o
tt
The migtur, content vithi the living tree is gene
7
led szp which consists almost entirely of water, s1thouh it ha.
dissolved in it mall anourits of sugars and tnre.s as well as
ninerni salts, in Uving trees the cell. structure i. always sat
and in a44iti
Zr,. wator way stand in th. cell cavities that
formerly flUid wti pratopi. Tb. nap portion if the
was
woad genera]..
ly Contajn bore woisture then the heart, It has ben he14 by
sea
that the s.apo of the year ifZ.cte the waietus's content of void,
and
thet trees cut in tz)Ø spring contain icre 4'ojsturi than the*e cut in
the fall, 3uch is not the c&sa, however, iecauoø the living
tr.i i..
65
saturated with water a t all tirne and the variation O3*$ only In
the cabiui layer. Tranap.Lration, ioevsr, is reatr during the
su:wir ont? than the winter
eaeuriajç 1e
fl:t5flt of ood
n order to deterrnjre the amount
piece in queio or wit}:it
It 3,9 :Cess*z'y to &akc
isture -rithtn th,
ol'
ict f Jubqr or
of wood
e3ts to dene accizrtely the
amount of
oietur present
The prolein of se1ectiig !Ifl avero
when try jn t
determine the
saxpi,e Come
otetur, csnt ol
into betnj
lot nd in order
to et a fr a verage of the lat it is necesnsry to
take everal
0apea, the nuner deperidin upon the homoenijA. or heterogeni
i
oondition of the wls, !or fairly accurate work1 a w pie for sysry
75 or 100 piec
rust
c
oicen if the oisturø content fluctuates
gggisi*rab, out ,J it is moderately conetant, one sai,1e out
300 or 400 pieces ic ufficirt to .et . fairly accurate avergs,
ecti;ne or iSCee to be tented are $eiec'ed as th
averae piece, and in tn cee of iuin.ci-. a to foot rection 0 cut
frou tte end of a piec xhih then icee the ;iecs in the nert
length
without rasta, roa the piece cut ff a eCtn ii c4
frc the freshly
ed end whicki is bo4 an inch in thickne and
free tron knots or other irregularities, The eectinie are thcn
weighed on a balanc, and the weight recorded on the piece with a
crayon or pencil, The enroplo is tnen pced in an oven arid dried
at
of 212 degrees until, the ectin attains a
Thj period i]1 vary with the alas of th, piece and tb
spic.ea but i usuUy about 24 bout.. in. sass * tsn 4nute tester
is used thinnir plocse will hsvø to b* cut t* et the eat r.*4ts
Care sbuld be tasn riot t, dry the piece at iore than flO degrees
.. boseuse at this tasprature dicintegration of the wood takes
place and sezas of the voltt&le oils are driven off, resulting in an
ianccurat, weight. ft.r the section ha reached a constnt weight,
reovo from the eves and eigh, recording this weight on the section,
This lose in weiØ4 or the difference from the origino1 or first
eigbing and the last or oven dry ieight is the ies in weigl* due
to the oiotre content of te t&ple, The per cent roietre content
is then cnlc'4ated by the fliowin forim1a.
çial ei,ht
dry weight
y'rçt x 100 equals per cent
moisture content on the bsie f the even dry weight. it is calculat*4
on the baei of dry waight ec*
i.e dry weht ooes not fiuctuati
reae the oriir,i1 weit i1i,
eently iiferent Aoisturs
aonant will os tnd at any point zi drye hieh wii. vry directly
.
in proportion to the wet weight,
wstht i
ereao it 411 ot if the eves dry
ed.,
'be zoieture eonent withifl the tree vrries widely &ccordin
to specie nd the inherent ntturo of the wood. ap weed may cønt*i*
as high an 250 per cent ooi.stre content, the tverae for sap beugla.
fir beLi; 'rund 60 per cehi and for
hOt Qund 30 p.r cent.
6y
During the seasoning proesee the peroe.rtaga must be
1wered to the desired oint which tay e ar point .etweei 4
per cent deendjn on the use intøndid for the lwibs.
o 20
!.t Fib,T Zaturatjon koi
The aozo.l cell h
Cell cL4.vity.
is lttar i
a;er in the cell i&fl and within the
known as tree wtter.
e the wood drie.,
the wLter is evaporated froxri the outsidø of the ecU, but ust cc
fut as the water is evaporated from the ecU *11 it is repleo.d by
the free water within the cell waM. 3oon, hoister, all of the
water within the cell cavity will ce used up, arid the ecU walle
will be saturated, At this point the condition is known as the
fiber saturation point and is of especial importance ia drying bc
cause at this point thø ehrjnka
starts, and the strength properties
change, The fiber saturation point varies from $ to 35 p.r cent
at
according to the species and in ou1s fir it is reach.d/$b.ut 24
or 25 per cent rniøture content.
The cl*jm has been li.rade by eoue that drying Can he
accornplisld from the insid out, that is, the interior become.
dry before the exterior. The fallacy of this is evident, bpQ$.
the
i$tUe
transfuse to the surfene an4 be evaporated, and
in no cac. can the interior' become dry before the outside unles it
s accomplished by a steaming treatrment,
68
Zhrtnkag..fod
The largest shire of the tro
comes fros t1. unequal
count,red in drying
rinkags of wood, If the drying of s3l
psra
co4ld be eld uniform, and all parts were of the seaje texture, drying
prebluis would b, at a rninixnux.
In order to understand how hrinkag.
takes place, one u.st consider the wood lemacts
tealvee,
Un]. the iber saturttjon point is reached, no shrinkae
Occurs, but as soon as the water is vapora,d frors the cell lls
end no wt.r is prasent within the cell, walls to replace it, the
fibrils of the cell aU aro Urawn closer toether, le
enin the
actusi volumS of th piece, Upon being exposed to ooiat ecaclitions,
water is absorbed in and between the fibrtl.e and they are forced
apart, causing the piece to swell.
unt 21.
hrinkag.e
The aqant of eirinkae that takes plc is a1oet
drectly proportional to the aount of dryin .olow the fisr
saturation point, That ic, if the fiber
5
per cent coLsture content and the
turtion point is at
piece io dried to l2rc.nt
oi*turø conent. one-al( oi' the total smomt of ehrinkae has
taken place, and when th. piece reaches zero per cent ioistur.
conent eU a! the erinkae that j poalble t take piece h
Occurred,
The
sod is O*nparstii
most spesi*s.
tptti.3 fase
The great
Cf I
sad as a paers] n4 the 1
I. is about twies thet of the radial sbri*kae.
OF akmM:
RN
I"
Radial, or Vs
tug
çi*
flx
*
W,$.r* *.d Coder
5.0
7.
44
5.1
2.5
$itk. 5prió
44
White hr
7.0
W.st.ra TeUs, Pisi
'.4
DTIJG DZ7OT$
grit. u*.quol
ssasóna4
the
f degF*O 1* the ass
Oaso*$ersd it is boat to have a fairly eiaete w
ng of the 4if!.r.*t detøst, oad their osuis end reme. 1* this
bepts the
sa.mn detests
Will $ treated in a sh.$ sod census
*0 a dUfersiss in sot attM*
piece at
oss Within the pt.ea. Thea.
r.ssO may Uu.s
enoh as euppini. sepistally *s the
pies. is r.pN ir
if the stres to severs s*
sv piU the fibers si
The dtff*rence i*
ii *0* * ..ndLtSrna at
say
so to papnler]y .r.
rassis 1* the vs.d for years unless r.nieed by a stezti
Cam
0 ptothsMd 1* t
a pies.
4$nre eat enS
kilo Md d*ind
re3atjvs hismidit
i,tu,. sents* of
30 persest, The i
a
fll.t*g rnenn:
lapposs
40 personS is put in the
the .*ta.ter roeChed
end the interior reasben
sr, then trie. to ahri* bet san.
