T D /B /C .4 /1 8 2 /R e v .l
UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DE¥EEO?^ENT
Review
of maritime transport, 1978
UNITED NATIONS
UNITED N^TION^ UDNFEEENUE ON T^^DE ^N D DE¥ELO?^ENT
Geneva
Review
of maritime transport, 1978
/
Report by the secretariat ٠ UNCTAD
UNITED N^TION^
New ¥ ‫ ه‬г1981 ,‫ﻛﺎ‬
NOTE
Sym bols 0 ‫ ؛‬U nited N ations docu m en ts are com posed o f capital letters
com bined ^^ith T]§ures. M en tion o f such sym bol indicates a reference to a U nited
N ations d o cu m en t.
T h e designations em ployed and the presentation o f m aterial in this Review
do not im ply th e expression o f any opinion ^^hatsoe^er on the part o f the
Secretariat o f th e U nited N ations concerning th e legal sta tu s o f any country,
territory, city or area, or o f its authorities, or concerning th e delim itation o f its
frontiers or boundaries.
M aterial in th is publication m ay be freely quoted or re]ointed, b u t acknow lodgem ent is requested , together ^¥ith a reference to th e d o cu m en t num ber. A
copy o f th e publication containing the quotation or reprint should be sen t to the
U N C T A D secretariat.
T D /B /C .4 /1 8 2 /R e v .l
^N
!^£٥ NATIONS
PUBLICATION
Sales No. E.80.II.D.9
Price: ®U.S. 7.00
CONTENTS
A b b r e v ia ti o n s
E xplanatory n o t e s
vi
vii
In tro d u ctio n
1
Chapter
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V
VI.
Paragraphs
■NTEaN^T[ON^L SE^ao^NE та^оЕ
D e v e l o p m e n t ٠۴ ТПЕ ‫ ا‬¥ ‫ ﻫ ﻬ ﻪ‬MEaon^NT F L E E T
A.
and o^vnership 0 ‫ ك‬tb e ^vorld f l e e t
B. Types 0 ‫ آ‬v e s s e l s
c . A§e distrib n tio n o t tlLe w orld nLercbant B e e t
D. ConLparison o f car^o tn rn o v e r and Beet ow nership
?aOOnOT!V!TV ٠۴ ТПЕ WOELO ELEET
D
Sh
13
14
. . . . . . .
ip b u il d in g
A. Ship prices
B. T onnage on order
c . D eliveries o f new bnildin^s
FPE iG H T M ^aaE T S
A. T a n ^ r freight m ark ets
B. D ry car §0 freight m a r k e t s
35
c . E iner freight rates
D. E rei^ht rate indices o f selected com m odities exported by developing
conntries
E. L iner freight rates as a percentage o f prices o f selected com m odities
F. E stim ates o f global freight costs
?
o pt
A.
B.
c.
D.
VII.
1 -8
9 -1 5
9 -1 7
ev elo pm en t o f
D
d e v e l o p m e n t s
Introd u cto ry rem ark s
D em an d for port services
Snpply o f port services
A de ٩ nacy o f port s e r v i c e s
th ee
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
‫ب‬
15
lb -2 ©
2 1 -3 2
2 1 -2 4
2 5 -3 !
32
3 3 -3 4
3b
37
38
3 9 -4 4
45- b 7
3
7
7
9
9
12
15
17
17
17
21
3 3 -4 4 22
22
22
22
22
22
22
2b
45 2b
4 b -4 9
5 B -5 9
b© -b7
d evelopm en ts
C ode o f c o n d ^ t for liner c o n f e r e n c e s
b 8 -b 9
D n ited N atio n s C o n v en tio n o n th e C arriage o f ^ o o d s by 8ea, 1978
D raft co n v en tio n on intern atio n al m nltim odal transport . . . . .
C o ntain er stan d ard s for international m nltim odal transport . . . .
Ela§s o f c o n v e n i e n c e
73
D N C T A D technical assistance in shipping and ports
. . . . . .
^ne^ C anal
A ir tran sp o rt
b 8 -7 8
7©
71
72
7 4 -7 5
7 b -7 7
78
2b
3©
33
37
37
37
37
37
37
38
38
39
L I S T OF T A B L E S
‫ ا‬. D evelopm ent o f Intetn^tlon^l ^e^^om e tm ^e, 1965, 19?©, 1975-197? . . . . . . .
2. ^ ٠ ©‫ ه‬$e‫ﻇ ﻖ‬
o ٢n e t ‫ﻖ‬
٢ ‫ﻫ‬
e ‫ﻣ ﻠ ﻆ‬t ‫ﻣ ﺮ‬p ‫ ^ع‬o f ٢§o,
‫ ﻳ ﻦ‬1965, 197©, 1975-1978 . . . . . . . . .
3. W orld $e^6orne tr^de ‫ﻣ ﺮ ط‬types o f cargo and scares o f groups o f countries, 1965, 197©,
1 9 7 5 -1 9 7 7
5
4. D istribution o f ^vorld ton n ag e (g.r.t. and d.w .t.) by gronps o f countries o f registration,
1965, 1970, 1977, 1978
5. ?ercen tag e sbares o f world tonn age (g.r.t.) by type o f vessel as at 1 July 1965, 197©,
1 9 7 7 ,1 9 7 8
6. ^ r n e m an ag em en t o f open-registry fleets, 1978
7. Bene©cial ow nership o f open-registry fleets, 1978
8. A nalysis o f world fleet by principal types o f vessel, 1970,1975-1978 . . . . . . .
9. ^ g e distribution o f w orld m erch ant fleet by type o f vessel as at 1July 1978
. . .
10. € o m p a riso n betw een tot^l cargo tu rn o v e r and fleet ow nership by groups o f countries,
1 9 7 0 ,1 9 7 5 ,1 9 7 6
11. ^ o ta l w orld fleet and cargo carried in ton-m iles per d.w .t., 1970, 1973-1978
. . .
12. D stim ated productivity o f tan hers: tons carried and ton-m iles perform ed per d.w .t.,
1 9 7 0 ,1 9 7 3 -1 9 7 7
٠
. . . . . . . . . . . . ٠.. . . . . .
13. ?ro d u ctiv ity o f bullc carriers and com bined carriers: tons carried and ton-m iles perform ed per d.w .t., 1970, 1973-1977
14. D stim ated tonn ag e oversupply o f tan h ers, com bined carriers, b u l^ carriers and total
w o rld fle e t, 1976, 1977
: ............................................................
15. R epresentative new building prices, 1970, 1974-1978 ..............................................................
16. Second-hand prices, average values, 1970, 1974-1978
17. W orld tonnage o n o rd er at end o f each p uarter, 1976-1978 ..............................................
18. D istribution o f ton n ag e on order by type o f vessel and by country ^s at 30 Septem ber
1976 , 1977 , 1978
٠
. .
19. W orld tonnage on o rd er as at 30 Septem ber 1978 .................................................................
20. D istribution o f to n n ag e on order by groups o f countries o f build, 1970, 1976-1978 .
21. D e liv e r ie s o f n e w b u ild in g s , 1970, 1975-1978 ..........................................................................
22. D istribution o f deliveries o f new vessels by groups o f countries o f build, 1970, 19761978
23. fre ig h t rate indices, 1976-1978
24. f r e ig h t rate indices o f selected com m odities exported by developing co u n tries, 19761978
25. R atio o f liner freight rates to prices o f selected com m odities, 1970, 1973-1977 . . .
26. R stim ated total freight costs in world tr^de, 1970, 1975, 1977 ..........................................
27. C n t a i n e r trafhc in selected ports o f developing countries, 1976, 1977
. . . . . .
28. G eographical d istrib u tio n o f port d evelopm ent projects, 1978
29. N^ain features o f ports u n d e r construction
...............................................................................
...................................................................................
30. N um m ary o f projects by type o f facility
31. D ^am ples o f port d ev elo p m en t: construction o f new ports o r new types o f port
f a c i l i t i e s .....................................................................................................................................................
............................................................
32. E xam ples o f port d ev elo p m en t: expansion projects
33. C om m ercial b erth s in N^iddle East ports: existing, u n d e r co n struction d u ring 1978,
1979 and 1980, an d p l a n n e d ...........................................................................................................
34. W orld B ank loans o r credits for port d evelopm ent granted in 1977/78 . . . . . .
35. C ongestion reports by r e g i o n ...........................................................................................................
36. A verage daily n u m b e r and n et to nnage o f vessels using th e Suez C anal, 1966, 1977
and h rst h a lf o f 1978
37. T e n d s in air freight v o lu m e and air freight operating rev en u es, 1974-1977 . . . .
3
4
7
8
10
11
12
13
14
15
.15. . .
15
16
17
18
18
19
20
20
21
21
23
24
24
25
26
27
30
30
31
32
34
35
36
38
39
ANNEXES
١. C lassification o f countries an d territories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II‫؛‬. ^ o r l d seaborne trade according to geographical areas, 1965, 1970, 1975, 1976
. .
III. N4erchant Oeets o f th e ^^orld by flag o f registration, group o f countries or territories
and type o f ships, in g.r.t. and d.w .t. as at 1 3uly 1978
! ٧ . Selected m a x im u m an d m in im u m tram p freight rates, 1975-1978
. . . . . . . .
٧ . E iner freight rate changes and surcharges annou n ced in 1978 ...........................................
41
43
45
51
52
ABBREVIATIONS
Organizations
AsDB
BIM CO
C A R IB A N E
ESCA ?
IBRD
^ o r l d Bank
ICA O
ID A
IDB
IM F
©AS
O ECD
SIDA
UNDP
A si^n D ev elopm ent Bank
Baltic an d International N4aritime C onference
C aribbean D evelopm ent Bank
E conom ic and Social C om m ission for A sia and tlae EaciEc
International Bank for R econstruction and D evelopm ent
International Civil A viation O rganization
International D evelopm ent A ssociation
Inter-A m erican D evelopm ent Bank
Intern atio nal M onetary F und
O rganization o f A m erican States
O rganization for Econom ic C o-o^er^tion and D evelopm ent
Sw edish International D evelopm ent A u th o rity
U nited N ations D evelopm ent Erogram m e
Other
B /C
b /d
b.h.p.
CAE
C /H
c .i.f
d.w .t.
ECU
CDP
GNP
ha
km
LASH
LNC
LPG
m^
©BO
p.w.c.
ro /ro
RSS
TEE
U LC C
V LCC
bulk carrier
barrels per day
brake horsepow er
currency a d ju stm e n t factor
cargo handling
cost, insurance, freight
d eadw eight tons
E uropean m onetary unit
free on board
gross dom estic product
gross national product
gross registered tons
hectares
kilom etres
lighter aboard ship
liqueEied natural gas
liquefied petroleum gas
m etres
square m etres
cubic m etres
o re /b u lk /o il
P akistan w hite cuttings ^u te)
roll-on, roll-off
ribbed sm oke sheet (rubber)
20-foot equivalent unit
ultra large crude carrier
very large crude carrier
EXPLANATORY NOTE^
R eferences to dollars ($) are to U nited States dollars, nnless otlrerwise
specified.
R eferences to to n s are to m etric to n s, nnless otlLerwise specified.
T h e term “ b illio n ” signifies 1,000 m illion.
A h y p h en betw een years, e.g. 1977-1978, signifies th e fnll period involved,
including th e first an d last years.
A n oblique stroke betw een tw o years, e.g. 1977/78, signifies a financial
year.
In tables:
T w o dots ( . . ) signify th a t data are not available or are n o t separately
rep o rted ;
A dash ( - ) signifies th a t th e a m o u n t is nil or less th a n h alf th e u n it
u se d ;
P igures do n o t necessarily add up to totals ow ing to rounding.
T he classification o f countries and territories used in th e Review is intended
for statistical convenience ‫ ة‬nd does not necessarily imply any Jud g em en t regarding th e stage o f dev elo p m en t o f any particular country.
vii
IN T R O D U C T IO N
T h e Review ٠/ m aritim e transport is an annua! publication prepared by the
secretariat o f U N C T A D in accordance w ith item ٧ o f th e program m e o f w or^ o f
th e C o m m ittee on Shipping. ‘ T h e purpose o f th e Review is to outlin e and
analyse th e m ain d ev elo p m en ts in world m aritim e transport in th e past year and
to assess expected fu tu re developm ents. To th e ex te n t possible, historical data
are included to r e je c t long-term trends. E m phasis is placed on th e ev o lu tio n in
developing countries in com parison w ith th at in o th e r groups o f countries.
' See the report of the C om m itte on its foarth session (Official Records o f the Trade and
Development Board. Tenth Session, Supplement No. 5 ( ? ‫ ه‬/^/ ‫)) ا ^ل‬, annex 1‫ اا‬.
C
h a pter
I
D E V E L O P M E N T O F IN T E R N A T IO N A L ^E A R O R N E TRA D E
1. In 1977 th e to n n ag e o f intern atio n al seaborne
trade rose by only 2.5 per cen t an d prelim inary figures
indicate th a t th e increase in 1978 m ay h av e been as
low as 0.5 per cent. T h e low rate o f grow th is m ainly
attrib utab le to th e general state o f th e w orld econom y,
b u t a n u m b e r o f o th e r factors h av e also inllu en ced the
trend.
m arket econom y co u n tries, as evidenced by th e
grow th rate o f reai G N P in th e O EC D countries,
w hich dechned from 5.2 per cent in 1976 to 3.7 per
cent in 1977 and 3.5 per cent in 1978 . ‫ أ‬Industrial
production grow th in O E C D countries declined from
8.9 per cent in 1976 to 3.7 per cent in 1977, and 4 per
cent in 1978 . ‫ه‬
2. T able 1 gives th e to n n ag es o f different categories o f cargo shipped from 1965 to 1977 (the latest
year ^ r w hich com plete figures are available). It show s
th a t in 1977 grow th rates varied according to th e category o f cargo: ta n k er cargoes (w hich accounted for 52
per cen t o f total cargoes) increased by only 0.8 per
c e n t; to n n ag e o f th e m ain dry b u lk com m odities
declined by 0.2 per cen t, w hile total to n n ag e for dry
cargo increased by 4.3 per cent. H ow ever, th e grow th
rate for each category o f cargo show ed a substantial
decline in relation to th a t recorded in 1976. ?relim in ary figures for 1978 indicate th a t tan k er cargoes
decreased by 1.7 per cen t, w hile dry cargo increased by
3 per cent.
4.
H ow ever, o th er factors also in d u en ced the
grow th rates o f particular categories o f cargo. T he low
grow th rate for tan k er cargoes is partly attributable to
th e rapid increase in indigenous oil production by th e
traditional oil im porting countries o f ١V estern E urope
and b^ th e U nited States o f A m erica. In 1977, there
was a 25 m illion to n reduction in im ports by W estern
E urope, w hich can be explained by a 28 m illion ton
increase in indigenous production. It is estim ated th at
h a lf o f th e increase in W estern E uropean d em and for
oil was m et by N orth Sea o u tp u t in 1978. T h e grow th
rate for U nited States im ports fell from 21.5 per cent
in 1976 to 18.4 per cent in 1977,‫ ؟‬w hile in 1978
im ports o f crude oil fell by 3 per cent and o f oil
products by 9 per cent.
3. T h e over-all decline in th e grow th rate o f seaborne cargoes is m ainly a resu lt o f th e general decline
in th e grow th rates o f th e econom ies o f th e developed
‫ أ‬OECD, Economic Outlook (Paris), 1977, 197® issues.
* Ibid., 197® Issues.
‫ ؟‬B.P. Statistical Review o f the World ٠// Industry 1976 and 1977
(London).
‫ ؛‬Figures
1977 are ^ased on data provided by the S tatistic!
Office of the United N ations; prelim inary figures for 197® are based
on data obtained froro Fearnley and Egers C hartering Co. Ltd.,
Review ‫وئ‬/‫ﻣﺢ‬
(Oslo, 1979).
able
T
1
Developm enl of international seaborne trade
1965
976[, ,^‫ا‬
975
977-{
)‫ ﺤ ﻬ ﻪ؛ه‬/‫ﻣ ﺢ ﺀ (ﻣ ﺤ ﻬﺗﻢﻤ‬
D r y cargo
T o ta l
T a n k e r cargo
in crea se !
decrease
in crea se !
decrease
o ve r
Y ear
M illions
o f tons
year
O f w h lc h :
m a in b u lk ,
c o m m o d itie s^
M illio n s
o f tons
1965 . . . . . . . . . . .
8629 812 15327 6 671‫ه‬
. . . . . . . . .197
.. ^
1975 . . . . . . . . . . .
1976 ٠٠٠٠٠٠... ٠
٠
1977 ٠ ٠ ٠ ٠ . ٠ ٠ ٠ ٠ ٠ ٠
previous
year
M illio n s
o f tons
T o ta l (all ^
P erc en ta g e
in c re a se /
d ecrease
over
previous
year
1
M illions
o f tons
440 13
1
16513488 16 2 65^
1 6441-^
1
4283-6355- 3072
803588
19 111646
391
23
81810.8 65714.3 645
0.2-3475
S o u r c e s : ( ‫ )ا‬F o r t a n k e r ear^© , to ta l d ry еаг £0 a n d all g o o d s : d a ta c o m m u n ic a te d to th e U N C T A D s e c re ta ria t b y th e S ta tistica l
O ffice o f th e U n ite d N a tio n s . O w in g to p o s s ib le s u b s e o u e n t re v is io n s o r o t h e r fa c to rs , th e s e d e ta ile d d a ta m a y difTer m a rg in a lly fro m
th e a g g re g a te d fig u re s r e ^ r t e d in U n ite d N a tio n s , M o n th ly B u lletin o f S ia tis tic s , ‫ل‬a n u ‫ه‬ry is s u e s o f th e y e a rs c o n c e rn e d .
(‫ )؛؛‬F o r m a in b u lk c o m m ^ i t i e s : F e a m le y a n d E g e rs C h a rte rin g C o . L td ., W o rld B u lk T ra d es 1 9 7 7 (O slo , 1‫م ( ة?و‬
‫ و‬I n c lu d in g in te rn a tio n a l c a rg o e s lo a d e d a t ^ r t s o f t h e O r e a t L a k e s a n d th e S t. L a w re n c e s y s te m fo r u n lo a d in g a t ^ r t s o f th e
S^me system, ^ut excluding SUC1‫ ؛‬traffic in main bulk commodities. Including ^ tro leu m im ^ r ts into Netherlands Antilles and
T rin id a d a n d T o b a g o fo r re fin in g a n d re -e x p o rt.
b !r o n o re , g ra in , c o a l, b a u x i t e / a lu m i n a a n d p h o s p h a te .
T able 2
World seaborne trade by types of cargo 1965, 1970, 1975-1978
(Billions o f ton-miles)
٠//
٠١/
products
2 480
5 597
8 882
10 229
10 800
10 150
640
890
845
950
1020
985
C rude
Year
1965
197©
1975
1976
1977
1978
.............
.............
.............
...........................
.............
(estimated) . . .
/٢٠١١
527
1093
1471
1469
1 400
1320
Coal
G rain^
O th er
cargo
T o ta l
trade
216
481
621
591
449
475
734
779
760
810
1 537
2118
2810
3 035
3 220
3 405
5 849
10 654
15 363
17053
17 785
17 255
S o u r c e : F e a rn le y
E g ers C h a rte rin g C o . L td ., R e v ie w 1 9 7 8 (.(1979 , 0 ‫ه‬$‫ا‬
In c lu d in g w h e a l, ^ a i ^ e , b arle y , o at$ , ry e , ^ o rg ^ u tn a n d $oya b eana.
‫و‬
5. T h e low grow th rate for dry cargo was largely a
result o f a decrease in iron ore sh ip m en ts, w hich was
in tu rn attributable to th e co n tin u ed depression in the
steel con su m in g sectors o f in d u stry , including shipbuilding, ?ro d u ctio n o f steel rem ained unchanged
from 1976 to 1977 an d , alth o u g h o u tp u t rose by 6 per
cen t in 1978, th at did not lead to an expansion in the
iron ore and coal trad e, partly because Japanese steel
o u tp u t was stag n an t and partly because o f the existence o f large stocks o f coal an d iron ore. ^ s a result,
iron ore sh ip m en ts fell by 6 per cent in 1977, and by a
fu rth er 4 per cen t in 1978. Coal sh ip m en ts increased
m arginally in 1977, but declined by 3 per cent in 1978.
^ s a result o f good grain harv ests in som e o f the
custom ary im porting co u n tries, sh ip m en ts o f grain
show ed no increase in 1977, and an increase o f only
about 1 per cent in 1978. E xcluding th e m ajor dry
bulk item s, dry cargoes increased by 4 per cent in
1977 and by 6 per cent in 1978.
6. In 1979, th e real G N ? o f th e O E C D countries is
expected to grow by only 3 per cent and their industrial p roduction by 3.8 per cent. In developing countries, G D ? is expected to grow at 6 per c e n t . ‫ آ‬W ith
expected increases in indigenous oil production in
W estern E urope an d th e U n ited $tates o f A m erica,
seaborne trad e in oil can n o t be expected to rise by
m ore th a n 3 per cent, ^ t th e sam e tim e, record grain
harv ests in E urope in 1978 are expected to lead to a
decline in grain cargoes in 1979, and th e continuing
depression in th e steel co n su m in g industries is likely
to lim it any increase in iron ore and coal shipm ents.
C o n sep u en tly th e m ajor bulk trades cannot be expected to show any significant grow th, w hile the
rem aining dry cargoes are expected to increase by not
m ore th an about 4 per cent.
7.
Table 2 show s th e volum e o f seaborne trade in
ton-m iles. T he tren d s are generally in line w ith those
o f tonnages show n in table 1, but in 1978 d em a n d for
tankers in term s o f ton-m iles declined by 5.9 per cent
com pared w ith a decline o f only 1.7 per cen t in the
tonnage o f tan k er cargoes. T his difference is explicable
by the shorter distances involved in transporting oil to
con su m er countries from newly developed sources in
A laska and in th e N o rth Sea. T h e sam e trend is likely
to continue in 1979.
8- Table 3 sum m arizes th e distribution o f seaborne
cargoes according to countries o f loading and unloading (full details are given in annex 11). In 1976 (the last
year for w hich detailed figures are available), developing countries loaded 60.4 per cent o f world cargoes
(60.2 per cent in 1975), developed m arket econom y
countries 33.5 per cent (33.7 per cent in 1975), and
socialist countries 6.1 per cent (6.1 per cent in 1975).
On th e other h an d , 78.2 per cent o f world cargoes
w ere unloaded in developed m arket econom y countries (77.6 per cent in 1975), 17.7 per cent in developing countries (18.3 per cent in 1975), and 4.1 per cent
in socialist countries (4.1 per cent in 1975).
‫ ﺀ‬OECD,
‫ أ‬See the
Economic Outlook (Paris), ■978 iss№s.
report by the U N CTA D secretariat, “ W orld economic
01979- 1978 > ‫اﺳﻢ‬00 ‫( ”ا‬T D /B /7 1 2 /A d d .l/S u p p .l), para. 79. Comparable forecast hgnres are not available for the socialist countries of
Eastern Enrope and Asia.
able
T
3
t^pes ofWorld
car^o seaborne
and scares
trade
of ‫ ؛؛‬ro٧‫ج‬
‫ﺀ‬
s of countries,^ 1965, 19?b
19
19?$,?? ‫ﺀ‬
Millions o f tons and percentage) ٠/ world
‫هﺀهﺀ‬/(
G o o d s lo a d ed
G oods u n lo a d ed
P etro leu m
C o u n try group
C rude
P roducts
Dry
cargo
T o ta l
all
goods
P etro leu m
C ru d e
D ry
cargo
P roducts
T o ta l
all
Trade in millions ٠/ tons
1. ( ٠) W orld total
1 9 6 5 ..................
