SOC 763 Topics in Environmental Sociology
Tuesdays 9-11:30
Fall 2013
McGuinn 415
Juliet Schor Boston College
531 McGuinn Hall, x2-4056
juliet.schor@bc.edu
Office hours: Monday 12-1:30 and by appointment
Course Description. This course is designed as both a stand-alone class and a
follow-on to Brian Gareau’s graduate Environmental Sociology course (SC
562). We will look at a series of topics within environmental sociology, broadly
defined. These include the sociology of climate change, food and agriculture,
environmental activism, sustainable consumption and its politics (including the
politics of fair trade), environmental justice, the debate about limits to growth,
and the emerging field of “new economics.” We will read a number of
ethnographies that deal with various aspects of the environment. This is not a
standard Environmental Sociology survey, which is typically organized by
theoretical frameworks. Although there will be a fair amount of theory in the
class, as a “topics” course it is structured around environmental problems (eg.,
climate change, food and agriculture). We will also include some debates within
the larger environmental discourse, rather than just those that have dominated
Environmental Sociology (eg., the Limits to Growth debate). Again, as a Topics
Course, and because the field is growing so rapidly, it has a strong bias toward
new literature, rather than classics in the field.
This field, more than most, has strong inter-disciplinary linkages, but also intradisciplinary ones. The sociology sub-fields of social movements, politics,
agriculture, development, consumption, political economy, urban, health and
medicine, science and technology and others all have important literatures that
relate to environmental issues (eg., impact of toxins on health, environmental
movements, alternative agriculture, urban sustainability, “green” consumption).
We will also read some geographers, economists, political scientists and
anthropologists, although the bulk of the readings will be from sociology.
Reading List. The required readings are set, but the lists of recommended
readings are incomplete. I will continue to work on those throughout the
remainder of the summer.
Requirements. Course requirements include coming to class each week
prepared to discuss the readings, a weekly 1 page written response to the
readings to be posted Monday evenings by 8 pm, a 4-5 page critical essay on
one of the major readings in the class, and a 20 page seminar paper, due at the
end of reading period.
Books. The following books have been ordered through the Boston College
Bookstore.
Alison Alkon and Julian Ageyman, eds., Cultivating Food Justice: Race, Class, and
Sustainability (MIT Press, 2011)
Javier Auyero and Débora Alejandra Swistun, Flammable: Environmental Suffering
in an Argentine Shantytown, (Oxford University Press 2011)
Michael Goldman, Imperial Nature: The World Bank and Struggles for Social Justice in
the Age of Globalization (Yale, 2005)
Julie Guthman, Agrarian Dreams: The Paradox of Organic Farming in California
(California, 2004)
Daniel Jaffee, Brewing Justice: Fair Trade Coffee, Sustainability and Survival
(University of California 2007)
Kari Marie Norgaard, Living in Denial: Climate Change, Emotion and Everyday Life
(MIT Press 2011)
J. Timmons Roberts and Bradley C. Parks, A Climate of Injustice: Global Inequality,
North-South Politics, and Climate Policy (MIT Press, 2007)
Andrew Ross, Bird on Fire: Lessons from the World’s Least Sustainable City (Oxford
2013)
Reading List
I.
Introduction
September 3 Introductions to Environmental Sociology
Goldman, Michael and Rachel A. Schurman. 2000. “Closing the ‘Great Divide’:
New Social Theory on Society and Nature.” Annual Review of Sociology 26:563584.
Ramachandran Guha, “Toward a Cross-Cultural Environmental Ethic,” and
“Radical American Environmentalism and Wilderness Preservation: A Third
World Critique,” chs 4 and 5 in Ramachandran Guha and Juan Martinez-Alier,
Varieties of Environmentalism: Essays North and South (Earthscan, 1997), pp. 77-108.
2
Donella Meadows, Jurgen Randers and Dennis Meadows, Limits to Growth: the
30 Year Update (Chelsea Green, 2004), chs 2-3, pp. 17-127.
Bill McKibben, “Global Warming’s Terrifying New Math,” Rolling Stone, July
19, 2012, accessible at: http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/globalwarmings-terrifying-new-math-20120719
Recommended:
Riley E. Dunlap, “The maturation and diversification of environmental
sociology: from constructivism and realism to agnosticism and pragmatism” in
The International Handbook of Environmental Sociology, Second Edition, Michael
Redclift and Graham Woodgate, editors, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2010.