It the n.n.th *ks$s at the at portion *s,jde, ThS
.*.rt.r to then ssU t* be in tension sad the
stan. A
.s$aaten of this wa
thsr a$erm*3, maid if * rubber shieth,
strotchad ceaditin Tb. rubber ss4d hi
being in o
held tosthor by ssresain, N. if th dvyi
pjsce at
ab*r. and the s*t.?i.r renshes a *a$stuyi
percent and the interior a aoi,turw soat.at of 33 perusal
interior tfj$s to ebrink but sanest en acesunt it the interior
i* a set aceditien sad will a. silo, the ut prtion to boson.
s3les'
The cenditien is thee reversed. The s*toTiar is said *0 be **
sLoe and the interior in tansies,
ton
as ;o
sabases
the
only esthed of ren041*g
1*sr te a stesateg process tar * period of
*1*. hjØ seat ha detunt*ed far the apseics, sad the d*se at
case
Wood whoa astat is plottis, ned as pose as the sndcr
i*r beceene hest*4 and stat the wsod loses the stress, the antaid
stress beeest*g equal to the jasid. and epsa raising no supping otli
be in s'Ues*. it the teeing treal:
a
'*'. or i;
rs1$jv
is Osrrted an tar to. long
idLt
ateriep sill bospes ,eyy asist o*d see as the senses *0 *01*
into teasion, whisk is said ti be a reversed saseberdoni
piece is roenoed CaSe, the pieces
,jl resin str*ie$, but if ens
at the r.n4$tag $aess is eased again they iW sop outward.
staple tiit. fir C'UhWdoS**g are *0 sat a seapi. at sns
ask of the arose sestien if the piese, Cat the asapi. into pr.sgs
It the prong.
but if the prong
aseunt 4epund.tcg upon hew fr the
the Ze*th 01 the
The
r,at.r the differ
et,r the degree of ct
*07*1
luber is it dr
hardening PtOh met ssmre that the fibsra
3c*pr stand the stress, end the intePior, shri
reindis in as opening up *r cheek nit
s ray.
I"
The else cud e*teat at the Osel.
at the luab.r and the emreaies of ftse.
ub dcc. act ordinarily shew
fran the end the hescyosel niU be *.flssø
$1
the end Of
I SLY.
eh as * feot or acre trio
Hoacyceeb aay tee pleCs efter the ZIedr
leer.. th kiln it it eec not iffiei.ntl.y dried,
if the scrlu of the stock absorbg ocisture sad
'en sttaçttag to dry heavy steak, /4 or thicker, kensyi'
sly became. a pr.bZin ealøs the schedule t. held so
*o*ditisns are isr
rj4 tø 3ei tø
th hen!s
th
*LLt tb
S
*rnp
the 3bs before Lt ever i$beo the kII*
tsa for s
f jgh hfl M the be **g of the P
oped.. ** *e Do** fir, Other. msintein t* it I*e*ra dwPi*$
UoaL*s fir eM like woo.
rus to rehte, the cshe$
preve**ag eever. 4sf Oct e.
Ph3.
The latter es. to be the
rs
hswasaa is sadly
teb is whiob the sir La
be su*
ost jut a. tsat u the
tir*U.*.4 to ti
ti
ot the eU
the vaoti* the eM'
the kila at )4gh
s
This La e*actly iShet h*pp000 is. the
The s4utios øf thto pvebla La to 4*7
pert of the
op is r*.vsd,
tditie. and Isv
akoo th. wood sor pla.tL*, eM for this rei
OF
Nigh
the rsd*4 .WLi*sge
i.tt*g pepar*tins (i). The
be bmdaned .s. sU tbL*.*
oil fr
rar4 i*
with osboettee aM barytu,
at Produeta 1ab.*t.ry.
nttvUal plant a
need, and
work out nehed*lea w*Lo
no
ota*dard prosti..
and tiistL*g
LISt. $7
bent. fit
a divas standor,
$ Cejaed 1* * *M*b*r of i
in they a. eiatiid
end tiht knato or. *1.o tamed i*tarr.n, thet I.,
N* of the trn*k are Pw* tO$ether 1th the ftb*rø of
the eGo$tjoa of the bed *01* that the
ad by any dietinet line at damsaps$j,*.
the encased heste, the fiber. .1 the brnch and *1 th* t*k are **
V.s teg.the, btit the fibers of the trunk *5,517 szrru*d t
proper, w4sh loaves a distinct line at
is a spnci b.r. sen. if the fibers are imt.ru
ae1l3r the bs rk .r prheps the bar. 1mb at the
ii is
assr17 LlPSys
tilled sith *5
Douglas fir this resin (23) (25)
averse 4r7i*g SlednIe *ht* CSØ
lavLng a cavity sarrse*diag the knot,
7 La large
mt is very apt
quite *t, this neltint of the resin is nt
fall dun of enly five poreest La the prsce
4 LI the *ntsture seatset in not braugt* lever than. *8
gk.r then 12* degrees i'akr.eheLt.
the tsspati4 and radial shrinkage øf 'sad ii
a&t.t
ban the lengituds.a1 sheinkags, sn k**ts La the pLane wi*l pretrue.
vs the pnersi surf ass an the tangential end radial anrieae, This
su*ts for asohining detests eeh aq be u a.
argo.
establish., the reason. far seasontusg the limber be.
b
asaSt be sbtsj4 unless the
,tT
K.IL$ OPkATiO
Tho
acce.a of thy kU*
ta
idd,
ep.ratAs U..
*.4 hie oet*etiy of *0bov6i.st, Oper*t*re,
A
poor kiln jo b,ttor i* the M.4a of * sk$U$
the haMs of ** un*ktU.4
A
*popø
ep.P
el.stM t opsr*t. t*e kiln is
Ze4
debts, **uti,uø, sbssrv.
the grip .1 Uqusi
tie operator beset
L. ft*or tip. s4*tre2.
he ass, and do
ti
the objest is to bris
if srk tIM is ietsS.lnd and asses*t.r
**tsr.
t* tb prio
of
and swa
H tk*ret a*4 *stksd.
As
'serf to
bOit.1
f Nasdying tb.
s 'i'i Pequisite for
eu*1 and **if,rm dr
s the nrt.0 itass in riIat
foflswjag ordor in so for so
1. 5pes1.s. vhe. there is ssosidIr1s
of drying or is the .r1toal asistsr. sost.*tj is
U
fir fun benZeek, oM Z*rsh frea eastern ye1
2, ThLshees*. Zn nsot aU eases the V.rio** .4dtbs ate
r ditfre*cee of ens fourth, tbd to
sod * qiarter, sad 8/4 or tea th,hs, .4*
t4en is iup.rtsnt hesenes it is a*4ast that tw inch
*sd*
Lash stock of the sans epoojes irtU rsqniro
dt3risg tin. as yoU
a different ochedeZe.
.3.
bis
ens
dtfferaajint* at
Zn so for as posatbia it oheu34
to*gtb* to the ole toot olais.
in sews eperi
toot classes ore used *it}i stiesoaa, an in V*re inst..
,
ur foot canse. The enda of the land should b square, ubtsh
nakes yon len$k. Oseassery or else bex piling, nbich to very hard
to sao.apljsi, ospaCisUy in the case *f edge %$a*thg,
for this to that (1) t *eh esi raa is uled up
in ebteb there its. 3s.b.r, aM (2) the *VeV**g sod. are TOry
wpt$bl to end sod side ohecking du* to the freer enveasat .1 Mr
then vhiih i*,r.a... the rate f drying, sod 'too a tendency
in a.y kind, of *tock to wasp sod tii#t,
Grade., As a general vale, the sleet. are separated fun
ha ceno*a grades for the rese* that the doer pM.s will siaM
a faster
50*
adele with a ptepo
onat$4 lees depade
then the so
gradsa if run en * ttst schedule, The resins around th. knots
i* the oonssa
nili vditsJ.j,, in
part nsd welt, onu
kaot to
I
of tb. ieaber
0?1t,
This is ens of the bige4 prsblsei
tern in th* northeast.
1* ss*e onset the sbp is kept oepsre
*?t
it
. tr
the
t a loser zwistisr. eo*teat t)s* it v*u34 b. oriseriy
in its orLgi4 ws .f ooea.
eaZ
hen by hM fran the
ape than picked up by *
;rsee, or serfo
token to the steebor .hsê,
bs.rtM at mi
V
ist hate ens
n 4. th
ssrti*j p4n
4$ where it is .4i'ried to the reepsi.
pr0000s St piset*1
ski
a
nan015sry vith the iysn hiM if
satflod so follows:
4
the fuU. hat
stashed, t* boards ape p
f the lad attb 1/B to ] 3/4 .ti*W
3.qer of beards, LesO are usuo]ly piLed is a hoith of tee fast
RbO the oar tpack, Tak, up devissi are ee*timS* pet 0* the
rfl
g
a GUb'II
down end
1,
taics isp. dyice. faU is* thet t)
*U
a
far
in the ).u*ber
proc... and nu
4eUy if dried to * ie, *oi*ture ea
are badi7 rasked tO ano
40
or the ether az4
M's wn*k
dUtic14ty to eeoen*erod in p41t* the loads tr.. the ito cheaber
bo0*ea of the dreg on the dde of the .0 or against. the deor or
door frsa
1* tMe type it wtasking th
stiskeic p
hL3n ear vhi.h give. the hei
4..,
*147 t$? tbrs*
4t * teadenoy 4. norp.
cenOrebe dUfjsu3iy Is esooued.r.4 s*le.s a
**$&0OT I* 1104 to 11*lood.
The tsa mhods of edge stask4.sig in seni** eon ms (1) b
ie of a s*ehantea). stoekor *4 idsieb the bunks nre plaCed *t on
and the lanher a cud to slide down on ike ear
w iq.r of dickers being £aurt.4
we
rit, a
Ob layer of ]Ui'. is eo
pl.t.4 end the fead .hai*ed raised 4* ses*sst.s for the addtiiessI
.b tine. The ether device is en, whereby thi
eteeds vertic.l st all t**.i, the sti.kere being kept La pus. by
width *444
*i te*dn egatsat the top en* botton with a
beards c.rrpe. ly
In this aon*.r eight nan eon at
a ti5 theuss*4 test par eIght ke*r shift
Uedsr
.d. there ea
says of stacking aOeMLag to the type
4nckad t*ed. (far extersl blt,er typ*),
2. .3id stacked (far crass ciro4aUea t
3.,
*eys er $tgsag piling (to, natural draft Wai),
stacking is *O$iiehsd by either nocheolsel a.