1970 ........................................ ....................................
1 9 7 5 ........................................ ....................................
1 9 7 6 ........................................ ....................................
1977 ........................................
622
1110
1 364
1 544
*
240
330
280
277
1818— ‫ح‬
812
1 165
1428
1 554
1657
1674
2 605
3 072
3 375
3 475
622
1 101
1 373
1 534
222
302
287
294
1881 +
Percentage share o f each category
(‫ ره‬W orld
‫م‬/‫ﻫﻤﻤﺔ‬
832
1 127
1395
1425
1 490
1676
2 530
3 055
3 253
3 371
in total
total
1965 ............................................................................
1 9 7 0 ............................................................................
1 9 7 5 ............................................................................
1976 ............................................................................
1977 ............................................................................
37.2
42.6
44.4
45.8
■٠
14.3
12.7
9.1
8.2
52.3 +
48.5
44.7
46.5
46.0
47.7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
37.1
43.5
45.0
47.2
13.2
11.9
9.4
9.0
55.8 +
49.7
44.6
45.6
43.8
44.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Percentage share ٠/ trade by groups ٠
/ countries
Developed n t a r ^ t econom y conntries
1965
1970
1975
1976
....................................................................................
....................................................................................
....................................................................................
....................................................................................
0.1
2.0
4.2
3.9
23.3
27.1
30.3
31.8
55.9
60.0
62.6
63.2
31.3
31.1
33.7
33.5
78.9
80.4
81.2
80.9
79.0
79.6
79.2
78.2
76.5
79.5
74.0
75.2
78.1
79.9
77.6
78.2
4.6
3.4
3.7
3.6
8.9
8.2
8.1
6.9
6.1
6.1
6.1
0.4
1.0
1.1
2.1
2.1
5.9
5.8
6.5
6.5
3.1
6.3
5.6
0.4
1.2
19
0.9
1.0
1.3
4.2
3.2
Socialist conntries of Eastern Enrope and Asia
1 9 6 5 ....................................................................................
1970 . . . . . . . . . . .
1975 . . . . . . . . . . .
1976 . . . . . . . . . . .
12.3
12.9
٦ ٦
٦ ٦
١ ٦
1.9
4.1
4.1
O f which:
Eastern Europe
1965
1970
1975
1976
4.6
3.4
3.1
3.1
.......
.......
.......
.......
8.0
12.3
12.8
2.4
3.4
١ ٦
Asia
1965
1970
1975
1976
0.1
0.1
0.8
0. 4
1.7
2.1
1.3
1.2
0.7
1.2
0. 7
0. 6
20.7
17.9
16.9
16.9
20.0
17.8
18.7
19.7
17.6
15.1
19.5
18.3
18.8
16.7
18.3
17.7
11.1
15.2
11.0
11.2
2.5
1.7
1.2
1.5
5.1
4.1
28
3.0
4.1
3.6
4.3
3.9
3.6
2.9
2.8
2.6
15.4
13.8
13.7
12.6
21.0
16.0
12.1
11.2
12.7
10.5
9.6
9.8
6.0
5.1
7.4
6.7
4.3
4.4
5.1
4.9
7.5
7.2
7.4
7.4
9.2
8.2
8.3
9.1
29.4
31.3
36.7
37.7
5.5
5.5
5.9
5.6
8.5
7.9
7.6
9.0
"9.0
6.7
9.8
9.2
7.5
6.4
7.9
7.5
0.1
0.1
1.4
1.2
0. 9
0. 7
0.6
0.5
0. 6
0. 6
95.3
94.5
92.1
92.5
67.8
64.7
57.4
55.3
35.9
31.9
30.1
29.6
61.8
62.8
60.2
60.4
.........
.........
.........
.........
16.0
25.4
16.1
16.8
1.7
2.4
3.8
2.4
10.6
9.1
7.5
7.3
.......................................................
.......................................................
.......................................................
.......................................................
.........
.........
.........
.........
20.9
12.2
7.3
6. 0
42.8
36.2
27.8
32.4
.......................................................
.......................................................
.......................................................
.......................................................
.........
.........
.........
.........
58.4
56.9
68.7
69.7
23.3
27.0
25.8
20.5
—
—
—
—
0. 6
0.5
.
.
.
.
.......................................................
.......................................................
.......................................................
.......................................................
.......................................................
.......................................................
....................................................... . . . . . . . . .
....................................................... . . . . . . . . .
—
0.5
—
Devel©pin§ c©nntries, t©tal
1965
1970
1975
1976
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
.................................................................
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
...
...
...
...
..
..
..
..
O f which:
Africa
1965
1970
1975
1976
America
1965
1970
1975
1976
Asia
1965
1970
1975
1976
£nr©pe
1965 .......................................................
1970 .......................................................
1975 ....................................................
1976 .......................................................
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
0.1
0.1
0.1
—
—
—
0.1
0.1
—
—
—
0.1
T a b le 3
(continued)
World seaborne Irade^ by types of ear^o and shares of groups of eountrles,^ 1965, 19?d, 1975-1977‫؛؛‬
(Millions
٠/ ‫ل»مﺀ‬and
percentage ٠/ world total)
G oods lo a d ed
P etro leu m
C o u n try group
C ru d e
P roducts
D ry
cargo
G oods
To’at
٠//
‫ﺳﻢ‬/‫ﻣﺢﺀﻣﺤﻬﻢ‬
P etro leu m
C ru d e
T o ta l
P ro d u cts
cargo
goods
Oceania
1965
1970
1975
1976
.
.
.
.
Л и г с е / А п п е х II o f th is s tu d y .
‫ ﺀ‬S ee n o te ‫ ج‬to tab le 1 ab o ^ e .
b F o r t h e e o n t ^ s i t i o n o f th e s e g ro u p s , s e e a n n e x I o f th is s tu d y .
‫ ﺀ‬F re litn in a ry e s tim a te s fro m d a ta in U n ite d N a tio n s , M o n th ly B u lletin o f Statistics,
^ o l. ^ ^ ^ I , N o . ١ J a n u a r y 1979).
0.7
0.1
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.1
0.8
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
II
C h a p te r
DEVELOPM ENT OE THE W ORLD M ERCHANT FLEET
A.
Size and ownership 0‫ ؛‬the worid fleet
d.w .t. for th e previous 12 !months. A n n ex III gives
details o f world tonnage by countries o f registration
9.
F ro m 1 July 197? to 30 Ju n e 1978, th e world and types o f vessels. T h e shares o f th e various groups
m erch an t fleet increased by 3.1 per cent in g.r.t. and o f countries are show n in table 4.
by 3.4 per cent in d.w .t., rising to 400.7 m illion g.r.t.
and 662.8 m illion d.w .t. T hese figures com pare w ith
10. D uring th e period u n d er review developing
increases o f 5.5 per cent in g.r.t. and 6.7 per cent in
countries increased th eir share o f world g.r.t. from 8.5
T able 4
Distribution of world tonnage‫( ؛؛‬g.r.t. and d.w.t.) by groups of eountries of registration, as at ١July 1965, 1970, 1977, 197®
In c rea se in to n nage
T o n n a g e a n d perc en ta g e s h a r e ^
Flags o f registration
by groups o f
countries
1.
World t o t a l
2. Developed m arket econom y countries .
M illio n s o f g .r .t.
P erc en ta g e
sh a re
M illio n s o f d .w .t.
■
1I9966 S5
146.®
146.8
1‫ﻣﺎ‬/‫م‬
97 0
1977
1!9
97788
400.7
400,7
‫وا‬/‫م‬
1970
11977
977
1 97 8
326.1
641.3
641.3
662.®
(100.0),.
100.0)(
(‫( م‬100.0)
100)‫م‬,
(100.0)
(100.0)
(100,0)
217.9
388.5
(100.0)
(100.0): (
(100.0)
1)‫( ﻣﻤﻪ‬
102.7
(70.0)
141.®
141.8
(65.1)
211.4
(54.4)
(54.4)
^15.3
215.3
(53.7)
(53.7)
211.9
(65.0)(
‫ة;؛؛أ‬
345.6
345.6
(53.9)
(53.9)
353.6
(53.4)
‫ة ة؛؛أ‬
■■
1 9 6957-7•‫؛‬
1 978
100
44.5
‫ﺛﻢ‬
1 978
100
I n d e x 1 978
{1965 = 100)
273
35.2
211
3.
Open-registry countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22.1
22.1
(15.1)
40.9
40.9
(18.®)
(18.8)
109.2
109.2
(2®.l)
(28.1)
111.0
111.0
(27.7)
(27.7)
70.3
70.3
(21.6)
(21.6)
203.2
203,2
(31.7)
(31.7)
206.®
(31.2)
35,0
14.8
502
4.
Total 2 plus 3
124,3
(84.7)
182.0
(83.6)
320.2
(82.4)
3^6.3
(81.4)
282.2
(86.3)
548.8
(85.5)
560.4
(84.6)
79.5
50.0
263
5.
Socialist countries total . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10.9
(7.4)
19.5
(8.9)
33.3
(8.6)
35.5
(8.9)
21.7
(6.6)
39.8
(6.2)
43.0
(6.4)
9.7
18.0
326
10.3
(7.0)
18.6
(8.5)
28.8
(7.4)
30.1
(7.5)
20.5
(6.2)
33.3
(5.2)
35.1
(5.3)
7.8
10.6
292
Asia ................................................
0.6
(0.4)
0.9
(0.4)
4.5
(1.2)
5.4
(1.4)
1.2
(0.4)
6.5
(1.0)
7.9
(1.2)
1.9
7.4
900
Developing countries, total . . . . . . .
10.4
(7.0)
14.5
(6.7)
33.0
(8.5)
37.3
(9.3)
20.5
(6.3)
50.4
(7.8)
56.9
(8.6)
10.4
32.0
342
0.6
4.8
5.0
—
—
0.8
6.4
7.3
—
—
3.8
10.8
18.2
0.1
0.1
4.4
12.1
20.6
0,1
0.1
1.1
8.7
10.7
—
—
5.7
15.9
28.6
0.1
0.1
6.6
17.9
32.2
0.1
0.1
1.5
2,9
6.0
—
—
4.9
10.7
16.4
—
—
733
252
376
—
—
0.7
(0.5)
1.2
(0.5)
1.6
(0.5)
1.6
(0.4)
1.7
(0.5)
2.3
(0.4)
2.5
(0.4)
0.4
—
229
O f which:
Eastern E u r o p e
O f which:
A fric a .......................................................
A m e ric a ..................................................
Asia .........................................................
E u r o p e ....................................................
Dceania...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7. O ther countries
Sources: Com piled from Lloyd's Register o f Shipping: Statistical Tables (London), ^nd
supplem entary data covering vessels o f 1^© g.r.t. and above.
^nd c^n ^ d i^ n Great Lakes fleets, w hich in 1978 accounted respectively for 1.7, L? and
1.8 m illion g.r.t.
‫ ة‬Excluding the reserve fieet o f the U nited $tat€s o f A m erica and th e United States
‫ ط‬Percentage share show n in parentheses.
7
T able 5
Percentage shares of world tonnage‫( ؛‬g.r.t.) by type of vessel as at
AH ships
o f 10 0 g .r .t.
a n d over
C ountry
group
M illio n s
o fg .r .t.
P ercentage
o f world
total
T a n kers
O re a n d
b u lk
carriers.^
including
c o m b in e d
carriers
July 1965, 1970, 1977, 1970
G e n era l
cargo
ships'^
C o n ta in e r
ships
carrying
vessels
O th er
ships
0.2
0.2
8.7
Percentage share by vessel type
W orld total
1965....
1970....
146.8
217.9
388.5
400.7
1977
1978....
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
37.1
39.4
44.7
43.6
11.1
20.2
30.2
19.3
19.5
0.9
Percentage share by group ٠
/ countries
Developed m arket econom y countries
1965 ..............................................................
1 9 7 0 ..............................................................
1977 ..............................................................
197 8 ..............................................................
102.7
141.8
211.4
215.3
70.0
65.1
54.4
53.7
67.(
63.'
53.'
54.:
15.0
18.8
lli
-7 4 .4
69.2
59.4
57.6
65.6
46.1
44.9
61.3
lOO.O
87.4
Dpen-reglstry countries
1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 9 7 0 ...............................
1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1978 ...............................
40.9
109.2
35.0
34.0
111.0
20.3
24.1
29.7
29.8
‫إ‬
‫؛‬:
‫ة‬
20 6
8.0
20.4
7.9
13.1
16.9
17.2
1.5
10.0
11.4
Socialist countries, total
1965
1970
1977
1978
.................................
.................................
.................................
.................................
10.9
19.5
7.4
4.5
4.7
4.1
1.3
4.4
4.9
O f which:
Eastern Europe
1965
1970
1977
1978
.......
.......
.......
.......
10.2
4.3
4.6
18.5
12.0
7.4
30.1
26.9
26.1
13.4
Asia
1965
1970
1977
1978
.......
.......
........
........
0.7
1.0
4.5
5.4
0.5
2.1
1.4
0.5
0.1
0.6
0.8
0.3
0.7
0.6
1.1
0.7
Developing countries
1965
1970
1977
197 8
............
............
............
............................
10.4
14.5
33.0
4.0
4.7
7.0
7.5
4.3
6.0
7.1
16.8
O f which:
Africa
1965
1970
1977
1978
.
.
.
.
0.6
.
.
.
.
4.8
6.4
10.8
.
.
.
.
5.0
7.3
18.2
20.6
0.8
4.4
0. 4
0. 4
1.0
0.1
0.5
0. 7
0.1
1.7
1.1
America
1965
1970
1977
1978
3. 0
4. 3
5.1
5.4
Asia
1965
1970
1977
1978
4. 9
3. 4
4. 7
3. 7
4, 4
Europe
1965
1970
1977
1978
.
.
.
.
0.1
0.1
T a b l e 5 {continued)
Percentage shares of world tonnage^ (g.r.t.) by type of vessel as at
A ll ships
o f 1 0 0 g .r .t.
a n d over
C o u n try
group
M illio n s
o fg .r .t.
P ercentage
o f w orld
total
T ankers
O re a n d
b u lk .
ca r r ie r s ^
including
c o m b in e d
ea rners
July 1965, 1970, 1977, 1970
G e n era l
cargo
ships'^
C o n ta in e r
ships
B argecarruing
vessels
O th er
ships
Oceania
1965 .......................................................
1970 .......................................................
1977 .......................................................
1978........................
—
—
0.1
0.1
0,1
0.1
O t^er cenntries
1 9 6 5 .................................................................
1970 .................................................................
1977 .................................................................
197 8 .................................................................
0.7
1.2
1.6
1.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
S o u r c e : € o m p i)e d fro m L lo y d 's R egisrer ٠/ S h ip p in g : S ta tistica l T ables (L o n d o n ), a n d
s u p p le m e n ta r y d a ta o n th e re s e rv e flee t o f t h e U n ite d S ta te s o f A m e ric a a n d th e U n ite d
S ta le s a n d C a n a d ia n G r e a t L a k e s fleets.
‫ ﺀ‬E x c lu d in g U n ite d S ta te s re s e rv e flee t ‫؛‬
lleets.
0,7
0.1
0,1
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.7
0.2
0.2
0.7
0.2
b O re a n d b u !b ca rrie rs o f 6 ,0 0 0 g .r.r
o r e /b u l k / o i l ca rrie rs.
‫ﺀ‬
ab o v e , in c lu d in g
‫ هﺀ‬n ٦b in e d
o r e /o il a n d
In c lu d in g p a s s e n g e r c a rg o v e s s e ls (b o lh lin e r a n d tram p ).
U n ite d S ta le s a n d C a n a d ia n G r e a t L a k e s
per cent to 9.3 per cent, and o f w orld d.w .t. from 7.8
per cent to 8.6 per cent. Socialist countries also
increased th eir share, from 8.6 per cen t to 8.9 per cent
o f g .r .t., and from 6.2 per cen t to 6.4 per cent o f d.w .t.
© eveloped m arket econom y countries and open-registry co un tries co n tin u ed to increase th eir tonnage in
absolute term s, b u t suffered m arginal declines in term s
o f th e ir percentage shares o f th e w orld Beet.
11. T able 5 show s th e d istrib u tio n o f th e w orld Beet
by groups o f countries and by vessel type. T h is indicates th a t, in term s o f g .r.t., th e gains achieved by
developing and socialist co u n tries applied to m ost
types o f vessels, as did th e decline in th e percentage o f
open-reglstry countries and developed m ark et econom y countries.
12. T ables 6 and 7 give fu rth er d ata on th e m anagem ent and beneficial ow nership o f th e Beets reglstered in open-registry countries (Including ships reglstered In B erm uda, th e B aham as an d U ong K ong, all o f
w hich have som e o f th e characteristics o f open-reglstry
countries b u t w hich have not been classified as such
In annex 1). T h ese tables indicate th a t th e v ast m ajority o f open-registry vessels are beneficially ow ned by
developed m arket econom y countries (including one
territory o f a developed country). C o n seq u en tly, for
practical purposes, th e Beets registered In developed
m arket econom y countries and th o se registered In
open-registry countries m ay be regarded as co n stituting a single group. T h u s in 1978, th e developed m arket econom y countries ow ned, eith er directly or
th ro u g h open registers, 85 per cent o f total world
deadw eight to nnage, including 89 per cent o f the
world ta n k e r Beet and 87 per cent o f th e w orld Beet o f
bulk carriers.
B. Types of vessels
1^. Table 8 show s Ihe com position o f th e world
Beet in term s o f th e g.r.t. o f different types o f vessels.
Erom m id-1^?? to m ‫؛‬d - l^ ? 8 , the g.r.t. o f tankers
declined from 44.2 per cent o f th e world total to 43.1
per cen t, but generally th e com position o f th e Beet
rem ained th e sam e. In a h so lu S term s, the greatest
increases were r e o r d e d by ore and bulk a r r ie r s (5.3
m illion g.r.t.), general cargo vessels, llqueBed gas carriers and cellular co n tainer vessels, © f th ese, th e last
two are the m ost significant In relation to th e existing
Beets o f these types o f vessels. T he cellular container
Beet increased from 1.9 per cent to 2.1 per cent o f the
w orld Beet, but th e Increase In cargo-carrying capacity
is far greater th an th ese Bgures w ould suggest, taking
into account the superior tu rn ro u n d tim es o f these
vessels com pared w ith th at o f th e conventional liner
vessels w hich they are replacing.
c . Age distribution of the world m erchant fleet
14.
T^ble 9 show s th e age d istribution o f th e world
m erchant Beet at m id-1978. T h e average age o f the
total Beet Increased from 8.89 years in 19?? to 9.02
years In 1978. T he increase In average age applied to
all types o f vessels except general cargo vessels. G eneral cargo vessels co n tin u ed to have th e highest average age o f the total Beet, over 60 per cent o f vessels
being 10 years old and over. T he average age o f the
Beets o f developed m arket econom y countries and
socialist countries Increased, w hile th at o f open-registry and developing countries decreased, although variations occurred w ithin th e individual country
groups.
‫' ) ^ ‪،ч о т г ч г‬‬
‫‪Ox‬‬
‫ص‬
‫ات‬
‫|‬
‫و‬
‫| | ة ة‬
‫| | | | | | | |‬
‫ا ﻳ ﻢ ! ا ا ا ا ا ا اا ا ^ ا ا ا ت‬
‫ا ة ة ا و ا ا‬
‫ا ا ﺑ ا ﻢ‪ :‬ا ا " ا ا ا‬
‫ا آلا ا ﺳ ﺎ ا ا ب ! ا ا ا " ﻳ ﻤ ﺎ ﺻ ﺎ ا‬
‫ا ة ة ؛ﻗ ﺎ ة‬
‫ا ح‬
‫‪00‬‬
‫;‬
‫;ة ‪1 1 1‬‬
‫ﻋﺎا ^‬
‫و‬
‫ا‬
‫و؛‬
‫ةوو ‪1‬‬
‫ت '‬
‫؛‬
‫"ة ^ق ‪1‬‬
‫§|ق‬
‫أﺀ ‪1‬‬
‫■‪5‬‬
‫ج‪H‬‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪٢٢‬‬
‫■‬
‫‪٠٠ ■٧ ٦‬‬
‫ص>‪оо On rN О‬‬
‫‪оо‬‬
‫؛ج ‪0‬‬
‫ب‬
‫ﻣ مئ‬
‫ةق‬
‫ؤ‬
‫ﺘﺄﺱ‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪00 о‬‬
‫"‪Г‬‬
‫‪On о‬‬
‫حم ﻮ ‪ 0 0‬ﺹ‬
‫‪ O S 4 0‬ﺕ ? ‪Г- <٢٠٠‬‬
‫‪! ٢٢‬‬
‫‪» o o r s o o s r n i‬‬
‫ة‬
‫ق؛‬
‫ﻧ ﻢ إ‪0‬ﺀ ﺀ ئ‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫■ ﻧ‪ g‬ﺢ؛‬
‫ﻳﻢﺀ ص ‪с‬‬
‫ق‬
‫ﺀ|آ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪sa‬‬
‫ج‪Я -‬‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫ج‬
‫‪ Ü‬ه‬
‫{‪٢٢‬ض‬
‫م—‬
‫‪с‬‬
‫ق‬
‫‪1‬ل‬
‫©ا‬
‫ه‪0‬‬
‫|‬
‫ق‪1‬‬
‫ﺖ ‪0‬ا‬
‫ﺑ ‪:‬ﻤ ﺘ‬
‫و‬
‫ﻳ ﻤ ﻠ ﻤ ﻢ ﺑ‪0‬ﻢ ﺀ ‪0‬ﻫ ﺎ‬
‫‪،^ ٠ ^ ١ ٠ ٠‬‬
‫ص‬
‫‪О‬‬
‫'‪lOrOOO^TfOrorOfN‬‬
‫ؤئ‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫أ ﺟ ﻤ ﺤ ﻮ ﻣ ﺤ ﺼ ﺢ؛ ‪0‬‬
‫ا !‬
‫‪I I I I I S I‬‬
‫ا ! ا ﻳ ﻤ ﺎ ا ا ا ا ا ا ا ت‬
‫ا !‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫ا !‬
‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺣ ﺎ ﺳ ﻴ ﻤ ﺎ ا ا ا ا ؛ ﺗ ﺎ ا‬
‫^ ‪ 1 1‬ةة ‪ 1‬و? ‪1 1‬‬
‫آل ﻣ ﺎ‬
‫؟ ا ا‬
‫‪-‬ا " ا ا‬
‫ﻗﺎ‬
‫آل ت‬
‫ا ا ة ﺗ ﻮ ا ا ا ق ؛ ﺀ ا ة ا‬
‫ا !‬
‫ا ا ا ﺳ ﻤ ﺎ ^ ا‬
‫‪- S‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫ﺀ‪0‬‬
‫ذ‬
‫ج‬
‫ﺀ‪.‬‬
‫م‬
‫‪O0 00‬‬
‫ج_ ه‬
‫‪D.O‬‬
‫ص ‪S‬‬
‫‪ —٠‬ث‬
‫‪CNГ‬‬
‫\ آ ﺀ‪П‬‬
‫‪ TJ‬ص ‪٢٣١‬‬‫ﻣﺎ ^ آل‬
‫ص‬
‫‪О‬‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫‪H‬‬
‫‪Su‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪с ■о‬‬
‫ه ؟‬
‫ع‬
‫‪H‬‬
‫‪ il‬و| ق |‬
‫‪ ï‬؟‬
‫أ ؟ آل‬
‫؟‬
‫ﺟ ﻢ § ؛‬
‫‪11‬‬
‫|‬
‫ﻗﻘﻖ‬
‫‪и‬‬
‫||| ق ة■ ة‬
‫ة‬
‫قص‬
‫‪ :‬م ‪0‬‬
‫ا ل‬
‫ال‬
‫‪С)Л‬‬
‫<؛‪с ،‬‬
‫جج‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫ة‬
‫ه و‬
‫و‬
‫‪> о‬إ‬
T
able
8
Analysis of world fleet by principal types of vessels, 1970, 1975-1978‫؛؛‬
(Thousands o fg .r .t. ١)‫؛‬
P rincipal types o f vessels
1970
1975
1976
150 057
(43.9)
168 161
(45.2)
2 999
(0.9)
(0.9)
( 1. 1)
(0 .2 )
967
(0.3)
1274
(0.3)
! 755
(0.5)
Mis€ellane©u$ tankers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
—
114
Bulk/©ii carriers (inc!udin§ ©re/©il carriers). . . . . .