Freudenberg, William R., Scott Frickel and Robert Gramling. 1995. “Beyond
the Nature/Society Divide: Learning to Think about a Mountain,” Sociological
Forum 10: 361-392.
September 10 An Ethnographic Look at the Problem of Sustainability
Andrew Ross, Bird on Fire: Lessons from the World’s Least Sustainable City (Oxford
2013).
II. Food and Agriculture
September 17 Critical Perspectives on the Alternative Food Movement I
Julie Guthman, Agrarian Dreams: The Paradox of Organic Farming in California
(California, 2004), chs 1-4, 6-8.
September 24 Critical Perspectives on the Alternative Food Movement
II
Kloppenburg, J., J. Hendrickson, et al. (1996). "Coming in to the Foodshed."
Agriculture and Human Values 13(3): 33-42.
David Goodman, Melanie DuPuis and Michael Goodman, Alternative Food
Networks: Knowledge, Practice and Politics (Routledge 2011), chs. 7.
Hinrichs, C. C. (2003). "The Practice and Politics of Food System
Localization." Journal of Rural Studies 19: 33-45.
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Julie Guthman, “Neoliberalism and the making of food politics in California,”
Geoforum 39 (2008) 1171–1183.
DuPuis, E. M. and D. Goodman (2005). "Should We Go “Home” to Eat?
Toward a Reflexive Politics of Localism." Journal of Rural Studies 21: 359-371.
October 1 Critical Perspectives on the Alternative Food Movement III
Alison Alkon and Julian Ageyman, eds., Cultivating Food Justice: Race, Class, and
Sustainability (MIT Press, 2011), chs. 5, 9, 12, 13.
Alison Leitch, “Slow Food and the Politics of Pork Fat: Italian Food and
European Identity,” Ethnos Vol 68(4): 437-462.
DeLind, L. B. (2006). “Of Bodies, Place, and Culture: Re-situating Local Food,”
Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 19(2): 121-146.
Recommended:
Thomas Lyson, Toward a Civic Agriculture: Reconnecting Farm, Food, and
Community C. Clare Hinrichs and Thomas A. Lyson, eds, Remaking the North
American Food System: Strategies for Sustainability (Nebraska Press 2007).
Julie Guthman, “Fast food/organic food: reflexive tastes and the marking of
‘yuppie chow’ Social and Culural Geography, 4(1):45-58.
Thompson, Craig J, and Gokcen Coskuner-Balli. 2007. “Enchanting Ethical
Consumerism: The Case of Community Supported Agriculture.” Journal of
Consumer Culture, 7:275-303.
Josee Johnston and Shyon Baumann, “Democracy versus Distinction: A Study
of Omnivorousness in Gourmet Food Writing,” American Journal of Sociology,
Volume 113 Number 1 (July 2007): 165–204.
Alkon, A. H. (2008). "From value to values: sustainable consumption at
farmers markets." Agriculture and Human Values 25: 487-498.
DeLind, L. B. (1999). "Close encounters with a CSA: The reflections of a
bruised and somewhat wiser anthropologist." Agriculture and Human Values. 16:
3-9.
DeLind, L. B. (2002). "Place, Work and Civic Agriculture: Common Fields for
Cultivation." Agriculture and Human Values 19: 217-224.
Guthman, J. (2002). "Commodified Meanings, Meaningful Commodities: Rethinking Production-Consumption Links through the Organic System of
Provision." Sociologia Ruralis 42(4): 295-311.
4
Hinrichs, C. and K. S. Kremer (2002). "Social Inclusion in a Midwest Local
Food System Project." Journal of Poverty 6: 65-90.
Holloway, L., M. Kneafsey, et al. (2007). "Possible Food Economies: a
Methodological Framework for Exploring Food Production–Consumption
Relationships." Sociologia Ruralis 47(1): 1-19.
Jaffe, J. and M. Gertler (2006). "Victual vicissitudes: Consumer deskilling and
the (gendered) transformation of food systems." Agriculture and Human
Values 23: 143-162.
Kloppenburg, J. and N. Hassanein (2006). "From Old School to Reform
School?" Agriculture and Human Values 23: 417-21.
Kloppenburg, J., J. Hendrickson, et al. (1996). "Coming in to the Foodshed."