3, Center
h
te&i,*. The I
stese are is practice t* ihe D,ng*s.
r ie*t.eUstinn. bios, boncoar, if of 1*0*,
*st&Uad the aechenisel stacker whish is sanposed *t a Ls.r Utt,
s.*4 a set af abetss v}$ih are epars.tsd
ceasi en to the $ia, sticker, era in
2.s'wsred the rsqaircd s.tant tq etsea or lectric psw*r, es the
aMine thM enS en **tker 1.*r.r of ]t*.r.
bent fist j .t. per thenseed tsard fact is the *t*nda$
as paid for head stacking in the auas fir end
%*e nsa being able t. stack teaty ttVe to t*Lrty fii
stack,
the
se $5 the
r.atly
ked sta*ing in
stee'ed, eanterfive and stpsg
ibUtty of spacing the boerda
.r
or.
as the cars ore 1.Md,
ii * a.Y*14* pldf.ra a.*
.ear is iupp
re
fl*y
T*
eF 1* the
21 it
b.l.
ut.
th tr
The
I kiln eh
fr.* te traaat.r b.en*e. it is
aey en *
io* to øiem t bM rsek sad eleg
s1wZe pFsC$t1?s for an hour or *,re whil. remving
løade &s4d be under aoer to prevent sun end wind cheeks and .he44
net stand o4 w longer thn*
kiln un beliiv the
Li4tLa drying in the log end efter cuit
before reaching the
kiln i. reapuisibte for stresien which I
ho*ee
e*O sad
ho saIl sapp.rtad a*d braced
L
such as
t) t $ tone pr
kiln. charge rest a the pistfo%
.1* a few operation.1 en for instenø,,
in the recently dcv*l.p.d "eir drior
as it is pulled from the green chain. Thi
of hnctUn the lumber for it he. t* be hendi..d by bsad
2100.
fta*' o. crib has been co,Iete4 it is picked up by a
nd orrie4 t*
eTeno ehich 3.
turn plaus the satire
the rof,
i* the g.n.rol pros. us in loadin
placing kiln *i.r,
numbr, *n
'}2e purpose of this is
a
of the psi'l
s*sh hUn, it
by'
*ti4 ehich eec be deta,ind
indLviduaX core
Open kiln dOGra et both ezdn
OCa3e.
k
ow sceees ha
te
(DoubL. end censat**t kth.).
Ri trendcr oar to the aorreet p*tn ** the dry .p
cooling and of the kflt,
PuU cable through the kiln fros i
tar ear end heck t. rear oar of the kiln charge, On dit
tione this proo.eo vance but in *11 events the ear, arc pulled oUt
by' taen of s cable end stik,
down b*cuper. on track
*nd t pr*t
art eeter ani tighten up slow1)r on t
en oar
n cheeber whiob forces out the ry
the right pa tioi stp pufling, pull aut dry *ans tree tree
doers,
7. C
0.
r o* thi
tug the tr
0 the csW.s through the ki
4ot*ee45a
cc th4 h can sJl the trensfer man to
theheoking.
on the wen.h. Care *ot be t*kan then pulLing the ecu oab3
through the 14]m t, keep fron getting legs afld once tauglod 1* it
and a3oe te kee'
k trots cat chtng t trment a*blaa 'to.
d XM
lathe tnt
type kiLen which are e*uipp.d with aLl
supa 1av.L with iba r&U$ the 'p a
ie cbargsd
bs
iit} a ed trade of ffloior
which wiU *t disint.grste on botag eaied.
wbteb
ttor*al ta
ro not sq jppsd wLh tgp 1.vel with tho p41. lubtioaU*
ie uuly otoejed b
3.Latt,n one. a wosk
v
and with * heavier bedi.* dl which 4U heU p fr o,n..4.r*hla
11 to
ao the fafls ead tu heu4n at isast
nt
ks1 1.r by ae dd.nth. '.pdr jOe wU1. be
an4 C soqu.My o4 4awn the
0*4* a
i i*stes4 of
repair chtru, Is
skin
insp.ctio*a #O ooaly to sos th4 tho bsarins are in Nd
prO.r, net 1.ee or br*a4 e4. e *ate thej r. very
*e1i
. rslao,4, 4a4, izs,sot the standard and asetbat the
he ta.*ts*jig0 and no its l*ss.. Gv*the tan
Vsrytbisg i olsar and listen for
.aan:
or a herd turnjn. at the fan. If iear1 proceed to the next fan,
ate,
If an$hn t,
OI4jhtI,7 loose, it ahe$d be tIghtened to
asia further dasap s*d worry to ;h* operator,
re o]m4*g dser. .g seek skrp, %ak* *
iaUy.
en. that the flannel a.v.rt* or
ibere is a aap.y ef watar ix the wofl, ar pipe.
to
84
f ih v$a covered b4b, aev
coUmts icic1e .n
train the trnnpher.
whtcl2 k.p. the eatz froin tor*mi
pp.0005*
tree f
water 1ine u broken, orotcppsd up, ipply p*seu?. to
Tater coes twougJ. ut eq be r&re1' dirt
I.
it the
the li*a
3ook over the line tAd vslvsa for ierke or tsslt7 vev.s cud r,pstr
tmcsdiat
b shaó be
p2a
om.
the eaztoua
d in t repr..aits$its
ruests fTS equipped with . double belb
ding cai*trilc the ep.rttioa.
r *ot the bulb is en Ui. ant
one 3
erMn. the correct sek*44..
it%,r tks kiln ac been properly eanditM'nsd and nhsre
the drytn sperstien is thee ret4y tu .tart
In order tø dry the
]w*bar os.retnU; sitl*ut dgrade, and witis a reseanabla ties w].Z
ieaned usboduiss mist be uwTed et fs every typo a f steak.
is u set rule tsr dl7tag SoacU*1aa tar *17 type
opiatea.
Le is detsrncd on every opeMtt*a end
with i.h. various conditions vbtch
?U7 *5 iS
ac csndjtione, aU ceeditions within the plait itself
factors
rattan.
at be consid.rd in iu&ki*
ut cehe
flu
0$ lU
___ .q jo a
U 401w wç
q u,a k15tp
1* IT3D4 JI *ueoJ.d qpj v pu ;soø so
ue&! eq q;* p*çxp
ttti0 UV 001*
'0qTs.od iv pv4op atfltt ev
04
BIUU 0JO**J ea0** 0j.
peni*v flja3d etj 'toobs u* ezo*
v 0$ 0np.qos * 40 uçoi0; iq
1wpdv s; e.eq
o;a
ø*
sq
ein0104d woall
a.nvaaq p.dej .q
u
eq
4snb
s0j'ezDIl
esq*
;
iqo*.z
pLdop
sU,;v.zadO
vTb0p* 4
ouv
'[0
°J
sairç. usj. nq e.utpo3o.Ld
uoiirnpo,id
sq% vi
£sv.pu
usipued.
oq
VZ
u
ym aio uLap jo .ziop zod .inse.i eeq sq;
aq
os £.iq pu U.c4appua3 uAç2 e
aq;; t4D
a.pjp .;
as pevtea
nq 'eon o; *p.qoa
*UiSI U0D cU0U 4O35 OUS 0$
w
$i'i
0$ 0**0 ;0 pgu
S
L
'RITMdg 9
.a.qs 40 $0$L
0n*a.di j0
**
%
$000
as;aes
$;
30 $(iW
L$;nd.s EtU 't
owin echoduiu re t
rues a e
a
uod
at
I
oven under
rhde at
PA!
180
62
180
62
18
49
Op*n
Open
30
200
4.
42
200
00
4.4
200
150
48
220
150
i.e
54
CIa e4p4
urp .bat off opx*y
vents, sUes
* hunidity to $i so isv $$ It soy.