8 317
^3 716
(6.9)
Ore and bulk c a r r ie r s ................................................. .
38 334
(16.9)
61832
Oil ta n k e r s ........................................................................
86 N ٥
(37.9)
Liquefied §as carriers ....................................................
1 350
(0 .6 )
Chemical carriers ...........................................................
451
C e n tra l cargo (including passenger/cargo) . . . . . . .
72 396
80 173
(19.7)
7.1
399
70
73 608
(19.8)
79 675
(19.6)
3.4
(19.6)
7 543
(1.9)
8 674
15.0
(1.8)
1.8)(
( 2 . 1)
796
796
795
773
)0 .2 (
(0.2)
68?
(0.2)
(0 .2 )
(0 .2 )
633
1200
? 804
(3.4)
11339
Ferries and passenger vessels ....................................
2 991
4207
(1 0 0 .0 )..
1184 ‫و‬9
(0 .2 )
(0.3)
12 372
5027
12 162
(3.1)
7091
2.0)(
(1.8)
7375
1.7)(
2096
1.7)(
6 986
(1.8)
7215
( 1.8)
227 490
342 162
372 ООО
393 678
406 002
1975-1978),
،‫ ؛‬T h e d a ta in th is tah le are n o t c o m p a ra b le w ith th o s e in tab le 4 , b e c a u s e th e y ta k e in to
1.7
6 864
(1.7)
7 799
(3.4)
S o u r c e : L lo y d 's R eg ister o f S h ip p in g : S ta tis tic a l T ables (L o n d o n , 1970 a n d
(m id -y e a r figures).
12.5
74 832
(19.0)
Fish factories and carriers ............................................1
Fishing (including factory trawlers) . . . . . . . . . . . .1
o t a l
10.0
(17.9)
0.1)(
T
1 930
(0.5)
189
) ‫ ﺧﺎ‬. ‫( ا‬
—
A■! other vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 530
(1.4)
1.1
2446
Vehicle carriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4411
0.5
26 372
(6.5)
(0 .8)
—
175 035
(43.1)
26 089
(6 .6)
1908
Lighter carriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
174 125
(44.2)
P ercentage
ch a n g e 1 9 7 7 /1 9 7 8
25 023
(6.7)
) 2 0 .6 (
c© ntainer ships (fuliy cellular) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1978
a c c o u n t th e re s e rv e fleet o f th e U n ite d S ta te s o f A m e ric a a n d th e U n ite d S ta te s a n d
C a n a d ia n U rea، ^ a ^ e s fleets,
‫ئ‬
P e rc e n ta g e s h a re o f Nvorld to n n a g e s h o w n in p a re n th e s e s.
handled only som e 55 per cenf ٠ ٢the volum e o f world
cargoes but ow ned over 86 per cent o f th e total world
Beet, © n th e o ther h an d , developing countries handled
15.
fig u re s on total seaborne cargoes handled by over 40 per cent o f th e seaborne cargo traffic b u t
each group o f countries (total o f goods loaded and
ow ned less th a n 7 per cent o f th e Beet. T he socialist
co u n tries’ share o f th e world Beet was approxim ately
unloaded) and on th e deadw eight tonnages o f their
th e sam e as th eir share o f th e cargo turnover, fu rth e r m erch an t Beets are given in table 10. T he Bgures
m ore, the ratio o f cargo tu rn o v er to Beet ow nership
d e m o n strate th at th ere is a large Im balance betw een
cargoes and Beets o f th e different groups o f countries.
was 7 for developed m arket e o n o m y countries, 11 for
In 1076, th e developed m arket econom y countries
socialist countries and 64 for developing countries.
D. Com parison of cargo turnover
and fleet ownership
T able 9
Age distribution of wor!d fieet by type of vesse] as at 1 Juiy 1978
(Percentage o f total g.r.t.)
A verag e
C o u n try grouping
a n d ty p e o f vessel
1. W orld tota■
All sltips
T ankers
Bulk earriers،
General eargo
2. Developed m arket econom y countries
All ships
Tankers
Buik carriers^
Genera! cargo
3. Gpen-registry countries
Al] ships
Tankers
Bu!k carriers^
General cargo
4. Total 2 plus 3
All ships
Tankers
Bulk carriers‫’؛‬
General cargo
years
y e a rs
10 -1 4
ye a rs
15 ye a rs
a n d over
00
00
00
00
34.3
43.2
29.8
30,6
16.5
13.9
19.4
12.3
11.5
43.7
20.6
19.1
00
00
20.5
16.7
17.7
34.0
41.2
00
00
17.4
00
00
00
00
39.0
46.7
31.1
18.8
17.3
00
00
00
43.4
17.8
00
00
00
00
24.3
30.2
40.8
16.7
20.4
13.0
20,5
14.7
July^'}978
7.30
13.43
8.76
7.43
56.7
8.49
6.79
8.54
14.99
17.7
11.3
11.4
46.3
7.17
8.17
13.75
19.8
9.0
11.32
11,07
26.9
14.5
34.0
jJy^l977
9.02
10.7
41.7
ЗО Л
00
5. Socialist countries o f Eastern Europe and Asia
A11 ships
Tankers
Bulk carriers ‫أ؛‬
General cargo
6. Developing countries
All ships
T ankers
Bulk carriers^
General cargo
T o ta l
12.61
13.6^
7.06
7.43
13.45
8.69
7.21
15.34
7.12
7.69
14.03
11.02
10.89
7.94
12.06
‫ﺀ‬
00
00
20.9
00
00
S o u r c e : S h ip p in g In f o rm a tio n S e rv ic e s o f L lo y d ’s R e g is te r o f S h ip p in g a n d L lo y d ’s o f
L o n d o n P re s s L td.
‫ و‬T o c a lc u la te th e a v e ra g e a g e , it h a s b e e n a s s u m e d t h a t th e a g e s o f v e s s e ls are
d is tr ib u te d e v e n ly b e tw e e n th e lo w e r a n d u p p e r lim it o f e a c h a g e g ro u p . F o r th e 15 y e a rs
13
44.5
24.6
19.0
13.2
21.3
16 ‫ث‬
4 3 ‫إ‬4
7.67
7.28
13.01
ind o v e r a g e g ro u p , th e m id -p o in t h a s b e e n a s s u m e d to b e 22 yea rs.
‫ة‬
‫ﺀ‬
I n c lu d in g c o m b in e d c a rrie rs.
E x c lu d in g C y p ru s , L ib e ria , O m a n , P a n a m a , S in g a p o re a n d S om alia.
9.74
7.43
717
13.46
T able 10
Comparison between total cargo turnover and fleet ownership
by groups of countries, 11976 ,®?‫وا‬
‫©?و‬,
Goods loaded
Total ٠/
a n d u n lo a d ed
goods
lo a d e d a n d
u n lo a d ed
L oaded
U n lo a d ed
P ercentage
o f world
to ta l ٠/
goods
lo a d e d a n d
un lo a d e d
M illio n s ٠/ tons
C o u n try group
P erc en ta g e
o f world
to ta l ٠/
m e rch a n t
f l e e t o w n ed
{d .w .t.)
Developed m arket economy
and open-registry countries
1970.................
1975 ......................................
1976 ......................................
802.7
1008.8
1 130.1
2 0 1 0 .4
2 342.3
2 544.0
2813.1
3 351.1
3 674.1
282.2
477.5
521.2
54.8
54.7
55.4
86.5
87.4
86.7
264.4
312.0
21.7
33.0
37.0
4.8
5.1
5.1
6.7
6.0
20j
40.8
40.4
40.2
39.4
326,1
546.3
601,2
100
100 100
Socialist countries of
Eastei n Europe and Asia
19
19
19
'0 ............................
158.8
188.4
205.9
87.6
123.6
133.2
Developing countries
197 0
1975
1976
1 643.3
1 875.0
2 038.6
431.6
576.0
2 074.9
2 463.9
2 614.6
604.8
072.2
375
2 529.6
3 054.8
3 253.2
5 134.4
6 127.0
6 627,8
W orld to: ;aU
19' /0
19'
19'
.
S o u r c e s : A n n e x e s II a n d III
‫و‬
‫آه‬
th is s tu d y , a n d v a rio u s p u b lic a tio n s.
In c lu d in g u n a llo c a te d to n n a g e .
14
100
100
100
C
h a pter
III
P R O D U C T IV IT Y О Т T H E W O R LD FLEET
16. Table I I give® estim ates © ٢tlie productivity o f
tlie world fleet in term s o f to n s carried and ton-m lles
per d.w .t. P roductivity began to decbne in 1974; there
was a sü g h t im p ro v em en t in !9 7 6 , h u t th e dow nw ard
tren d co n tin u ed in !977 and 1978 as th e supply o f
vessels increased m ore rapidly th a n d em an d . H ow ever,
th e reduced rates o f grow th o f th e fleet in th e last two
years have restrained th e rate o f decline o f productivity.
T able 11
World flee،, volume of cargo carried and
،on-m!les per d.w .،., ،979, 978‫ ا‬973 - ‫ا‬
T o ta l
cargo
carried
{m illions
o f tons)
T o ta l
to n -m ile s
{billions o f
ton-m iles)
carried
p e r d. w.t.
{thousands)
326.1
444.6
486.9
546.3
601.2
2 605
3274
3 304
3 072
3 391
10 654
15 403
16 386
15 363
17 053
7.99
7.36
6.79
5.62
5.64
32.67
34.6
33..65
28.12
28.36
641.3
3 475
17 785
5.42
27.73
17 255
..
26.03
Y ear
1970
.....
1973 . . . . .
1974.....
1975
.....
1976
.....
T ons o f
٠٢^٠
،'
T o n -m iles
T able 12
Estimated productivity of tarrRers; torts carried
attd ton-m iles per^rm ed per d.tv.،., 1970, 1973-1977
T o ta l
ta n k e r
T o ta l sh ip m en ts
o f o il a n d grain
Y ear
{millions
o f tons)
1970.....
1973.....
1974.....
1975.....
1976 . . . . .
1977 . . . . .
1182
1479
1491
1386
1 562
1 591
{billions ٠/
to n -m iles)
6
8
9
8
10
10
039
915
543
922
335
527
{m illions
o f d . w .t .p
137.8
198.2
230.5
272.9
306.6
327.5
T ons ٠/
cargo
carried
p e r ‫ﻣﺢ‬
. ‫اآا‬,/.
T o n -m iles
>‫ﺛﺜﺜﻚ‬
(
43.8
45.0
41.4
4.8
S o u r c e s : C o m p ile d on th e b a s is o f F e a rn ly a n d E g e rs C h a rte rin g C o . L td ., R e v ie w 1978
(© slo), 1979, a n d iVorld B u lk T ra d es 1 9 7 7 (© sio), 197‫؟‬.
M id -y e a r figures.
trade in tons and ton-m iles should grow by m ore th an
3 per cent. T h u s the net effect to he expected will be
an im provem ent in shipping productivity.
18.
W ithin the total world fleet, productivity has
varied for different types o f vessels. Tables 12 and 13
give estim ates o f th e productivity o f tankers and hulk
carriers. Following a slight im p rovem ent in 1976, the
S o u r c e s : F o r w o rld fle e t: L lo y d 's R eg ister o f S h ip p in g : S ta tistica l T ables (L o n d o n ), v a rio u s
is s u e s (m id -y e a r fig u re s ); For to ta l c a rg o c a rrie d : U n ite d N a tio n s , M o n th ly B u lletin o f
productivity o f tankers in ton-m iles co ntinu ed to
Sta tistics, l a n u a r y is s u e s fo r y e a rs c o n c e rn e d ; for to n -m ile s : F e a rn ly a n d F g e rs C h a rte rin g
C o . L td ., R e v ie w (O slo), v a r io u s issu es.
decline in 1977. A lthough ton-m ileage Figures are not
yet available for 1978, th e su d d en upsurge in dem and
for tan k er transport w hich occurred in th e second h alf
o f th e year can be expected to lead to som e im prove17.
T h e slow dow n in th e grow th oF th e w orld fleet m en t in th e 1978 productivity Figures. T h e productivis expected to c o n tin u e in 1979 as a result o f a fall in
ity oF bulk carriers and com bined carriers has continnew deliveries coupled w ith co n tin u ed scrapping, especued to decline steadily. Betw een 1974 and 1977 the
iaily o f tankers. O n th e basis o f recent dev elo pm ents,
over-all decline in productivity am o u n ted to 22 per
th e deadw eight tonn ag e o f th e w orld Beet is expected
cent For tankers, 19.2 per cent For bulk carriers, and
to increase by less th a n 3 per cent, w hereas seahorne
22.7 per eent For com bined carriers.
1977
. .. . .
1978 . . . . .
662,8
..
T able 13
Productivity of bulk carriers and combined carriers: tons carried aud ton-mlles performed per d.١
v.t., ،979, 1973-1977‫؛؛‬
C o m b in e d carriers o f
o ve r 1 8 0 0 0 d .w .t.:
B u lk carriers o f
o ve r 1 8 0 0 0 d .w .t.:
‫ﺋآلم‬/ unvsrt
٨٢١I
K/II
n u ‫ارﺀﻣﺎ‬،‫ﻣﺎﺀﺀم‬
Y ear
{m illions
o f ions)
1970............
1973............
1974............
1975............
1976............
98
206
241
219
244
‫ا\مﺀﻣﻢ‬
‫آل‬
»
‫م<ﺀﺀاﻣﺂا رﺀ‬
{billions
o f tons)
745
656
812
578
660
685
{m illions
o f tons)
{billions
o f tons)
403
573
579
567
607
643
1891
2 762
2 791
2 868
2917
3 088
W o rld f l e e t
o f co m b in e d
carriers ٠/
over 18 0 0 0
‫ د‬. w .t.
W orld f l e e t ٠/
b u lk carriers
o f over ] 8 00 0
C o m b in e d carriers
‫•ض‬
‫■ﻟﻢ'إلم‬
Tons p e r
(m illions o f d .w .t.)
14.2
3^.4
39.5
42.6
45,3
47.4
F le e t to n n a g e s a re g iv e n in m id -y e a r figures.
—
I u n -r r tu c b
T ons p e r
I h o u s Z d s)(
U houiands)
8.4
6.4
100.2
112.9
5.1
5.4
51.1
45.9
37.0
36.6
S o u r c e s : C o m p ile d o n :b e b a s is 0 ، F e a rn le y a n d E g e rs C h a r:e r!n g C o . L :d ., R e v ie w 1 9 7 8 (© sio), 1 9 7 9 , a n d W orld B u lk T rades 1 9 7 7 (O sio), 197.‫؟‬
‫و‬
B u lk carriers
—
i ‫ﻣﺮم‬،-‫ﺀم‬،‫دﺀ‬، ،
39.4
37.5
7,0
29.1
19.
O n th e assu m p tio n th a t supply an d d em an d for largely attributable t© th e uuregulated expansion o f the
shipping tonn ag e w ere reasonably balanced in 1973/ open-registry heets in recent years.
74, th e average 1973/74 ratios o f ton-m iles per d.w .t.
20.
As in past years, various groups o f shipow ners
can be used to give an indication o f p resent needs for
have, continued efforts to introduce schem es to reduce
shipping tonn ag e, an d hence o f th e ex ten t o f present
the oversupply o f tonnage in specihc sectors o f the
overcapacity in th e w orld Veet; on this basis, estim ashipping industry, b u t so far w ithout success because
tions o f overcapacity in th e total fleet, and in the
o f convicting interests.
tanlcer and bulk carrier fleets, in 197b and 1977, are
show n in table 14. T hese estim ates, based o n 1973/74
ton-m ileages, appear to be in reasonable accord w ith
T able 14
estim ates reached by in d ep en d en t calculations. ‫ ؟‬T he
Estim ated tonnage oversupply of tani،ers,
disordered m an n er in w hich th e m erch an t fleet has
combined carriers, bull، carriers and total
developed, and th e cu rren t surplus o f tonnage, is
world « eet, 1976, 1977
O versuppty
* See tbe report by the U N CTA D secretariat, “ The m aritim e
tra n s p u t o f hydrocarbons” (T D /222/Supp.3), para. 43 (reproduced
in Proceedings ٠
/ ‫ ﺀﺀا؛‬United Nations Conference ٠« Trade and
Development, Fifth Session, vol. Ill, Basic documents (Sales No.
E.79.11.D.16)). It was estim ated that at the end of 1977 about
80 million d.w.t, o f tanker capacity was surplus to r ٩‫ه‬
u ir€ment$,
am ounting to an overcapacity o f about 30 per cent. T his surplus
included 31 million d.w.t. laid up, 40 million d.w.t. tied up in slow
steam ing, and 4 million d.w.t. tied up in abnormal port congestion.
M illio n s
o f d .w .t.
Tankers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
G em bined carriers . . . . . . .
Bulk carriers . . . . . . . . . . . .
Residual fleet . . . . . . . . . . .
Total world fleet . . . . . . . .
S o u r c e s : T a b le s 12 a n d 13 ab o v e .
16
67.4
11.1
18.5
15.3
112.3
P erc en ta g e
o ffe e t
22.0
24.4
18.5
10.2
18.7
1977
O versupply
M illions
o f d .w .t.
83.6
12.7
2,6.4
18.9
141.6
P ercentage
o fjle e t
25.5
26.7
23.4
12.3
22.1
C h a p t e r ١٧
SH IPBUILDING
speed-up o f sh ip m en ts, and parti)/ as a result o f
increased im ports to replenish s to c k . D em and for
bulk carriers benefited from th e tem porary Im provem ents In the tanker m arket, w hich attracted a sizeable
to nnage o f com bined carriers from th e dry cargo to the
oil trade.
A. ^hlp prices
21. Table 15 gives new building prices o f different
types o f vessels. Except for th e llner-type vessel, the
prices refer to Japanese yards, and increases in dollar
prices r e je c t th e appreciation o f th e yen against the
dollar. In th e absence o f these changes in exchange
rates, th e prices in yen rem ained essentially at the
sam e levels in 1978 as in 1977. ?rice levels continued
to be influenced by th e existing tonn ag e oversupply
and th e resu ltan t fall In orders.
24.
A slgniftcant feature o f tables 15 and 16 is the
large difference betw een new huilding prices and
second-hand prices. T h u s in 1978 th e price o f a new
200,000 d.w .t. tan k er was about $181 per d .w .t., w hile
th e second-hand price o f a tan k e r in th e sam e si^e
r^nge built in 1972/75 was ahout $36 per d.w .t. T hese
differences are also observable In bulk carriers and
liner-type vessels.
22. T h e prices In table 15 refer to actual yard quotatlo ns an d are therefore h igher th a n th e average
prices actually horne hy shipow ners, taking into
account shipyard rebates, g o v ern m en t subsidies and
o th e r financial aid. A s th e v o lu m e o f orders is likely to
co n tin u e to decline in 1979, prices o f new buildings
are likely to rem ain at a low level.
B. Tonnage on order
^3. $econd-hand prices are listed In table 16. Prices
o f tan k ers an d bulk carriers generally increased In
1978 b u t those o f liner-type vessels fell slightly. T h e
rise in th e second-hand prices o f tan k ers and bulk
carriers is largely attributable to th e increased dem and
for these vessels in th e second h alf o f th e year.
D em an d for tankers rose partly on account o f the
expected rise in oil prices in 1979, w hich encouraged a
T
25.
T h e volum e o f tonnage on order o f all ships, as
show n in table 17, co n tin u ed to decline in 1978. In
S eptem ber the total order-book was about 38 per cent
smalle‫؛‬r th an during th e sam e m o n th In 1977.
Expressed as a percentage o f th e existing fleet, th e
order-book decreased from 11.3 per cent at m id-1977
to 6.8 per cent at m id-1978.
a ble
‫ذا‬
Representative new building prices, 1970, 1974-1978
(Millions o f dollars, at year end ‫) ﺀ‬
Hulk carrier, 30 000 ،l.w.t. . . . . . .
product tanker, 30 ООО d.w.t.
Hulk carrier, 70 ООО d.w.t. . . . . . .
Tanker, 87 000 d.w.t. . . . . . . . . . .
©H© tanker, 96 000 d.w.t. , . , ..
Huik carrier, [20 000 d.w.t. . .. . .
T anker, 210 000 d.w.t, . . . . . . . . .
Tanker, 400 ООО d.w.t. . . . . . . . . .
LN© carrier, 125 ООО
LPG carrier, 75 ООО
........
R o/ro vessei, 5 ООО d.w.t. . . . . . .
‫ ه‬1‫ا‬
Liner-type vessel,
11000/13 000 d.w.t.
1970
1974
10 ,
20.0
18 ‫م‬
11 .
25.0
20.0
1975
16.5
17,
30.0
17,
31,
1350
42.0
65.0
125.0
52.0
14.6
!500
62.0
125.0
52.0
16.2
950 ‫؛‬
1976
1977
1978
11.0
11.0
12.0
15.0
16.0
16.0
23.0
24.0
34.0
56.0
105.0
42.0
15.0
16.0
16.0
16.0
19.0
20.0
21.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
45.0
15.0
40.0
54.0
15.0
45.0
10.0
10.0
12.0
4 200
4 600
4 950
S o u r c e s : F o r p rice s o f ta n k e rs , b u lk c a rrie rs , L N G anci L P G c a rrie rs a n ^ r o / r o v e s s e ls : F e a rn le y a n d E g e rs C h a rte rin g C o . L td .,
R e v ie w (O slo), v a rio u s is s u e s : for p rice s o f ١١,0 0 0 /1 3 ,0 0 0 d .w .t. lin e r-ty p e v e s s e ls : Fairplay In tern a tio n a l Ship p in g W e ekly (L o n d o n ), vol.
26 9 , N o, 4 9 7 7 , 18 Зап агу 1979.