Agriculture and Human Values 13(3): 33-42.
Lamine, C. (2005). "Settling Shared Uncertainties: Local Partnerships Between
Producers and Consumers." Sociologia Ruralis 45.
Lockie, S. (2009). "Responsibility and agency within alternative food networks:
assembling the “citizen consumer” Agriculture and Human Values 26(3): 193201.
Lockie, S. and S. Kitto (2000). "Beyond the farm gate: production-consumption
networks and agri-food research." Sociologia Ruralis 40(1): 3-19.
Mariola, M. J. (2008). "The local industrial complex? Questioning the link
between local foods and energy use." Agriculture and Human Values 25: 193196.
Winter, M. (2003). "Embeddedness, the New Food Economy and Defensive
Localism." Journal of Rural Studies 19(1): 23-32.
III. Climate Change
October 8 Explaining Climate Inaction: Political Economy and Social
Psychology
Aaron M. McCright and Riley E. Dunlap, “Defeating Kyoto: The Conservative
Movement's Impact on U.S. Climate Change Policy,” Social Problems, Vol. 50,
No. 3 (Aug., 2003), pp. 348-373.
Maxwell T. Boykoff and Jules M. Boykoff, “Balance as bias: global warming
and the US prestige press,” Global Environmental Change 14 (2004) 125–136.
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Kari Marie Norgaard, Living in Denial: Climate Change, Emotion and Everyday Life
(MIT Press 2011), Introduction and chs 2, 3, 6, pp. 1-13, 33-97, 177-207.
Marius K. Luedicke, Craig J. Thompson and Markus Giesler, “Defying the
Jeremiad against Consumerism: How American Exceptionalism Provides a
Moral Justification for Resource-Intensive Consumption Practices,” Journal of
Consumer Research, 2010.
Naomi Klein, “Capitalism v. the Climate,” The Nation, November 9, 2011,
available online at: http://www.thenation.com/article/164497/capitalism-vsclimate/
October 15 International Climate Issues
J. Timmons Roberts and Bradley C. Parks, A Climate of Injustice: Global Inequality,
North-South Politics, and Climate Policy (MIT Press, 2007).
Recommended:
Pralle, Sarah. 2006. ‘‘‘I’m Changing the Climate, Ask Me How!’: The Politics of
the Anti-SUV Campaign.” Political Science Quarterly 121(3):397-423.
Hayden, Anders, 2008, “From Growth to Sufficiency? The Emerging
Challenge to Ecological Modernization in the UK Climate-Change Debate.”
unpublished paper, Boston College, Department of Sociology.
Antonio, Robert J. and Robert J. Brulle. 2011. “The Unbearable Lightness of
Politics: Climate Change Denial & Political Polarization.” Sociological
Quarterly (52): 195–202.
Brulle, Robert J., Jason Carmichael, and J. Craig Jenkins. 2012. “Shifting Public
Opinion on Climate
Change; An Empirical Assessment of Factors influencing Concern over
Climate Change in the U.S.” Climatic Change 114 (2): 169-188.
Kincaid, Graciela, and J. Timmons Roberts. 2013 “No Talk, but Some Walk:
The Obama Administration’s First Term Rhetoric on Climate Change and its
International Climate Budget Commitments.” Global Environmental Politics 13(4)
Forthcoming, November.
Carlsson-Kanyama, A. (1998). "Climate change and dietary choices -- how can
emissions of greenhouse gases from food consumption be reduced?" Food Policy
23(3/4): 277-293.
Anil Agarwal and Sunita Narain, “Global Warming in an Unequal World: A
Case of Eco-Colonialism,” Report of the Center for Science in the Public
Interest (New Delhi, 1991)
6
Paul Baer and Thomas Athanasiou, “The Right to Development in a Climate
Constrained World,” Executive Summary, Revised Second Edition, 2008,
available at: http://www.in.boell.org/web/113-397.html
IV. Environmental Justice and Social Movements
October 22 Toxics and Environmental Justice
Javier Auyero and Débora Alejandra Swistun, Flammable: Environmental Suffering
in an Argentine Shantytown, (Oxford University Press 2011).