165
54
ZL
clue
Open
Open
200
'U
4$
Ott
0*
66
72
Rs'rer. fn,
220
190
Turn .ff hut and fi
84
Out
or 9 1*uX p.ria4, turn off prsr ud cpu vente,
allowing re3*ti,. huwidtty to p as low as it may *xcpt at the
dettgnntd stmaning periods.
0
.80
340
24
1*0
160
48
200
84
200
8
oo
39
96
210
24
120
1,0
62
Cl
49
Clesi
39
Class
On
80
Close
verse fans
328
210
136
Shut doen, turn stun off
3.42
Out
190
6
n
Ount etee*tn period after tmap.rnture Mu ca
S:n sitting,
aou,
special flat (r&i*
Z.&z.
.
l
Y.,t s
Clo
0
160
160
2
160
3.60
3'
3.60
160
37
3.60
160
54
3.60
3.60
55
3.60
160
12
360
3.60
73
160
160
Glee.
Off
18
3.60
140
Open
Off
96
160
160
C3...
Os
91
3.60
160
Close
01,
3.02
3.60
340
Open
Off
100
0ff
Close
3.00
On
011
3.00
close
On
C]os
Off
Clst
100
100
Thst (or dryness, if seven per cent or lower, ataan for sin
hours, cool two heurs and pull charge. The idea of leaving tho wet
bulb pen suiting at 360 is so tkw.t th cons vunt control du
the vents closed.
ati
Du4as. L:
0
3.90
1/2
abut aft epry
1
200
2
23.0
3
220
7
Out (or when dry)
3.10
63
0
156
18
3.56
180
24
44
150
3.41
41
48
Rsveree f*ns
56
out
0
175
6$
18
178
58
24
178
150
49
36
178
145
43
Ci.
0*
vai's* f iii
40
out
48
0
65
.vwri* f ins
40
48
out
sties sprsy se until kiln ii Mi, then shut e
3. wit
b7 vests1 set control sin
a
145
70
Cl. aid
12
190
165
Op*
off
36
200
165
0psL
Off
60
200
1
80
C3,o sad
On
62
200
I 65
45
C 1.o..g
oft
72
220
150
20
*4
Ts v
94
220
C::
Closad
190
96
oh
0
i8
140
190
90
6).
C O 504
64
69
71
72
hut 4
C1oe4
kiln
t
lpb cp
0
'75
60
24
185
i6o
53
Clo s4
48
'95
160
44
C1080d
Cl sad
'a
39
84
200
ft
Rivuss
C1i..d
30
150
108
0
On
24
185
kóO
48
i5
i4o
45
7Z
200
160
3,
On
200
150
30
On
Rs.r
108
C1ssd
On
Cicasd
On
t**i
L20
(Ab,vs soItedu1a trn pergtion ef 0, A, L, B..)
J4i
$py'i
S
Poducts !e!
Instü4 of bliag bts.d on tb. arar1y baii
the foZ1ewin are based en the oi,ture ontsat, eh*zg.s
iada1e bsutg St tested nbsn the vtook reache, the rsquird wi.tnrS
L1
i1
200
240
L9G
200
A battery at kil*s au,wot
be
op.rat.d vitout the
jupUP
iqutpacnt for a rriag a* the work it bøit ri1t. are acti
with t. ssd.r* tcraed airsnZ4i.a kUas aad tha
ical dgv.ce., 10
an eWiaui tact.
milis wbich baa
IOfl$
f keepiag iliac. d.viO
a_sri ***he*
p.ratien ii
wst.1y aest sU k22u or. eeaMet
. aambiee ehope for asking aaJ.r r.pair,
".U'ed i* to di its pirticiiiaV Mu of as*,
ii., stu*a(ittiu. .lactriesZ work. e.n.trwotio*. its. øacay.r,
a rqiLP
t t3 best to
hid tial* a.d iq4pau for
and e4i dsparta.zit
JOe. The sqiaipaeet *ay be essUy divided iste
that iteed fir op.r*tiee 3.5. and that seed fir repairs.
dpss*t seeded tsr epareio*;
0*e tripLe bean bilsase.
eapab]. of bsLdiag t.ap.VatIIJ
One thying
degrees.
)eur stasderdissd g]*.. t*.rasast.n. wtb
230 degrees ).
**itat drj bdJi graeet.r with *n.
t.*trie flash
of batten..
05* i8 Leek b*M
.
t 05*.
GPo
and *ppiy of taisnisa tdracb3erid. f.r asebe
t .*tlo
0*. did.
SuppLy of
i for Iwet buj.
upp]y if chart * for rw*rdsrs.
Supply ot oil far seekanjeal parts.
for saking daily repass.
S
so ding.
*f dLftørcni si*es.
ot m*d
faur i*ci*
*
pp.?
mad I.
iaO fos
Edr b.i
ztP
tsn p.rt..
Gisetin. tr c1*aL*.
*.kt **%.rL4,
isckisg *t.rLe].
Hs*y du* jack.
t*. b.cks.
.4
*&1
**d *ersv.
pipe fiiti
.th ti1 .*4 opp.r,.
cii *M gPease.
Zn.t,.. pertc.
C$U ct4ssia.
r$adag cooii*d.
AND cxcumzos
tDI
idtt7, end streuZstt,n are the three vtt4 e1*
Host,
for the catrs of drying condition, wLtM* the
kiln, Hriefly snob ens will be esneidsrsd in eush ft sooner that the
UTCC5 St S**h sq be understood.
The psrps
of heat La th. kiln in the sam La t* **sr,e
of
7a$, Ho.tr.r, without further sl*Wratiea
ousne Utt1*, i t* further brisk
the elements isleZv.4
he fe]]awtsg oust be N*sidmd.
isat is required fgt
erep.rstjs*
so
*0 pound of steen ii s.eeenary to swapersi
pra
at water. The
ust of heat TSqULISd to s,spsrst one pound ef
water without raising its tser*tur. is spprozastl3 lO ritLeh
therial uwit,,
Hsst Mites, the trmtuii.a of mei.*
of the lumber to the mrfuo. in other words, it reduces the j$55
Ltyr of the wst. Tb. time required for dryL*O depend. largely os
how tad the ester moves fren the seater to the enrfase.
Host
is required to ceporais wood from wS*.T bj
turtLes point. Tb. drier the wood bcsses the more diffj*
t Is to Ore. the waler out ef the piess.
the
toubli.
M Lair..., in temperature iusrue.s .t
*tstue. Roughly, every 20 dope..
Sapesity of air toe water.
I';
i.
doad sq
t4
U'.
*q tT* J*IC $flie*
.i
ii
UT
'el*
tulisu
VT PS" 'ap
.e
ist%UT$ ...p.ad *s.w
rLt
09
0t
'1
* as.t ii4i*itasics stasa La
1* i fair eases, se*t17 a
ae fv**e.s La the aid £Tksnsss hen
*dir*
kths best le suppUed by
of stees
or mediators, sad as at euersUy the f,rasr,
1* the stsea& *at typo, the ioU. are
4L,td4
i*t iii ar asre itaiti I, 1.M$ a air. ifara
he
iii be *...iiasd, TWos nuts ars r.iai.nd.d, tire salts eaCh
$ at the pipe, and site s3d *ut5lirmni 3/5 e
Zn tsasase? the htiag .urfN. Ce. be di,idetsp oi that a
desired. teaperatupe aq be asistaised evsaly
iheut
dire *seiM of e.ad**sst* ssUast lu tb. safle
The aist s.
type. if usia celia ira
to be either
header ioU, vi.h has a tied at as, aid and a
at the athe?,
P*tuni band .Us. ithieb ban the f.s* sad the *'*t* it the SoC
The letter type iis air, selfora heating is )en
P aM
It'
p it a asries
tea typs if kAle, the air As
fl pIssed .1444. at the bUs praper
a rut*uguIsr shape, ø.s*l7
ptbsrudp3s5sd,*the sctt5asi4. fthu fats. Thi*ts
e111d a pii.tii shanber, The sir is basted ,
hi *il and f,rw
tbrenh th. load befits *.*ts
the k&**tt*j soil. opin it the strsno*
the bsstingce
or vht.h siad.asetes in thea, an ettt.ient eI*ea trip is essential
on the drain s*d of the Use, *sisy laussO at faisl.tj
y hi tiu. 4. s f*4ty tu trip.
it trip fr the pirpsas .he44 ha
rap thet is
.4 slaig siri2 is the D*u,
say ha depe*d.d ups. ta aar. etfietsnt)y as long
the
it i
good ripeir. This is ks.ea as the hack.t type trsp$ it is p.dttos
is MUon end esky aecs.ia*atly does
it basaas air or water 1,g4
s0 ihit it wifl sot spirits. Thay soat SU be inipietad closely,
h.svsr, tot S*** ora L*faU%We.
The kiln
p tks' 1
tUl.4 seems to gin the b
.,s. r..
a
'V
0 filled.
