Comparison of the Costs of Energy Storage Technologies for T&D Applications Ali Nourai
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Select Application Comparison of the Costs of Energy Storage Technologies for T&D Applications Based on EPRI-DOE Handbook of Energy Storage for T&D Applications Ali Nourai American Electric Power A. Nourai - July 2004 1 Select Application Notice: Notice: The Thedata dataused usedfor forthe theanalyses analysesand andcharts chartsininthis thisdocument documentisis derived derivedfrom fromEPRI-DOE EPRI-DOEHandbook HandbookofofEnergy EnergyStorage Storagefor for Transmission Transmissionand andDistribution DistributionApplications, Applications,issued issuedinin December December2003 2003[EPRI [EPRIProduct ProductNo. No.1001834]. 1001834]. The TheHandbook Handbook may maybe beobtained obtainedfrom fromEPRI EPRIfor for$250 $250by bycalling calling1-800-313-3774 1-800-313-3774 and andrequesting requestingthe theproduct productnumber. number. The Thecomparisons comparisonsare arebased basedon onthe thecost costinformation informationprovided providedby by manufacturers, manufacturers,asasquoted quotedininthe theHandbook, Handbook,assuming assumingan an installation installationinin2006. 2006.This Thisinformation informationisisapproximate approximateand andonly onlyfor for initial screening. Interested parties need to check with the initial screening. Interested parties need to check with the technology technologysuppliers suppliersfor formore moreaccurate accuratecost costfigures. figures. AAdetailed detailed benefit benefitanalysis analysisfor foreach eachapplication applicationininthis thiscomparison comparisonmay maybe be found foundininthe theHandbook, Handbook,totowhich whichthe thereader readerisisreferred referredfor for additional additionalinformation. information. A. Nourai - July 2004 2 T&D Applications of Energy Storage (Costs are based on 10MW Systems except for PSB=50MW) Click on Text to View Cost Comparisons or Definition of the Applications Short ShortDuration Duration Power PowerQuality Quality Long LongDuration Duration Power PowerQuality Quality Define Define Define Define Grid GridAngular Angular Stability Stability Define Define 10-Hour 10-HourLoad Load Shifting Shifting Define Define Grid GridVoltage Voltage Stability Stability Notice Notice Financial FinancialParameters Parameters Grid GridFrequency Frequency Excursion Excursion Support Support Define Define Define Define 10-Hour 10-HourLoad LoadShifting Shiftingplus plus Regulation Control and Spinning Regulation Control and Spinning Reserve Reserve Define Define 3-Hour 3-HourLoad LoadShifting Shiftingplus plusReg. Reg.Control, Control, Spinning Res. & Short Duration P.Q. Spinning Res. & Short Duration P.Q. Define Define 10-Hour 10-HourLoad LoadShifting Shiftingplus plus Regulation Control, Spinning Regulation Control, Spinning Reserve Reserveand andShort ShortDuration DurationP.Q. P.Q. Define Define 3-Hour 3-HourLoad LoadShifting Shiftingplus plusReg. Reg.Control, Control, Spinning Res. & Long Duration P.Q Spinning Res. & Long Duration P.Q Define Define A. Nourai - July 2004 Grid GridFreq. Freq.Excursion ExcursionSupport Support plus angular & voltage plus angular & voltage stability stabilityand andReg. Reg.Control Control Define Define 3 Select Application GAS Total Capitalized Cost in 2006 - $/kW Grid Angular Stability (GAS) 1200 1000 Annual Capital Alternative: Transmission and/or generation upgrade $500-$1000 /kW 800 281 600 185 400 200 279 402 234 227 263 415 376 E.C.Cap SMES 459 621 638 NiCd ZnBr 0 Note: The alternative solution does not include all the benefits offered by energy storage in this application. See Handbook for details. A. Nourai - July 2004 L/A Flywheel Based on EPRI-DOE Handbook of Energy Storage for T&D Applications-2003 4 Select Application GVS Grid Voltage Stability (GVS) Total Capitalized Cost in 2006 $/kW 700 Capital 600 500 Alternative: Locational VAR support $250-$750 /kW 400 Annual 185 234 415 376 E.C. Cap SMES 227 300 200 100 263 0 Note: The alternative solution does not include all the benefits offered by energy storage in this application. See Handbook for details. A. Nourai - July 2004 L/A Base d