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TUE ELTIO4 O
iuui 'Ryt:
3ubmttted to
V $ vi.'
P1
.
I,
kA# ¼'.e 1W iX
P1
In partial iZiiimerLt ol'
the requirorneTt3 for tio
D3ro'
I,:
by
itohar
M
S. Kearru3
7, ]3l
-.
_/1
Signature redacted for privacy.
I
of the Soho1 of Fores
In O1iar. cf
/1/I
Signature redacted for privacy.
Chairman of Conittee on r..duate St od
LB OF
Relation o ir Circulation to Kiln Drying of Luribor
Introduction
lieoea8ity of ir Ciroulaticr.
1eTho
o Det.rining Rate of Circulation
1
6
iai aircuiation Syatema
11
Eirenta on Air Circulo.tion
Z2
Reulte of 1xperiient
40
Bibliography
ixperimontal Ria on Low Temperature oheaulou
Balation of Vapor Preeaure to ::i1n Dryin: of Luriber
lJae of Deaieator in i'1aking oioturo Content Tostc
43
3iln Drying o Oregon Aeh
63
44
5].
55
TEJ
¼
if i
Xi.ln drring of lumber hs beex. OxLe 'i th littex
developments in the lumber irdustr1y. Like the improved mill4
equipment
d lO4 &flg qipment, dr 1Uth :!:vo ooe to be
the rapl.oing element in their field, "ot tri uf Lumber".
Older eeaetng methods consisted of drr n "soke' iln
or yard ssaoning. Dtfltoultte res ;ited. th trese methods
of lumber conditioning, the eltmthattou :f wioh cailod. or
experimental and inventive geLius, tkro:.i which h been
developed the modern dr kiln.
The develpment of iiprove dri: qa1pment hiS been
recrcn t the
accompanied y greeter thou.it
elements which are ueed to fft ho e1imintion of moteture frorn lumber, t.s., tenoerat:re id .;:tdLt. The
that neat
Tcs neoessary for the evaporat.on :ft&tor, Later, proper
dziing consisted of oorrelattri et ax Ttu?nidit in order
to eli.mtnte defeats resu1tth to lumuer 'it too rapid
primary developments pretevto the conol
io
or too sluggish vapration.
it I e
ir circu1tti'n.
In the development of t1n dr, I g ;.:roeei;:re,
evident that little thought n.. ive
The original &r kiln constrct ions
cer. ner e1
which heat Gould be controlled.
or, e31...3iuertiOr1 wu
to
given to the control of both heat and h.
boxes in
dLtv oj means
of air circulation, since kiln c:xtr:tir
3O reu-
lbt$d that a natural draft ezistei tiotgout the ctln
But tt wae riot until ite roeti that dte
oQr4eid$r&tLOfl wae gj,eu to thi.a eiit, zid iLri
mechanical p?odnation of air trc..1::ttcU wO adote.
rnportint
Since sir circulation hi r:ved to b
factor in kiln drying of lumber,, detne of cIrj kiln
atruoture h& ye gradually been chned. .beDea2 previous
ohambsr.
kLine have been oonstructe to tae :dvante of natural
draft in the old progxsssive" iln, zi Lc the lumber
La progressively moved. from tre 1'reen or charge end", to
the dry or diacharge exdt, d there reinov:i; the zswer
destgne have made it poetoie to r:.Ldi di.: ttie tote1
ntrge during one drying neri ..d u Lho onarthentt' dln.
La a result of this cbsne, tie ro:retv dln is grdu.
ally beco.tng obsolete.
In the following di imior, air oUouation will be
oonsidered e a factor in dr;1t
kiln.
i;.%aber
L
t-e corn artrnent
S3iTY
4tr airotilation, unlike heat azd .;iditi, 18 r.ot
element ioh, in itesif, rernov. .noi str: e from lbor.
Beat La responsible for haetexdg .nd re:vLri ri)i8tfe fro
tX1
wood.
Hwnidit
oontrols the rc1.dtt' of .ter evaporttoii,
elnos the water vapor wbton is reso.t L the air ten to
t.ht air. Cirdisturb the amount which osi be tten uc
culation in 4ry ktlna t the factor r poruible for tne
thr3t ot Lhe 1lx2.
even distribution of heat wd hmnt
iri.;ert'it factor
It therefore must be oonsiderei.
Which helps to produo oondit10 ±vrable for the rodhotion of moisture from wood.
It might be said that in a closed ca;ber ieh as
eziuta in dry kline, heat dtetribtio:
urdforiu,
This however, proves to
be
be q;ite
1ietOus for several
reasons. rtmari1, there is e:rerg required to evaporate
water, This energy is supplied b the boat Ln the ilrL &i4
ir there rill be
must be rai&l snd continuui ;p
a coasiderable temporatura dro frin
another, eaae through ail L(iO )p
.rt
tend to disturb an equal distrit1u.
net
f
i
lo.:4 to
tre
i
tate a rapid rats of heated aix :ve:it t .fi'et such
retiient Lr a iilr
loss. During tk prelimLnar
the tepsraturo
riui, further heat is osumeh
a1d
of the wood to that of the surr.xdi.n .ir. 2ii
4
3t forzed to
considerable ;irne if the i-ated 1r
oiroulats throughout the lo.
The reason which neoesItte.' tht cire i:LtiOfl Of
beato air throughout a lod o1 1 ib;r, is tht the hat
can crnly be suppited by rnaiis of coriveotto., a process
otrou1tt,
which, if to be cout 1nu8, 1mph
An eyen distribution of moisr in the air 8urr()und
ing a kiln charge is neceesar., in order to Lrore ever!
drying of the luuber in the load. a ttept to attain
thts condition by a process of f'oLo.r of the Letre
would be quite tnoonatatnt, sce h -LãLt0 i cot1naall
arid, if the
being built up at certain plce3 i tr.e
moisture was not ridly distri bteu., no ao'.rate control
of bumitty could be attathe!.