T
5 0* the long distanse type rs
carder sith fluible sbli. Tbs bulbs are generally so pIssed that
they ill be is a reprsoestattve place in the kiln, pr,terably at
the entrance of the 1zp$ng sir so that they sill resord the se*L
$euper*ture. They s.ra asset $os plased is the Ia'ing sir
rem is whish ease allawsass seat be sade is the drying schedule is.
the differe*ce in taiporstur. batwoen the coldest sd the
part f the kiln.
c.ntro]led by bond, by stena presser.
i.tI1dar, ar by thsi'a.
br* the
,
Tha .**trsUtng doyLe. aq be aaid te
iØort eat part ef th. kiln equtp*et
the tbita$.
3assttiid eli
L.
a.:
in whieb the s**t
levers diretg4 by a pr..er. iftbin
connected to the steam Yalvs.
2. 1F2astrioaUi opereta
p* setti*
to
ad
in this type of
an the recer*.* contra
.rdLa pea retakes the t..r*$%r. eat by the
trg.atut ,
*04
a
ter sic
until the rse.rdi* pea løers ned bToak* *,*ta
thu aster operates end
lifts bs
elena ral,c, nUo*L*g asrs
type of ti
*auaUy fa*nt in
the rse.rd.r s.ntr.Uar type,
at *ht*
10 is
I,
OlHkZ
RI
hi ?yp f Trap ta tb 1s
0* for the Ordinary Op.rftlsa
VALVE SEAT
CAP
VALVE BODY
CAP GASKET
COVER
VALVE
OUTLET
MAIN GASKET
VALVE ROD
ri
I
INLET
BUCKET
HINGE ROD
VALVE
\
BUCKET
BODY
are placed in * rs**e*tatit. pisUi.* inside t
truas$ p3sssd is a convenient place outside the u:
he bulb sorbed 'p.rts sloe
be watched by the operator.
Ian end of * wick for the vet bulb te*p.rsturc. Tbi has
ever, proven to be the beet type of slcev. La Dceglce fir oper$tt*$
benans. of ths c,]l..tI
of resins sad ether autsrjsls in the 4e
which renders it alsost *oa.ps
A goad flencel severti
serve just. as well if zot b.tte
t ts kept clean d lo.se
the internal parts
the bulb. flgor. 1.1 gives a ala
instn*snt. Ciepreceed sir onion
pressure is recorded bP
Pressure is built up in the copper tubes J sa*4 *Ues4
through the gauges "hasting valve" and vapor vslv." sad a3o
the orifice I. The pressure is the Un., as*ad L.atthg
do up a pressure under the
iv.
Its the v4'v, In
tk steen to e*te the coile, Mew as the tsipsrttuyo ri..
helical seLls P
snd, causing the pea,?,
ti*g IA, carrying with it the flapper waive,
N, the entice La dlondd,
LOb scans then additionel proc
xerted in the line $ Onusing the bellows at C* to a
ag a tiq valve inside the body enrk.d $, This valve
the b.atLg and Yapor Uses, ceusing the pVessure
dL*phran, wt4sh *loee the valV*, the latter
a spring act ion.
the
Th*
a1o*14
he$tad *
. ssUWtt.d c.rv*it]y a* U
te ti** th.
tbr* *aths is
a
t
I
bs ILataid sw. Aise thu vs
MU *.t wsrk corrseti. ihteh aense. t)e tap*i*tu* t
*ke lr.*t flsttuati*ss. Is that uas. thu dve a parts *st b*
L*.triaai.
takea te $ia.a, eashed is
asU*s. piraperly a4J*st$ *n4 rsus*1,
r.re harm san cerne fro* ttrty sat LU kept ia*tr*.*te than .*k I
tbip C*u$S. Tkeratoru, tbs
should be watched eat
huked $ tfl
* thu et *f
ate
; fwt if sir, asasi
h rdi betwean the
$14 *4 uaplste
te!mu of
of aMsiur. in the sip
Las at the sass t
pros
The 4
psist of thu air is t1zts*rturs to slUsh tie
cooled before the
f
ou*$ .1 ss
*gt*k*$p3AC**dO**b*IeWthtad**pOj*t
will take p10*, and
r will be fop
oh the yOu! ore net veil
sir is scOled to below the
on the ceiling in fras at
ad. This is .bje*ti**sbZ.
eteus, M pradnsce uneven re3tiw. heaiities
?be rel*tt,.
tii
is sss doii by aerely ks
of .vpuatte* ts ss$4 sad low it a r
og
'4zsulati.* alsø has ** otfest en sIs14,a.
as will be o lamed Ister.
ra
t4ty is nensured wil
is cwen4 with a perus severing.
the bulb will be soolM sod this t*
the tberai*ai.r. This t*psraturs will be
bulb sad the diff.naio is ksw
i." If the air is ssturatd there w113. be no
as the
betsy 3.25 de*eø YsbPa*b*it.
I*Mdity is built op La
toold the kits v**b IN oost aa.rsUy p3ss*d so
tat
event too *ck heid4ity is *p;Zied
4soa b ip.aiag the veeti to 1k. *ot.i4, or b the pill
ester piple is the kiln ekL*k will condense sos. of the ootat.e
ike sir b c*.U* it beJo. the 1ssei*t.
a bt teitsP
* soot all kilno and there *e ,.r little cazes for worry sheet too
Zn teat it is the opposite.
To Inca
of te l*akae
eeksp
tar no kits .fectir.r .kse
rst secured a kiln dear that wilt *ly aII afl of the requLis
sod *
ssut ** * kiln door.
?be ad* purpeso of
atdity La the kits is t*t th PI3*
ties of the dryiag .endLtLias. A Careful r.siatLen of the rots-live
beeddity oUt prevent rspid sutase dryinj whisk weeld ras'4t in e*so
p.- sad .hmikifl.
is also used to c,ntr4 the ft
dryu of th
lumber. Xl tsr sass particular rea$* hLh seisture conteni
IOLr04 ifl the .fl*Lshed siock, hik husi$ttLas ast be ji4$
Within the kiln. 1* soot all .tuk, the szt.rior of the piece be'
cease eoneid.rubl drier then the interior, a. 'that by $**ing *
kLh liunidity t the end at the ra, the interior will absorb sane
.1 the atatipheric soteture and the tesdasoy will be tar the piece
to *0*0 to a tolfirz aoiatire contest e2..r through the piess.
kt the cad of the r*
the
t,p,ar that itU sauce caries. dot e
to relieve the otrasass by a
b oases it .ie possibin
.tsiat
*
00*00 p11**tic 5*4 VP** ?0*$ki*% that sta
ho
ru*, atrs.. *07
ssg, hessver. u' the *tres,es s*7
in
tch the se*d be.
he
resercad whih is
a. bad e the origtsI etwsoes.
.ss .rc used *4 the be$
of the
is
oil kind. of unber, The eb4.st of' this is, of caurca, to
provost the fast ourthos dqis, c*d besides. soLd sir or
beats ap the lasher quicker than dry sir. Softwood whedules dori
with a relative ho*tdtty
:
E0 parstat on up to 2.00 perasot.
The hei*41ty is piduelly lowered as the ds7ts prove.....
the sad the final u4ctive idjti.s mq be as low os 15 peres**
in clear a.ftwoo do
in ciea Douglas fir the relative
t4ity
Li never allowed to drop below 50 portent, pso*jrsbli arua4 '5
£0 better.
e at
b. son
r.lstiv. hestdii4
to fron 0 to O p.rc*t, dipendi*1
ipestOs and kind f stock.
Tbs*jasts oj! circulation t a Wa ar
2. The iircaimLos of air carries host t th lusbor so
the repid tra
0t
Lty zap' be
j:
2.owsr pert of the kU.* aeatU.y usd1? tbi
r pit., thor'.b givis the air a chees to
the air. A gd 4rout.tian in this type at kite TequLrea .en4*s'
..bts t.np.rr. diff,rs*c. b.twoo* the tep and batten of the kiln.
therefore, this type of kiln is nOt so U adeptod ta Iryi* Li
which reqaired a high )n*iditi.
sts
in the kiln aid peintin
t the circulation, the i4.a being that this ndMd tors* will
tetzal sL.ttiy ta the air. Vater spreys ar. usOd far the
tsa
r$as.
Internal fans, fipra 12, illustrates a osainsil nsthsd
t pnd*ct*g oircultt,n. This. fans era nadi ii different si*o$
and plecsdtadde the kiln, either above or below or an the aids,
are seanted on chaftin sad turned by eleetria asters or other Mto
able poser.
Z*tsrnsl fans of the blower tiP.. t
the bUn
r torcid tbreøgh duets s*tssding tes*b.
ryp. f *n iiOyød tn Zn$erria)
KUn
FAN ANI) BEARING EQUIPMENT IN MOORES
REVERSIBLE CIRCULATING INTERNAL FAN KILN
installed in ducts of Copper Bearing Steel, Aluminum
or (oncrcte, to suit conditions required.