on EPRI-DOE Handbook of Ene rgy S t orage f or T&D Applic at ions-2003 5 Select Application GFS Grid Frequency Excursion Support (GFS) Total Capitalized Cost in 2006 $/kW 1200 1000 Annual Capital Alternative: Spinning reserve and/or transmission upgrade $500-$1000 /kW 800 281 280 579 600 L/A NiCd 600 400 200 0 Note: The alternative solution does not include all the benefits offered by energy storage in this application. See Handbook for details. A. Nourai - July 2004 B as ed o n EPR I-DOE Hand b o o k o f Energ y S to rag e fo r T&D A p p licatio ns -2 0 0 3 6 Select Application SPQ Short Duration Power Quality (SPQ) Total Capitalized Cost in 2006 - $/kW 1200 Alternative: Dual feeds plus short duration energy storage $500-$1500 /kW 1000 800 Annual 362 Capital 600 299 281 282 279 144 400 227 456 200 511 459 558 621 638 NAS NiCd ZnBr 263 0 Note: The alternative solution does not include all the benefits offered by energy storage in this application. See Handbook for details. L/A A. Nourai - July 2004 E.C. Cap Flywheel SMES B as e d o n EP R I-DOE Handbo o k o f Ene rgy S to rage fo r T &D A pplic atio ns -2003 7 Select Application LS10 10-hour Load Shifting (LS10) Total Capitalized Cost in 2006 $/kW 4000 Annual Capital 3500 988 3000 2500 2000 Alternative: Substation upgrade $500-$1000 /kW 1500 1010 910 1000 500 922 2268 2622 1514 830 0 Note: The alternative solution does not include all the benefits offered by energy storage in this application. See Handbook for details. A. Nourai - July 2004 CAES PSB NAS VRB Base d on EPRI-DOE Handbook of Ene rgy S t orage f or T&D Applic at ions-2003 8 Select Application GFS+ Grid Frequency Excursion Support (GFS) Plus Grid Voltage & Angular Stability and Reg. Control Total Capitalized Cost in 2006 $/kW 1400 1200 Annual Capital 1000 800 Alternative: Additional generation for spinning reserve and VAR support $500-$1000 /kW 320 280 281 600 1010 400 579 600 L/A NiCd 200 0 Note: The alternative solution does not include all the benefits offered by energy storage in this application. See Handbook for details. A. Nourai - July 2004 NAS B as ed o n EPR I-DOE Hand b o o k o f Energ y S t o rag e fo r T&D A p p licat io ns -2 0 0 3 9 Select Application LS10++ 10-hour Load Shifting (LS10) plus Reg. Control, Spinning Res. & Short Dur. P.Q. Total Capitalized Cost in 2006 - $/kW 3000 2500 Annual Capital Alternative: Dual feed and/or short duration energy storage and/or substation upgrade $1000-$2000 /kW 2000 1500 652 650 1000 291 500 809 1828 1094 0 Note: The alternative solution does not include all the benefits offered by energy storage in this application. See Handbook for details. A. Nourai - July 2004 NAS PSB VRB B as ed o n EPR I-DOE Hand b o o k o f Energ y S to rag e fo r T&D A p p licatio ns -2 0 0 3 10 Select Application LS3+ 3-hour Load Shifting (LS3) Plus Reg. Control, Spinning Res. & Short Dur. P.Q. Total Capitalized Cost in 2006 $/kW 1800 Capital 1600 1400 1200 Alternative: Dual feed plus short duration energy storage and/or substation upgrade $1000-$2000 /kW 1000 800 Annual 466 666 587 301 363 402 1294 600 400 587 638 L/A ZnBr 809 893 NAS NiCd 1028 200 0 Note: The alternative solution does not include all the benefits offered by energy storage in this application. See Handbook for details. A. Nourai - July 2004 PSB VRB B as ed o n EPR I-DOE Hand b o o k o f Energ y S to rag e fo r T&D A p p licatio ns -2 0 0 3 11 Select Application LS3++ 3-hour Load Shifting (LS3) Plus Reg. Control, Spinning Res. & Long Dur. P.Q. Total Capitalized Cost in 2006 $/kW 4000 3500 Annual Capital 3000 Alternative: Dual feed plus short duration energy storage and/or substation upgrade plus gensets $1500-$2500 /kW 878 1191 2500 2000 966 728 1047 1500 2442 1000 1482 1573 PSB L/A 1912 1989 NAS ZnBr 500 0 Note: The alternative solution does not include all the benefits offered by energy storage in this application. See Handbook for details. A. Nourai - July 2004 VRB B as e d o n EP R I-DOE Handbo o k o f Ene rgy S to rage fo r T &D A pplic atio ns -2003 12 Select Application LS10+ 10-hour Load Shifting (LS10) Plus Regulation Control & Spinning Reserve Total Capitalized Cost in 2006 - $/kW 4000 Annual Capital 3500 938 3000 2500 2000 