James Boyce, “Is Inequality Bad for the Environment?” in Inequality, Cooperation,
and Environmental Sustainability, Jean-Marie Baland, Pranab Bardhan and Samuel
Bowles, eds. (Princeton 2006)
Recommended:
Robert J. Bullard, Dumping in Dixie
David N. Pellow, Garbage Wars
David N. Pellow and Lisa Park, The Slums of Aspen
Taylor, Dorceta. 2000. “The Rise of the Environmental Justice Paradigm:
Injustice Framing and the Social Construction of Environmental Discourses.”
American Behavioral Scientist 43(4):508-580.
Bullard, R. D. (2005). The Quest for Environmental Justice: Human Rights and the
Politics of Pollution. San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club Books.
Agyeman, J. (2005). Sustainable Communities and the Challenge of Environmental
Justice. New York: New York University Press.
Cable, S., Mix, T., & Hastings, D. (2005). Mission Impossible? Environmental
Justice Activists’ Collaborations with Professional Environmentalists and with
Academics. Power, Justice, and the Environment. Cambridge, MA.: The MIT Press.
Lynch, B. D. (1993). The garden and the sea: US Latino environmental
discourses and mainstream environmentalism. Social Problems, 40(1), 108–124.
Smith, K. (2007). African American Environmental Thought Foundations. Lawrence,
KS: University Press of Kansas.
October 29 Environmental Movements
Michael Shellenberger and Ted Nordhaus, 2004, “The Death of
Environmentalism: Global Warming Politics in a Post-Environmental World,”
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Breakthrough Institute,
http://thebreakthrough.org/archive/the_death_of_environmentalism.
Michael Gelobter et al, “The Soul of Environmentalism,” available at:
www.rprogress.org/soul/soul.pdf
Ramachandra Guha and Juan-Martinez Alier, “ The Environmentalism of the
Poor,” ch1 in Varieties of Environmentalism: Essays North and South (Earthscan,
1997), pp. 3-21.
Recommended:
Robert J. Brulle, Agency, Democracy, and Nature: The U.S. Environmental Movement
from a Critical Theory Perspective (MIT Press 2000), ch TBA.
Rachel Schurman and William A. Munro, Fighting for the Future of Food: Activists
versus Agribusiness in the Struggle Over Biotechnology (Minnesota, 2010).Roger
Gottlieb and Anupama Joshi, Food Justice (MIT Press).
Ramachandra Guha, The Unquiet Woods: Ecological Change and Peasant Resistance in
the Himalaya (Delhi,1989), ch.7.
Paul Hawken, Blessed Unrest, (Penguin 2007).
Theda Skocpol, “Naming the Problem: What It Will Take to Counter
Extremism and Engage Americans in the Fight against Global Warming,”
unpublished paper, Harvard University, January 2013.
V. Global Environmental Issues
Nov 5 Limits to Growth, Population, Governing the Commons
Donella Meadows, Jurgen Randers and Dennis Meadows, Limits to Growth: the
30 Year Update (Chelsea Green, 2004), chs 2-3, pp. 17-127. (if you didn’t read it
earlier in the semester, please read now)
John Urry, “Consuming the Planet to Excess,” Theory, Culture and Society 27(2-3):
191-212.
Elinor Ostrom, Governing the Commons: The Evolutions of Institutions for Collective
Action (Cambridge, 1990), chs 1-3.
Kyle W. Knight, Eugene A. Rosa, and Juliet B. Schor, “Could Working Less
Reduce Pressures on the Environment?: A Cross-National Panel Analysis of
OECD Countries, 1970-2007, Global Environmental Change, 23: 691-700, 2013.
8
Recommended:
Gareth Hardin, “The Tragedy of the Commons,” Science 162: 1243–1248, 13
December 1968.
Holdren, J.P., and P.R. Ehrlich, 1974 “Human population and the global
environment,” American Scientist 62:282-292
Paul R. Ehrlich and Anne H. Ehrlich, “The Population Bomb Revisited,” The
Electronic Journal of Sustainable Development (2009), Vol 1(3), pp. 63-71.
Betsy Hartmann “Rethinking the Role of Population in Human Security,” in
Richard A. Matthew et al, eds, Global Environmental Change and Human Security,
(MIT Press 2010), pp 193-204.
Rockström, Johan, et al 2009. A safe operating space for humanity. Nature 461
(September 24): 472–75.
Mike Davis, Planet of Slums
New Economics Foundation, Growth Isn’t Possible.