!
vi.. *Ii*g the O*$tb the kiln with epeciags which pswit the ai
to ..po cd flew tr.gh the )nnbor.
Prereaiv. k$3io ne be pliuznd for langitud*aal or vers
t1c1 rtrc4,tttsa d*peitdisg os the 4uLn of the ktl*
kil
Conpa$st
are coel17 d.dp.d tsr ore cc or vertical drculatiø* er C
cembinatten of both tep *ding on whether the ki1
La
forced or ap4
circu1tie*.
n order to t.0 the dep'e or
Li the kiln, te4e my be uu4e wtt)i *nke,
be ao
r#ci4 .d.sle&*nt La the u
e
1.re, or pitot tnt.
ii
eke
far test'
tn Li the *is of etastun tetroohierid. rd.anad a tb Mt by ni1
dipping a piece 0. blotting
the UquU ta thec *eM*$
Once
viii b* prad*sed c*
the apr to the at*ephar,.
can be. triced with the
ôthsr c,n*sn typo of
to made y adesnbling two jare cox*t*ct*d by
tube, ene
h$roc!az'jc n.id ad thO other aao**ia. ThI bydr,o)4,ric
to psz*1 over th* caLa
and a
mt4
$
heet.øai reestica tah.s pinaø in
h butt white aaoko to eiitad quits pr.fus4y (19).
4rs 4.o n
for reeordieg the rate ol atr nonssst in fast
4RJt:e C? 41cc pa' hour. førh.p. the best *.MUo
flon of air thet san be Otc4Ae is by nec ef the pitt t4bS (8) whih
rdc the Mt proacers èae to yelesity.
The ret. of sir.ii2.etien canast be t.* rest U the r4$t$*
hu*t4ty gsVsrn the tr3rPg. end this
io'*
be the re].;
rate shsu]4 b. ov.rne8 b the tesr*turs end )*aidity, end
eu3ton,' This. bOvr, see zot
by
n thet the sirst*1*tjon
e oannt be tee eLb ctreuW4*
4
the reetø
he
cir4etion the tsetsr the driLn& th* t the
*ditj*n within the ktZn.
]etiee in net *1! the n.e kU.n i
hs present rate of
s.3.Usne gives around 200 te
300 feet per Lt,1 This enount of ctrc4iea etU preduoe a
1. oerm the io4 u k&h re1ttn huni4&ti.a of ot 5 or
dorug1 and a reatsr ]ttg nt loser humidtti,e, Th.a figure ii
on]r tz*LtcaUve of the tstest insteflx4ioie snd *nnt bø tekis U
ab aver5le.
'is
There are
i*1
tst in the nrisne ib.r.
nil ether lines if nishinisni Ssnstn&stju
d.v.l.p fr.* tins i. tins whisk thsr.a... the .tft*1
ing ep.r*$inns, The list iørd in 41* desi, doibtIssa snderee
for $ sh*$ period only. $esrths1*.s, th her. *11, es yet, bee*
r.4$sed to the three t
anosrts1*. heat, sm&dit, sad sironidMa 1*.
the lest a**iyst*. $0, and then sens person bo)As .*t *
sa dzyin La the pr.s.a
of ezens. bat is jet these stt$s
utionis, the dryis1 etheds have pr.dneed so stertliag re
Zn the i* kilne mq be43.*sei tied ucerdin in type at
sirs d* so
3
Ntr& dia$t kilne. This type
red La the Dot*glsg fir rsttu a. * e.nto*dsr in
uij so snail and cU isatsilatisa, *iU the satarsi
bs toned, They will nit be asawidered L* this pipe?,
Cr. United sasopt is very .p.otat Oneeaa
2, Vhs tor.ed draft type. ml. slsuttisat$.a* n
ka etUl
dfttdsd ints the t.Uawiag*
a. Zntdrnsi fan.
U*d.rrU. type. Yiirs Z.
Overhand type.
a, C et$asn is shift (oil Sans en see shaft),
. (t,*iY. fana par
* 4t
o,.
3.. Ov.r)a,ad
2. Undarrai3. thct. ftr 34
3
!YU4UW1J! tflI4 * Or Ofld
4. ?3.ti type.
types at the *tra1 faa and b3ewer ilns
furt2ier bra*st ap Lute a a
ifiaiea a to the Cirt%4r1tLQ4
be
*i*
xzroah the lead s taUee:
3. iar
c4aUoa or "eros t3.eV (flat stsApd) tLaps 33
C.$.r flu. (A .tsekd) figvr. 4,
?srtt,sJ. (edge staek.I) flurs 15
erstty flow (hope staek.d)
auy a Iier4j)n3 have bsei
4a for the fticiauy at the v.tj*
astaoü ef staciciag aad the daiirsbt].ity of aa.b. b*t
*o
the 3oest L*etaUatL,n.. era dtii4 for th CTQØ SiP$U t3
eeter the kUne be Latsr*e1 fee or bivar. After q4JLt.eLu *
per*ter wha ke.o sese3. types ia Ida bdtsry, so to the ri1aUte
aits of e&ah1 ant
4.dat thtt ei t the o4.rn i3.t*s**
VL3.3.
. a3aost
.e3.1y pod reeu3ts if they are heefl*d eerr.$*ly.
kU* bsc
t* &ip drtsr .*
C*Ut,ni*, *ssi ELla,
I.
i*ps*Lti .t
nsf is rO1. ssd ths kiln L. Zøsdsd and
reef by imk *wtr .rsns, the sans san u is
p*kas pLUsg in t1ssS, Zi is cl*ined $imt this
insteJZttin* tsr *r$a s*scu r,czw
i4w
tSspsrsiiir. sM 4r
4r
b4
s].wy,
1t4
*
imy era iming *ria4 in tim
l. si. nat 'et rt4i es is
1* U,MtI .3 is 4iistsd a. tip
ion is salt eapl**etary
sCads
*
Ths ao* te o1 overimad ini.rnal fan kU La L
4e s*.pt th*t tim rails rast sa tim ian4,r tOu*d*U**
..n tim fans nra planed sa tim rut. imnasd La. ø uiine, th tim
s zaMsr as timy ape in tim illiøtritt*a,
av.rhenthypi
vim,. tens are dtiv.n by
saparat. sassr. the tans eat per*llsi i
load and deliver ike air 4LrsOy vLtket the use at *.t. t*
dirut the air ntr.*n. V,Ls is r.s1y
an
as turns te Cuit Uwn tim air vaLasi4,
advantage beIs*so ikars
U
ThL
i
*c vdth
type if
t1e eizUr
* Uu. Thc b
tc u
)
).m r.pgnd
be
*dyi
3W
ao b had vith
tb4 jster4a2 tn
if thi, tjps d
tI*t
tt $.a I*4ZI au.sdl
d1y. Xt ii diuItfi1 LX a pid a cir*u1at*
tai*ed S.* tW. kU, s can be
in tc int.r*4 t**
Moore's Reversible Cross Circulation Kiln
A new standard for kiln Performance, drying caacUy and cost tier M of lumber dried
I 'cuts/at iii
'I
II,'II' i hiss' baffle
air sc/is'!'
I;,' st s sliusrI errs uit-
las pai,'I I/ru 1/'.' la,!
s,f car ,,v,'r t,,nid;
isis'
Air c,rei,latis'ii loll ears
(i)liiIilit ,,s,I ever,' ,, '((TI,'
bit'.'