Alternative: Substation upgrade $500-$1000 /kW 1500 932 960 1000 500 882 2268 2622 1514 830 0 Note: The alternative solution does not include all the benefits offered by energy storage in this application. See Handbook for details. A. Nourai - July 2004 CAES PSB NAS VRB Based on EPRI-DOE Handbook of Energy Storage for T&D Applications-2003 13 Select Application Grid Grid Angular Angular Stability Stability EPRI-DOE Handbook of Energy Storage for T&D Applications defines this application as follows: “Application “ApplicationA: A: Grid GridAngular AngularStability Stability(GAS) (GAS)–– mitigation mitigationof ofpower poweroscillations oscillationsby byinjection injectionand andabsorption absorption of ofreal realpower poweratatperiods periodsof of11to to22seconds. seconds. The Thereference reference duty dutycycle cyclefor foranalysis analysisisisstandby standbyfor forinfrequent infrequentevents events characterized characterizedby by20 20oscillatory oscillatorycycles, cycles,cumulatively cumulatively equivalent equivalentto toaafull fullpower powerdischarge discharge(FPD) (FPD)of of11second second duration durationand andsubsequent subsequentcharge chargecycle; cycle;11event eventper perday; day;10 10 events eventsper peryear. year. Valued Valuedatatthe thecost costof ofalternative alternativesolutions. solutions.”” A. Nourai - July 2004 14 Select Application Grid Grid Voltage Voltage Stability Stability EPRI-DOE Handbook of Energy Storage for T&D Applications defines this application as follows: “Application “ApplicationB: B: Grid GridVoltage VoltageStability Stability(GVS) (GVS)–– mitigation mitigationof ofdegraded degradedvoltage voltageby byadditional additionalreactive reactivepower power plus plusinjection injectionof ofreal realpower powerfor fordurations durationsup upto to22seconds. seconds. The Thereference referenceduty dutycycle cyclefor foranalysis analysisisisstandby standbyfor for infrequent infrequentevents eventscharacterized characterizedby by11second secondFPD, FPD,11event eventper per day, day,10 10events eventsyear. year. Valued Valuedatatthe thecost costof ofalternative alternative solutions. solutions.”” A. Nourai - July 2004 15 Select Application Grid Grid Frequency Frequency Excursion Excursion Suppression Suppression EPRI-DOE Handbook of Energy Storage for T&D Applications defines this application as follows: “Application “ApplicationC: C: Grid GridFrequency FrequencyExcursion ExcursionSuppression Suppression (GFS) (GFS)––“prompt” “prompt”spinning spinningreserve reserve(or (orload) load)for formitigating mitigating load-generation load-generationimbalance. imbalance. Requires Requiresenergy energystorage storageto to discharge dischargereal realpower powerfor fordurations durationsup upto to30 30minutes. minutes. The The reference referenceduty dutycycle cyclefor foranalysis analysisisisstandby standbyfor forinfrequent infrequent events eventscharacterized characterizedby by15 15minute minuteFPD, FPD,11event eventper perday, day,10 10 events eventsper peryear. year. Valued Valuedatatthe thecost costof ofalternative alternativesolutions. solutions.”” A. Nourai - July 2004 16 Select Application Regulation Regulation Control Control EPRI-DOE Handbook of Energy Storage for T&D Applications defines this application as follows: “Application “ApplicationD: D: Regulation RegulationControl Control(RC) (RC)––system system frequency frequencyregulation regulationin inconcert concertwith withload loadfollowing. following. The The reference referenceduty dutycycle cyclefor foranalysis analysisisischaracterized characterizedby by continuous continuouscycles cyclesequivalent equivalentto to7.5 7.5minute minuteFPD FPDand andcharge charge cycle cycle(triangular (triangularwaveform), waveform),22cycles cyclesper perhour hourdeployed deployedwith with 10 10minutes minutesadvance advancenotice. notice. Valued Valuedatatmarket marketrates. rates.”” A. Nourai - July 2004 17 Select Application Spinning Spinning Reserve Reserve EPRI-DOE Handbook of Energy Storage for T&D Applications defines this application as follows: “Application “ApplicationE: E: Spinning SpinningReserve Reserve(SR) (SR)––reserve reservepower power for foratatleast