Myers and Kent, The New Consumers (Island Press 2004)
Wolfgang Sachs and Tilman Santarius, Fair Future: Resource Conflicts, Security and
Global Justice (London: Zed Books 2007)
Shoibal Chakravartya, Ananth Chikkaturb, Heleen de Coninckc, Stephen
Pacalaa, Robert Socolow, and Massimo Tavon, “Sharing global CO2 emission
reductions among one billion high emitters,” PNAS, 2009.
November 12 Global Environmental Governance
Michael Goldman, Imperial Nature: The World Bank and Struggles for Social Justice in
the Age of Globalization (Yale, 2005), chs. 4-7.
VI. Movements for Sustainability
November 26 Sustainable Consumption and its Politics
Connolly J. and Prothero A. (2008), “Green Consumption: Life-politics, Risk
and Contradictions,” Journal of Consumer Culture, 8(1), pp 117-145.
Shove, Elizabeth, 2005, “Changing human behavior and lifestyle: a challenge
for sustainable consumption?” in Inge Ropke and Lucia Reisch (eds), The
Ecological Economics of Consumption. Elgar, Cheltenham, pp. 111-132.
9
Teresa Gowan and Rachel Slocum, 2014, “Artisanal Production, Communal
Provisioning and Anti-Capitalist Politics in the Aude, France,” Practicing
Plenitude, Juliet B. Schor and Craig J. Thompson (Yale, forthcoming)
Dubois, Emilie A., Juliet B. Schor and Lindsey B. Carfagna, 2014, “New
Cultures of Connection in a Boston Time Bank,” in Juliet B. Schor and Craig J.
Thompson, Practicing Plenitude (Yale, forthcoming).
Sassatelli, Roberta. 2006, “Virtue, Responsibility and Consumer Choice:
Framing Critical Consumerism,’ in John Brewer and Frank Trentmann, eds.,
2006 Consuming Cultures, Global Perspectives (New York: Berg), ch 9, pp. 219-250.
Andrew Szasz, Shopping Our Way to Safety, (Minnesota), Introduction, chs 6-7.
“Does Changing a Light Bulb Lead to Changing the World? Civic Engagement
and the Ecologically Conscious Consumer,” The ANNALS of the American
Academy of Political and Social Science, 644 (1):160–190, 2012 (with Margaret Willis).
Recommended:
Gill Seyfang, The New Economics of Sustainable Consumption, chs 1-3.
Juliet B. Schor, 2005, "Sustainable Consumption and Worktime Reduction,"
Review of Industrial Ecology, Special Issue on Sustainable Consumption, 9(1):37-50.
Lindsey B. Carfagna, Emilie A. Dubois, Connor Fitzmaurice, Thomas Laidley,
Monique Ouimette, Juliet B. Schor and Margaret Willis, “An emerging ecohabitus: the reconfiguration of high cultural capital practices among ethical
consumers,” Journal of Consumer Culture, forthcoming 2014.
Matthew Hilton, 2007. “Consumers and the state since the Second World
War,” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 611:
66-81.
Kate Soper and Frank Trentmann, eds., 2008, Citizenship and Consumption
(Palgrave MacMillan).
Forno, Francesca, and Luigi Ceccarini. 2006. “From the Street to the Shops:
The Rise of New Forms of Political Actions in Italy.” South European Society &
Politics, 11:197-222.
Richard Wilk, 2004, “Questionable Assumptions about Sustainable
Consumption,” in The Ecological Economics of Consumption, edited by Lucia A.
Reisch and Inge Røpke, (Cheltenham, UK: Egward Elgar), pp. 17-31.
Maniates, Michael. 2002. “Individualization: Plant a Tree, Buy a Bike, Save the
World?” In Princen, T., M. Maniates, & K. Conca (Eds.) Confronting Consumption
(pp. 43-66). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
10
Seyfang, G. (2004) ‘Consuming Values and Contested Cultures: A Critical
Analysis of the UK Strategy for Sustainable Consumption and Production’,
Review Of Social Economy Vol 62 (3), pp.323-338.
Jesper Ole Jensen, 2008, “Measuring Consumption in Households:
Interpretations and Strategies,” Ecological Economics 68:353-361.
Kersty Hobson, “Competing Discourses of Consumption: Does the
‘Rationalisation of Lifestyles’ Make Sense?” Environmental Politics, 11(2): 95-120.