A large percentage ot tke oItui eb lioer..te
into the air in a dry kiln is crr dtrect1
lurnber, especially durin tr
hte neszi
a high moisture eoutsnt.
of a iIln rir.
ir..ttiri
that thi air dtr?ctl:;
from the
tae lxnber hs
rro
c;ar to ae
It i. tr..retre
a high rate of circulation to cort :.ti1 re.:rioe tLLe ez
caa otature,
Again to ecure a high h ..;it.it
eseuttal to distribute the s
in
dX
ciln, it 18
h1d oiture qii
throughout the kiln chamber. This oaii on1' be seces-sfully
ioan, however,
seored by cirulation. It does rot
that a kiln bving a rapid rate of air ctrcu1tion, is
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Pacts
qite ra. td
iitng the neoes3t t,of
.et odu f deter-s
aireulat tug systems have been
irticular
mining the rate of circulation ;1vr b
system are thercioze concrete factors
proper drying
procedure.
in the past, rapidity of air circLtiori in kiln
url.-: t be xucber £ e.ares of
has been determined by
sir in th. kiln per defiMte uiit of time. Tiis :etiod
baa almoet generally been discadod. The present 'tem,
by which air circulation is oeasred is by mans of the
rapidity of air movement per L1.i diutee in the load.,
usually aeired. in feet per minute. 2ic ra:idity of air
mQvnt is measured in sover differ.rt was, the cost
general of which re by meuts of txo umioke t.t
nometr teat, sore aourate tc
n
b
eL:L
using te pitot tube and oalcuitios
statistics governing the fs
Li. u
he smoke test method :f detormt
ud
utLS 0
n
L:r sy...temt,
Lr utrcul.tton
is merely a 3asure!nt or timo of the velocity of trsel
of smoke through the losd. ie s-roke tost :uac1g deviee is
quite stple, being merely an ap..rt:;s so fixed tcnt the
urite creating
fumes of hydrochloric acid and
dense white snoke, the travel of weh can be quite acouratly t tme d by mean a of the at op
i.t c -i.
I
An advautage of this
t:d i tht tt not on1
gives
tbo rate o circulation but io the irect1,n of the air
travel. A aeries of neasure it;
b, nns of thia
device 1ll give quite acc.rate
ta, the t.:or vtrg
taireri measurmeuts with air veiocLi rw..fing a; to 500
feet or more per mnirnito.
th air circulating ytei
of air trave]., anemometers
avixa
b
:ed.
a hb.'r vsloc1.t
however,
we find a great deal of yartat1.
either thacctrac4v of the
in r&...ihg bcca: of
instrrt r im. rope.r p1:eeent
of the inutrurerit in the air stream.
be anemoaeter 18 merely a small disc far o ountei.
on Dearings that the uuznber oZ revoltii.3 w.L1.L record tie
feet 3f air travel. The thstrruent must
uØdviith a
watch to secure readings. igt. aa averae 01 i. nuaor of
readtn should be zad.e to L1 .ro a re:..ter c1:.gre of
ace uraoy.
I
detr;n1.nn
icr the most accurate
circulation by nana of the imonitei', "te crom section
at the air duct abould be .ivided it qare abot.t equ:.al
to the diameter of the anemometer a.d. a reL1 tuen in
each equare aince the velocit varies trouo;t te cross
aection of the air duct".
A further computation is oxt
i order to
determine the velocity o:f air oLg tro.i tiM courses of
the load. Tnis 1 doterriinei
iviLoz ol the vole
of air )roduoed per foot of dl.
iiUt, b
e.
the amount of opening in the lo'd. cr fot of kIln length.
accrate
The utso of the pitot tc U cme of the
methods of determining flo.;
Li
hrouh. a tct.
T i3
ctrc: lation
would be uad ost aatisfactorilc in
in kline suppited with air fr:n trtf: r1 b1o.cer. ]o
1a..att )n
undtretand the use of the i.tct tra,
- th a s e,)f the
of the principles of igtneerthv rolti
tube wlU be necessary.
ocordtn.g to tne laws
presaure or head is n.aesarj t
through & duct. This head h
L10
icu c
of air
ipoioi;.ts; "the
atIo
beud which is required to over3o;o frict io..i r3i tane,
arid the velocity bead which t tbc
produce the velocity of flog.
convertible. If the velociti in tbe
any point beoause of an incree l
ere req.ired to
are iutua1iy
1i decreea at
:._ctIonal area,
a portion of the velocity head wl.i be 3).vcrted. thto
13 alw.ae
static bead d vice versa. The intcrcc
accompanied by
certain amont r et Li8 of head, de
or te c:;ne area
tc; place."
Of the section in which the ch*i
upon the abroptne
pezidtn
flir; £or.itd nay be
apa
.
*J
tl*sedsta, the.
Y*1096.5
nginaer1ng-.stllte Carrier
el;
wat'r
v.lociti head ir ir;c:c
D : density of air in porith3 per cuic foot
: yeloetty in feet per minute
N
Por acre accurate reeilt a rbe o f reetng
be taken in the ducts sinos the Same veiott head des not
exist at the outer edge of th ;ci.; ae at the corter9 The
.rto
usual way to obtain readtn ¶.r tc' ditd.e th auct
reaU eich area,
a number of equal areas tatrp,
then tha average f tM comuted ve1ocltte t the average
velocity of the duct.
ki,
Then wheu
8pee
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poty in cubic f t ::'
Outlet velctty ir fet
: Pressure in [nehee of
iiJ.$
oraepower
D s Diameter of fan wheel
t .bsolute pressure
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(1)
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(Z)
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In the prevtou.a dt8cusston, the Leed of hvth circue :idrtiOri of the type8
lattng stema was 4eveloped.
of esterr supp4ing this circuIttion shoid tberofore be
included, oorre1attn, the eUioiorm, of any particular
eatem to the need for which air is d.ernunded in kiln drthg.
One of the chief tapes of fan installation used. at the
present is the internal fan ktin, £kAere are numerous methods of thatallirig fans tn a kiln, nd difi'rerit.iation of
the type of kiln Lu uea1i i. e on the deocriptive element
supplied b the fan seter.
The first interns]. fan ciixs develoie, were o ade
that is was necessary for the rectrclatin process to kave
This neont
te I
an outlet directly in the center
that an opening wee necessard in the center of the 1uI of
:
lumber, as eli own Lu fL gur e I.
ft in a pit
The fani were located on one central
beneath the lumber charge. The first ktlns did not have
the reversible circulation featre, ice tue otor then
4eelopet were not reversible. Vriato.s lxi baffli.ug
setema wore used, moat of htch co
r;e
extensive con-
struction in order to cause the air to be veclj diatributeU.
in the correct air ohannele. 2ds, combied .vith tne ne
oesalt1 of having a large pit for the eut;..mento causei
euah kLine to be iuite xponsive.
1=
Figuo 1.
Central Chimney with Flat
ac1±: in I
rrai
arL
iln
A further dteadyant a oX th,s til
t:e
of
space nscassitatsii by the openLr in th center oi the
kiln load. The nl oloeed' lacrs f board rere the
appermoat onee, these beir cloed so s to keep the air
ciroltin downward after emergthg ILto the central apace.
The advantage gained b having an ieniig [n the center of
the load was that of a ver short air travel between the
w
courses of lumber.
To eliminate the excess air spce In thLs tye of kiln,
edge stacking ct lumber was resorte to,
_U
t that
the same fan installation qioulerit clI be ssd, ooept
that thsupr&ght baffles kad to be 4acad so tt_t the re
turning air from eaob ooirse would
baffled back through
the fans. The chief vantage reuLtg from this type of
kiln was that of conserving
(iure 2)
-
1irtber d.iaadyantagea ros']t1, oev r. .ri&rL1,
more expensive equ.iment was rcer to wax4ica11
stack the lumber. it ant that altotrr LC-' stac.ii
squiput was neoeaear If this w t o
In
ixs
already established. Another disadv..