least22hours hourswith with10 10minute minutenotice. notice. The Thereference reference duty dutycycle cyclefor foranalysis analysisisisstandby standbyfor forinfrequent infrequentevents events characterized characterizedby by22hour hourFPD, FPD, 11event eventper perday, day,10 10events eventsper per year. year. Valued Valuedatatmarket marketrates. rates.”” A. Nourai - July 2004 18 Select Application Short Short Duration Duration Power Power Quality Quality EPRI-DOE Handbook of Energy Storage for T&D Applications defines this application as follows: “Application “ApplicationF: F: Short ShortDuration DurationPower PowerQuality Quality(SPQ) (SPQ)–– capability capabilityto tomitigate mitigatevoltage voltagesags sags(e.g. (e.g.recloser recloserevents). events). The The reference referenceduty dutycycle cyclefor foranalysis analysisisisstandby standbyfor forinfrequent infrequent events eventscharacterized characterizedby by22seconds secondsFPD, FPD,11event eventper perhour, hour,55 events eventsper perday, day,100 100events eventsper peryear. year. Valued Valuedatatthe thecost costof of alternative alternativesolutions. solutions.”” A. Nourai - July 2004 19 Select Application Long Long Duration Duration Power Power Quality Quality EPRI-DOE Handbook of Energy Storage for T&D Applications defines this application as follows: “Application “ApplicationG: G: Long LongDuration DurationPower PowerQuality Quality(LPQ) (LPQ)–– SPQ, SPQ,plus pluscapability capabilityto toprovide provideseveral severalhours hoursreserve reservepower. power. The Thereference referenceduty dutycycle cyclefor foranalysis analysisisisstandby standbyfor for infrequent infrequentevents eventscharacterized characterizedby bySPQ SPQplus plusstandby standbyfor for44 hours hoursFPD, FPD,11event eventper peryear. year. Valued Valuedatatthe thecost costof of alternative alternativesolutions. solutions.”” A. Nourai - July 2004 20 Select Application 3-Hour 3-Hour Load Load Shifting Shifting EPRI-DOE Handbook of Energy Storage for T&D Applications defines this application as follows: “Application “ApplicationH: H: 3-hr 3-hrLoad LoadShifting Shifting(LS3) (LS3)––shifting shifting33 hours hoursof ofstored storedenergy energyfrom fromperiods periodsof oflow lowvalue valueto toperiods periods of ofhigh highvalue. value. The Thereference referenceduty dutycycle cyclefor foranalysis analysisisis scheduled scheduled3-hour 3-hourFPD, FPD,11event eventper perday, day,60 60events eventsper peryear. year. Valued Valuedatatmarket marketrates. rates.”” A. Nourai - July 2004 21 Select Application 10-Hour 10-Hour Load Load Shifting Shifting EPRI-DOE Handbook of Energy Storage for T&D Applications defines this application as follows: “Application “ApplicationI:I: 10-hr 10-hrLoad LoadShifting Shifting(LS10) (LS10)––shifting shifting10 10 hours hoursof ofstored storedenergy energyfrom fromperiods periodsof oflow lowvalue valueto toperiods periods of ofhigh highvalue. value. The Thereference referenceduty dutycycle cyclefor foranalysis analysisisis scheduled scheduled10-hour 10-hourFPD, FPD,11event eventper perday, day,250 250events eventsper per year. year. Valued Valuedatatmarket marketrates. rates.”” A. Nourai - July 2004 22 Select Application Combination Combination C1 C1 “Application “ApplicationC: C: Grid GridFrequency FrequencyExcursion ExcursionSuppression Suppression(GFS) (GFS)––“prompt” “prompt”spinning spinningreserve reserve(or (orload) load) for mitigating load-generation imbalance. Requires energy storage to discharge real power for durations for mitigating load-generation imbalance. Requires energy storage to discharge real power for durations up uptoto30 30minutes. minutes. The Thereference referenceduty dutycycle cyclefor foranalysis analysisisisstandby standbyfor forinfrequent infrequentevents eventscharacterized characterizedby by 15 minute FPD, 1 event per day, 10 events per year. Valued at the cost of alternative solutions. ” 15 minute FPD, 1 event per day, 10 events per year. Valued at the cost of alternative solutions. ” “Application “ApplicationA: A: Grid GridAngular AngularStability Stability(GAS) (GAS)––mitigation mitigationofofpower poweroscillations oscillationsby byinjection