‫ج‬
E x c e p t Гог lin e r-ty p e v e s s e ls , w h ic h a r e e x p re s s e d in t h o u s a n d s o f p o u n d s s te rlin g al y e a r e n d .
b T h e d a ta re fe r to th e c o s t o f c o n s tru c tin g a )hypothetical o p e n /c lo s e d s h e lte r -d e c k e r 1,0 0 0 /1 3 ,0 0 0 ٠٢ ‫ ا‬d .w .t. p ro p e lle d by a 7,000
b .h .p . d iesel e n g in e g iv in g a sp e e d o f 15 k n o ts . T h e p rice q u o te d is p a y a b le o n d e liv e ry , w it^ n o d is c o u n ts .
17
T able 16
Second-hand prices, average vaines, 1970, 1974-1978
(Millions o f dollars, at year end)
T yp e ٠/ vessel a n d
to n n a g e in d .w .t.
Y ea r
built
1970
1 974
1 975
1 976
3.5
4.0
5.0
6.0
17,0
9.0
15.5
18.0
Tankers
50000
60 000
80 000
100000
150 000
200 000
250 000
300000
....................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
....................................
................
1 963/64
1 964/65
1 966/67
1 967/68
1974/75
1 969/70
1972/73
1 971/72
10.0
12.0
19.0
26.0
..
40.0
,.
..
7.0
8.0
9.5
11.0
23,0
28.0
36.0
2.7
3.5
4.8
5.5
15.0
10.0
16.0
18.0
1963
1966
1965
1965
1972
2.8
4.8
6.0
9.0
11.0
4.8
7.2
9.0
13.0
17.0
3.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
10.5
3,0
5.3
5.5
6.5
9.5
1.5
2.2
3.1
4,5
1.3
1.7
2,6
4.0
1.2
1.4
2.0
3.8
2.0
2.4
4‫م‬
‫ ا‬3.5
RO
5.0
9.0
‫ ل‬0 .0
‫ ا‬0.0
Dry bulk carriers
18 000 ......................................
35 000 ......................................
35 000 ......................................
50 000 ......................................
60000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4
6.2
Liner-type vessels
6 6 0 0 ......................................
12 500 ......................................
13 500 ......................................
16 000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1958
1956
1959
1963
1.0
1.5
1,7
3.0
0.7
0.7
‫ا‬.‫م‬
0.5
0.5
08
2.1
S o u r c e : F e a rn le y a n d E g e rs C h a rte rin g C o . L td ., R e v ie w (© slo), v a rio u s issues.
T able 17
Werld tonnage on order at end of each gnarter, 978‫ ا‬976 - ‫ا‬
AH
ships
{m illions
P erc en ta g e
T a n kers
(m illions
P erc en ta g e
B u lk
carriers,
including
co m b in e d
carriers
(m illions
on o rd er as a t
30 Septem ber 1976 .
103.5
31 Decem ber 1976 .
90.0
51.0
P erc en ta g e
ch a n g e
O th er
ships
(m illions
o f d .w .t.)
30.5
-
4.2
,-0 .7
29.2
-14.1
31 March 1 9 7 7 , , . ,
30 June 1977 . . . . . .
20
- 1 0 .5
30 Septem ber 1977 .
65.8
24.6
- 1 4 .6
31 Decem ber 1977 .
56.2
31 March 1 9 7 8 . . , .
19.6
50.5
18
17
-
11.1
- 1 4 .2
15.6
45.3
'41,0
18.3
17.6
30 September 1978 ,
- 1 4 .2
-10.3
- 1 0 .3
30 June 1978
19
-20,5
-1 0 .1
9.4
13.6
S o u r c e s : S h ip p in g In f o rm a tio n S erv ice s o f L lo y d ’s R e g is te r o f S h ip p in g a n d L io ^ d ’s o f L o n d o n P re s s L td.
18
P ercentage
change
16
T abl e 18
Distribution of tonnage on order by ‫ا‬y‫ﺀ‬e of vessel and by country as at 30 September 1976, !977, !978
T ankers
)/
C o u n try group
A ll
ships
‫ ﻣﺊ‬٠٠«
{under
150 ٠٠٠
a n d over)
B u lk /o il
carriers
{including
o r e /o il
carriers)
Ore a n d
bulk
carriers
C o n ta in e r ships
{.full)
G enera!
cargo
ships
(p a r t)
R o /r o
cargo
ships
0.1
0.3
0.2
1.2
1.6
1.4
11.4
10.7
7.7
6.3
5,3
4.2
1.2
2.4
3,4
11.0
16.3
18.8
6.1
8.1
10.2
O th er
ships
Millions o f d. w.t.
1. (
٠)
W orld total
1976....
1977....
1978....
103.5
65.7
41.0
38.6
17.2
7.9
12.3
7.4
5.6
5.5
3.2
1.9
25.8
18.1
10.2
1.9
1.8
Percentage share by type ٠
/ vessel
(‫ ) ه‬W orld total
1976 . . . .
1977....
1978....
100.0
100.0
100.0
37.3
26.2
19.3
11.9
11.3
13.7
4.9
4.7
24.9
27.5
24.9
2.2
2.9
4.4
0.1
0.4
0.6
Percentage share by country group
2. Developed m arket econom y countde$
19^6 ................................................
1977 ..........................................................
1978 ..........................................................
56,0
56.7
53.6
61.5
66.3
69.2
57,9
59.8
55.6
38.1
28.5
28.6
52.9
50.2
45,3
81.9
70.1
42.4
35.3
68.3
93.4
68.7
73.8
66.8
46,8
53.5
50.3
52.8
56.3
57.2
26.0
21.5
14.8
27.0
26.2
16.5
29.1
25.7
27,9
20.2
10.8
4.1
30.4
24.2
11.7
13.6
22,5
24.0
10.2
1.0
3.5
5.2
18.8
16,0
13.7
23.2
14.1
8.7
82.0
78.2
68,4
88.5
92.5
85.7
87.0
85.5
83.5
58.3
39.3
32.7
83.3
74,4
57.0
95.5
92.6
66.4
35.3
78.5
93.4
69.7
77.3
72.0
65.6
69.5
64.0
76.0
70.4
65.9
1.7
4.4
10.0
0.8
1.4
16.2
5.4
23.1
17.7
2.9
4.0
7.0
2.4
4.7
1.4
16.2
5.4
-
23.1
17.7
15.1
5.6
2.4
4.7
6.8
0.3
0.2
-
-
0.4
-
-
-
-
T4
-
48,5
16.1
6.6
4.4
2.7
9.7
29.5
23.0
24.4
21.3
23.7
24.5
—
2.4
0.7
5.6
2.1
5.0
7.3
5,2
4.9
7.1
48.5
16.1
6.6
0.4
1.8
3.9
12,9
8.7
10,4
1.6
2.3
0.7
1.6
0.2
0.2
14.5
9.3
6.7
14.5
16.5
16.7
2.8
2.3
2,0
3.5
4,6
0.3
1.2
2.8
3. Open-registry countries
1976 ..........................................................
1977 ..........................................................
1978 ..........................................................
-
4. Total 2 plus 3
1976 ..............................................
1977 ........................................................
1978 ..........................................................
5. Socialist countries, total
1976 ..........................................................
1977 ..........................................................
1978 ..........................................................
4.6
4 ‫إ‬4
6.7
5.6
14 ‫إ‬4
18.0
2.1
4.2
6.4
4.5
8.3
5.6
8.4
14.4
18.0
-
0.1
0.1
—
-
-
O f which:
Eastern Europe
197 6 .............................................
197 7 ...............................................
197 8 .............................................
Asia
1976 ...............................................
197 7 ...............................................
1978 ...............................................
0.2
0.2
0.3
6. Developing countries, total
1976 ..........................................................
1977 ..........................................................
1978 ..........................................................
14.7
16.1
22.0
10.6
7.5
14.3
7.3
4.7
9.2
١٦
2.5
0.6
1.4
2.4
—
—
O f which :
Atrica
1976 ...............................................
1977 ...............................................
1978 ........................................... ..
America
1976 ...............................................
197 7 ...............................................
1978 ...............................................
Asia
1976.....................
197 7 ...............................................
1978 ...............................................
Dceania
1976 ...............................................
7. O ther countries
1976 .................................................
1977 .................................................
1978 .................................................
7.1
9,6
13.4
—
13.9
19.7
31.3
2.6
17.1
-
0.2
-
2.9
6.6
14.3
4.8
4.3
7,2
24.4
38.6
42.5
10.2
13.5
21.6
2.1
1.7
0 ‫إ‬9
1.9
0.4
1.8
7.7
5.4
9.2
3.1
15.9
1.1
1.5
1.7
1.1
1.2
14.2
6.2
1.0
1.3
2.9
33.3
46.3
42.5
0.3
0.8
0.5
5.9
‫؟‬١
—
‫ن‬:‫إ‬
0.9
1.1
1.4
1.7
—
—
1.2
—
—
S o u r c e : C o m p u ta tio n o n th e b a s is 0 ‫ آ‬in lo tm a tio n p ro v id e d by S h ip p in g S erv ice s o f L lo y d ’s R e g is te r o f S h ip p in g a n d L lo y d ’s o f L o n d o n P re s s L td.
19
T able 19
World tonnage on order as at 30 September 1978
{Thousands o f d. W.L)
Tankers
C o u n try group
AH
ships
W orld total ....................................................... 41 040
{under
1 5 0 0 0 0 d .w
{ 1 5 0 0 0 0 d.w .
a n d over)
O r e /o il
and OBO
carriers
O th er
b u lk
carriers
C o n ta in e r ships
--------------------------—
(fu ll)
(p a r t)
R o /r o
cargo
ships
O th er
ships
9367
6025
1930
10215
1802
243
1 4 ‫ا‬6
11896
4975
3116
551
4631
764
777
946
6^71
6 076
1307
1561
1 196
433
4. Total 2 plus 3 .................................................. 28 079
8046
677
4
631
5 827
1 197
227
,« ‫ئ‬:
7 696
2. Developed m arket econom y countries . . . 22 003
3. Open-registry countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1425
5. Socialist countries, total ................................
O f which:
Eastern Europe ......................................
A s i a ..............................................................
2 758
348
1017
41
215
2 650
108
348
1017
41
215
717
108
6. Developing countries, tota!
O f which:
AEica .........................................................
America ....................................................
A s i a .............................................................
O c e a n ia .......................................................
9 028
820
‫ ا‬195
308
136
!906
7. O ther countries ................................................
1 175
1 005
5 484
2 538
1
1321
4‫ﺀ‬2
1321
820
100
131
54
204!
937
16
79
16
834
‫? ا‬٦
287
176
45
469
S o u r c e : S h ip p in g In f o rm a tio n S e rv ic e s o f L lo y d ’s R e g is te r o f S h ip p in g a n d L lo y d 's o f
L o n d o n P re s s L im ite d .
‫و‬
D e v e lo p in g e o o n trie s in E u ro p e h a d no to n n a g e o n o rd e r.
26. A t th e be§lnnln§ o f 197^, 56.2 m illion d.w .t.
w ere on order, and at th e end o f th e third p u arter the
order-boo^ was dow n to 41 m illion d.w .t. D uring the
sam e period, a total o f 21.6 m illion d.w .t. was delivered, w hich w ould indicate th a t new orders w ere in
th e region o f 6.4 m illion d.w .t., com pared w ith an
estim ated 8.6 m illion d.w .t. o f new orders during the
first th ree q u arters o f 1977. A t th e en d o f th e third
q u arter o f 1978, 62 per cent o f th e new orders w ere
u n d er co n stru ctio n , com pared w ith 56 per cent at the
en d o f th e third q u arter o f 1977.
suffered only a m inim al decline, and this Indicates a
steady trend tow ards co n tainerisation o f th e liner
trade. T hese developm ents are lively to c o n tin u e In
1979.
30. T he distribution o f to nnage on order by §roups
o f countries show s a decrease In th e share o f orders
from developed m arket e ^ n o m y countries and openregistry countries and an Increase from socialist countries and d ev e ‫ا‬opln ‫ ج‬countries. T his d evelopm ent Is
th e result o f continuing efforts by socialist countries
27. D uring 1978, th e G o v ern m en ts o f a n u m h er o f
sh ipbuilding co u n tries provided subsidies an d offered
various types o f financial in d u eem en ts to buyers in an
effort to stim u late shipyard activity. U ow ever, w hile
th ese m easures u n d o u b ted ly stim u lated d em and for
vessels th a t w ould not otherw ise have been ordered,
the stim u lu s was insufficient to eoun teract th e general
deeline in th e w orld order-book.
T able 20
Distribution of tonnage on order by groups
of c u r r i e s of bnlld, 197©, !976-1978
[Thousands o fg .r .t. ‫)؛؛‬
A s ٠/ e n d o f th ird q u a r te r o f :
C ountry group
28. G iven th e existing im balanee betw een shipping
d em an d an d supply an d an expected low grow th o f
seaborne trade, orders for new tonn ag e are likely to
rem ain at low levels in th e com ing year. G rders will be
placed for specific categories o f vessels th at are in
relatively sh o rt supply despite th e over-all surplus o f
tonnage, but th e v o lu m e o f new orders will depend
largely on th e size o f aid offered by G o v ern m en ts to
shipow ners an d shipyards.
29. Tables 18 an d 19 show th e distribution o f tonnage o n order by types o f vessels and by groups o f
countries. In th e tan k er sector, it Is to be noted th at
tonn ag e o n order for large ta n k e rs suffered a larger
drop th a n for sm all tan k ers, w hich w ere In relatively
short supply. N o tw ith stan d in g th e general reduction in
orders, orders for co n tain er an d ro /ro vessels have
Developed m arket econom y
countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1970
1976
1977
1978
67 063
53 449
33 846
20 810
(85,6)(80.2)
(74.0)
884
(1,3)
6081
(9,8)
5 297
(12.5)
4657
(16,6)
Socialist countries . . . . . . . . . . . 1 592
2 251
2 320
2 146
Developing countries . . . . . . . . .
Dthefcount/ies.............
W O ^ L □ TOTA L
(96.2)
175
645
749
511
(0 ,2 )
( 1,0 )
( 1 ,8 )
( 1.8)
>714
62 426
42 212
1^4
S o u r c e : C o m p u ta tio n o n th e ba$i$ o f d a ta c o n ta in e d in ‫ل‬/‫ ﺀ’ ﻣﺤﻤﻢ‬R e g iste r o f S h ip p in g :
M e r c h a n t Shipbuilding R e tu r n (L o n d o n ), re le v a n t q u a r te rly issu es.
‫و‬
20
P e rc e n ta g e sh a re
٠٢ w o rld
to ta l s h o w n in p a re n th e s e s.
T
a ble
T ab le 22
21
Distribution of deliveries of new vesseis by
groups of countries of build, 1970, 197b-197®
Dellvehe^ of new buildings, 1970, 1975-1978
(Number o f ships and thousands o f g .r.t./d .w .t.)
(Thousands o f g.r.t.
1970^
1976
1975^
‫ﺀا‬/;
1978
542
22
‫ا‬
9915
089
516
658
799
45
39
196
D.t
Bulk/oil carriers
N um ber . . .
1.351
2 522
418
757
367
696
.. 11605
77311 068
173
1634
255‫؛‬
1 599
2 966
D. w. t . . . . . .
Dre and bulk carriers
N um ber . . . . . . . .
199‫ظ‬
196
D .w .t.......................
285
Developed m atket
19 57©
9489
econom y countries , , . . . (93,3)
-
O ther ships
N um ber . . . . . . . . . . .
G .r.t...............................
D .w .t.............................
Total
N u m b e r.
D .w .t
487
1513
1 677
1 627
..
2619
20319
299
!584
369
^722
4 097
456
874
891‫؛‬
1 560
1 660
2 327
3 363
. , 3 495
648
365
3 255
350
!635
..
!524
1561
.,
2 701
33917
61213
1977
30451
(89,8)
23 851
(90.4)
1 182
(4.5)
797
(6,1)
986
995
(7.6)
10 948
5103
(83.8)
144
(0.7)
1 501
(4.4)
Socialist countries . . . . . . .
1 176
(5.6)
(5.6)
90
(0.4)
355
(1.4)
324
(0.2)
20 980
33922
26 374
13064
O ther countries
o rld
ro rA L
S o u r c e : C o m p u ta tio n o n th e b a s is o f d a ta t’o n ta in e d in L lo y d 's R eg isler
M e r c h a n t <‫؛؛‬
‫ ااك‬/<، ‫ اا‬//‫ ; ﺀه‬R etu rn (L o n d o n ), re le v a n t q u a rte rly issu es,
٠/
S h ipping:
a P e rc e n ta g e s h a re o f w o rld to ta l s h o w n in p a r e n th e s e s .
1 139
3 561
; 779
2' 253
4: 575
1978
J a n . •Sept.
1976
Developing countries . . . .
W
General cargo sh ip s‫؛‬
N um ber . . . . . .
D^w.t.
‫ﻣﺤﻢ؛ا‬
C o u n try group
Tankers
N untber
1 751
13401
21173
S o u r c e s : F o r 1970 ‫ اه‬: ‫ ه‬197 ‫ ;ث‬c o m p u ta tio n o n t h e b a s is o f d a ta c o n ta in e d in L lo y d 's
R e g iste r o f S h i p p in g : M e r c h a n t Shipb u ild in g R e tu r n (L u n d o n ), re le v a n t q u a rte rly is s u e s ; for
19 7 6 -1 9 7 8 , in fo rm a tio n p ro v id e d ‫>؛‬y S h ip p in g t n f o r ^ a t i o n S e rv ic e s o f L lo y d ’s R e g is te r o f
S h ip p in g a n d L lo y d ’s o f L o n d o n P re s s L im ite d .
groups o f countries co ntinued to experience a fall in
tonnage on o rder; nevertlteless, tl^e developing and
socialist countries co n tin u ed to increase th eir share o f
total world orders.
c.
Deliveries of new buildings
32, D eliveries o f new buildings are show n in table
21, T h e total deadw eight tonnage o f deliveries was
reduced by 54 per cent in 1978 fron7 the previous
b F ig u r e s fo r 1970 in c lu d e b u lk /o il c a r r i e s .
year, w ith tankers, hulk and com bined carriers exper‫ ﺀ‬V e s se ls o f 2 ,0 0 0 g .r.t. a n d o v er.
iencing m uch larger reductions th an general cargo and
o th e r ships. T hese reductions m erely reflected the genera! changes in th e v o lu m e o f orders. Table 22 show s
^nd developing co u n tries to increase th e ir participation
th at deliveries followed th e sam e pattern as orders,
in th e shipping in d u stry ^nd o f efforts o f shipbuilders
with th e share o f developed m arket econom y countries
to prom ote s^les o f new vessels to developing coundeclining in favour o f th a t o f developing and socialist
tries th ro u g h credit ^nd d ev elo p m en t aid.
countries. W ith th e v o lu m e o f orders unlikely to show
31.
Table 20 show s th e distrib u tio n o f to nn age on im provem ent in 1979, th e volum e o f deliveries is
order by groups o f countries o f build. In 1978, all expected to fall further.
‫و‬
N o d e a d w e ig h t fig u re s a re a v a ila b le ^ r 19 7 0 , o r for 197S in th e c a s e o f g e n e ra l ca rg o
a n d o t h e r sh ip s,
C
h a pter
V
FREIGHT MARKETS
A. Tanker freight m arkets
cent increase over a corresponding period in 19761977.
33. As m ay be seen from table 23, tan ker rates for
the first h a lf o f 1978 w ere generally low er th an in the
preceding m o n th s, © uring th e second h alf o f the year,
the m ark et w as inB uenced by th e upsurge in dem and
w hich, as noted in paragraph 23 above, was a result o f
a speed-up o f im ports caused by expected increases in
the price o f crude oil in 1979. R ates for all classes o f
tan k ers w ere substantially h igher in th e second h alf o f
1978 th an in th e first half, and higher th a n for the
w hole o f 1977.
34. T h e upw ard m o v e m e n t in tan k er rates was
short-lived because o f th e transitory natu re o f the
increased d e m a n d , and rates began to fall at th e end o f
th e year, along w ith prices o f second-hand tankers.
T he situ atio n at th e beginning o f 1979 rem ains un^ertain , but rates appear unlikely to retu rn to th e levels
prevailing in th e second h alf o f 1978.
E.
Liner freight rates as a percentage
of prices of selected com m odities
38.
Tahie 25 gives th e ratio o f liner freight rates to
prices o f selected com i^odities exported from developing conntries. ©n th e w hole, the ratios decreased, as
they had in 1976. T he m ain reason for th e decline was
th a t, w hiie both prices and freight rates increased, the
rates o f increase o f prices were generaiiy higher th a n
those o f freight rates. T he oniy exception was in
respect o f coconnt oil, for w hich th e freight rate
increased significantly m ore th a n th e price.
F. Estim ates of global freight costs
39. Tabie 26 gives estim ates o f freight costs o f
im ports for varions groups o f conntries. T he estim ates
are based on annual f o .b ./c .i.f factors calculated by
B. ©ry cargo freight m arkets
IM F in respect o f 145 countries and territories ‫( و‬ex35.
D ry cargo tram p Indices for tim e charters w ere ciuding the sociahst countries o f E astern E urope, ©hina, C uba and th e © em ocratic Eeopie’s Republic o f
higher th ro u g h o u t 1978 th a n in th e previous year, and
Korea).
rose substantially higher in th e Bnal quarter. Indices
for trip eharters rose substantially from th e second
40. T he IM F d ata relate to all m odes o f transport,
q u arter onw ards. A n n ex ! ٧ gives m ax im u m and m insince it is not possible to isolate m aritim e transport.
i mu m levels for selected single voyage rates for 1975T he IM F figures on freight costs also include insur1978.
ance, and for th e purpose o f estim ating net freight
costs it has been assu m ed th at insurance am o u n ts on
average to 1.5 per cent o f total freight costs. $ince the
Liner freight rate^
data com m unicated to IM F by reporting countries con36.
L iner rates o n t i n u e d th eir upw ard trend in tain som e inevitable approxim ations and inaccuracies,
the estim ates presented in table 26 should not be
1978. A s show n in an nex ٧ , a total o f 1B7 general
regarded as giving actual freight costs, b u t rath er as
increases in freight rates was a n n o u n ced , w ith an averindicating general orders o f m agnitude. N evertheless,
age increase o f 9 per cen t, com pared w ith 160
the estim ates provide a so und basis for inter-year and
increases an n o u n ced in 1977, w ith an average increase
inter-area com parisons. T h e exclusion o f certain couno f 11 per cent. T h ere w ere 41 changes involving new
tries does not affect th e value o f th e estim ates for
surcharges and increases in existing surcharges, com inter-area com parisons, since th e excluded countries
pared w ith 73 such changes in !977.
form separate trading areas.
c.
41- T he estim ates show th at th e total annual
freight bill for th e countries concerned rose from
$22.961 billion in 197d to $69.974 billion in 1977.
T he over-all freight factor (i.e. th e ratio o f freight cost
37.
T h e freight rate indices o f four seiected com - on im ports to the c .i.f value o f im ports) declined
m odities are given in table 24. G enerally th ere was an
from 7.76 per cent in 1970 to 6.58 per cent in 1977.
upw ard tren d d uring 978 ‫ ل‬in b o th individual indices
and th e com bined index. T h e com bined index rose by
11.7 per cen t betw een th e third q u arter o f 1977 and
Data com m unicated to the D N €T A D secretariat by IMF.
the th ird q u arter o f 1978, com pared w ith an 8.6 per
D.
freig h t rate indices of selected
com m odities exported by developing countries
22
‫' ‪— O‬‬
‫غ‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫'‬
‫‪ ٣ ٦ ٥ © O‬ﺱ ﺹ ©‪ ٠‬ﺱ‬
‫' ‪' ٢٢ ٣٦ ٢٢ ■٠٠ ■٠٠ ٢٢ ٢٢‬‬
‫‪11‬‬
‫ه‬
‫ة‬
‫ي‬
‫‪g‬‬
‫‪>0 — 0©O<^Tf‬‬
‫‪H‬‬
‫أق أ‬
‫‪23‬‬
T a b l e 24
suffered from th e greatest ‫؛‬ucrease in th a t factor, from
12.90 per cent in 1970 to 13.38 per cent in 1977
(+ 0 .4 8 per cent).