'He tr:t th
wae a longer ir travel, which aieant tnat region of lower
.
teoratur and higher bamidit existed at te oIit ±
entranos of the air. This condtioz
omevihat relieved,
.-;
however,
because of the reversible CIcCiL-tj.)fl process.
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one eo constructthird. type of internal ftri
ed. as to allow fiat piling of 1:mb.r l.. thout the formerly
tile
required air space In the oente:r .f the iod.
fans were iats3]sd. in a pit similar to tt dec; ibed for
the other two types of onstructin, The dirfere.noe reeulted from bafiltng the entire spaoe imeaiatel boieatb
the load. ud so arrengtr the I ar bai1lcs o that the II
would be forced out at one sith aitd io .ran in on the other
This resulted in a complete Iori.zor;tl oircuiti:n1 throuhout the lumber. With the adde.
vt.ge of revertble
ctroulitton, maximum space ou1ti be raed 1 t h ktln chanbe
with a eondttion of uniform drytg. (Firo 3)
This type of Uln t used. extenivel at the present
tim.. [ta chief disadvtge £eit frrt tie Epe.sive
pit construction noesari to ullow f
i
trta1ltton.
The efficiency of the fans in this
tern is in the to
just dearibe is also quite low beca..e of the frtctLri
caused b the baffles n,cessar$ to reuLte the direction
of the flow of air.
To overcome the dieadyait
-vx extenve pits
and. therefore platforms otrctod in
of overhead 1nterial 1.L, yste
oped (Ylgurs 4), In the system, the
a
cbem
t1 itditOA,
beeu ciovel-
are again tn
stalled on the one main snft runnI pirilel to th
length of the actln Ui the t.p of th xIln cu.rnbcr. .giin
the baUles are so installed, tL ..t the air leaves tho fats
from one aids and is taon in c'n theo
te aide.
large oafZli is pit .ed batwer t'o
tre tp f
Lead to k.ep the air' in the .orrect ciace,.s. t the
bottom of the load another baile it lce in order to ee
the air from circulating dtreotl nder t.e lod itead of
through the load, The coils in this type f d1n are 10-.
eatod. on either aide of the
)f :ø fl5ø
As was azpiained., the dvntze of ths din contruotion raults from tnø alimi tim of tno eXOnt3iVe it e.fld
platform. Another advantage iI tIi eonstruotion is the
arched. roof whioh ailowa for a inli..ium o1 i'ictlon in tne
air curronte.
Opoaing the advantages o.t tr.
disadvantages are evident. Une 1' tiet
.1
evera].
is te eera1
is
opposition of the at.d air to ei.rou:te dvrrrd.
is alightl overcome beoatse of the tect th7t trio reuiaoed
air is somewhat moteture laden &d thero±ore is F htor
than dr air at that t*nperature nd bro'netrio pressure.
increased oots for the general striaturl equipment
installation, such as steam ptpeti, ai'o render a slibt
disadyant age, although later, le. oars lo xe.cesary to
proteot the equipment from fLi1 dobrs.
Having atttined. sooessf L rLt ri zilni 'vtth
fan irta1latton in the top of the kiln ch..er, dray kiln
engineers have now developo; a kSl.n v..rp1
general oharacteriattee from th
;;hti
ne jt dorLbei.
in
¶
Flat Stacking of LtTmbcr i: I
1
The new kiln design has fans loctel hi plane p..r.i1lel
to the length of the i1n, irte1 i at right
le to
the icUn oz one long shaft.
frs 're loc.ite1 in the
top of the
kiln obamber. 1i'e 11 :r sually con-
struotid in batteries of even rb
sincio tre notorz
eupplptug power are oonneotst w1t sets of tRD ztlris each.
The motors ai ; jaosd. in between the archei roofs of the
two kilna es shown in figure 5, nd. 3p1j
neceary
power for ach of the two ax1s n the t di Lerext ln
This means that a motor must
ii.ti1l 1or oe': ±r in
:
4'
ths kiln.
There are aeyeral avantp; uf this re: t
of dr
iinoOnetruøtjon. Te17 little
iirg is riecesBar, On
atn baffle ranring the entire iI1n ierigt: ir eorijunetion
with the fans being the on1 direct L'1Ug required.. A
narrow walkway built out frn tae side f the ictin well
even with the top of the tzucks kees te adr fron eircu
lttthg underneath the lod. 2e arched rOQf case little
fTictiQn to the air ourrent wi
alt
drnot direct air flow to the lumber.
e cz:.tretix
less expeiaive since the e%t n;vc .;Lt
ry and
the arohea roof is cheaper to
(..;d.ecsation of
i.
water is lttrxted beowse
Lu ool bel plee( in
the upper part of the kiln. f1iir deri does not all
o
into the main oLroulttoj aprart.s.
The present conatrusotion o ti tipe of equtprnorit
a
-
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-
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21
presents ome dttfioult
:5
rLtione.
before, the
direction of air circulation ii ojposed b tne gerral
nturai. movement of heated air.
P
eces.1t
o1
viig
ertee of motors incree the iil cost of tri8tellation. It is necsasar o orte to kiins at time
Since a fan In each of to differenìt :tix .t aerated by
each of the iotore. The dIatr btioi of ;Lr between the
iaers is like] les even than in the tem that produce
$
the circulation from below the load, beoa..e of the reverse tendsno of the heated air flow in the Iln.
On the
ole however, miri:Av
castE; wLt
altlL)Ot mast-
mum effIctine' have caused th e Kiln to becoae dennd.e.i
b lumbermen. Simplicity of OOE truct.ton seems to attract
buyere to this tppe of kiln.
a a result of interest wh; or he .evlo:ieLi, ooncern
ing the storage of kiln dried 1.aber, one of the mnufacturere of drying equipment h!e developed u combi..ntton
drying and. storage shed. The
of the coi.strioti or
(Jigur 8) La similar to that
latter type of .ilr
mentiond above. The dryer w..
Lfl.ca1L, designed for
drying conon grades of lumb-r.
tr'ote.t th.tt
The sir otrotilatiozi rsteri Is :;o
oer of
heated air can be eapp1Iod to R large
)
The ct1n Is one of a double tr
tyo, the hted air
from the one fan ayaterì bethg Bed to establtsL. the ne
ceasary temperature arid humidity ir tno iwnoer on eoh
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r
1)
track. The baffling in this lr;.er
type, Mother interesting fet. r
i
of
i plest
of din is
the
the reduced number of fena usecL tr te
of the kiln,
causing the dryer to oo alrnot under the ate ory of a
prorise Lye dry kiln.