injectionand and absorption of real power at periods of 1 to 2 seconds. The reference duty cycle for analysis is standby absorption of real power at periods of 1 to 2 seconds. The reference duty cycle for analysis is standbyfor for infrequent events characterized by 20 oscillatory cycles, cumulatively equivalent to a full power discharge infrequent events characterized by 20 oscillatory cycles, cumulatively equivalent to a full power discharge (FPD) (FPD)ofof11second secondduration durationand andsubsequent subsequentcharge chargecycle; cycle;11event eventper perday; day;10 10events eventsper peryear. year. Valued Valuedatat the thecost costofofalternative alternativesolutions. solutions.”” “Application “ApplicationB: B: Grid GridVoltage VoltageStability Stability(GVS) (GVS)––mitigation mitigationofofdegraded degradedvoltage voltageby byadditional additionalreactive reactive power plus injection of real power for durations up to 2 seconds. The reference duty cycle for analysis power plus injection of real power for durations up to 2 seconds. The reference duty cycle for analysisisis standby standbyfor forinfrequent infrequentevents eventscharacterized characterizedby by11second secondFPD, FPD,11event eventper perday, day,10 10events eventsyear. year. Valued Valuedatat the thecost costofofalternative alternativesolutions. solutions.”” “Application “ApplicationD: D: Regulation RegulationControl Control(RC) (RC)––system systemfrequency frequencyregulation regulationininconcert concertwith withload loadfollowing. following. The reference duty cycle for analysis is characterized by continuous cycles equivalent to 7.5 minute The reference duty cycle for analysis is characterized by continuous cycles equivalent to 7.5 minuteFPD FPD and charge cycle (triangular waveform), 2 cycles per hour deployed with 10 minutes advance notice. and charge cycle (triangular waveform), 2 cycles per hour deployed with 10 minutes advance notice. Valued Valuedatatmarket marketrates. rates.”” A. Nourai - July 2004 23 Select Application Combination Combination C2 C2 “Application “ApplicationF: F: Short ShortDuration DurationPower PowerQuality Quality(SPQ) (SPQ)––capability capabilitytotomitigate mitigatevoltage voltagesags sags(e.g. (e.g. recloser events). The reference duty cycle for analysis is standby for infrequent events characterized recloser events). The reference duty cycle for analysis is standby for infrequent events characterizedby by22 seconds secondsFPD, FPD,11event eventper perhour, hour,55events eventsper perday, day,100 100events eventsper peryear. year. Valued Valuedatatthe thecost costofofalternative alternative solutions. ” solutions. ” “Application “ApplicationI:I: 10-hr 10-hrLoad LoadShifting Shifting(LS10) (LS10)––shifting shifting10 10hours hoursofofstored storedenergy energyfrom fromperiods periodsofoflow low value to periods of high value. The reference duty cycle for analysis is scheduled 10-hour FPD, 1 event value to periods of high value. The reference duty cycle for analysis is scheduled 10-hour FPD, 1 event per perday, day,250 250events eventsper peryear. year. Valued Valuedatatmarket marketrates. rates.”” “Application “ApplicationD: D: Regulation RegulationControl Control(RC) (RC)––system systemfrequency frequencyregulation regulationininconcert concertwith withload load following. The reference duty cycle for analysis is characterized by continuous cycles equivalent following. The reference duty cycle for analysis is characterized by continuous cycles equivalenttoto7.5 7.5 minute FPD and charge cycle (triangular waveform), 2 cycles per hour deployed with 10 minutes advance minute FPD and charge cycle (triangular waveform), 2 cycles per hour deployed with 10 minutes advance notice. notice. Valued Valuedatatmarket marketrates. rates.”” “Application “ApplicationE: E: Spinning SpinningReserve Reserve(SR) (SR)––reserve reservepower powerfor foratatleast least22hours hourswith with10 10minute minutenotice. notice. The The reference duty cycle for analysis is standby for infrequent events characterized by 2 hour FPD, 1 event reference duty cycle for analysis is standby for infrequent events characterized by 2 hour FPD, 1 event per perday, day,10 