Freight rate indices of selected commodities exRorted by
developing countries, 1976-19783
(End o f quarter, 1968 = 100)
43. T hese variations and tren d s m ay he explained,
or partly explained, by several factors. T h e industriali^ed countries are ah substantial im porters o f hulk
m aritim e cargoes, for w hich freight r^tes are relatively
low. In the period 1970-1977 there was a suhstantial
increase in th e size o f th e tan k ers and hulk carriers
serving these countries, w ith corresponding econom ies
o f scale, and since 1974 hulk rates have heen fu rth er
reduced by th e w orld surplus o f shipping, f u rth e rm ore, im porters in developed m arket econom y countries appear to he exercising greater control over freight
levels applicable to l‫؛‬per im ports th an im porters in
developing countries. ' ٥ T h u s seahorne hulk cargoes
provide one o f th e explanations for th e low freight
factors o f this group o f countries, as well as for the
declining trend. In addition, w ith the exception o f
Japan, these industrialized countries im port to a large
degree by land tran sp o rt (often over short distances),
by pipeline, and by short sea ferries, and all these
m odes o f transport m ay be expected to reduce freight
factors below the levels prevailing in countries th a t are
depen d en t on long-haul shipping services.
C o m m o d ity
Y ear
Q uarter
C ocoa
C o m b in e d
in d e x
C o tto n
R ubber
9 /6/
243.1
258.6
‫ةﻳﺖ‬-‫ت‬
183.9
233.3
١١
241.6
245.5
249.8
258.7
246.3
249.2
247,3
179,1
178,6
186.4
231.2
234.1
241.8
26T4
195.3
199.6
202.4
211.4
249.5
249,7
254.3
271.5
249,7
245.2
257.1
279.3
220.4
274.2
277.1
79‫©؟‬
287.0
294.4
Ih . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264.0
IV
. 288.0
1977
II . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295.2
11• . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289.5
1978
I
, 310.3
II . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313.0
1‫ ا‬........................... 318.7
223.4
S o u r c e : C o m p u la tio n by th e U N C T A D s e c re ta ria l o n th e b a s is o f tra d e d a ta a n d freig h t
ra te s c o m m u n ic a te d by v a rio u s iin e r c o n fe re n c e s a n d s h ip p in g lines.
‫ و‬In c a lc u la tin g t ^ e fre ig h t in d ic e s fo r co c o a fo r th e p erio d fro m th e fo u r th q u a r te r o f
1977 to t h e th ird q u a r te r o f 197$, s o m e tra d e s th a t a re in c lu d e d in th e b a s e p e rio d s a m p le
h a v e b e e n e x c lu d e d .
H nw evei, Ih eie w eie m ilk e d
different groups o f countries.
variations
44. T he high ievel o f freight factors applicable to
th e im ports o f A frican countries w ould appear to be
attrihutahle to th e paucity o f intra-A frican trade and to
th e fact th at A frican countries generally Im port by sea
from distant suppliers, norm ally using relatively expensive hner services. F iner rates have not been
influenced to th e sam e ex ten t as bulk rates by the
general surplus o f shipping.
betw een
42. F or th e industrialized countries o f Furope,
N orth A m erica an d Jap an , th e freight factor was lower
th a n for any o th e r group o f countries, and at the sam e
tim e these countries henefhed from a greater decline
in th at faetor, from 7.12 per cent in 1970 to 5.52 per
cent in 1977 ( - 1 . 6 per cent). A t th e o th e r extrem e,
A frican countries (other th a n oil producing countries)
had th e highest freight faetor in hoth years, and also
'٠ $ee the repert by the U N CTA D secretariat, “ The relationships
between shippers at both ends o l a trad e ” (T D /B /C .4/180).
T able 25
Ratio of liner freight rates to prices of selected commodities, 1970, 1973-1977
F reight ra te as p erc en ta g e o f price a b
C o m m o d ity
Rubber . . . .
Tin . . . . . . .
Jute . . . . . . .
$‫ا‬$‫ اة‬hem p .
Cocoa bean$
Coconut oil
Tea . . . . . . .
Coffee . . . . .
?aim kernels
Coffee . . . .
Cocoa beans
Coffee . . . . .
R o u te
Singapore/^aiaysia-Furope
Singapore/^aiaysia-Furope
Bang!a،iesb-£urope
Fast Africa-Europe
O bana-Europe
Sri Eanka-Europe
Sri ban^a-E urop^
Brazil-Europe
Nigeria-Europe
Colombia (Atlantic ports) Europe
Brazil-Europe
Colombia (Baciftc ports) Europe
1970
1973
1974C
I97SC
19769
19779
1©,5
1.2
12.1
19.5
2.4
8.9
9.5
5.2
8.8
4,2
7.4
4.5
9.2
1.4
15.8
10.0
3.1
11,0
1,1
18.1
7.3
18,5
1,6
19.5
12.8
3.4
9.1
10.4
9.7
25.5
5.7
8.2
6.3
11.9
1.4
19.1
17.2
1.7
8.3
9.6
4.4
28.4
3.0
6.4
11.9
1.0
15.8
15.9
1,0
10.1
6.0
3,1.
23.6
—
10.1
7.0
7.2
3.9
6.9
4.3
! <
7.9
14.2
8,0
9.6
4.8
6.1
5.4
18
3.2
2.0
S o u r c e : U o m p u t^ tio D b ^ th e U N U ^ A D s e c re ta ria t o n th e b a s is o f d a ta s u p p lie d by th e R oyal N e th e rla n d s S h ip o w n e rs ' A s s o c ia tio n .
a c.i.f. p rices are q u o te d fo r ru b b e r (L o n d o n -R S S ), tin , j u t e (U K -p .w .c . g ra d e), sisal h e m p , co c o a ^ a n s (U h a n a - E u ro p e ) , a n d p a lm k e rn e ls . F o r c o c o‫؟‬
b e a n s (B ra z il-E u ro p e ), a n d co ffee (C o lo m b la -E u ro p e a n d B raz il-E u ro p e), u n it v a lu e s o f e x p o rts are q u o te d , ? r ic e s o f th e re m a in in g c o m m o d itie s a re q u o te d
o n ٢٠٠.b. te rm s .
b F re ig h t ra le s in c lu d e S u ez C a n a l v a ry in g s u rc h a rg e s , w h e n a p p lica b le, b u n k e r a n d
c le a n in g s u r c h a r g e " . W h e n e v e r it h a s b e e n n e c e s s a ry to c o n v e rt freig h t ra te s to o th e r
In te r n a tio n a l F inancial Sta tistics ( W a s h in g to n , D .C .), O c to b e r 197$, h a v e ^ n u s e d , w h ic h
c a lc u la te d by ta k in g a w e ig h te d a v e ra g e o f v a rio u s fre ig h t ra te s q u o te d d u rin g th e y e a r,
c u rre n c y a d ju s tm e n t fa c to rs , a n d fo r c‫ ؟؟‬o n u t 1‫؟‬1‫؟‬
n iy a “ ta n k
c u rre n c ie s fo r 1977, Ih‫ ؟‬сиг£епсу p a r it é s p u b lish e d in IM F ,
w e re v alid fo r th e e n d o f ‫ إ‬9 7 7 ‫ ل‬A n n u a l fre ig h t ra te s h a v e b e e n
w e ig h te d b ^ th e p erio d o f th e ir d u ra tio n .
‫ ﺀ‬F o r th e p erio d 1 9 7 ^ -1 9 7 7 , th e p rice s o f c e rta in c o m m o d itie s h a v e b e e n ta k e n fro m th e follo w in g is s u e s ‫ ؟‬f t ^ e M o n th ly co m m o d ity price b ulletin a n d
t ^ e Sp ec ia l su p p lem e n t th e re to , p u b lish e d by U N C T A D : for ‫ ا‬97 ‫ ؤ‬s‫؛‬sal h e m p a n d p alm k e rn e ls , is s u‫ ؟‬o f N o v e m b e r 197 ‫ ك‬a n d S p ec ia l su p p lem e n t
1 9 6 0 -1 9 7 4 (Ju ly 197 ‫ ;) ؤ‬fo r ‫ ا‬9 7 ‫ق‬, sisal h e m p , is s u e o f D e c e m b e r ‫ وأ‬7 ‫ ; ة‬fo r 197b, sisal h e m ? a n d c o c o n u t o il. S p e c ia l su p p le m e n t 1 9 6 0 -1 9 7 6 (M a rc h 1977);
for 19 7 7 , c o c o n u t oil, is s u e o f S e p te m b e r 197$.
24
T
able
26
Estimated total freight costs in world trade, 1970, 1 9 7 1 9 7 7 ,‫؛‬
T o ta l fr e ig h t
costs ٠/
im ports
V alue o f
im p o r ts ^
ic .if.)
F reight costs
a s perc en ta g e
o f value o f
im ports
{M illions o f dollars)
A rea^
1970
Industrialized countries
O ther Europe .............................................
Australia, New ^eaiand. South Africa
Oil ek ‫ﺀ‬or ‫ ا‬ing countries
O ther W estern H em isphere . . . . . . . . .
O ther Middle East ....................................
O ther A s ia ....................................................
O ther Africa ................................................
Totai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 5 118
1553
860
901
1613
354
1660
7.12
212 216
18 776
10 162
9 807
15400
4 698
18 587
6 994
295 758
90^
22 961
8.46
9.18
10.47
7.76
7975
Industrialized countries . . . . . . . . . . . . .
O ther Europe .............................................
Australia, New Zealand, South Africa
Oil exporting countries . . . . . . . . . . . . .
O ther W estern H em isphere . . . . . . . . .
O ther Middie E a s t ....................................
O ther Asia
O ther Africa ................................................
To t a ! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 404
4 763
4 692
1232
545 939
56 070
22611
51023
48 674
16 581
6.02
18 287
81 1 5 1 1
13.88
7.02
9.34
9.64
7.43
4 324
2 540
56 936
1977
lndu$tria!ized countries
O ther Europe .............................................
A ustralia, New Zealand, South Africa
Oil exporting countries . . . . . . . . . . . . .
O ther W estern Hem isphere
O ther Middle East ....................................
O ther A s ia ....................................................
O ther Africa ...............................................
T o ta !...............................................................
S o u r c e : C o m p u la tio n
٠٨ th e
b a s is
©
٢IM F
‫ج‬
8.09
8.74
7 360
5 249
1581
5 290
3 364
69 974
7.96
7.76
13.38
‫ز‬
d ata .
*
A r e a c la ss ific a tio n b a se d o n IM F , D irection ٠/ ٢٢٠
e ls e w h e re in th is re v ie w .
^ A s re p o rte d in IM F , D irection ، > / ٢٢٠*
39 684
5 409
2 037
A n n u a l ( ١٧‫ ه‬s h !n ‫ اة‬o n , D .C .), w h ic h d in e r s ^ o m th e cla ss ific a tio n
A n n u a l 1 9 6 9 -7 5 a n d 1 9 7 1 -7 7 W a s h i n g t o n , D .C .), p a rt
25
в
o f s u m m a r ‫ ﻣﻞ‬tab les.
‫إ‬
C h a pt e r
VI
PORT DEVELOPM ENTS
A. Introductory remarks
45.
O iscussion o f tren d s w ith regard to ports
h am p ered by th e lack o f statistical d ata com parable
w ith th e d ata available on shipping. In !976 an
a tte m p t was m ade to select a sam ple o f 90 pilot ports,
including b o th large and m edium -si^ed ports from all
geographical regions, from w hich data on facilities,
traffic, productivity an d d ev elo p m en t plans w ould be
obtained o n an ann u al basis. H ow ever, this exercise
did n o t prove successful ow ing to th e lack o f adequate
response from th e port au th o rities ^ont^cted. D iscussion is th erefore lim ited to available d ata on d em and
for port services, supply, adequacy o f ports and the
situ atio n in regard to congestion.
cent). It is notew orthy th at totai tan k er cargoes
increased hy a I^ere 0.8 per cent, w hile th e m ain bulk
is com m odities even decreased by 0.^ per cent. T h u s the
over-all increase in seaborne trade is m ainly attributable to the increase in th e rem aining dry cargo, including general cargo, w hich rose by 69 m illion tons (-1-4.3
per cent). Because general cargoes generate the highest
em p lo y m en t potential in ports and also place th e heavlest dem ands on a port’s facilities, th e grow th in this
sector has been a particularly w elcom e elem en t for
m any ports w hich, during 19??, faced a depressed
d em and in th e bulk sector.
4?. A signlTicant factor th at has greatly influenced
d em an d for port services has been th e co n tin u o u s
addition th ro u g h o u t !97? and !978 o f cellular container and ro /ro vessels to th e world Beet. A s noted in
chapters II and IV , the world container Beet has been
expanding at a greater rate th a n m o st o th e r sectors o f
B. Dem and for port services
th e w orld Beet, w hile both cellular ships and ro /ro
46.
A s noted in paragraph 1 above, in 1977 total vessels accounted for a substantial percentage o f the
seaborne trade increased only m arginally (+ 2 .5 per world order book in Septem ber 1978.
T able 27
Container traffic in ^eieeted ports of developing countries, 1976, 977‫ل‬
C o n ta in e r irq/Jic in T E U
C o u n try or territory
Port
1976
Hong Kong
Hong K o n g ....................................
Singapore ......................................
Singapore
Saudi A ra b ia ..................................
Jeddah
Manha
Philippines ....................................
N ig eria.............................................
tag o s/A p ap a
J a m a ic a ...........................................
Kingston
Port Kelang
Malaysia .........................................
T hadand .........................................
Hangkok
tJnited Arab Emirates . . . . . . . .
Dubai (Port Rashid)
H onduras ......................................
Puerto Cortes
H ra^il................................................
Santos
tJnited Arab Emirates . . . . . . . . Sharjah (Port Khalid)
Indonesia ......................................
T anjung Priok
Trinidad and Tohago . . . . . . . . . Port of Spain
Malaysia .........................................
Penang
tJnited Republic of Cam eroon .
Douala
India ................................................
Bombay
Bahamas .........................................
Freeport
Aqaba
J o r d a n .............................
B a rb a d o s.........................................
Bridgetown
P a n a m a ...........................................
Bahia Eas Minas
Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vaiparaiso
T otal
S o u r c e : C onia in eriza iio n In tern a tio n a l Y ear B o o k (L o n d o n ).
1 977
1 029 059
311772
87 406
133 694
60 098
47 486
68 726
58 878
4 530
28 591
42 874
—
20 011
—
14 192
10 979
8 032
7 030
—
3 139
5 508
4 185
1258
373
219
169
86
82
82
72
55
47
45
35
29
782
510
128
174
672
933
273
873
438
545
566
665
003
18
17
8
7
7
5
5
5
037
173
027
720
066
834
302
274
1946 190
2 661 10?
Perceniage
change 1977
over 1976
+ 150
+ 44
+ 20
+ 24
+ 1124
+ 66
+ 45
+ 56
10
+ 26
+ 37
T a b l e 28
Geographical distribution ‫ ؛‬of port development projects, 8?‫وا‬
Key'^
D = Decision stage
С = C onstruction or design stage.
N = N um ber of projects
p = Planning stage
C o u n tr y
٠٢ territory ‫ﺀ‬
N
p
D
с
P orts involved N
stage o f de v e lo p m e n t o f p rojects a n d in ve stm e n t (dollars )
8.1 NoRTn A fr io a (15
PO RTS)
—
1 Arzew (C - offshore); new Skikda harbour (P - $190 million).
—
1 Alexandria (151$ - ‫ م‬m illion); ?ort Said (‫ ;) م‬Marza M atrouk (C); ?ort $uez (‫;) م‬
D ekheiia (‫ م‬- S350 m ihion); □ am ietta (155$ - ‫ م‬million). M aster p!an provides for
—
5 Zuara (‫ ;) م‬D erna (C); Brega (C - $116 m illion); M isurata (C - $100 million);
Benghazi (C - m aster plan); Tripoh (C - 1st phase $100 m illion, 2nd phase $88
miiiion).
—
‫م‬
— C sa b ia n c a (88$ -
m ihion for m odernization in 5 years).
8.2 W est A frica (16 PORTS)
—
2 Gotonou (C — $46 m ihion); fishing port extension (C - $5.8 mihion).
—
1 ?ointe Noire (C - fishing port, new berths - $20.7 mihion).
—
2 Port G enth (O , Port Gwendo (C): hoth projects $105.8 mihion.
—
2 Tocodjoro (‫ م‬- m odernization $9.6 m ihion, expansion $96 m ihion); San Pedro (C $58 m ihion); Abidjan (C - container term inal - $28.9 mihion).
—
3 W arri and Roko (240$ - ‫ م‬miiiion); Harcourt (C - $42.5 m ihion); Lagos (C stage o f port complex - $125 mihion); Calabar (C - $144 mihion).
—
2 Dakar (C - container and ro/ro term inai - $24 m ihion); ftshing port (C - $33.6
mihion).
—
2 Douala (C), Cape Lim boh: cost of both projects $120.3 mihion.
3rd
8.3 E ast A^^tCA (3 PORTS)
1 — Djibouti (D - $7.5 mihion).
A ssab ( ‫) م‬.
Port Sudan (C - $50 mihion).
9.1
C a r ib b e a n AND NDRTh A n^e r ic a (15 PD^TS)
1 Bridgetown (C).
1 New 10 miiiion barrel term ina! for crude oh transshipm ent.
— Havana (‫ م‬- container and ro/ro term!na!); $antiago ( ‫ ;) م‬Cienfuegos ( ‫ ;) م‬Neuritas ( ‫;) م‬
fruit export term inals in other ports, m echanization of loading system ; sugar, $550
m ihion (1978-1990).
1 Port Santo Dom ingo (C - $35 mihion).
1 Guadeioupe (P - industria! port); Pointe-^-Pitre (C).
1 Port-au-Prince (C - IDB ioan $27 m ihion, land reclam ation, improved handling
capacity),
— Puerto B ustam ante
area).
— New Plym outh
(‫م‬
(‫م‬
- expansion of industria! area, free-trade zone and storage
- expansion o f ro/ro terminal).
2 Basseterre (C - berths for cruising ships and C A R lB A N k ioan $3,3 m ihion for
expansion).
2 Cui de $ac Bay (‫ م‬- transshipm ent and free-trade zone); hanana berths, storage sheds
and refrigeration capacity with C A R lB A N k loan $4.5 m ihion; cost of project $6
mihion. Castrices (C); Vieux Port (O ,
9.2
1 Puerto Lim dn
C en t r a l A n^er ic a (17 PORTS)
(‫م‬
. Federal Republic of G erm any loan $24.5 m ihion); Puerto Caldera
(‫ ;) م‬Puerto Moin (14$ - ‫ م‬million).
— Acajuha
(‫م‬
- container term inai - $27 mihion).
— Pacific coast term ina! (80$ -
‫م‬
miiiion).
1 Puerto C r ie s (C - §r4in termJnai - $8 mihion; Puerto C^stih4 (18.7$ 3 Coatzacoalcos - Salina Cruz
27
(‫ م‬-
‫م‬
million).
“ m in i” land bridge - $12 m ihion); $a!ina Cruz (٠);
T a b l e 28 (continued)
Geographical distribution‫؛‬، of port development projects, 1978
N = N um ber of projects
? = ?■anning stage
D = Decision stage
С = i n s t r u c t i o n or design
C o u n tr y or territory 9
P orts in v o tv e d N stage o f d ev eto p m e n t o f p rojects a n d in ve stm e n t idoiiars)
E a^aro i r d e n a s (D - oi! term ina]); P ajaritos (Ç), T opoiobam po (Q , R osarito (C - oi)
term inais).
Nicaragua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 2
—
Pa n a ma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1—
—
— P u e rto C o rin to
(‫م‬
- c o n ta in e r cran e - $2.6 m ib io n ); A tlan tic
■ P u erto V aca m o n te (C - fishing port - $30 m iliion).
9.3 $0UTH A m e r ic a ,
Trinidad and Tobago . . . . . . . . . . . .
coast termina■.
n o r t h e r n se a b o a r o
(10 ?ORTS)
1—
—
] P o rt o f $pain (C - new c o n ta in e r termina■).
1
—
8 P o r t € a r ‫ ه‬n ‫ ه‬r ‫ م) ه‬- $ N ‫ ك‬m ilb o n ); P u erto G abebo (38 !$-‫ﺀ‬
$99 m ib io n ); © u a n ta (C - $41 m illion); M aracaibo (C - $17 m illion); P u erto del E stad o d e N u e v a E sp arta (C
D rien te (C - $5.2 m ib io n ); P u e rto s L os T o tu m o s (C -
Chiie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 2
—
1 Isla Rocuant (‫ م‬- industria! and fishing port); $an Vicente (‫ م؛‬‫ ) ﺀ‬- container depot).
Ecuador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5 —
5 Guayaquil (©); Puerto Boüvar (С); Esm eraidas (Ç); M anta (C - fishing port); Posorja
(C - fishing port). Tota! ab ports: $375 million.
Peru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11 1
10 Bayouar (P)\ Malarani (C); Gallao (©); Teo (©); $alaverr^ (©); Iquitos (©); Pucallapar
( O ; Yusim aguas ( O ; Talara ( O ; General San M artin (©); Chinilote (Q . Tota! a!!
ports: 9 mibion.
V e n ez u e la ................................................ 9
9.4 $0UTH A m e r ic a ,
9.5 So u t h A m e r ic a ,
A rg e n tin a ................................................ 8
m ib io n ); Ta © u a rd ia ( € $37 m iü io n ); © u a ran ao (C
- $5.6 m ib io n ); P u erto de■
airdom es).
(19 RORTS)
w est e r n se a b o a r o
ea s t e r n se a b o a r d
m illion); Vaiparaiso
(26
BO RTS)
Punta M edanos (‫ م‬- tem porary deep water port - $700 m illion); Bahia Blanca integra! study of ports up to 10 m etres for long term (1955) - cost $1 m illion; Bahia
Blanca - feasibility study on widening and deepening access channel - cost $3
m blion. W orld Ban^ loan; Punta Colorado, Patagonia (C - first, variable orientation
offshore bu■^ term ina!); six ports (C - expansion o f 7 grain elevators, IDB ■oan);
$an Pedro and Rosaria (C - construction of сапа! to connect Rio de ]a P!ata and
Buenos Aires to ports of Parana river, IDB ■oan); Pum a Quilla ( O ; Puerto Barranqueras (C - ■argest river termina) of Parana - $470 m blion); Buenos Aires (first of
two Liebher cranes, 300 ton capacity).