Such a storage drier, terkds to hold tho mottre content quite nearly to that deeiroi, tti the toc is
parcelled for shipment.
vr1 ouroea Li this dryer.
inefficiency results u.nlege the ciror t rdeqatei filled
with stock. A large quantity of iibr s tied uc in the
Disadvantages arise from
operation, especially if the kilr i: ve to a maximum of
to o:i ;te two dl at
its efficiency. it is nece
once since one motor eup4i
ferent kLine.
21,r ctrc:ltion th t-.v) dif..
Other dryers and storae eeLts of o. natire simii.r
to the one just desribad hve oeen tsed., These ili riot
be disc.is.d however, since t;. ure
tt: xitaral
aLl' ci ronintton.
The raults secured frm :ii.xu ::url iwjth e ti
isted air froia external blowers, ar :.dnoet the sasne as
tbe of the internal ten kiln. $he fan p14nz the
air for the external blower kiln is iocited. itside of the
dry kiln chamber. Air dots ar Onjeted .treot1;'j with
the blower and oarry the suo 1L?d air throu the thcta to
equelly spaced outlets in tte dry d1ri Li oo-t of the
kline constructed on this Pri1el?ie te entire amo..nt of
sI supplied does not return directi to the b1or bat
is eddied. underneath the lod ne.
eet the ctnent
of atr supplied from the blower n the cntering air side
of the lo4.
?4uon the sane as in the fir t Lnterai fa
blower kline were developed
iTLi, the
.ce was
eceesar
in the center of the I oad for
air.
i.ure
7) Xater vertical ataoktn
resorted to (Vi.re
hI system wee deomd noessar,v sinen te ii&n ir duct
was iooated directly ben t the lambr.
Iater, however, the same mziiicr of air eircLt ion
tht erril rar
throughout the load was ec.;re s for
kiln, by comjieteiy baffling the
,rectl,; under the
lumber, (E'igure 9) anti having the 1rlt i..nd outlets on
either side of the kiln chamber. This eaHt tt CO!ri)jeta
la.
of flat stacked 1rnber c ld be .l.eed in the itln,
thus liLnattng th waste sce Lu the ee-&tr of the load.
of the neoueit of edge stac dr ;;roL.et in the oritnai
blower cllna.
The advantages of t}118 t1pe of dr :tin are that there
t;
)
U
is a minimum of mechanloul ec
roduce
circulation; app xlmLteiy equal air ci a1tton results
throughout the iln, espeiai1
which the central cbimnem was
ie e.oured because of only a
In te older
tal ';EI;
rti1 ret r.'
in
Xid
Lfl
:i ir to the
\
-/
'
_J, _"\\." I_ --h Ii
(I
Figure 9.
Flat Stackiag of Ltunber in. Blower Kiln
2b
result from the øzperlve pit
oortruott on
itton caused by the lone air duets
neosesary to transport and dLsoarge the air to the dry
kiln chamber,
To eliminate the n.oeaatty of building the eenaiye
pit in ktlne together with the ded coat of platforms,
engtheere have devised kline with the air ducts in the top
of the kiln. (Pigur. 10) This ane that tho baffle that
was proiously located over the top of the load is ri this
kiln piaosd at the bottom of the load.
As In the oyerhe:d internal fan syatem, one dteadvan.
tags is that the forced otrcultion La sating against the
nataral tendency of beatid air travel. As a result, a
slight unequal distribution of the air through ach 1y.r
of lumber prouably exists.
other type of external fan dry kiln conatruotlon
rscent1 devised i on. in htoh the air duote oetituti
the entire aides of the kiln chamber1 The t1ne are
usually oontructed in batteries of two. This allows for
one main central air chamber between the two kline, I ge
plates running the entire length of the kiln being used
to confine the air. These plates have a number of lines
of 5mai outlets so located that the air releaue through
them will find a passage direatl through the courses of
lumber to the other side of the cilu. Upofl reachIng the
-- Q
JJJ,
zew
4
'igure 10.
FLat Stacking with Air Ducts in Top of Blower Xiln
30
other side of the kiln, the air again goes through a
number of openings in a similar plate, and Is then oOfldOts.
el baaic through the air duct to the fan.
An undesirable feal
of this kIln is the frIot
resistance orsatad in the duct causing a vera low sffioieno
to resalt from the circulation built up by the fana. A
rther dta9d.Yanta3e results from the neoessit2 of having
two kline in operation at once to utiliss the circulated
air produced. .versIble circulation is aio impossible
sines th one large chamber
the two kilne is elwas
supplied with the entering air. This faotor has a tezi&euc
to Gauss an unequal distribution of moisture in the kiln
d a temperature drop across the loads and therefore a
ultant uneven drying condition of the lumber in dlffsrat
parts of the load.
The two fuatuee which are reap onetbie for the popu
of the kiln are the simplicity of design and the
distribution f air to the varIous layers of lumber
load.
arious other types of cIrculating aystens have been
dsv1aid in whiob the natural tendency of the air movement
has been aueted, One of these is the supsr"hostsd.
steam kiln in whtc circulation is augmented by the current
eatablisbid by the flow of steam from the Jets. Anothe
is the condenser kiln in which the air is passed oyer aol
vter pipes cadenstng the water in the sir and tendiri
oaue t)e 1z' tbsrebr to moie ao,nward 1og the sidea
th. kiln. Thee. tlna have not pz'ove eatiafaGtoDI $11O
of the hIgh coat of kseptn a kiln superbeatad. with steam
In the torr, a4 bcaijae of the ilow rate of atr movement
In the latter.
,f air circulation
per kiln drjtng prooedz'e, a small kiln, twntfOu?
Lu length was used. Tbs tim was standard eutpped
automatic host and humtdtt7 oontrollers. iartia1
de were usid in oodnot tug the teste, so that. the ma
possible rate of circulation oould be scoured. Tb.
rate of air circulation was determinoô. b 135U8 Of aiking
smoke teats on rune with the alowar rates of air otremla'
tton and comparing these with their number of revolutions
per mUiute to those with higher revolutions per minut
A standard schedule was used on each run so that
variations from other osuess would be held at a minimum.
Tate schedule was one of low temperatures. The otual
runnixg schedule was em followe
z]b
et
u1b
tumi4it;
4
150
150
100
12
130
119
70
24
135
24
135
110
45
2
136
101
30
160
100
a
60
be moisture content of the
er reduced to the desired 10% before completion of the
schedule. The lumber wa "pu.]lsd" therefore, sines
I of the
33
this would have little effect on thi destre4 reeilte.
During all of the kiln runs, the air vents waro clod
is variation therefore occurred in actual huini&lty in Oom.!
pariaon to scheduled.
tty. This is noto& on the Elati
bowing the curves for each tln run.