Is' "sit' e stas Icing
rll'.,uI s, e r / i a / flues
'in,', urasrinum Irs/n /,s,ldrs,,"
Ala.i urn fl,iIrt','l,','ril'
I/ri,
I/.'e
I l'e 1r','k lu, I,'
si,rrtl,' air ,rrns/
Suelhsn ci'asnls,'r.
flow iif air
1,1
54,55/
dryiis;' capacity
tip 'ii,
u,sre,/rs, led air
d,'lrvery chamber gives
hew static pres sure and
s,iaxi,isuin air circulation
ri',
fasis
I? ,'vs' ruble circulation
s nss,re uirijor,,r drying
I'rop'ctuns of duct lop
prevents air s/or! errcr,rlirc' u fi d ,' r loads
irk-fed 'ii cups at
rail level arc filled
cisc,' each charge
Sprays, heatsir i, ens, esrcu!a!iiig sVsI,',n rind vesulsiat-
I/I
ors are ,lisl ri/ruled (lsrn,uut
equiprns'sr! is quickly
,scs,''iihrle and de;,,,,usitable
lie kiln and insure nun-
tori;, d r v in c,isrdilions
Irons ,Irlr' cull In 1k other
lb,
disc! systessi of
sire icr copperoid
v,'rv ;iriiple
use/al is
Tier,' are run cons! rictisirs sir
it'e ducts. The static pressure
i/suit sple units of the rr-turri
is ver'r low, allowing Israx,isiii ni air dc/ncr per ,ncst,sr
lucid lea/inst sy 5 Ic iii give
is iii, cnn di'' ribrit:,'ii 05 teni-
1' a r 5 e pow's'r I'ii,l crisis ptrcun
p,'rritiure
Sturdy, split, rnult,blade
:h'':sstl','srt
kiln
'I I',' air passes twice tl,'ru
,','ils i,i .'a,'/,' circuit of err.
i'igi' vs,lursus'. lssws'r ps'w-
er disc fairs witch operate agains! low' 5 / a tic
p ri s s n r e. .4 band is
,uiats,sn. wI.'ir'l.' isicn.'ases
ileuibihitv rut tie kilts
welded around blade tips
- pe i i I. ,ier,z,'tissahle.
self-,'nli'ist Jr,, hi!;: bearuses with die east sleeves,
hay, large scsi-si turated
- paek,'d resery,'irs
Simple. positive. cc, liii rtype. spin, I i'rusl br'arussgs
set on a demon sit able base
Fresh air duct is open ott,,
lie I'esrc'pe drive sin short
suction side of fans, giving
'enters
flexible fresh air control;
ri Si ,l
au/,'unat,c, if desirable
is
silent, e,ficienf
,/!ii.'kl'
,l,'nn:,'u ,stahle
Moore's Rever.sthle Cross Circnla ion Kiln
IJLTIBLADE disc fans are distributed on 8'
centers thruout the kiln and produce a free
flow of air at the high velocity uniformly across
the coils, sprays. and the lumber in one continuous
circuit.
Each fan draws air through the coils from the
suction chamber on the exit side of the lumber
pile, and delivers it again to the plenum chamber
on the air delivery side of the pile, froni which it
moves across the load uniformly to the suction
-ch'tuber to be recirculated. 'l'he circulation is re-
'l'his
divII( in (it the air mtrs 1w,, circuits reduces the
i'ide. and hal f hru the left side of the pile.
l ume and ' elicit V iii' at r which passes across the
hi ards, in ti t ha If as great as when the air moves
ac ru ns t he suit re h sad iii one circuit, from one side
to the (it her. a slit wit ahi ye,
In ,\liroi'c' (ross (it'ciilaiion kiln here vertical
Flue' are s'hiiiitiialed, the total volume of air dclivv
s'i'cd
roust the tans passes across the hnrads thru the
ui icker i ''g' at a vehssitv risrulil,' that obtained
been the usual practice to blow air up into it, where
having central thties, where the air Ji
vIes into two 'lI's'1UtS,
lii'. rhiruhls' velocity goes an increase in the drying rats' h iii ire ott en intl cirnipletelv changing I he
the circulation divides, half moving thru the right
air in ton/act with the tibers sf the boards.
versible.
When a central flue is used in the loads it has
ihirti hcrarI
I
CURE
14
Ct7rArAT
QP !Li PLI) WV
Flat Piled
Air Delivery at CenterSuction Each Side
Top of Center
chimne closed iii
Uniform circulation
every fi,t along
th kiln means
r
create air pressure
and to insure all
heated or passing
through lumber.
N
even drying end
to end of tacIt
IT-
hm,ard, elimination
of brown stain
and maximum
Capacity.
Center chimney
tapered to insure air
pass;ng uniformly
thriiuh every layer.
No wet hoards in
center of loads.
Positive vertical
discharge & suction
prevents air drifting
insT insures uniform
temperatures and
liut-riidities along
the kiln.
Un, form suction all
along the kiln
insured by correctly
citulatii,n" increases
air s imlurne
ahutig the kiln to
concrete. ishcstos
er'et uniformity of
hoard and ot icr
ru-rs'prature and
___-
at all pots
materials. -
Xii exp.sed utcan
pipes ta cause
I lurnidits nsaint.iins
I
steam
spray
automatically
firs' from the
ml
aecumulati
saxslusr and
pitch.
desired) or lowered
iuickly and
positively through
high s'eloc it
apac ity
Ni 'team pçcs
Ducts are made il
by
to
e5O percent of fan
e
permanent
induced
Patenteij
designed suction
opening.
t
'f
fresh
air intake.
A TI tins and lcariis
are uui.tsude isi'iuln
reasiilv miuspci.ted.
casuls ,nld.
N5 lire lt.ti.iriI.
K ugged slow
speed. high vol ii nic,
isv power fans.
Motor, turbine or
rnginc drive on
short centers
either with belt
sp Irate 'Lil5 pipcs
I
\
I'a
J
N
\\
\,i
I
illS) valves iii multiple
ii tier sectuiitis gives
ea5S .ini1 pisitise
tenuperatuic
irgulattimmi.
.ititi'!itit sillS
it desired.
hr silent chain.
Flat Piled Loading for Either Double End or Single End Kilns
Shosving C.irculatgtt nid TypcaI Equpnetit Arritiveinent
r
4!) 9U4
Nt'7
xfl
)S
St
I AS
DRY KILNS
I
3.. Graph.
b
(Fig. 94)
TEMPERATURE
RECORDER-
' AND HUMIDITY
CONTROLLER
This is a "Four-in-One" instrument which regulates
temperature, regulates humidity, records temperature
and records humidity.
0
UA1WOOM
Ga45. Jarsat pores 3.a1ize4 * a 4
i .ar1 .oL.
ru
is
*adj4 U*ss ar ptta*s, 0as4 of
a4
p0,0* a4 psranc* ., sua1i 31ighter cs31.ar fta the r.*L
sr oZ %iio w*d.
U very tiie,
onLCuOM0.
MO*tS317 ba$.
3. Porn L e&r31 sod isv, mat
iirciJar, apozz rx4 ric* td*Zy iip*I5t
*oiu
g.310 ray.
Ca31r. 31t&it brawn or
to. adorloog and tasts)os*,
'P°
1sys ot t
as brw
kinds, (31) Lax'p end eon4mous,
1.s an racUs3. eurfacs end s &tstjst
Ua. em the ta entin2
ua&a
(2
V.r'r f$
4
Ioo4 hard and hsavy. Usu*U toqh au straag.
Osks.
2. Pursi in 3ets
waod iniv4i43y 8t 0*4
Qj31 to be rea4Uy cntid srri4
Lu fsir Oiait. r dieU rows, Pores
a partiafly or whoU' tL13 with y31eaM.
of wood p31e reddish brewii, leaper ssa
te.
A
ra
n 1t
Pores
, i4t$th$Uy Utetis.,
w&dsr isni nd ot few .nQu&1.
uutød.
PDrOU i11 *r1y weod
n tsr (]3) row*
oat crø4; tran4Un te at*2ier
9%L4.3
in izie? wood abrupt. Cotu et
pae to ligxt brown.
od witbut radJa1 linsi or patc)#s, but wit:
Ua or with otte4
*. ?ere* Lu 3t 'on tew,
1y into ?4. OQd1
or
n4 ttdss.
p&r ohxa tbot or
szter4*
wLu
in ).at.woed sa
like troat tbe*, 7*rs7
nssr outer margin at
uutiaU
4ivi4.
rov1 tth
ou*4 Lu ar3i wood Lu swee
t
meditL* wid'h, au41y eos than V3 rLu. CoZor
Ut brown oltoi With r.4dish th,
aoderaty hord o4
Pørw weede. PoPew
feirty ,fsr*
$. *
tton thr.uiaut çuitb rinç.
1, P.roo o# appr.xia*tiy ssae eisa tIwo
no toftte!y to beeoe rn pinas.
distinot.
not
o4d
$ppl. narks,
srtab1. fra* otrsibt te
otly in rdi4 graq
in 4snbt 4ist
1l,
oreø i'
fairly V*tfO*II1 ftØs
I;
ø ure* can, iii rroø
Wood psr.nst'*a in finS
sb.ut parse, fr.qiss*tly .a*i
4*
Wo
*stj*.a ttnpd vi
0$.
*Lsi. P.r
litti. vsr,tati
4. little v*riaft n 1* dN,
tary or t*
. of *'3
IX. lo
$17 bro*d rsye pr.sm
t*ng.stL4
Wood peri*.by
set i*
*irfae. appear oonsidsr.
rings .ftsn t*d$*ise.
.d.r*tely M$.
dftrk*r than bS*i
Is Vø?tabls fPan
1%b fl.ók* scaon.
aa
semi iiit *M soft.
Rqa t4y distinct 4th l*n. Wood of **i
ly tin. t.zt*re. Porno barely taibi. to **ei44 o.
s*uk
sod sen sesera*e in *ar
*d.
eai*ab$
S.
a,
iitk red. er.etb rays *se
at sasU rays
b. Rays isdiatiast eyes under ion.. Céler pele bVOw*.