10events eventsper peryear. year. Valued Valuedatatmarket marketrates. rates.”” A. Nourai - July 2004 24 Select Application Combination Combination C3 C3 “Application “ApplicationF: F: Short ShortDuration DurationPower PowerQuality Quality(SPQ) (SPQ)––capability capabilitytotomitigate mitigatevoltage voltagesags sags(e.g. (e.g. recloser events). The reference duty cycle for analysis is standby for infrequent events characterized recloser events). The reference duty cycle for analysis is standby for infrequent events characterizedby by22 seconds secondsFPD, FPD,11event eventper perhour, hour,55events eventsper perday, day,100 100events eventsper peryear. year. Valued Valuedatatthe thecost costofofalternative alternative solutions. ” solutions. ” “Application “ApplicationH: H: 3-hr 3-hrLoad LoadShifting Shifting(LS3) (LS3)––shifting shifting33hours hoursofofstored storedenergy energyfrom fromperiods periodsofoflow lowvalue value totoperiods of high value. The reference duty cycle for analysis is scheduled 3-hour FPD, 1 event per day, periods of high value. The reference duty cycle for analysis is scheduled 3-hour FPD, 1 event per day, 60 events 60 eventsper peryear. year. Valued Valuedatatmarket marketrates. rates.”” “Application “ApplicationD: D: Regulation RegulationControl Control(RC) (RC)––system systemfrequency frequencyregulation regulationininconcert concertwith withload load following. The reference duty cycle for analysis is characterized by continuous cycles equivalent following. The reference duty cycle for analysis is characterized by continuous cycles equivalenttoto7.5 7.5 minute FPD and charge cycle (triangular waveform), 2 cycles per hour deployed with 10 minutes advance minute FPD and charge cycle (triangular waveform), 2 cycles per hour deployed with 10 minutes advance notice. notice. Valued Valuedatatmarket marketrates. rates.”” “Application “ApplicationE: E: Spinning SpinningReserve Reserve(SR) (SR)––reserve reservepower powerfor foratatleast least22hours hourswith with10 10minute minutenotice. notice. The The reference duty cycle for analysis is standby for infrequent events characterized by 2 hour FPD, 1 event reference duty cycle for analysis is standby for infrequent events characterized by 2 hour FPD, 1 event per perday, day,10 10events eventsper peryear. year. Valued Valuedatatmarket marketrates. rates.”” A. Nourai - July 2004 25 Select Application Combination Combination C4 C4 “Application “ApplicationG: G: Long LongDuration DurationPower PowerQuality Quality(LPQ) (LPQ)––SPQ, SPQ,plus pluscapability capabilitytotoprovide provideseveral severalhours hours reserve power. The reference duty cycle for analysis is standby for infrequent events characterized by reserve power. The reference duty cycle for analysis is standby for infrequent events characterized by SPQ SPQplus plusstandby standbyfor for44hours hoursFPD, FPD,11event eventper peryear. year. Valued Valuedatatthe thecost costofofalternative alternativesolutions. solutions.”” “Application “ApplicationH: H: 3-hr 3-hrLoad LoadShifting Shifting(LS3) (LS3)––shifting shifting33hours hoursofofstored storedenergy energyfrom fromperiods periodsofoflow lowvalue value totoperiods of high value. The reference duty cycle for analysis is scheduled 3-hour FPD, 1 event per day, periods of high value. The reference duty cycle for analysis is scheduled 3-hour FPD, 1 event per day, 60 events 60 eventsper peryear. year. Valued Valuedatatmarket marketrates. rates.”” “Application “ApplicationD: D: Regulation RegulationControl Control(RC) (RC)––system systemfrequency frequencyregulation regulationininconcert concertwith withload load following. The reference duty cycle for analysis is characterized by continuous cycles equivalent following. The reference duty cycle for analysis is characterized by continuous cycles equivalenttoto7.5 7.5 minute FPD and charge cycle (triangular waveform), 2 cycles per hour deployed with 10 minutes advance minute FPD and charge cycle (triangular waveform), 2 cycles per hour deployed with 10 minutes advance notice. notice. Valued Valuedatatmarket marketrates. rates.”” “Application “ApplicationE: E: Spinning SpinningReserve Reserve(SR) (SR)––reserve