In all, ten iifXerent charges were run through the
Uln at TUTIng rates of air otrault ion. Six of thcs
were slim.n?ted frs being ocusiderid with the data fro*
the other runs beeauae of the fact tt minor avtdable
influences outaide of air circulation effeoted the final
result.s. This left only four actual runs on bioli oomar
Leone could be made. This number ie hardly sufficient to
form sn busto oonoluaiona, but dua to lack of suffiotout
time, further runs could not be nie. Uoever,
noz'al
variations xaa be r4oted which seem to apply to the zuns and
be helpul in further experimentation on the subject.
be first aarge of lumber that was run in the kiln
was a thousand feet of Dauglas Ptr clear luabor. it was
Lrte with an air circulation of 280 feet per minute. The
required length of time was used Lu drthg the lumber. The
origthal moisture oontozt of the load was 74% while the
final moisture content wa. l, as øhown on Plate I. a
ma
shown in the diagreas, the moU3ture re:iuctiori was iap.Lil
durtxig the initial stages of drying but raduall,y reduoei
as tie run preceded. Itelative h iditv in the kiln reduced
at a constant rate throughout the ran.
34
The lumber when removed from the kiln had a slight
condition of casebardening. Small euruce obecke were
rioted on some of the flatgrair pieces, but they were
shallow enough to be removed br surfaoi.n of the luber.
in the eoond run that wtte used (Plate [I), the air
circulation was inoreaned to 60 feet per minute. he
charge again cisiste of one thousand feet of Douglas Ptr
olear lumber. The lumber entered the 1ln t a moisture
oontont of 6O and was removed at the eeventysirth hour
when it reached a moisture oortent of lO. o ftal
steaming treatment was given the lumber in this run ad as
a result, a elightls greater degree of easehsrd.ning was
noted than resulted In the first run. urfaoe hsce,
however, er of about the same number end depth as those
in the lumber on the previous run.
The miext run, (Plate III) as made hsvLg a rate of
air otroulatton equalltn 400 feet per minute. The charge
entered the fln with en original moisture onteit of 7.
it was removed at the end of b4 hours. Casehardening d
checktrg ondtttona were both slight, equallth those of
the first rn completed. Due to the faot that the automatic he.t controller shut ofl at the eu of 4 hours, the
lumber w removed from the kiln with a final moisture
content of 12. This however, dtd not effect the value of
the dat a taken.
The final run for which date. was approprttts or thi
35
ezperthent was m;de with an air irculattcm rate of 440
feet per mirutethe maximum which could be produced in
the kUn with a tboue.nd feet of lumber. The original
notstura ooitent of this load was 72. The lu.uber wa
removed at the end of ?6 houre, (Plate IV) at which time
the moisture oontext w;; l. Again a Bobardening atd
ckieakig tn the lumber was very 8ltght.
Thiu oompletod the runs made for the experiment.
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40
3U
in the foregoing experiments, sltght 'variations re.
suited in drying different kiln charges with 'varying rates
of air circulation. In the foUowing discussion on re
uita, only the most evident variables til be dtso.esed,
and these will be considered as tentative results ratier
than aetua,l facts relating to kiln drythg prooe3uZe, be.
of the limited amount of experimental data from which
oczalusia can be wie. In the ezprtm.nta1 work oon
ducted, three noticeable features d.reloped.
Probably the most not beads feature of a bih rate
of air circulation in oor.apartan to low be the resultant
tfsot it hae on the bumtdit,y control in the irtin. prom
the Plates previously desqribsd, it will be noticed that
those kiln runs having higher rates of air circulation
also tend to hays a greater correlation between actual and
sehethilod. humidity. 3inoe the humidity in the rcine wire
all above that of the actual scheduled humidity, the runs
with the higher humidity were therefore the rune with the
lower rates of air otrcltton. This develops the second
nottoesols feature of the experiments, namely; the rapidity
of moisture reduction in runs with high rates of Sir OtT*
cutatton in comparison to low.
The tendency of more rapid moisture redaction in
those kiln rime with higher ratee of air circulation is not
41
B) noticeable
be expecitei. however, it i evident
.ent terd to assume a more c.ins tent
that the motetur
ctrop whan a htgkier rate of air ctrcu1t ton is used than
wbo a lower rate is teed. The initial motstre content
drop for the first few hours of drrtg seems to be quite
ounetant for both high and low rates of oircu1&tiou. Latsr
however, it is rioticeabla tt charges cent tune to riduci
in notature content more raj.ily with the htghr rates of
o Lroulatt on.
The final feature noticeable in the experimental runs
conducted was duo to the more rapid moisture edLotton,
and consisted of a redctton of time necesar to 1i7 tne
lumber to the deetreI moisture content.
e to the fact that numerous other vart*bl wire
present in the kiln runs that were di, the above results
should be a4euatsl checked before tbe shonU be taken
as sotLial conclusions. in conducting further experiments
on air oirculatto., ad.yteable features to be especia1i
watched should be:
the Axact rate of air circ.lation, the
kind of lumber and the direction of graIn of the lumber,
and the ortina1 iistuit content of the lumber. it should
be desirable to maintain humidity in the tLln as close to
that ecbeuled a possible. This aai be done bp means of
leaving
aix' vents of the kiln open urtng th kiln runs.
The amount of &.ta r3presenttng c3nc]Bt3ne shou].d also be
a predoatnent feotor in establishing conclusions of worth
42
while tntreut,
4
t]J )ry tug of uabi
heJ
1926
Irytng of
by 14. 1).
1920
iiln Dxytng
b
1929
o1f Trislin
*tllts Carrter
8
Air Ctzculstton in Drj
.(Taabntaal 1ote
9..United
States Departant of
eigrtoulturs)
a
d CLrou1ars-fron Dry t1ii iqut
Manufacturers
1U1S
LOW
3CI3!IJLE
44
EXE.RXwEiTi
Rc'NS
3r JA
T
2iEATuR: DRY
C HEDU L
Announcement of etooseaful low temperature oo.rcia1
drying baa
de in the Western el1ow Pine egi one.
Drying ohdulea having a maximum temperatur. of 110 de
been
reea, have been proving quite eattefaotory, ai4 their us.
is being ottnu.d.
The fesetbt1it of such low temperatur. echedulea in
ommeroia1 drying of Douglas Dir, has not osen doteiminid.
It baa been found that Doaglas Dir causes more dtiflculty
in drying then does Western .11ow Pine, and so heretofore,
high te rature schedules have bien almost universally
ussd.
Th, following data on low temperature schedules for
Doglae ?trweretaken primarily for the purpose of de
termthing the relationship of drying time necessary to
reduce the lumber to a desired moisture content, in come
parison with the time necessary for higher temperature
schedules.
45
a
Sohedulia.....iExpar.tment iuimber One
ous$ Io
The first run of lumber on low temperature chedules
was dried on a eahedule comparative to those uee in the
Pine Regions. The temperature of the dry bulb thermometer
was bald constant until moisture reduction from the wood.
was verj slow. The hmid1t4y in the t1n was Ccritrolled by
lowering the wt bulb temperature. A otroulatiorA of approximately 530 feet pr mjnute was bail during the ran ,and
no reverse circulation was used. The calculated original
moisture content of the load wae 54%.