3
$‫ ﻣﺔ‬Francisco
do $u! (C - two extensions - $1.5 m biion and $1.6 m blion); M anaus (‫م‬
- $6.5 m ibion); Tebig (‫ م‬- ■argest ob term inal in Latin Am erica, 600,000 b /d );
Aracaju (‫ م‬- feasibility study - $8.4 m bhon); $epetiba (‫) م‬, Santos (٠), Recife (Ç),
Rio G rande (P), Gapuaba (‫) م‬, Paraguana (‫) م‬: an investm ent of about $350 m blion is
envisaged for these six projects; Punta da M adeira (‫ م‬- port o f integrated project for
extraction o f iron ore from Garajas m ountains - $1.8 billion; $uape (C - $229
m blion); Tubarao (‫ م‬- special bui^ term ina! for coa] - $45 m bhon); Praia Mole (‫ م‬special bu!k term ina! for iron ore - $250 m illion); Barra do Riacho (C - specia!
term inal for cellulose - $50 mblion); $antos (C - m odernization o f rabwa^ access
and sugar termina! - $125 million).
B razil.
Drugua^ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
1
Port M ontevideo (C - silos - ‫و‬
M ontevideo (C - IDB ■oan).
—
— 1 M ina Sulm an (C - $66 mbhon).
10.1
B a h ra in ....................................................
1
m bhon); Port M ontevideo
W estern A sia (26
—
— 2 Limassol and Larnaca (C - $29.5 m bhon, Wor!d Bank
Dem ocratic Y em en . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
—
— 2 Nodeidah (©); M o^ha (©).
I r a n ................................................
1 —
—
- fishing port); Port
PORTS)
Cyprus .................................................... 2
2
(‫م‬
loan - $8.5
mbhon).
— 1 G hahbahar (Q .
Iraq ........................................................... 2
—
— 2 Basrah (C), fjm m Qasr (C): expansion o f both ports for container termina!.
J o r d a n ......................................................
1
—
— 1 Aqaba (C - Tem porary floating Jetties).
Kuwait .................................................... 2
—
— 2 $ h u w a ik h (G );$ h a ih a (G ).
^banon
.............................................. 2
1
—
1 Beirut (P - m aster p!an under way).
D m an ......................................................
2
—-
© a ta r........................................................
2
1
—
1 D oha (C); Jarzirat Alyah
$audi Arabia ......................................... 4
1
—
3 Jubail (‫ م‬- industrie! and commercia! harbour, phase 11 of 5-year plan - $1 billion);
D am m an ( O ; Jeddah (C); Yanbu (Q .
— 2 Mina ta b o o s ; M ina Raysut.
(‫م‬
- under study).
T a b l e 28 (concluded)
Geographical distribution ‫ ؛؛‬of port development projects, 1978
Key^
٥=
Decision stage
€ = Gonstrnction or design stage.
N = N um ber of projects
? = Planning stage
C o u n try ٠٢ territory^
N
P orts tn vo lve d .'d stage o f d e v e lo p m e n t o f projects a n d in v e stm e n t ( ‫ﻣﻤﺢ‬//‫رﺳﻢ‬
5 Mina Jebel Ali (‫ ه‬- m assive new harhour for industriai developm ent - $1.67 hillion);
Mina Zayed (C - $36 m ihion); M ina $agr (C - $$2 m iiiion); Port k h alid (C - $28
m ihion); R hor Fakkan (C - $52 m ihion); Port Rashid (Q .
United Arab Emirates . . . . . . . . . . .
6 —
1
B a n g la d esh
1 —
—
1 Chaîna (Ç).
India
6
1
—
5 Bombay (C - $4.6 m ihion); Haidia ( O ; M orm ugoa (‫ م‬- deepening and reciaiming);
New Tuticorin ( O ; M adras (C - outer harbour ore and oil berths, 8,000 t/m );
Mangalore (Q .
Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 —
—
3 Belawan (C - phase 1 - $100 mihion); Surabaya (C - phase 1); )akarta (C - $79
miihon)
Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4 —
1
3 K uantun (C - new port); Kota, Kinabalu, Sandakan, Tawau (C - m aster plan review
o f all ports - $26 m ihion. World Bank loan $13 m ihion); Port Ke!ang (C conversion o f genera! cargo to container term inal - $4 m ihion); Bintulu (٠ handling of LNG - $179 m ihion financed by Islamic Developm ent Bank).
Pakistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 —
—
1 Kasim (C - iron ore and coal termina(, phase 1 — $220 m hlion, AsDB loan $48.6
miiiion).
Philippines
2 —
—
2 Gaya^an de Gro (C), Genera! $antos (Q : cost of both projects $20 million.
Republic of Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
1
—
1 Incheon ( ‫ ;) م‬Pusan (Ç); tota! num ber o f berths wih be increased from 93 to 150.
Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3 —
—
3 Changi (C); Jurong (C - harbour extension); Keppel W harfs (C container term inal - $8.8 mihion).
Sri L a n k a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
—
— Colombo
10.2
1
(‫م‬
So
u th e r n
a n d
e a ster n
A
s ia
(26
PO R TS)
٢e-e ٩٧ipm e ٨t
for
- second container berth).
7.
$ 0 € l A L t S T U O U N T R tE S D F
A
s ia
2
—
5 Lien T u n Kang (‫ م‬- new deep sea harbour, operative 1986 - $1 billion); River
T angtzee - deepening pianned at cost o f over $ 1 billion; Shanghai (C ); Hsinkang
(C); W ham poa (C); C hang Ghian (C); Mawei (Q .
$o!omon Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 —
—
I Honiara (C - expansion o f capacity - $^.7 mhlion).
Papua New Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 —
—
2 Port Moresby (C), $amurai ( O : both projects at cost o f $10.5 million. W orld Bank
loan $3.5 mihion.
....................................................185 52
6
C hina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
12.
T otal
C d U N T R tE S A N D T E ^ R tT D R tE S O F G C E A N I A
127
^ ٠٠٢،?،?$; D a ta o n ^ j r t s a re d e riv e d fro m t ^ e fo llo w in g o rg a n is a tio n s a n d p u b lic a tio n s :
C A R IB A N K , E S C A P , IB R D , ID B , D A S , W e st a n d C en tra ! A frica n H a r b o r G u id e (P aris), I n f
A friq u e p u b lic a tio n , ‫ وا‬7 ‫ ; ة‬D redging a n d P o rt C onstruction ( ^ n d o n ) . P orts a n d H arbors
(T o lty o ), T h e D o c k a n d H a rb o u r A u th o r ity (L o n d o n ), F airpiay In tern a tio n a ! Ship p in g W e ekiy
(L o n d o n ), M a r in e W e e k (L o n d o n ), A m e r ic a n S e a p o r t (^ ^ a s h in g to n , D .C .), B o letin In fo rm a tivo
A L A M A R (M o n te v id e o ), N avires, p orts e t ch a n tiers (P aris), M a r c h é s tropicaux e t m é d ite rra n é e n s (P aris), J o u r n a i * /٠ m a rin e m a rc h a n d e e t * ia navigation a érien n e (P aris), C o n ta in e risation In te r n tio n a i (L o n d o n ),
٢٠^
٢ e t A q u a ( T h e H a g u e ), H . P. D r e a r y (S h ip p in g D o n s u lta n ts ) L td . re p o rts , S e a tr a d e (D o lc h e s te r, E s s e x ), P ortos ‫ ﺀ‬N avios (R io d e J a n e iro ), C argo
S y s te m s (N ew M a ld e n , S u rre y ), A ctiv id a d N a v ie ra (B u e n o s A ire s), a n d In fo rm a tio n c o m m u n ic a te d to th e U N C T A D s e c re ta ria t by U n ite d N a tio n s o rg a n s re s p o n s ib le fo r th e im p ie m e n ta tio n o f field projects.
‫و‬
S ee a n n e x
‫ا‬
below .
b F ig u r e s fo llo w in g th e le tte rs ‫ م‬, D a n d с in d ic a te tlte a m o u n t o f In v e s tm e n t fo r e a c h
pro jec t. In s o m e ca ses th is In fo rm a tio n w a s n o t a v a ila b le.
‫ ﺀ‬T h e c o u n trie s a n d te rrito rie s c o v e re d n u m b e r 6 3 , o f a to ta l o f 1 ‫ وؤ‬d e v e lo p in g c o u n trie s
a n d territories.
‫ ه‬T h e n u m b e r o f p o rts in v o lv e d d o e s n o t n e c e ssa rily c o in c id e w ith t h e n u m b e r o f
p ro je c ts , sin c e th e re m ay b e m o re t h a n o n e p ro je c t in o n e p o rt, o r a lte rn a tiv e ly o n e p ro je c t
m a y c o v e r tw o o r m o re p o rts. T ^ e to ta l n u m l ^ r o f p o rts re p o rtin g p ro je c ts o n p o rt
d e v e lo p m e n t Is 177.
T he co ntainer tratTic figures o f th e 22 ?orts
48.
D ne result o f this uneq u alled com m issioning o f 49.
ineiu^e^ in tabie 2? in^ieate a 3? per cent increase in
co n tain er and ro /ro vessels has been th e accelerated
th e tota! n u n th er o f T £ U h an hleh in 1977 over 197h.
introduction o f these system s o n developing country
G row th was u n e v e n , how ever, w ith som e ports
trade routes. A s a consequence, developing country
ports have w itnessed a very rapid grow th o f their achieving a considerable increase in traffic (e.g. D ubai,
co n tain er and ro /ro trafftc, in particular th e ports o f Jed d ah , K ingston, ? u e rto G ortes), and others show ing
no signiftcant changes (e.g. B om bay, Bahia Las ^ i n a s ,
th e Lar L ^st, th e M iddle L ast, W est A frica and the
Cantos).
G arihbean. Tahle 27 su m m arises inform ation o n container traffic in selected developing cou n try ports and
com pares th e 1976 and 1977 levels w here feasible.
29
T
a ble
29
al m aster plan, often including several ports, w hile 56
per eent w ere projects involving th e d ev elopm ent o f
specific ports, u n d er the control o f a port authority.
M a in fe a tu re s of p o rts u n d e r c o n stru c tio n
Gonventionai berths only . . . . 13
W ith container term inai . . . . . 5
W ith ro!i-on facihties . . . . . . . 3
Gil terminai ................................
Product term inal
Specialized term inai, liquid gas
Minerai term inal . . . . . . . . . . .
Grain term inai . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Specialized term inai for tim ber
c.
5^. In 44 projects, new ports were being constructed. A m ong th e m w ere 23 com m ercial seaports, 8
fishing ports, 7 com m ercial river ports, 5 Industrial
ports and 1 tra n ssh ip m e n t ^ort. O f th ese 44 projects,
12 are in th e pianning stage w hiie th e rem aining 32
ports are actually u n d er construction.
Générai cargo
2
1
1
8
2
1
Oil and oil products
Bulk and
specialised cargo .
11
Supply of port services
55. Tables 31 and 32 list selected projects taken
from a sam ple ٠٢ 75 from w hich inform ation on
in vestm ent was available, classified into innovation
and expansion projects. T he form er correspond to a
supply o f a new type o f port facility; the latter correspond to an increase in th e suppiy o f existing port
facilities.
5©. Table 28 show s th e geographical distribution o f
185 port d ev elo p m en t projects in 177 ports o f developing co u n tries, classified according to th eir phase ٠ ٢
dev elo p m en t d uring 1978: plan n in g , decision, or design and eonstruction. ' ' A pproxim ately 28 per cent o f
th e projects w ere in th e plan n in g stage, 3 per eent in
th e decision stage and th e re st— 69 per e e n t— in the
stage o f design or im plem entation.
56. In v estm en t for expansion varies from $2.6
m illion for the purchase o f a container crane to $24©
m illion for a large port expansion schem e. In v e stm en t
for innovation varies from $1© m illion for a new Delong type of speedy co nstruction Boating w h arf to $1
billion and above for a m assive new port developm ent.
5 F D f th e total o f 185 port d ev elo p m en t projects
th at w ere exam ined individually, 44 per cent were
57. T he region in w hich by far the m ost im p ortant
port developm ent is taking pl^ce is th e M iddle Fast.
Table 33 gives data, obtained from various sou rces , ‫؛ ا‬
on existing berths in 1 7 7 ‫ و‬and those u n d e r construetion and scheduled for com pletion du rin g 1979 ,7 8 ‫و أ‬
and 198©, as well as on additions planned after
1981.
p r o j e c t s b e i n g C R rried o u t u n B e r a c o - o r d i n a t e d n a t i o n -
T abll 30
S u m m a ry of p ro jects by ty p e of facility
Provision or extension and/or modernization
Conventional berths for general eargo
Container term inals ................................
R o/ro term inals ......................................
M ultipurpose term inal . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gil te rm in a l................................................
Product te rm in a l......................................
Specialized term inal for gas . . . . . . . . .
Mineral te rm in a l......................................
Grain term inal .........................................
Speeialized term inal for dry bulk cargo
Specialized term inal for sugar . . . . . . .
Extensive d re d g in g ..................................
Extensive land reclam ation . . . . . . . . .
Extensive im provem ent of storage . . .
Im provem ent of e ‫و‬٧i ‫ﺀ‬m ‫ه‬nt
(Boating and cargo handl i ng) . . . . . .
Passenger terminal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exten‫«<<>؟‬
24
30
15
١
10
2
1
9
6
1
2
7
‫آل‬
—
—
Modernizaiion
Total
1
25
3
33
16
١
—
—
—
—
2
١
—
—
—
—
6
11
1
1
10
2
2 ‫اأ‬
11
7
2b
2‫ﺀ‬
7
5
6
11
1
58. ?rio r to 1978, existing capacity for general cargo was 19© berths. D uring the period 1978-198©, a
total o f 178 berths have been or will be added to this
capacity (133 conventional b erth s, 34 co ntain er b erth s,
11 ro /ro berths and 1 L A $H berth). A dditionally, 92
new berths have been planned for com pletion after
1981.
59. Tabid 34 show s W orld Bank loans granted during 1977/78. A total o f $58 m illion for a tot^l project
cost o f $162.8 m illion will be financed by th e W orld
Bank In five port projects. T his is considerably less
th an the total loans granted by th e W orld Bank in the
previous year. H ow ever, no general conclusions should
be draw n from this fact, since th e W orld Bank is
currently discussing three projects for th e lending program m e for 1979, nine for the 198© program m e, w ith
an o th er eight stand-b^ projects for 198©. T his w ould
indicate th^t the W orld Bank is still very active in
financing port developm ent.
‫ ؛؛‬A lg e ria ; n ew S k ik d u H a rb o u r, liq u e fie d gas (e s tim a te d c o s t $ 1 9 0 m illio n ); M alay sia :
? o r t B im u lu . s p ec ia liz ed te rm in a l for L N G a n d g e n e ra l ca rg o (e s tim a te d co st $ 1 7 9 m illion),
b In d ia : ? o r t H a ld ia , w ith sp ec ia liz ed te rm in a ls for iro n o re , fe rtiliz er, coal a n d s a lt; ?o r،
o f N ew T u tic o rin . specialize،! te rm in a ls for co a l, s a lt, c e m e n t.
٢ Iv o ry C o a s t: ? o r t L o co d jo ro , sp ec ia liz ed te rm in a l for s u g a r a n d c c m c m (e s tim a te d co st
$ 9 6 .2 m illio n ); E c u a d o r: ? o r t G u a y a q u il, sp ec ia liz ed te rm in a l I'or s u g a r, p ro jec t u n d e r w a y ;
C u b a : \ a r i o u s C u b a it p o rts will b e m o d e rn iz e d to im p ro v e b a n t l i n g o f su g ar.
‫ 'ا‬Planning: thiB phase ends with a recom m endation on the
course of action the port should foiiow, giving only a broad treatm ent of technical aspects. Decision : this phase, which may be substantial in !ength, includes the tim e for the securing of funds. Design
and construction: this phase covers the im piem entation o f the pian.
See Port development: a handbook fo r planners in developing countries,
prepared by the secretariat of LJNGTAD (United Nations publication. Sales No. E.77.II.D.8), para. 15.
H.P. Drewry (Shipping Gnnsuitants) Ltd., Middle East Liner
Shipping: an Economic Anatysis o f Traffic Services, Ports and Future
Prospects (London, HPD Shipping Pubheations), Juiy 1978; The
Economist (London), vol. 265, No. 7006, 10 D ecem ber 1977, pp. 71
and 72; P.G . Owen, “ k id d ie East genera! cargo ports” . The Dock
and Harbour Authority (London), voi. LIX, No. 695, October 1978,
p. 164; F.B. Roberts, “ Dredging and port construction in the Middie E a s t" , Terra et Aqua (The Hague), No. 15-16, April 1978;
“ Arabian G ulf — berth overcapacity conform ed” . Cargo Systems
(New M‫؛‬tiden, Surrey), vol. 5, No. 4, April 1978, p. 55 (article on
estim ates contained in a report on traffic in the Arabian Gulf,
prepared for the $har)a^ Port Authority).
3©
T a bl e 31
Examples of port development: co■١
‫ق‬
troet ‫آ‬o !١of new ports or new types of port faellltles
C o u n try a n d Port
M illions
o f dollars
D escripiion o f p r o je a
Venezuela
Puerto Gabello .
10.0 New Delong t^pe o f speedy in s tr u c tio n ‫؛‬looting w harf, with capacity for 2 berths, length
1 8 0 ‫الا‬.‫ﺀ‬
Mexico
$alina Gruz-Goatzacoalcos
$audi Arabia
Duadeem a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13.0 “ M in i” •and bridge, project A!fa Dmega. A container land bridge frotu the Pacific across
Mexico’s isthm us of Tehuantepec to the Garibbean $ea. Facihties wih be provided in both
gate ports and im provem ents wih be m ade to hoth the highway and the raiiway connecting
the two ports .‫ه‬
— Pontoon Jetties 180 m long designed to accomm odate ships up to 20,000 d .w .t.'
Venezueia
Los T o tu m o s
Costa Rica
Caldera
Venezueia
Puerto Carenero . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brazil
^ ‫؛‬٥ G rande do $ul . . . . . . . . . . .
Brazil
Praia de Mole
Pakistan
Port Kasim
Gabon
Gape Santa Glara
Egypt
Dekheila ,
Guba
Various ports ,
Ghina
Lien Y un Kang .
fJnited Arab Emirates
Mina Jebel All . . . .
Poly airdom es employed as warehouses. These air supported structures are classified as
sem i-perm anem buhdings. They are 100 m long and 36 m wide, with a m axim um height of
12 m. Gost: £ 2 5 /m‫؛‬.،‫؛‬
50.0 C onstruction of a new port is planned. Provides for extensive land reclam ation to build
margina! w harf, a breakwater o f 200 m and initially storage space for 174,000 m‫ ؛‬, including
3 warehouses, ^ u a y !ength 500 m .‫؟‬
139.5 New port near the capital to relieve La G uaira, capacity of 2 million tons o f general cargo and
300,000 tons grain cargo. ٢
150.0 New soya and w heat loading term inal. Facilities wih inciude 142 m quay allowing sim uhaneous herthing of one 60,000 d.w.t. and one 40,000 d.w.t. for B /C , fuh^ equipped 600 m
barge quay to accom m odate 6 N 1,250 tons harges, one silo for grain of 130,000 tons, 2
warehouses holding 65,000 tons, road and rah connections, road truck and rah wagon
unioading bags, adm inistration. Equipm ent cost; $30 m illion.‫؟‬
200.0 $peciahzed three-way term ina! to unioad coal, crude and refined petroleum products and load
steel slabs and rolled steel products. Harbour protection is a mole of 4.2 km. Coal unloading
pier wih ahow 80,000 d.w.t. bulk coal carriers to tie up; 2 berths for loading steel slahs will
accom m odate 120,000 d.w.t. vessels. ١١
220.0 $pecial‫؛‬zed port for handling bulk and sem i-buik cargoes, to reheve Karachi, which wih
concentrate on general cargo and liner ships. A n iron ore and coa! term inal wih accommodate vessels up to 75,000 d.w.t. The sem i-bul^ wharfs wih be used for exports of rice and
cem ent and imports of phosphate rock in vessels up to 25,000 d.w.t. Project phased in two
stages, 1980-1985.'
— New open sea deep w ater term inal to load the largest ore carriers ahoat. Designed
Soros
Assoc. The principa! bulk shiploadlng berth will be at a record distance of 7.5 km from the
shore.■‫؛‬
350.0
New port as a part of industrial developm ent, to establish a sponge iron ore plant near
Dekheila. A special pier for im ported iron ore with deep water to accom m odate bulk carriers
up to 280,000 d.w.t. is envisaged .‫ظ‬
500.0 M aster plan to improve throughput provides for construction program m e up to 1990, with
som e 7 km of new quays as well as specialized ■oading fachities. The program m e will
compietel^ mechanize sugar loading by 1980.‫؛‬
1,000.0 New deep sea harhour to accom m odate ships of up to 100,000 d.w.t. W orks involve ? ^m
long dam , dredging 20 km entrance channe! and construction of the harbour basin, quay
walN and provision of C /H fachities. Expected to be operationa! in 1986 .'‫أأ‬
1,670.0 New harbour developm ent for industrial developm ent to serve m anufacturing and assembly
plants of alum inium sm elter, steel making and rohing mihs. A commercia! harbour inciudes
zones for handhng dry bu!k, forest products, container, ro!l-on, refrigeration and warehouse
facilities. There wih be a total o f 66 deep water berths, 6 km o f breakwater, dredging,
excavations and reclam ation o f 110 million m ^. E stim ated compietion in 1982."
31
T able
31 (continued)
Examples of po^f development: construction of new ports of new types of port faeillties
MiUions
o f dollars
C oiiniry a n d Port
$audi Arahia
fubaii . . . .
D escription o f project
^,816.0 Five-year eensiderabie expansion as part o f an industrial complex. The port is being divided
into a commercia! and an industrial harbour. Dredging and reclam ation vaiued at $680
mihion, construction of the industria! harbour and open sea tanker term inal at $1.8 billion.
Gommercial harbour in two phases has been valued at $1.56 bhhon.”
‫ ﺀاﻣﻚ‬/)'،' ‫ت‬.• S ee
٤١ P orts a n d
‫ل‬
f o o t-n o te s below .
^ ٥٢* ^
J a n u a ry 1979, p. 35.
(T o ^ y o ), v o l. 2 3 , N o .
12; vol. 2 4 , N o .
1, D e c e m b e r
1978
ь A m e ric a n S ea p o r t (W a s h in g to n . D .C .), vol. 4 0 , N o. 7, A u g u s t 1978. [١. 6.
‫ﻣﻢ‬
/•/ C onstruction (L o n d o n ), vol. V , N o . 9 , A u g u s t 1978, p. 11.
[١٠ 12^
(a rticle o n
‫ ا‬T h e D ock a n d H a rbour A u th o rity (L o n d o n ), vol. 5 8 , N o. 6 8 6 , J a n u a ry 19 78, p. 3 8 3 ;
S e a ir a d e (C o lc h e ste r, E ssex ), vol. 8 , N o, 2 . F e b ru a ry 1978, p. 113 (speelal re p o rt on
C a rib b e a n shipping).
9 D redging a n d P ort C onstruction (L o n d o n ), vol. V , N o. 6 , A pril 1978 , p. 13.
‫ل‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫ا‬
T h e D ock a n d H a rb o u r A u th o rity (L o n d o n ), vol. 58, N o . 6 8 7 , F e b ru a ry 1978, p. 426.
ё
‫'اﻣﻢ‬/‫ث‬
‫ا‬
T h e D ock a n d H a rbour A u th o rity (L o n d o n ), vol. 5 9 , N o. 6 9 0 . M ay 1978, p, 2.