L.H. Pedersen, Dynamics of Green Consumption: A Matter of Visibility,” J of
Environmental Policy and Planning 2:193-210.
Noah Goldstein, Robert Cialdini and Vladas Griskevicus, 2008, “A Room with
a Viewpoint: Using Social Norms to Motivate Environmental Conservation in
Hotels,” Journal of Consumer Research, vol 35:472-482.
Vladas Griskevicius et al, 2010, “Going Green to be Seen,” Journal of Personality
and Social Psychology, 98(3): 392-403.
Nina Mazar and Chen-Bo Zhong, 2010, “Do Green Products Make Us Better
People,” Psychological Science 21(4): 494-498.
Guido Buenstorf and Christian Cordes, 2008, “Can Sustainable Consumption
Be Learned: A Model of Cultural Evolution,” Ecological Economics 67:646-657.
Iain R. Black and Helene Cherrier, 2010, “Anti-consumption as part of living a
sustainable lifestyle: Daily practices, contextual motivations and subjective
values, Journal of Consumer Behavior, 9: 437–453
David Evans and Wokje Abrahamse, 2009, “Beyond Rhetoric: The Possibilities
for an of ‘Sustainable Lifestyles,” Environmental Politics 18(4):486-502.
Seyfang, ch 6
Nelson, Michelle R., Mark A. Rademacher, and Hye-Jin Paek. 2007.
Downshifting consumer = upshifting citizen? An examination of a local
freecycle community. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social
Science 611 (1): 141–56.
Andrea Prothero, Pierre McDonagh, and Susan Dobscha, 2010, “Is Green the
New Black? Reflections on a Green Commodity Discourse,” Journal of
Macromarketing,
Inge Røpke, 2009, “Theories of Practice—new inspiration for ecological
economic studies of consumption,” Ecological Economics, 68:2490-2497.
Elizabeth Shove, 2003, “Converging Conventions of Comfort, Cleanliness and
Convenience,” J of Consumer Policy, 26: 395-418.
Gert Spaargaren, G, Vliet B.J.M. van, 2000, “Lifestyles, Consumption and
Environment: The Ecological Modernization of Domestic Consumption,”
Environmental Politics, 9:50-77.
Martin Hand, Elizabeth Shove and Dale Southerton, 2005, “Explaining
Showering: a Discussion of the Material, Conventional, and Temporal
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Dimensions of Practice,” Sociological Research Online 10(2), available at:
http://www.socresonline.org.uk/10/2/hand.html
December 4 The Fair and Sustainable Trade Movement
Daniel Jaffee Brewing Justice, chs 1, 4-5, 7-9.
December 11 New Economics
Gar Alperovitz, America Beyond Capitalism: Reclaiming Our Wealth, Our Liberty and
Our Democracy (Wiley, 2006), chs 7-11 and Introduction to the Second Edition.
Juliet B. Schor, Plenitude: The New Economics of True Wealth (Penguin Press 2010),
chs 4-5.
Foley, Duncan K. 2011. “Socialist alternatives to capitalism II: Vienna to Santa
Fe” Lecture at the Havens Institute at the University of Wisconsin, Madison.
April 6-7, Madison, WI.
James K. Boyce, Sunita Narain and Elizabeth Stanton, Reclaiming Nature:
Environmental Justice and Ecological Restoration (Anthem Environmental Studies,
2007), chs. 3, 5, 6.
Recommended:
Wolfgang Sachs, Reinhard Loske and Manfred Linz et al, Greening the North: A
Post-Industrial Blueprint for Ecology and Equity, ch 5 Paradigms, pp., 84-172. (Zed
Press 1998)
Jackson, T. (2009) Prosperity Without Growth
Prasannan Parthasarathi, “Toward Property as Share,” in Sustainable Planet:
Solutions for the 21st Century, eds., Juliet B. Schor and Betsy Taylor, (Beacon Press
2000), pp. 141-153.
Rogers, Joel, 2011, “Productive Democracy J. De Munck, C. Didry, I. Ferreras,
and A. Jobert (eds.), Renewing Democratic Deliberation in Europe, The Challenge of
Social and Civil Dialogue (Berlin: Peter Lang, 2012), ,” Pp. 71-92.
Yochai Benkler, The Wealth of Networks (Yale 2004)
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