5çL$*
or itte. Woods very Ug)it sad sst.
by fins 1LIt esierad Une *f pay
gas. sore or tees die'
ti*st.
.
Tszt*re s.srss sad 0.27. 1istve
db2. wiikout 3an.,
in tpr.2sr t**pat$!4 bsnd 1* wide
2. Tø
*bu*4sst
.7
r* in eisa and err
Is
'sit
tg3ty f%ve 'word. comwoni
Is
'wood
*oastsr
A diTtos
st
Plot
.0*7
A vo*p it kUas placed togot
the onus apsrstlaa
and 4L$ by *
Sr *
*0
ii prssot cnn frsa rsU** farther
vt*s sttsihed to
did*t.d ii...
ion .ftdwtss
£
d if * pisos
at the isiat of
IS
ties .fru the strdkt
it doss sot incl*4s chort. kicks.
oz Pile
A
pUi it
plo
V0$au* &s*
f]usIi with the end
*1.
the hod..
A,
the ringi f a**t4
Itb
I
appre*i*bie defø*ts,
ii. sir O$*
, fr re]1etig r4ttiv.
.aidity,
Cee** usber
The grftde at luebet bØ.w c
Of..t e.
Vie jnter.r it *
'a
41 knots ai
other utiss.
CP*k
etrd*t lie. dr
the psiet et et.*t dtt
* .ondjtj.*
t*k*s p3aas.
ters the rnctus] $ea.
the b.4b te
A heat eat
A
i*t.?re wits the rswth vt*s ci
ir
0*
Ut
, tb.
ow of 4r tst
flat Gra
no
U id.tk tka
of tk b.em.
flat
on the kiln *r.
14u*br 0*4 sticke
i oft
£
dat
p.atti.* of 4.fsots i4bZI
tod with r.fsr0*00 to the
to tho reiattva
the *0o4
V1t pe$ of the t*.e *iob is no ln*.sr nifty.
Of food
Or di
the
a
4 water.
in Coils
1adar coil. tea* feed at
0*4
drain it *th
lj* ftetn bend soil., coil. ted end drained at
sod
I
S
404
$* a;
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fcle*t tos. aM po.vs,
of
a
tbi
1*i4tte
X!4
be esr)y i
* ot
of tb.
e4.
let'
for t}*s otea* o*
*
t?11a4 o.t
dity
tb
ii
0*1!
cewrS,n
of
*pplLad
-
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0
c**t.t
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utt at a
An *1*trjas2 dsvic. t,r as*.tniag tbs aoLa
*4
bba pvta4p2e of ihe itriat
ao*tnt ef
of rMistaan
dtMa Ihe se.* *ccar4*g to tts aatstr. a
A oQ*ctitts* of weod a
t**ta4 tros a
sU t the
v.4 hg4 at 222
s bean sie,*ted a
p
$Mppt* wsJjt fp * gives it
e** abevi the etn*Ø.$
7*
Ptteb
I
u*aaU
the 4,igs
oi4at*i* *.re er I.ø pitab. i$thr s.114 aT
4*id.
Ssi*
tflIM with $tah.
QpeI%ttn roo* or roo* w
ited.
for asasuring tl*s prssur. of sir due te weZedt
wid
szterior psrtio of the
of a tree.
tui'e sad is of a kh asLstira seatsi
s.Zutia* itt* the t,
o
*arriOa teed sal
a..
east .00dseiws4framepsos%obus$f.p4ai
atnTa **ntM or sgrso of
twesa the $*p of ao&4
ittfl,u
The
coditten
høn it
rsistur..
ductio in zize of the piese ue to ce4r
1isø of eoieturs.
ce zr pro
Inttc* within tis k
OP
s itbar s .orta4 to size et1 ge8.
$od
*ot
A
Is injection . It
intl the kth,. Oa*er for the pu*i
vs
i4ity.
ii of the wood e]a*Ita.
of fire
sher& the
W 5$]tis$ punt 3.Zey
to
to sproy out over the spec of ki
ure. **ei*g
i
tLetri
btssn atter**t
* oftr.
Stsps
pt1tLiig the
t**th so %t
dU r*t$n
ass t* the
A chock oa t1e hcatt
to p?ere3t stasa frpsi peø4P *n
but sob ?as
as e*dsasatid.
e.r4
Udsre
thouii
feet 44et $$ btow be *tan4ard
etØzt tsr a j*en 4o*
azippi*
A Ot*t&
froøi %s tnt.endM Un* at cut..
i*aI (rdr
have
or ieee
u'ittbs ft
*fl&J* 51
4
i. labcaz mt flcsx C.
2. $utt*rfi1s
cA,eLør, WUt. H.
k of Ti
4ppiLc1atou 0:
4p.retu.
8I
Goodefle*i, G*øTp. A,
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yret7
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p.
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titl
44'
aso.
Air s4 St.sm, 2d ULt
e. btfaan
48
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20.
uf Li1 r, 4t2 14i
enott
C*.
1', I li4struted t94
2ir, .
Chtrj of ts flaturai
ii. S.
22. 1*
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0
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Gi-4o4Uj,A. ,Ctr
Ip4s,
N.
4 Uccar*h,
er t* Q..nn
$. Cbs*, I
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a
27. Chnb.,th
1* PZ*i4
2$. CLin ,
n4
Pr*'tj*s and Uz
J
øf 1*ui
ttr, U9.
Tor%
88
rhe Ssottjc flaat
Ha1
f
$
flO
2. 1, azd La4a
at vaøt, o,
rk Q}i. C*t
o.
129
P41ti.sy, 5, 7, J*h010*.. H. K, an Hifl C. L.
The Atr ce.Ziw! ef *et.n efteed !nti4er
u,s.o,, kUsti 14w, 197
rrttz, Clar* W,
?*nj
M fleeny O Linab.r Seacening ftrde, De
Y, S. Cirs.
beirt,
o
27,
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eda of Dse&
Kiln
j Vie
n iH,
yig, Stenning
.LA. bsU.tj*
Cer
62, 1924.
fbi
d*biak for Thi ZdenUftostj,n Of Wa
S. tfl7
urtt*l Porsst'y
oatja tar Cntting ez Mounti*j Voa, V. 1927
37. Jene**, R. ?, A,, M Gihb*n., W. H,
at 'ot.p 13*leek V. ?wir flilaijen to the Ui
.f t)* wd V.S.n.A, Tech. Bt4ios.L* I3
Hewttn, S. A. and 'iløs. T. S. C,
The Rrn)atjeu it Sh$nkage end 8trentb
?re'tien
to its $pesifft Gravity
39. Pen], Hetuon H,
w Orowtk ff.sts QucUty ia Hiskery cod AO t*rdesed
cord Jas. 1925
43, pratt,
Mirt
.
ugu
t4G4 OZ
T
U4va3it1
252, 9$
;uu*i J.
4i Ru;
.onmc
4t*4
iø c,t
:Gfl
3txa 'Ud 4.ti*t
d sons. N*w
42. 1ot1,
I4
t4baxt
eø**kry DLsc*atori f tb C
1Ltin O,
43g. z;tzi, 4fr; J,
:(o4
Th
ja
CUry rtcti*a
r'atsristtts
orø.try 15. 200
f
ftweodi. Jeu.
,
44. ttn, L
Caz*4tan iouine ?r, Czvi4t
$. Z*4. BuU.tht O, ]9,3
45, i44o
*)i. ørtsflti*
aud Qthr 3esse44g )otcts in
The KU.i Drying at Soutber* Pjna U,8.D.A,
4., Tha Cøitrg o
U.UD,A, C$Z'4. 4.
4. Tt.ziaw*, fla'r D*4
4atre t'pon t
,
t'
Th Ztreth at
. fluZi$t* 70 Z908
si Znt1uee1 by )øistura C.*tiM
)Q3
Depressi
tranh 8*d tttfm
of 'et 3ub t
jl
Conipol ot Dry 3cLZs., 5p*
*asi, 1*ahvtUa, ?Snn, .b,, 1$30
1*r, CbsrZ.. 't.
'sH
tr.Vu4.a* Z isp 4*Aa L*
st
4.Uàbs;
asr.ams' A.e.sisUi*
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sa.ock, AM ø%ur* sd isP
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,
.
Z9
bu
IUL*ds
c.itfarnia L*sbr Iers**t, 8s*
G'* Psolfic C.ut 1Mbir DigI
5. Cr.,'. 5*sU Cpu*P
,*,
57. Jur L. im*b.r
50.. U C.*$tibsr.*
. Hsr*usod Mc.rd
60. J.iui.I at P.r..tJ,
63. Tha XSab.rma*,
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