Ib id .. vol. V , N o , 7, M ay 1978, p. 30.
U n ite d N fitions project.
a n d H arbors (T o k y o ), vol. 2 3 , N o . 2 , F e b ru a ry 1978, p. 28.
D redging a n d
C argo S ystem s (N ow M a ld e n , S u rre y ), vol. 5 , N o. 12, D e e m b e r 1978,
p o rt d e v e lo p m e n t ‫؛‬٨ E gypt).
٨٦ E S C A F , “ R ev iew 0 ‫ 'ا‬d e v e lo p m e n ts in s h ip p in g , p o rts a n d in la n d w a te rw a y s ”
(E /E S C A F /S T C .1 /3 1 a n d C o r r .l ) , N o v e m b e r 1 9 7 7 ; ‫'اﻣﻢ‬/‫ ك‬a n d H arbors (T o ^ y o ), vol. 23,
N o, 4 . A pril 1978, p. 18.
٨
D redging a n d P o rt C onstruction (L o n d o n ), vol. V I, N o . 1, D c to b e r 1978, p. 49.
‫ م‬/‫ه‬/‫ﺢ‬. ‫ﻣ‬
T able 32
Examples ef port development: expansion projeets
(Expansion ٠
/ existing ports)
M illio n s
C o u n try a n d p o rt
D escription o f project
dollars
Nicaragua
Puerto Corinto
2.6
?urchase o f a second container crane,‫؛‬
$o!omon Isiands
Honiara....................
2.7
Extension of the deep w ater wharf, main com ponents: extension o f w harf by about 50 m,
provision o f limited facilities and equipm ent for container handling, reconstruction of sea
wali protection works and engineering services. Im plem entation during 1978-1980 .‫ظ‬
Malaysia
Port Ke!ang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.0
Conversion of a générai cargo berth for container traffic and addition of ro/ro facilities .‫ﺀ‬
India
Bombay....,.,,........,.,.
4.6
Container termina! at 12B Indira Dock wih be constructed, ?!anned throughput o f some
50,000 containers a year
1980. A 200 ton capacity mobile crane and supporting equipm ent are included in phase I. Expansion providing gantry crane is pianned in phase 11.
?hase 1 represents $1 m ihion .‫ه‬
Ivor^ Coast
San Pedro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.8
Construction o f 180 m lon^ cem ent term inal, 11 m deep. T ear of launching 1978. T ear of
com pletion, 1979 .‫ﺀ‬
4.8
Construction of 200 m long pulp term inal at 11 m deep. T ear of launching 1979, T ear of
com pletion, 1980. ٢
Iran
K horram shahr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1
Clearance, renovation, conversion and screening o f dock handling equipm ent.‫؛‬
Honduras
Puerto G r t e s
7.^
Gonstruction of a grain term inai.‫'؛‬
9.6
Construction of specialized berths, ore buik cargo berth (180 m quay— ? ha area; one berth
for cem ent plant (220 m quay— 10 ha area); sugar term inal (180 m q u a y ^ l ha area). ‘
10.0
Design and construction o f a marginal wharf. Concrete cylinder piles will support the new
general cargo wharf, an extension of the existing complex. Expected to be com pleted in late
199?.‫ل‬
11.7
Okirika jetty, designed to accom m odate one m ain line vessel o f 5,000 d.w.t. and a coastal
vessel o f 3,500 d.w.t.^
12.6
Construction o f two new breakwaters, totai [ength 2.5 k m .‫؛‬
...............
Ivory Coast
Eocodjoro
.
Venezuela
G uanta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nigeria
Port Harcourt
...............
Egypt
Port $aid .........................................
32
T a b l e 32 (continued)
Examples of port development: expansion projects
(Expansion ٠
/ existing ports)
M illio n s
C o u n try a n d port
Djibouti
Djibouti
Nicaragua
Puerto Corinto
D escription o f pro ject
dollars
14.0
C ontainer term inal Is under stu d ‫؛‬/. It is said that project m ight be under way
m onths."‫؛‬
17.3
Construction o f a grain term inal. Breakdown o f costs: berths, $16.4 m illion, e ‫و‬٧ipm ٥nt
$900,000."
..............
Congo
Pointe Noire
within 9
20.7 Construction o f two berths and 5 ha o f open storage.“
D akar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33.6
Benin
C otonou
C onstruction of a container term inal and ro/ro berth at 11 m depth."
46.1
Extension o f port, im provem ent of cargo handling, training of port staff,‫؟‬
66.0
C onstruction of two new container berths, total length 640 m .‫؛‬
94.0
Com piete m odernization o f the port. Eirst phase includes a 2.5 km breakwater up to 12 m
depth, also construction o f open-air storage and warehouses on an area of 40,000 m ^,
refrigerated storage for 5,000 tons and adm inistration building.‫؟‬
Egypt
A le x a n d ria
150.7
Com plete rehabilitation o f the port is planned. The elem ents of the project include civil works,
cargo handling e ٩uipm ‫ه‬nt and Boating equipm ent, consultancy, training and contingencies.
Details are: dredging, $8 m illion; paving, surfacing of 100,000 m 1.9$ ,‫ ؛‬m illion; construetion o f herths 550 m long, 230 m wide and 14 m deep, $23.9 m illion; storage facilities on
area of 22,000 m 5.3$ ,‫ ؛‬m illion; Boating equipm ent, $28,6 m illion; cargo handling equipm ent, $25,5 m illion; transport equipm ent, $14 m illion; other, $4.6 m illion; consultants and
training, $4.1 m illion; contingencies, $34.9 million."
Nigeria
Warri
240.0
C reat expansion, including 6 liner berths, 1 ro/ro herth, 1 service berth; total quay length,
2 km. Sheds and warehouses, office block, T ear o f launching, 1977; year of completion,
1979."
Singapore
Singapore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Eibya
Arab Jam ahiriya
T rip o li
‫ ز‬A m e r ic a n S e a p o r t (W a s h in g to n , D .C .), v o l. 4 1 , N o . 1, O c to b e r 1978.
‫ ط‬W e st a n d C e n tra l A frica n H a r b o r G u id e {op. ،?//).
‫ ا‬D redging a n d P o rt C onstruction (L o n d o n ), v o l. V I , N o . 1, O c to b e r 1978, p. 65.
١٦٦ F airplay In tern a tio n a l Ship p in g ^ ‫ﺀﺀﺀ‬/‫( م‬L o n d o n ), v o l. 2 6 8 , N o . 4 9 7 0 , N o v e n tb e r
S o u r c e s : S ee fo o t-n o te s below .
N o t e . E x p a n s io n re p re s e n ts a n in c re a s e in th e s u p p ly o f e x is tin g p o rt s e r v ic e s ; in n o v a tio n re p re s e n ts a new ty p e o f s e rv ic e . In v e s tm e n ts h a v e b e e n c o n v e rte d in to m illio n s o f
d o lla rs a t th e ra te s o b ta in in g o n 15 D e c e m b e r 1978.
‫و‬
‫ط‬
‫ﺀ‬
Ib id ., vol. V I , N o. 1, D c to b e r 1978, p. 74.
١١ U n ite d N a tio n s project.
٠ W est a n d C en tra l A frica n
d
٢٨،?
p Ibid.
‫ة‬
W p ‫؟‬/ a n d C e n tr a l A frica n HaphaF G u id e (P aris), E d itio n I n f A friq u e , 1978.
U n ite d N a tio n s project.
D redging a n d P o rt C onstruction (L o n d o n ), vol. V , N o . 4 , F e b ru a ry 19 7 8 , p. 19.
D o c k a n d H a r b o u r A u th o r ity (L o n d o n ), v o l. 5 9 , N o . 6 9 6 , N o v e m b e r 19 7 8 , p,
‫ ة‬P o rts a n d H arb o rs (T o k y o ), vol. 2 3 , N o . 4 ,
‫ أل‬U n ite d N a tio n s project.
١ W est a n d C e n tr a l A frica n H a r b o r G u id e {op.
1978,
p. 48.
^
١٠٢
٠٢^G u id e
{op. ،?//).
٩ In f o rm a tio n p ro v id e d by th e W o rld B an k ( a m o u n t o f lo a n , $11 m illio n ).
٢ T h e ٠٠^ a n d H a rb o u r A u th o r ity ( ^ n d o n ) , vol. 5 8 , N o . 6 8 6 , J a n u a ry 1 9 7 8 , p. 3 83.
٤ M a r c h é s tro p ic a u x e t m é d ite rra n é en s (P aris), 3 4 th y e a r. N o . 1 6 8 2 , 3 F e b ru a ry 19 7 8 , p.
A p ril 1 9 7 8 , p. 2^.
247.
‫ ا‬C argo
٧ W est
cit).
S y s te m s (N ew M a ld e n , S u rre y ), v o l. 5 , N o . 9 , S e p te m b e r 1978, p. 60.
a n d C e n tr a l A frican H a r b o r G u id e {op. cit).
by th e port authorities. T here is a sober lo^ic in th is,
since if a port is truly inadequate to nteet traffic
dei^an d s it is b etter th at traffie be heid baek in a
controlled n tan n er rather th a n arrive onl^ to he idle
outside th e port. H ow ever, it is q u ite intpossible to
!Measure how ntuch dissatisfaction or econom ic loss is
th en caused.
D . Adequacy of port services
6©. T h e adequacy o f port services can best be considered in term s o f port congestion. A lth o u g h a port
m ay provide less th a n satisfactory service sim ply
th ro u g h slow han d lin g ٠ ٢ cargo or ships, this becom es
really serious only w h en congestion results. T he
resulting ship delays in port are generally evidence o f
inadequacy in a port.
62.
A n indicator o f port congestion used in earlier
review s is ،he Bver^^e w aiting tinte hefore berthing fer
general cargo ships, as reported for a n u m b er ٠ ٢ ports
61. T h ere ha$ recently been a ten d en cy f©r ship
arrivals at som e congested ports to be strictly regulated
33
T a b l e 33
Commercial berths in Middle East ports; e^istiit^, under construction during 1978, 1979 and 1988, and planned
Conv. = conventional berth
Cont. = container berth
R o/ro = roll-on/roll-olf term inal
C onv.
Length o f berth (r^etres) . . ,
De^th (!Metres) . . . . . . . . . . .
C o u n tr y
( o i l p r o d u c t i o n in
m i l l i o n s o f b a r r e ls , 1 9 7 6 )
Com .
M in .
M ax.
150
9.2
240
10.0
M in .
150
R o lr o
M ax.
M in .
M ax.
245
10.0
180
12.0
250
16.0
N u m b e r o f b e r th s
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
3.5
40
4.5
5560506 ‫ز؛‬
7 07 ‫ت‬
8 08 <‫ك‬
9 09 ‫و‬
0 0[
B a h ra in
(21)
Ira n
( 2 ,1 6 6 )
Ir a q
(9 5 7 )
K u w a it
7)‫( ةة‬
O m an
(1 3 3 )
Q a ta r
(2 3 7 )
$ a u ،li A ra b ia
( 3 ,1 8 8 )
U n ite d A rab
E m ira te s
(9 ^ 8 )
N o r th Y e m e n
S o u r c e s : H . p , D re w ry (S h ip p in g C o n s u lta n ts ) L td ., M id d le E a st L in e r S h ip p in g : an
E co n o m ic A nalysis ٠/ T raffic S e m c e s , Ports a n d F u tu re ‫(ت؛ﺀﻛﻢﺀﻣﻴﻢ‬L o n d o n , H P D S h ip p in g
P u b lic a tio n s), J u ly 1 9 7 8 ; T h e E co n o m ist (L o n d o n ), vol. 2 6 5 , N o . 7 0 0 6 , 10 D e c e m b e r 19 7 7 ,
pp. 71 a n d 7 2 ; p . G . O w e n , “ M id d le E a s t g e n e ra l ca rg o p o r t s ” . T h e D o c k a n d H a rb o u r
A u th o r ity (L o n d o n ), v o l. L IX , N o . 6 9 5 , O c to b e r 19 7 8 , p. 16 4 ;
F. B, R o b e rts , “ D re d g in g a n d
p o rt c o n s tru c tio n in th e M id d le
E a s t ” , T erra e t A q u a (T h e b lag u e ). N o. 1 5 -16, A pril
1978.
34
T able 34
World Bank loans or ،redits for port development granted In 1977/78
Am ount o f
lo a n /c r e d it
C o u n try
Benin
Cyprus
T o ta l project
cost
(m illions o f dollars)
T yp e a n d d a te
IDA
June, 1978
‫م‬
1146,1
IBRD
March, 1978
D escription o f project
Extension of port of C otonou, Im provem ent of cargo Irandllng, training of
p o rtstaff.
M aturities; 1988-2028
Service charge; 0.75 per cent
8.5
29.5
Extension o f ports of Eimassol and Larnaca to reduce congestion and m eet
traffic increases up to 1983.
M aturities; 1981-1993
Interest rate; 7.45 per cent
May, 1978
13.0
26.0
?rovision o f the $abah ports of Kota Kinabalu, $andakah and Tawau with
cargo handling equipm ent; construction of new berths and sheds in the
port of Tawau.
M aturities; 1983-1995
Interest rate; 7.5 per cent
Papua New
G uinea
IBRD
April, 1978
3.5
10.5
C onstruction of a container term inal at ?o rt M oresby, a coastal w harf at
$amarai and training of port stalf.
M aturities; 1984-1998
Interest rate; 7.5 per cent
Sudan
IDA
March, 1978
22.0
50.7
Developm ent in ?o rt Sudan o f physical capacity, operational productivity and
m anagem ent capabilities.
M aturities; 1988-2028
Service charge; 0.75 per cent
Malaysia
IB^D
m u st be considered dislurbin^. T he essence o f troublefree ^orl o?er^lion is lo h^ve spare capacity in reserve
w ith w hich to talce up sh o rt-term or su d d en increases
o f traffic or interruptions to operation, ^ i t h so m any
ports ii§htiy congested, th ere is §reat potential for
w idespread congestion if there should be an u p tu rn o f
trade.
in term itten tly subject to co n g estio n . ‫? اإ‬in u res for the
first four m o n th s o f each year since 1971 show the
following progression:
; ٠ //
Average uum ber
waiflug da^B
per ship . . . . .
‫ﻣﺎ‬/‫ئ‬
1973
1975
9974
97
976
78!
171
4.0
4,8
14.3 39.5
64.
M onthly ship delay figures for 1978 indicate
th a t th e congestion situ atio n has co ntinued to im prove. T h e sam e indicator caicuiated on a m onthly
basis th ro u g h o u t th e year is as foiiows:
T hese Bgures are not representative o f w orld-w ide
conditio n s, b u t they show how conditions in regions
m o st severely affected by port congestion h av e developed. A n im p ro v em en t registered betw een 1976 and
1977 was reinforced in 1978, and th e crisis period
w hich started late in 1974 w ould appear to be over.
D ays
D ays
lu ly . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7
7.0
Jan u ary . . . . . .
A u g u st . . . . . . . . . . .
6.0
63.
H ow ever, th e serious im piications o f conges- F ebruary . , . . .
Septem ber . . . . . . . .
tion are not disappearing entirely. In parallei w ith the
7.4
M arch - - - - - - © ctoher . . . . . . . . . .
reduction o f congestion in th e m ost seriousiy affected
7.0
A prii . . . . . . . . .
N ovem ber - - - - - - - ports, m ore ports have ten d ed to becom e congested.
Ma y . . . . . . . . .
D ecem ber . . . . . . . .
7.2
T h e n u m b e r o f ports surveyed increased steadily from
3une . . . . . . . . .
25 per m o n th in 1971 to 42 per m o n th in 1977 ^nd 54
per m o n th in 1978. T his tren d appears to stem princi- G ertain variations are due to th e e ^ a tic n atu re o f
pally from a rise in th e n u m b er o f congested ports. It reports published, b u t a co n tin u in g im p ro vem ent
tow ards th e year end is evident.
65.
A nalysis o f th e reports by region show s the
pattern appearing in tabie 35. T here are relatively few
q u an titativ e reports o f w aiting tim es from $ o u th
A m erica, b u t various reports o f th e n u m b e r o f ships
waJtin^ at ports o f tho region sitow th at a iarger n u m her o f th e m are congested. N oting th a t th e M editerra-
‫ زا‬Indicator
calcnlaled on the basis of in ^ r ^ a tio n contained in
the B IM CO Weekly Circular (Copenhagen). Exam ination o f waiting
tinte fignres based on other sonrces, notably Journal de /٠ marine
marchande et de la navigation aérienne (Paris) and Journal ٠
/ Cornmerce (New ¥ork), have !٨ the past confirm ed the over-all picture
obtained from this source.
35
T
a ble
35
the attention o f th e U N C T A D secretariat was
hraw n
to the levy o f congestion snrchar^es In 50
?orts, cot^?areh w ith 79 in 1977. T he InfornTation is
hy no nreans exhaustive, b u t once a^ain the trenh is
clearly indicative o f an inT^rovin§ situation.
Congestion reports by region
A ve ra g e n u m b e r ٠/
po rts r ep o rted on
‫ امﺀهﺀ‬m o n th
M editerranean
Rest e f Africa ......................................
Arabian ^ n in s u ia and Iran . . . . . . .
Rest ©f A s ia ...........................................
South America and Caribbean . . . .
6
23
14
8
‫ر‬
w aiting days
p e r ship
67.
T he easing o f congestion at ^orts w hich have
experienced congestion is d u e partly to a lessening in
th e rate o f increase o f traffic, partly to new port facilities and partly to increased efficiency. A n elenrent in
the iiuproved efftciency has heen a concerted effort hy
port authorities and ship operators to m odify shipping
practices: for instance, ports are dem andin§ unitization
o f cargoes, and are also insistin§ on advance docum entation o f cargoes, m odern ships and uniform hatch
distribution. T hese steps are not new , b u t they are
being tal‫؛‬en m ore quici‫ ؛‬ly once congestion hecom es
serious.
9.7
8.6
2.9
6.4
3.6
nean includes a n u m h e r o f N o rth A frican ports, it
appears th a t th e ports o f A frica are m o st effected by
congestion. It is n o t so easy to identify a co m m o n
cause o f congestion in these ports as it was w hen
serious congestion w as largely confined to th e M iddle
Last. Lailure to adapt to increased national trade has
been only one rea so n ; political and social prohlem s
and th e diversion o f cargo th ro u g h inhahitual routes
hav e also heen evident.
tlon
'٠ By circular from individual conferences or from references in
the inlernationai press (Journal ‫ ﻣﻢ‬،‫ ا‬/ le transport international (Base!),
Journal de la marine marchande ،?‫ ؛‬de la navigation aérienne (Baris),
‫ﺀك‬،‫اﺀﺀ‬-‫( ﺀﻣﺤﻪ‬Coichesler, Essex)).
A n o th e r indication o f th e existence o f congesth e levy o f congestion surcharges. D uring 1978,
36
C h a p te r
VII
OTHER DEVELOPM ENTS
A. Code of conduct for liner conferences
68. A s at 31 D ecem ber 1978, 33 countries acco u n tin g for 6.14 per cen t o f th e relevant w orld tonnage had becom e contracting parties to th e Conven^
tion on a C ode o f C o n d u ct for F in er C o n fe re n c e s .'‫؛‬
T his represen ts an increase o f eight countries and B.44
per cen t o f th e relev an t w orld ton n ag e since F ebruary
1977. A rticle 49, paragraph 1, o f th e C o n v en tio n provides th a t th e C o n v en tio n “ sh^ll e n te r into force six
m o n th s after th e d ate o n w hich not !ess th a n 24
$tates, th e com bined to n n ag e o f w hich am o u n ts to at
least 25 per cen t o f w orld to n n ag e, h av e becom e Contracting Farties to i t . . . ” . ‘‫؛‬
69. T h e T rade and D ev elo p m en t Board, at its
e ig h teen th session, included in th e provisional agenda
for th e fifth session o f th e U nited N ations C onference
on T rade and D ev elo p m en t (M anila, 7 M ay-3 Ju n e
1979) an item 14( ‫ ) ه‬en titled “ D evelopm ents pertaining to th e C o n v en tio n o n a C ode o f C o n d u ct for Liner
C o n fe re n c e s” . T he C onference wih consider th e status
and prospects o f early im p lem en tatio n o f th e C onvention.
B. United N ations Convention on the
Carriage of Goods by ^ea, 978 ‫ل‬
7© T h e U n ited N ations C onference o n th e Carriage o f G oods by $ea (H am b u rg , 6-31 M arch 1978)
adopted th e “ U nited N ations C o n v en tio n o n th e Carriage o f G oods by $ea, 1 9 7 8 ” , to be know n as the
“ H am b u rg R u le s ” . ‘‫ ؟‬T h e C o n v en tio n is intended to
replace th e H ague R ules. It will e n te r into force on the
first day o f th e m o n th foliow ing th e expiration o f one
year from th e deposit w ith th e $ecretary-G enerai o f
th e U n ited N ations o f th e tw en tieth in stru m e n t o f
ratification, acceptance, approval or accession. A s at 31
D ecem her 1978, th e C o n v en tio n had been signed by
several eountries h u t had not entered into force.
C on v en tio n on Internationa! M nitim odai T ransport
adopted the text o f a d ‫؛‬-^ft co n v en tio n on international
’
tra n sp o rt.‘‫ ؟‬T he T rade and D evelopm ent
Board decided at its te n th special session to inform the
G eneral A ssem bly o f th e conclnsion o f th e w or^ o f
the Intergovernm ental Preparatory G roup and to transm it th e text o f th e draft co n v ention, together w ith the
draft provisions on ftnai clauses prepared by th e U N C T A D secretariat, w ith its ow n report, to th e G eneral
A ssem hly. T he Board also decided to request the
$eeretary-G eneral o f U N C T A D to m ake th e necessary
arrangem ents for th e convening o f a conference o f
plenipotentiaries on a conv en tio n on international
m ultim odai transport in earl^ N ovem ber 1979 for a
du ratio n o f four w eeks, as well as for th e convening o f
a resum ed session o f th e conference if th a t w as considered n ec essary .'‫؟‬
D . Container standards for international
m uhintodal transport
72.
T he second session o f th e A d H oc Intergovernm ental G roup on C o n tain er S tandards for In ternational M ultim odal T ransport, w hich had been established
by th e T rade and D evelopm ent Board in pursuance o f
Econom ic and $ociai Council decision 6 (LVI) o f 14
May 1974, took place from 2© N o vem ber to 1 D ecem was referred to
ber 1978. ‫؛‬٠ The report ٠٢ the G roup
hy the T rade and D evelopm ent Board at its ten th
special session in its decision 182 (S -X ) on fu tu re
follow -up action.
E. Flags ©f convenience
73.
A t its first session, held in February 1978, the
A d H oc Intergovernm ental W orking G roup on the
E conom ic C onsequences o f th e E xistence or Lack o f a
G en u in e Tink betw een V essei and Flag o f Registry
adopted a resolution in w hich, inter alia, it concluded
th a t th e expansion o f open-registry (i.e. flag o fc o n v e n C. Draft convention on international
ience) Beets had adverseiy affected the d evelopm ent
m ultim odal transport
and com petitiveness o f Beets o f countries th a t did not
offer open-registry facilities, including those o f devel71.
A t its six th session (21 F e b ru a ry - 9 M arch oping countries. T he resolution also concluded th at
1979), th e In tergovernm enta! Freparatory G roup on a
See T D /B /C .4 /IN F .2 4 .