reservepower powerfor foratatleast least22hours hourswith with10 10minute minutenotice. notice. The The reference duty cycle for analysis is standby for infrequent events characterized by 2 hour FPD, 1 event reference duty cycle for analysis is standby for infrequent events characterized by 2 hour FPD, 1 event per perday, day,10 10events eventsper peryear. year. Valued Valuedatatmarket marketrates. rates.”” A. Nourai - July 2004 26 Select Application Combination Combination C5 C5 “Application “ApplicationI:I: 10-hr 10-hrLoad LoadShifting Shifting(LS10) (LS10)––shifting shifting10 10hours hoursofofstored storedenergy energyfrom fromperiods periodsofoflow low value to periods of high value. The reference duty cycle for analysis is scheduled 10-hour FPD, 1 event value to periods of high value. The reference duty cycle for analysis is scheduled 10-hour FPD, 1 event per perday, day,250 250events eventsper peryear. year. Valued Valuedatatmarket marketrates. rates.”” “Application “ApplicationD: D: Regulation RegulationControl Control(RC) (RC)––system systemfrequency frequencyregulation regulationininconcert concertwith withload load following. The reference duty cycle for analysis is characterized by continuous cycles equivalent following. The reference duty cycle for analysis is characterized by continuous cycles equivalenttoto7.5 7.5 minute FPD and charge cycle (triangular waveform), 2 cycles per hour deployed with 10 minutes advance minute FPD and charge cycle (triangular waveform), 2 cycles per hour deployed with 10 minutes advance notice. notice. Valued Valuedatatmarket marketrates. rates.”” “Application “ApplicationE: E: Spinning SpinningReserve Reserve(SR) (SR)––reserve reservepower powerfor foratatleast least22hours hourswith with10 10minute minutenotice. notice. The The reference duty cycle for analysis is standby for infrequent events characterized by 2 hour FPD, 1 event reference duty cycle for analysis is standby for infrequent events characterized by 2 hour FPD, 1 event per perday, day,10 10events eventsper peryear. year. Valued Valuedatatmarket marketrates. rates.”” A. Nourai - July 2004 27 Select Application Financial Financial Parameters Parameters & & Electric Electric Rates Rates EPRI-DOE Handbook of Energy Storage for T&D Applications has applied the following financial parameters and electric rates to calculate the Net Present Values of different energy storage systems. Dollar Value 2003 Load Shifting on Peak Period 3 hr 10 hr June 2006 Number of Cycles / year 60 250 Project Life, years 20 On-Peak Energy, $/MWh 120 80 Discount rate (before tax), % 7.5 Off-Peak Energy, $/MWh 20 Property Taxes & Insurance, % / year 2 Yearly Avg Energy Charge, $/MWh 38 Regulation Control, $/MW-hr (power) 16 Fixed Charge rate, % / year 9.81 Spinning Reserve, $/MW-hr (power) 3 Trans. Demand Charge, $/kW-mo 5 System Startup A. Nourai - July 2004 28 Select Application LPQ Long Duration Power Quality (LPQ) (including 4-hour discharge) 3500 Total Capitalized Cost in 2006 - $/kW Capital Annual 3000 2500 890 Alternative: Dual feed plus short duration energy storage plus gensets $1000-$2000 /kW 1035 2000 1500 403 547 2442 1000 1989 1482 1513 L/A NAS 500 0 Note: The alternative solution does not include all the benefits offered by energy storage in this application. See Handbook for details. A. Nourai - July 2004 ZnBr VRB Partially B as ed o n EPR I-DOE Hand b o o k o f Energ y S to rag e fo r T&D A p p licatio ns -2 0 0 3 29 Select Application Long Long Duration Duration Power Power Quality Quality EPRI-DOE Handbook of Energy Storage for T&D Applications defines this application as follows: “Application “ApplicationG: G: Long LongDuration DurationPower PowerQuality Quality(LPQ) (LPQ)–– SPQ, SPQ,plus pluscapability capabilityto toprovide provideseveral severalhours hoursreserve reservepower. power. The Thereference referenceduty dutycycle cyclefor foranalysis analysisisisstandby standbyfor for infrequent infrequentevents eventscharacterized characterizedby bySPQ SPQplus plusstandby standbyfor for44 hours hoursFPD, FPD,11event eventper peryear. year. Valued Valuedatatthe thecost costof of alternative alternativesolutions.” solutions.” A. Nourai - July 2004 30