B.J L
The etarting schedule used on the Ictin run was a dry
baib tespoxatura of 110 d.greea with a 70 per cent relattys
humidity. This schedule was da practical because of the
high velocity of air flowing throigh the kiln during the
run, thereDy z'oluotng the h.uiidtty directly over the cur
face of the lumber. Although the vtaooatt of tAo water
in the wood w
greater at this teerature, tho captiler-
ity was also greater and a balance was therefore effected..
Tb. vapor pressure on the .nterior wid extorter of the wood
at this temperature was pproxite1i the same.
46
£[
DATA
RUk
. - _* I ......5000 pour4s
Total etgbt of LOad.-.
%etght of ruU, Baf.flea, and Stickers -s'--13?5 pounds
pounds
eight of umber
umtdit.y
eiht
ttu
100
70
5000
54
110
100
70
4800
45
2
110
100
70
4500
33
26
110
10
70
4425
30
33
110
96
60
4326
25
47
110
92
50
4115
19
59
110
92
50
4150
18
71
110
92
50
4075
15
bl
110
92
50
4050
14
95
110
92
50
4025
13
107
110
92
50
4025
13
131
130
9?
30
4025
13
143
130
97
30
4000
12
151
130
97
30
3950
10
154
160
160
100
S In,
Dr7 Bulb
Wet Bulb
0
110
6
20 houre.
Two hours and cooled
na1 Mtat're Content, 11,
4,7
RESUL
The resu1t of this teat run indicate that 10
perature drying echedules ar. quite feasibl, until thi
stock being drLe is slightly bela the fiber saturattm
point. Lfter thtø point is reached, however, drying takes
place very slowly and
increase in temperature is alnost
necessary, with a slightly lower buatdlty.
schedule of the above luxation, should ShQw very
xde we
alight degrade in the etoO* that wae drie
found tue1 sines the Douglas Fir had only a v.ri slight
degree of casehardening before the ftuai ataaatrg treete
rneut. Later there was no noticeable traces of easebardene
tug.
A schedule of this length ii not prsctioe3. Lxi dr;thg
one inch ouglae Fir Clear lumber, since higher tempers
tuxi drying schedules ke it possible to remove a charge
of lumber in from ? to 96 hours. Further serimente
might prove that slightly higher tenpsrfitures than thai
s.d in this schedule would be praettoal.
46
ow
em
ratureSohedtilesxZerimerIt Xutuber
I
D$C uasxç
Iii experiment nnmber one, on low temperature drying
for )oug1as sir, it was found that low tempers
turea worked. very well until the stock had a g1.sture
content slightly below the flbsr saturation point. After
this point, however, moisture reduot ton took pleas very
sohe3u1i
Lu making obedule number two, this was taken into
consideration, end. after 43 hours of drying the tempers.
tura was raised. to 120 degrees. Again the humidity was
slow2y.
aontroiied by lwrtng the wet bulb temperature. The
otreulatton was a1.n epprozttsly 500 feat per minute
through the 1oad, i4 no reverse circulation was used.
crr L.
4.J4
In starting this kiln run, an tiitttal steamtn
treatment was given the 1mr, in order to iuve a
mum of ta*erature drop throughout the lumber. After this
treatment, the aoheule of an 100 deyee dry bulb tempera.
ture with 10 per cent relative humidity was again u.ed,
until the lumber hd been in the kiln for 48 bira, at
'iicb the the temperature was raised to 120 degr
KU4J 1U1
Total Weight of Load.-.-..
ai....510O poande
eight of Trucks, Baffles,
Stioker...4570 poUndS
'etght of Lumber
I:7 iItilb
.5 730 pounds
Bulb
umi4tt
g)4_ boistu
0
170
170
100
5100
53
2
110
100
70
5100
53
16
110
100
ITO
4b60
43
20
110
L0
'70
4b00
41
28
110
100
ITO
4126
37
46
110
100
70
4400
24
4b
120
100
60
4350
22
51
120
100
50
4300
20
64
120
L)0
50
4176
15
69
120
40
4115
15
88
120
96
40
4125
15
100
120
96
40
4125
13
112
120
95
40
4070
11
116
170
170
100
4070
11
lib
d. to cool for 2
J
uetng the seheiule in pTei.reAoe t the üie uaed
in the first experiment the required ttrpin ti for the
etook waa reuce. 30n3td0?ably. Moisture distribution
nd casehardentn tset from the stock in the run proved
ig of .iioiatutre oteut existed
quite aattaZaotorT.
between the core ud the shell of the .004. Cas.ardentng
?VS
light.
tn aheokthg the schedule, it see advisable to main.
tam a atepor gradient of hmnldtt7 drops A000mpa!Iytng
this, drj'tug tLe wold be reduoød oonetdorablj b matn
taththg a higher temperature ufter 2 hours of 4x1.ng tL*.
Again it is found that uch low temperature schedules
are not practical ror ose In Ttn Douglas flr. 8y con.
aittering the above factors, however, it eeens quite poestbl4
that a ooprattve low tenperature dr7treg criedule may be
developed.
P8UR-.L S B
TiOli ¶r) iCILL DY
On. of the primary physical facts, biob is used in
mani thduetriea in oeuethg an tzreeee c decrease in
liquid oct3tsnte of a substance, is that of Tapor prese1re.
It. chief use toda Ii in reduotng the vapor from timb*
which are to be treated. By aa of the application of
a vacuum, the interior pressure of vapor in wood forces
the interior water to the surface, bsn the moisture
content is r.duo.d, a presure with a protective fluid is
applied causing a reversal of vapor pressure ani forotr3g
the liquid into the wood.
In the prsctioe of kiln drying, it again see pra
toal to consider the acting vapor p auras whi oh ef cc
the moisture conditions in tbe wood. By the use of the
peoyobrometrio chart, we y find the vapor pressures
of water at a given t.mpriture and re].atie humidity.
This will give the vspor presiure r.aotizg against trana.
fusion of moisture to the urfaes of a pteo of lumber.
But the Interior of the lumber has a temperature sore
uearlt that of diw point oorrespoudthg to ttie outside
y be at a
temperature and humidity, arid there fo
variance as to vapor presaure from the exterior.
Ver.y little vriance is foQnd in th. vapor pre
anging from 100 degrees tahrenhett, to 200 degrees lab
renbeit, with from 30 per cent to ?0 per cent buraidit
U
aM the vapor presaure at the dew point of these tern
turea, ezoept at th. temperature of 140 d.&r.ea. At this
temperature, it hae beea noticed that the vapor presaure
at dew point La criidersb1 lower than at the tp.raturs
bumidit of that dew point. hetber this iG osused
he inaoourao of
tu: te not known.
the curves or is tm. of this teap
The following table gives the vapor preeure
pol.ni aM at the temperature and bustditp causing the di.
PO$. £Zt
U
VA0R PUSSURNS
____
L
De Potz
wToit
100
100
100
100
100
110
92.
87.6
3.5
19
?45
110
110
110
100
96
93
87
82
120
109
13.0
70
60
50
40
30
10
1.33
89
1.04
.76
.5?
79
72
63
1.3.4
84
1.8
98
93
50
1.54
1.29
30
.7?
bO
40
l.0ô
8?
81
136
130
124
115
105
8.5
4.5
3.8
2.96
2.25
145
140
133
6.7
6,8
4.8
3,8
2,08
30
107
102
97
89
81
130
130
130
130
130
119
114
109
103
9?
70
60
50
40
30
117
109
105
98
140
140
140
140
140
128
123
118
111
104
60
50
40
30
150
150
150
160
150
137
3.60
146.5
5.15
2.?
2.26
1.8
1.85
4.76
4.06
i.40
2.72
2.04
5.28
4.50
3.76
3.00
2..:6
6.72
5.16
3.84
2.88
14
160
160
160
160
100
95
3.32
126
120
112
141
135
121.5
119
'70
70
60
50
40
70
60
80
40
4.&0
75
97
89
2,38
2.04
1.70
1.36
1.02
120
120
1.8
1.52
1.2?
1.06
2.36
.03
1.15
1.36
3.05
3.13
2.6
2.].
1.8
1.36
4.15
5,50
2.90
2.30
1.75
70
60
60
40
1Q5
1.36
1.15
1.00
.76
.56
&'9
12?
121
114
106
114
54
'Vapor PreeBureaConttnus
?rssr.
170
170
170
170
170
156
150
70
136
40
180
165
159
152
144
134
1t)
10
IbO
1L0
190
190
190
190
190
400
200
200
2)0
143.6
127
174
1St.
161
152
148
14
177
170
161
150
60
50
30
70
60
50
40
70
60
bO
40
30
70
60
bO
40
30
Dew 2oij t
apor
8.4
7.3
8.47
7.26
6.06
4.84
156
149
142
IU.64
9,12
7.60
ó.08
165
158
151
142
131
1G.8
13.4
12.8
9.4
14
1.3.3
7.52
5.64
168
159
151
139
16.2
14.0
11.65
9.32
6.99
183
116
169
156
147
4.56
13
122
6.10
4.8
3.6
9.1
7.8
6.4
4.5
11.6
9.3
7.1
5.7
16.2
14.0
11.8
9.2
7.0
g
scoi
MOIS
bE C)NT
T
QJ8&I.O,
us of the more oouor r*thOds of taking moisture
contents of lumber in kiln drying is by reduoizg the
moisture content of email splss
test ovens. This
a000mpliehei by taking samples from a charg. of lurnbar
representativ, of the ll2aber in the load. These samples
ar weighed and dried in the sll test oven at a tampi:
turi of approximatel: 212 degrees Paheu.h.it, until the
moisture is evaporated from the wood, average size samples
from a kiln dried o1arge of lumber taking trenty.Zoar hours
to dry.
after the aemplee are removed from the oven, weights
sgaLn taken to get ts basal try weight readings for
ng the time
rrninatton of the moisture conten
samples are being weighed however, the hested wood
beorbthg moisture at a very rapid rate. if the samples
not weighed inedtately after being taken from the oven
moisture is absorbed to øuoh a degree that on small sales
v: low raoteture sontant pr cents, ooai4erable error
intrd.uc.& in tne final oaloulatton, The reason for the
samples wttb low moisture content per cents being effected
to greater degree than otbc3rs, is that on uoh readings
ther. Is less of a vartattoU between the wet and dry read
tugs and a alight error in the basal dry reading effects
us
DJ3i
TOB
Is
MXLZ4G MUl 2UR
CONT
T TE8
55
u]atsd pero
ee to a very great a.
iS ULTS
A test of t
aplee (Tables I, II) with
original weighte varying from four to ten grema, thus.
tratas the degree to *ioh absorbed moisture ffots the
resultant calculated moisture content, The samples were
first dried in a teat oven at a temperature of 21 d.
gross, for twenty4our bire. The asmpl.s .re then r.
m.ed from the en, one by one, and idiately weighed,
After the witghthg was completed, they we2e hewed to ri.
asin In en ordinary bested room for a ported of five aim
utse, at which time they wer tgain weighed, ioieture
contents wire celcu]&tid on the baste of the oven dry
weight and on the baeta of the weight after the i lea
tad been out of the oven for f.Lye inutee. The moisture
ootenta figures resalttng from using the latter Vitght $0
a basia averaged .9% lower tb those based on the oven
dr' wetgbt, causing an error of .9% loWer moisture content
than the samples abould haTh indicatid,
On a similar .zpertment, however, with ee.mp]ss which
averaged 2? grams in weight, based on the dry weight of
the wood substance, an error of only .6 wa introduced
int the correct inoietur content calculation, fter the
eaplea hat remained in the room for thirty minutes.
(Table III)
4. third test w
rform.d on larger samples sv,rag
but the piroantae of 'variation
from normal was so small that ealo tion as to j
of error iutroduesd was impractical.
igbty grams Lu weigh
o overcome the error introduced by moisture abeorp
when using small samples, a deatoa
xp.r imen was
performed, This constete of ing a jar, partially m: .4
with a water absorbent, (8nlphurto acid or Calcium Chiorids,
preferably the latter as Sulphuric acid removes some of
the resins from the wood) immedtate].y over which was a
plate on which aamples could be placed. The JtiX was so
constructed that the lid ocld be placed n the Jar' ceasing
resultant air or moisture tight chamber. The purpose
the desicator apparatus was to sb*orb the moisture in
the air aurroand.IL. the eplos by the water attraott 8
aubstanes, until the samples cooled enough to lessen their
affinity for water,
n botb teats in which the deelostor was us
sles were allowed to remain in the chamber for
minutes, at which time the were again weighed.
On the experiment with the small a u.lI, a r4otetu
error in tie
absorption resulted which introduced.
mel resdig, a3
for a five minute air
p ed to
cooling. In the eeriaent with the larger samples, an
ror of .0 was introduced in thirty minutes, as ocmper
a
error for the air.xpoa.d esp
Vartatton .Ln. Uotatue Contents of 81e*
inch Small Cstltng 31
Inmed.Dr
(1)
6
7
6
9
10
1
2
14
lb
16
17
18
0
5.61
4.12
4.37
7,27
6.17
7.10
7.64
8.31
6.44
7.14
5.10
3.59
3.79
5.35
5.49
6.80
7.36
4.75
6.34
7.83
6.94
4.93
7.29
6.
5.90
3.61
6.26
4.84
6 40
5.78
b .33
7.12
6.69
4 56
?.05
5.57
7.15
6 60
4.48
6.60
24
25
7.04
S 03
3.87
4.90
7.52
8.25
4.33
t.
t.b Mm, Wt.Cooled Lu
after Taken £)eetoetort8)
?rom Oven (2)
S 10
5.13
3.63
3,5.
Dry
3.81
6.42
5.43
6.37
6.87
7.40
4.80
6.40
6. 9
4.9?
7135
6.37
5.95
3,82
6.2?
4.88
6.43
5.85
3.93
4.93
7 55
29
4.38
3.79
ó,45
5.41
6.33
6.83
748
4,"
6.58
6.91
4.6
7.30
644
5.91
.80
6.24
4.88
6.41
.78
5.6?
4.91
7.50
6.8?
4.3'
9.n
o
t* Vt
.tt
t.r
.o zo
o't
9'O
O'Zt
£tt
00
0'O
'0
90
9'O
9'O
9' t
'tt
Oct
L'tt
'ct
t.,t
90
rt
b Pt
8' t
ro
it
t
't
0't
a
0. 't
9'tt
9'*t
6tt
CeO
,.O
t'o
0.0
O'It
1,0
t,t
00
00
tttzt
ett
L't
agt
1t
Vt
6.0
09
9'O
rt
t't
t
go
ot
e'ct
teipt
P'tt
t'ct
rat
a9t
9'fl
It
6t
Pt
£1
91
at
at
'It
Ot
c't
Pee
't
9'O
t
a'ct
i'Pt
0.11
(e)
LSNI zo;
'p.
TJØ 3
triM
Cstlthg
Pz.pI
t1L 5
Mtn,
*
20 Mtn.
Un. i*.O*
1.
29,39
26.4
26.40
26.48
2.46
26.4?
26,44
2
23,75
21.35
21.3?
21.41
21.44
21.48
21.43
3
S.00
32.08
32.5?
1.93
29.65
2.0O
4
1.94
29,63
29.6b
29.72
£9.75
29.70
5
32.09
29,20
29.24
29,26
29.29
29.33
213,30
6
29.02
26,45
26.47
26.49
26.52
26.53
86,46
7
36.52
82.81
32.85
22.b8
32.90
82.93
82.89
b
31.4
%i,21
2b.24
28.27
2b.30
28.38
28.26
9
2b,7
26.13
26.15
26.18
26.21
26.23
#6.20
10
22.00
20.00
20.Ob
£0.12
20.14
20.15
20.11
32.01
61
ari.tton trMotstr.C3ntent ot Sa1t3,
Two Luob Ssmp].es
!Lt, 4LL Inm.L 5)'4t jUu 20
ta. 0 Mtr
I 109
97.98
9t.13
98.19
98,28
98,9
98,0?
2 109.86
98.45
98.62
98.68
96.79
98.91
98.61
3 107.14
94.85
96.00
95.03
95.14
95.27
94,88
bl.83
72,66
72,95
73.01
73.04
13.14
12.97
83,71
73,82
73.96
74,00
74.07
14.16
73.93
3.47
83.0
88.83
b.93
84.00
64,07
83.99
71.40
71.48
71.61
71.52
11.62
66.aQ
78,20
18.24
76.34
78.40
78.46
!1.75
58,02
58.08
58.18
66.27
58,34
10
68.89
77.15
77.19
77.28
77.36
11.40
11
9.26
85.23
65.25
65.20
85.41
5.4b
12
68.09
74.55
74.56
74.65
74.78
74.81
13
64.43
56.64
55.72
56.73
86.80
56.83
14 102,76
92.21
92.26
92.33
92.43
92.66
ob.S7
76.86
76.44
76.46
76.54
76.60
16 101.42
86.13
66.18
86.22
86.33
86.40
i7
86.08
84.10
86.22
86.31
66.36
4
6
16
7,1?
62
C
c us
Prom the foregoing teete, the use of the de.1oetoz
has proed to be impractical for kiL' drying work. The
moisture absorbed by the samples while in the deelcato?,
Dausse a greater percentage of error to be introduced
than if the samples were weighed teidtatelv after being
taken from th. oven, at wbi oh t e the buOyano of the
heated air tends to off..est moisture absoptton.
In tim drying practice, the acoursoy in determining
moisture content is probably greater than the work 4snda,
at the present ti
Llowever, greater aoourao is
times neoeoar t determining the moisture coxtsnt of
specific charges.
6
IUlI D1TIM OF
9J
(Prazinus oregona)
ISCUS 14
The kiln run of ash stock was z'uxi on
comparativil;
long 8ohedule, due to the fact that no comprative datlais
wa q band concerning kiln drying of ash lumber. The
stock w*e aiz quarter in tbtokneu, end had a calculated
original moisture aontent of 40. Tb. lumber consisted
.
chiefly of shop grades, with defects consisting of ersD,
splits and heart rot. The iced conateted almost .ttr.ly
of flat grain lumber. It was to be ua for interior
finish iatertal, the required, final moisture omtent of
which we betws*n 6 and 8 per cent.
lxi Li
The *chedule that was uaed, was on
.mpersturs,
the purpose of whtob was to gtye the ash lumber a good
seasoning treatment with z least tries possible being
plaoi on the lumber. A a result, the time taken to dry
the lumber ws probably somewhat increased but very good
results were obtAined. Air oiroultton amounted to ap.
proz&toly 400 feet per minute through the load. Rumidity
was controlled both by lowering the wet bulb temperstur.o
and by raising the dry bulb teerature.
ata Durtu
Total 1etgbt of LQad.III7725 pounds
otgt of rio*s, 8sfflea, and $tto-l400 pounds
e i ht of Lumbo r
6826 p ouzd
jtht
0
180
24
130
78
bO
130
70
130
60
10
180
114
60
114
60
Oi3tUT
25
144
130
114
60
158
130
109
50 8team 2 bors at 16
192
130
100
30
216
130
100
40
160
112
30
266
150
112
30
258
160
160
259
150
12
861
100 $tsam 1 hour at 160
30
4800
Twios durtn
the 4iln run, the kiln was allowed to
000l down a1uoet to atmospheric temperature. The kiln was
tn this condition about four hours each tiwe, at the hours
of 84 antI 144
The result o f a butt tug the kiln down was
DRYIZG OF OEGQ
outside of the lumbor cooled
tiS the rni.r pa
warm, thus creating greater yap
sa'ior then existed on the extort or,
to force the inner water from the wood.
re Lu
by tending
The results of thu charge were very favorable.
times during the ziin, sltht oaeeherdentng cd.t
noted., but the steaathg treatments relieved this when
the lumber was finelly taeu fr the kiln. o further
chOcking or cracking wa noted in the lumber. Slight ad
checking was nottoable, but was not of iippreoiable extent.
The chief dtfttcult encountered, was t)t of cupping Ln
the upper boards of the ohag., The boards were aiefly
flat grain and vere tkea from small trees, thus crest Lug
the moat favoraole conditions for cupping. o pressure
biMthgs were used on the load, but if such had been usød,
tre lumber would probabI, luLy been in batter condition.