See United Nations Conference o f Pienipotentiaries on a Code o f
Conduct fo r Liner Conferences, voi. 11, Finai Act (inctuding the Con-
vention and resolutions) and tonnage requirements (United Nations
publication, Sales No. E.75.11.D.12).
'‫ أ‬See A /C O N F.89/13.
'* See T D /M T /C O N F .l.
” See Official Records o f the Trade and Deveiopment Board, Tenth
Speciat Session, Suppiement No. / (T D /B /745), “ O ther decisions
taken by the Board”,( ‫)ه‬.
“ The Brst session had been held in N ovem ber 1976
T D /B /7 3 4 -T D /B /A C .2 0 /1 0 .
four elem en ts w ere norm ally relevant w h en considering w h eth er a genu in e iin^ existed betw een a vessel
and its cou n try o f registry: (a) w h eth er th e m erchant
Beet contributed to th e national econom y o f the country ; (‫ ) ه‬w h eth er th e rev en u es and expend itures o f
shipping, as well as purchases and sales o f vessels,
w ere treated in th e national halance-of-paym ents
acco u n ts; (،?) w h eth er nationals w ere em ployed on vessels; (،/) w hose was th e henefieial ow nership o f the
vessel . ‫ ال‬T h e T rade and D evelo p m en t Board referred
th e report o f th e G ro u p to th e fifth session o f the
U n ite^ N ations C onference on T rade and D evelopm e n t. ‫ال‬
authorities, shipping com panies, anri shippers’ councils. It is estinrated th a t som e $2.3 m iiiion w as spent
on technical assistance in 1978.
75.
The following are som e o f th e m ajor teehnical
assistance and training projeets executed in 1978: (a)
m odernization o f port statistics and in tro d u ctio n of
perform anee indicators in W est and C entral A frican
p o rts; ( ‫ ) ه‬sem inar on port operations for participants
from A friean countries held in © dessa, U S S R ;( ‫ ) ﺀ‬sixth
U N C T A D /S ID A port training course in A hidjan, Ivory C o a st; (،/) congestion tasi< forces in B enin, M auritius and A lgeria; ( ‫ ) ﺀ‬assistance to the A lgerian G overn m en t in connexion w ith the drafting o f new port
legislation; i f ) assistance to th e G u in ean G o v ern m en t
in setting up a m ain ten an ce shop and im proving operations at the port o f C onakry.
F. UNCTAD technical assistance
in shipping and ports
74.
In 1978, th e U N C T A D secretariat co ntinued to
assist developing countries in executing projects financed by U N D ? , and in som e cases w ith local contrihutions. A ssistance w as also given by holding training courses and sem inars financed hy funds in trust.
Lifty U N C T A D experts sp en t a total o f 290 m anm o n th s in th e field assisting G o v ern m en ts, port
” T D /B /C .4 /1 7 7 -T D /B /C .4 /A C .1 /3 , annex.
“ See Official Records o f the General Assembly, Thirty-third SesSion, Supplement No. 15 (A /33/15), para. 447.
G. Suez Canal
76. Tahle 36 show s th at th e average daily n u m h er
o f all vessels transiting th ro u g h th e Suez C anal in
1977 was 54, com pared w ith 46 in 1976 and 59 in the
first h alf o f 1978. Sim ilarly, th e average daily transiting tonnage increased from 513,000 to n s in 1976 to
603,633 tons in 1977 and 665,259 to n s during the first
h alf o f 1978.
77. T he average daily n u m h er o f transiting tankers
was the sam e in 1977 as in 1976, b u t in th e first h alf
T able 36
Average daily number and net tonnage of vessels using the Suez €anal,
1966, 1977 and first half of 1978
A vera g e !9 6 6 '^
T ypes o f vessels
Tankers
Loaded, northbound
Loaded, sonthbonnd
Ballast, northbound
Ballast, sonthboand
N el
tonnage
N um ber
.........
.........
..........
......... .
Sab-total
(Percentage share of tankers) . .
‫مﺀ » ﺀ م‬-‫ ه‬/ cargo and containers
Loaded
(Percentage share of
general cargo and
c o n ta in e rs)
—
Other
R aded
B a lla s t.....................
(53.3)
T otal
A verage
J a n . 'J u n e 1978
N um ber
N et
tonnage
12.3
1.9
0.7
12.3
255 701
21085
7 069
280 896
2.5
1.0
0.5
3.2
54 658
10 809
4 556
136871
10^ 384
27.2
(46.7)
564 751
(75.2)
7.2
(13.4)
206 894
(34.3)
173 930
(26.1)
5.8
26 470
^41 895
68 194
241 454
310089
—
B a lla s t.....................
Sabtotal
(Percentage share
of o th e rs )
1 977
53 076
—
—
—
—
(61.4)
(40.0)
(62 .6)
27.9
3.1
172 882
■13 737
10.9
10.9
2.7
124 936
30 349
12, 0
2, 9
148517
32 723
31.0
186 619
13.6
155 285
14
181240
(25.7)
(25
(27.2)
(24.8)
751 370
(25.2)
3.9
603 633
(46.6)
665:
S o u r c e : C o m p u ta tio n o n th e basis oC in fo rm a tio n p u b lish e d in S u e z C a n a l R e p o rt, m o n th ly re p o rt by th e S ue^ C a n a l A u th o rity
(E g y p t), v a rio u s issu es.
٤١S ep a ra te
in fo rm a tio n o n g e n e ra l ca rg o a n d c o n ta in e r v e s s e ls n o t av a ila b le for 1966.
T a b l e 37
Trends in air freight volume and air freight operating revenues, 1974-1977
(Scheduled operations o f airlines o f ICAO member States)^
Y ear
T o n -kilo m etre s
{m illion)
P ercentage
ch a n g e over
previous y e a r
1974 ....................................
197 5 ....................................
1 9 7 6 .................
1977 ....................................
17 168
17410
19418
21 535
19.3
1.4
11.5
10.9
S o u r c e : IC A O , F inancial d a ta . C o m m e rc ia l
‫و‬
‫ ه‬/>
carriers, 1 9 7 7 ,
T o ta lfr e ig h t
‫صﺀ‬
3
4
4
5
‫ا‬
654
196
763
594
P ercentage
ch a n g e over
p revious y e a r
26.4
14.8
17.4
O perating
r ev en u e p e r
to n -k iio m e tr e
(U S c e n ts)
24.1
24.5
26.0
; o f s ta tis tic s N o . 237 (M o n tre a l), 1979.
D a ta c o n c e rn in g 66 IC A O c o n tra c tin g S ta tes.
of 1978 it dropped slightly. D n th e o th er h an d , average
transiting tan k er ton n ag e declined b o th in 1977 and in
th e first h alf o f 1978, indicating reduced tan k er m ovem en ts to and from th e M iddle E ast. T h e n u m b e r and
net to nn ag e o f générai cargo, con tain er and o th e r vess‫ ؟‬ls increased both in 1977 and in th e first h a lf o f
1978. H ow ever, over-ali, th e average daily n u m h e r and
ton nage o f all vessels w ere still low er th a n th e 1966
levels.
H . Air transport
78.
D evelopm ents In air freight tran sp o rt are given
in table 37. In 1977, th e v o ln m e o f air freight in
ton-kilom etres carried by scheduled airlines o f reporting 1€A D m em ber States increased hy alm ost 11 per
cent from th e previous year, and freight operating reve n u e by 17.4 per cen t, w ith th e result th a t operating
revenue per ton-kiiom etre increased from 24.5 per
cent to 26 per cent.
ANNEXES
A n n ex
١
CLASSIFICATION OF COUNTRIES AND TERRITORIES
Code ‫؛‬
Nptes
L This classification is for statistical purposes only and does not
imply an^ Judgem ent regarding the stage o f developm ent of an^
country or territory.
2. Trade statistics are based on data recorded at the ports of
loading and unloading. Trade originating in or destined for neighbouring countries is attributed to the country in which the ports are
situated; for this reason landlocked countries do not figure in these
tabulations. On the other hand, statistical tabulations on m erchant
fleets include data for landlocked countries that possess fleets: these
countries are marked “ (L)” in the ciassification that follows.
Code
Code
Socialist countries o f Eastern Europe and Asia: eodes 6 and 7;
8.2 West Africa
4. In certain tables, w here appropriate, five “ open-registry countrie s” (€ypru$, Liberia, D m an, Panam a and Singapore) are recorded
as a separate group.
8.3 East Africa
‫ﺀ‬،‫ﺀﻣﺢﺀ‬
Code .
Japan
Code .
New Zealand
Code 4
Monaco
N etherlands
Norway
Portugal
$pa‫؛‬n
$weden
$witzerland (L)
Turkey
U nited Kingdom o f D reat Britain and N orthem Ireland
Yugoslavia
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Code 9
Italy
D enm ark
Faeroe Islands
Finland
France
G erm any, Federal Republic o f
Gibraltar
M ozambique
Reunion
Seycheil^s
Somaha
Sudan
Uganda (L)
United Repubhc of T n z a n ia
Zam hia (L)
Burundi (L)
Com oros
DJil»ut]
Ethiopia
Kenya
Madagascar
M auritius
U nited $tates o f America
Belgium
Liberia
M auritania
Nigeria
St. Helena
Sao Tom e and Principe
Senegal
Sierra le o n e
^ogo
United Repubhc of Cam eroon
W estern Sahara
Zaire
Angoia
Benin
Cape Verde
Congo
Equatorial G uinea
Gal>on
Gam bia
G hana
G uinea
Guinea-Bissau
Ivor^ Coast
codes 8.1, 8.2 and 8.3;
codes 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4 and 9.5;
codes 10.1 and 10.2;
c o d e ll;
code 12.
A ustria (L)
Morocco
Tunisia
Algeria
Egypt
Libyan Arab Jam ahiriya
Developing ‫اﺀﺳﻢﺀ‬-/‫ ثﺀ‬and territories: codes 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12;
Australia
٠
8.1 North Africa
Developed m arket economy countries and territories: codes 1, 2, 3, 4
and 5;
Danada
Viet Nam
‫؛؛‬
China
Oem ocratic People’s Repubüc
o f Korea
3. The groups of countries or territories to which the statistics
presented in this review pertain are composed as foiiows:
o f which:
‫ ص‬-/‫ﺀ‬،‫ ا‬.•
America:
Asia:
Europe:
‫ ﻫﺂ » ه ﺀﺀ م‬.•
Hungary (L)
Poland
Rom ania
Union o f Soviet Socialist
Republics
Albania
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia (L)
O erm an Oemocratic Republic
9.1 Caribbean ‫ ﻣﺢ?ﺀه‬North America
Antigua
Bahamas
Barbados
Bermuda
British Virgin Islands
Caym an Islands
Cuba
Dom inica
Dom inican Republic
Greenland
Grenada
Guadeloupe
Haiti
Jam aica
M artinique
M ontserrat
St. Pierre and Miquelon
St. Kltts-Nevis-Anguilla
St. Lucia
St. Vincent
T ur^s and Caicos Islands
United States Virgin Islands
‫ ﺀ‬Statistical data for the form er Dem ocratic Republic o f Viet Nam
and the form er Republic ٠٢ South Viet Nam for 1975 and earlier
years are included under Viet Nam.
Code .
$outh Africa
41
9.2
Centrai America
Belize
Gosta Rica
El Salvador
Guatem ala
10.2
Panama
Bhutan
Brunei
Burma
Dem ocratic Kam puchea
East Tim or
Hon§ Ron^
India
Indonesia
Suriname
Trinidad and Toba$o
Venezuela
9.4 South America: western seaboard
Ghile
Colombia
Southern and Eastern Asia
Bangladesh
9.3 South America: northern seaboard
French G uiana
G uyana
N etherlands Antilles
United Arab Emirates
T em en
Jordan
Ruwait
Honduras
Mexico
Nicaragua
Ecuador
Peru
Macao
Malaysia
Maldives
?alti^tan
Philippines
Republic o f Rorea
Singapore
Sri Lan^a
Thailand
9.5 ‫ح‬،‫ ﺀا؛ ا‬America: eastern ‫اﻣﻤﻬﻢﺀت‬-‫ﻣﺢ‬
Argentina
Brazil
Falkland Islands (Malvinas)
Code / /
Paraguay (L)
Uruguay
Malta
Code ‫د ا‬
Am erican Samoa
Uhristm as Island (British)
Code /٠
10.1
Western Asia
Bahrain
Cyprus
Dem ocratic T em en
Iran
Iraq
Eebanon
Dm an
French Poiynesia
Giihert Islands
Guam
Nauru
New Galedonla
^atar
Saudi Arahia
Syrian Arab Republic
42
New Hebrides
Papua New G uinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Ton^a
Tuvalu
W ake Island
A n n e x II
WORLD SEABORNE TRA DE‫ ؛‬ACCORDING TO GEOGRARHIGAL AREAS, 1965, 1970, 1975, 1976
{Millions ٠/ tons)
٠٠٠* /‫ﻣ ﺢ ﺀ ﻣ ﺤ ﻬ ﻢ‬
P etro leu m
Area^
C ru d e
Developed market economy countries
N orth America
1965 ...................................................................
1970 ....................................................................
1 9 7 5 . . . . ............................................................
1976 ....................................................................
0.1
0.7
1.4
1.3
Japan
1965
1970
1975
1976
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
—
—
—
—
Australia and New Zealand
1965 ....................................................................
1970 ....................................................................
1975 ....................................................................
1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
—
—
0.2
0.2
Europe
1965
1970
1975
1976
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
0.3
28.6
56.7
58.8
South Africa
1965 ....................................................................
1970 ....................................................................
1975 ....................................................................
1976 ....................................................................
—
—
—
-
P roducts
6.0
D ry
cargo
C ru d e
P roducts
D ry
cargo
T o ta l
all
73,7
73.4
210.8
292.8
65.3
103.6
89.0
100.1
155.2
170.0
179.5
151.1
294.0
347.0
479.3
544.1
76.4
41.9
70.1
76.4
69.7
170.4
225.9
227.3
14.0
30.4
21.4
13.3
115.0
235.1
302.1
335.0
198,
435.
549.
575.
92.3
170.4
163.1
26.5
93.6
173.4
166.1
18.7
18.8
10.9
10.3
^35.3
355.6
424.9
469.8
327.9
621.0
652.6
696.0
22.0
0.3
1.3
41.6
1.2
183.7
244.8
74.4
76.9
P etro leu m
^32.0
314.0
348.2
372.6
228.5
308.0
340.8
363.4
0.8
1.3
G o o d s u n lo a d ed
T o ta l
all
334.1
4.0
4.6
24.0
19.6
34.4
37.1
38.9
34 ‫ئ‬
100.4
111.5
357.7
469.0
515.6
775.2
I 19^.4
1 279.7
13.8
110.2
4.7
0.3
17.6
0.2
0.2
20.5
44.9
3.4
34.8
44.8
46.5
I
46 ‫ت‬0
106.9
119.8
134.6
20.7
45.1
15.0
1.2
1.6
10.6
7.4
24.1
22.6
29.2
44.0
42.0
26.9
43.0
67.0
72.4
11.9
29.0
14.4
Socialist countries o f Eastern Europe and Asia
Socialist countries o f Eastern Europe
(excluding USSR)
1965 ....................................................................
1970 ....................................................................
1 9 7 5 . . ...............................................................
1976 ....................................................................
USSR
1965
1970
1975
1976
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
Socialist countries o f Asia
1965 ....................................................................
‫ا‬
1975
1976
‫ﺀ^ﺀم‬/‫ ةﺀ<;ﻣﻢ‬countries
N orth Africa
1965
1970
1975
1976
0.4
0.2
—
-
3.0
19.4
26.5
18.0
28.3
38.0
42.2
47.5
—
9 7 0—
8.0
8.0
.‫ ة‬:‫ة‬
30.8
32.0
‫أ‬:‫ة‬
0.2
.
.
0.1
. . . . . ّ . . 13.4
. . . .
20.3
0.2
19.0
0.2
10.8
5.4
1.0
0.3
0.4
2.4
1.3
41.2
11.8
24.4
18.7
17.8
19.1
16.3
17.9
32.0
29.2
39.8
43.4
and territories
84.6
221.4
115.9
142.0
3.4
5.6
7.^
^.9
29.2
28.3
24.7
33.5
43
117.2
255.4
148.4
178.4
10.9
.‫ ة‬:‫ث‬
A
n n ex
II (continued)
WORLD SEABORNE T R A D E ‫ ؟‬ACCORDING TO GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS, 1965, 1970, 1975, 1976
(Mutions o f tons)
G o o d s lo a d ed
G o o d s u n lo a d ed
P etro leu m
Area^
T otal
D ry
C ru d e
W est Africa
1965 ....................................................................
1970 ....................................................................
1975 ....................................................................
1976 ....................................................................
14.7
60.5
104.0
117.3
0.3
East Africa
1965 ....................................................................
1970 ....................................................................
1975 ....................................................................
1976 ....................................................................
—
—
—
—
0.5
Caribbean and North America
1965 ....................................................................
1970 ....................................................................
1975 ....................................................................
1976 ....................................................................
—
—
—
—
0.2
Central
1965
1970
1975
1976
1.0
—
5.0
5.7
1.4
123.3
131.1
111.8
78.8
64.4
78.6
6.0
0.8
America
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
South Am erica: northern seaboard
1965 ....................................................................
1970 ....................................................................
1975 .................................................
1976 ...............................................
South Am erica: western seaboard
1965 ...............................................
1970 .................................................
1975 .................................................
1976 .................................................
South Am erica: eastern seaboard
1965 .................................................
1970 .................................................
1975 .................................................
1976 .................................................
W estern
1965
1970
1975
1976
Asia
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
....................................................................
، ٠٠٢^٠
P roducts
1.0
1.6
all
C ru d e
41.1
61.5
67.7
65.8
56.1
123.0
173.3
185.9
11.0
11.5
17.3
16,0
14.7
7.1
20.6
4.8
16.1
14.8
1.2
0.8
20.4
1.4
9.4
11.9
14.2
14.7
99.2
36 ‫م‬
30.4
31.7
3.0
39.2
46Л
44.9
13.0
10.7
61.1
6.0
4.1
6.5
10.9
18.0
12.1
250.2
278,9
179.4
189.1
3.0
3.0
7.0
4,8
63.1
46.9
35,9
34.4
34.0
348.7
588.7
870.5
998.9
42.8
65.6
50.1
41.9
932.6
1 058.0
14.9
93.3
148.0
195,4
216.1
76.9
14.8
16.9
17,6
16.4
18.9
17.4
1.1
29.8
24.4
34.4
54.3
103.7
104.9
Developing countries in Europe
!965 .............................................................
‫ا‬
90?
‫ا‬
95?
‫ا‬
96?
0.1
0.1
4.7
61 6
10.5
50.5
60.9
1.5
1.5
4.1
7.0
7.7
11.5
0.8
0.9
1,4
15.4
18,8
В
105.6
44.2
397.1
i
T o ta l
all
goods
21.8
0.9
0.3
1976 ...............................................................
D ry
cargo
6.0
20.7
0.9
0,4
66.1
4.6
4.0
4.8
4.8
20.3
0.8
1.1
1975 ....................................................
1,5
3/7
0.1
14.6
35.0
Products
29.8
4.6
8.4
Southern and Eastern Asia (n.e.s.)
1965 ...............................................................
1970 ...............................................................
P etro leu m
1.0
^.1
19.8
3.0
26.2
11.3
7.0
0,1
1.0
1,5
3.0
29.8
39,6
20.2
14.2
39.8
45.0
17,0
61.9
139.5
18.6
102.0
201.1
20.8
97.3
198.4
0.2
0.4
0.7
06
1,0
1.1
1.0
54.7
0.3
0.3
0,3
0.1
0.1
0.8
0.7
C ountries and territories o f Oceania (n.e.‫؛‬
1965
1970
1975
1976
0,9
0,2
0.1
0.1
Worid to ta l ‫؛‬
]965 .................................... .............................
6^2
1970 .................................... .............................. 1 ‫ ل‬11
1975 .................................... ............................. 1 364
1976 ....................................
..............
‫ ا‬544
240
330
280
277
‫؟‬١
0.6
1.2
4.0
812
‫ ا‬165
‫ ا‬428
5541
S o u rce : D a ta c o m m u n ic a te d to td e U N C T A D s e c re ta ria t by th e S ta tistica l O ffice o f th e
U n ite d N a tio n s .
‫ ؟‬in c lu d in g in te rn a tio n a l c a rg o es lo ad e d a t p o rts ٠٢ t h e G re a t L a k e s a n d St. L aw ren c e
s y s te m fo r u n io a d in g at p o rts o f th e s y s te m , in c iu d in g p e tro le u m im p o rts in to N e th e rla n d s
A n tille s a n d T rin id a d a n d T o b a g o fo r re fin in g a n d re -e x p o rt. G r e a t L ak e s a n d St. L aw ren c e
44
6741622222832
6052
0723
3753
6.7
1676
1111
1374286
1533
302
2941426
1271
1395
5302
0553
3,253
tra d e (in d r^ cargo) a itto o n te d to ‫ ? ل‬n tiliio n to n $ in 1 9 6 5 , 42 ttti!(ion to n $ in 1 9 7 0 , 59
n tillio n to n s in 1975 a n d 49 m illio n to n s in 1976,
٠١ S ee a n n e x I fo r
‫ ﺀ‬E ig n re s ro u n d e d
tlte c o m p o s itio n o f td e s e g ro u p s.
to tlte n e a re s t m illio n .
A nnex
III
MERCHANT FLEETS OF THE WORLD BY FLAO OF REOISTRATION, ‫؛‬،
CRO H ? OF COUNTRIES OR TERRITORIES AND TYPE o r SHIPS IN G.R.T. AND D.W .T., AS AT 1 JULY 8?‫وا‬
,»
(Figures for d.w.t. are shown in parentheses except in cases where such data are not available)
٠//
W orld
to ta l ،
‫؛‬
658
tankers
B u lk
carriers^
G e n era l
Total
400
748
(662 798 720)
174 729 819
(338 587 336)
103 426 009
(179 377013)
77 998 525
674‫؛‬
055
920‫؛‬
250
284 572
(467 425)
755 159
(1 273 212)
11845
(18 224)
747 631
(1 322 170)
217 807
(396 753)
643 864
(1 048515)
255 411
92 508
144 089
25 503
8 800
356 152
58 821
218 321
109 733
21549
572 91?
1049 844
466 209
468 108
،■
‫ه‬/‫ﻛ ﻤإل‬
C o n ta in e r
ships
O thers
‫ ﺀ^ﺀم‬/‫ﻣﺢﺀﻣﻢ‬market economy ‫مﺀ‬،‫ﺀ » ا‬/‫لﺀ' أ‬
and territories
Australia
A u s tr ia
Belgium
C anada
Denmarl،
Faeroe Is la n d s
F in la n d
France
G erm any, Fed. Rep. o f
G ib ra lta r
Greece
I c e la n d
Ireland
Israel
Italy
Japan
Monaco
N e th e rla n d s
New Z e a la n d
Norway
Portugal
South Africa
Spain
S w ed e n
Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Turkey
U nited Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 531 739
(2 230 305)
46148
(69 510)
1 684 692
(2 600 106)
1 129 314
(1 003 683)
5 530 408
(8 939 266)
60 939
(37 873)
2 358 623
(3 540 833)
12 197 354
(21101089)
9 736 667
(15 699 696)
832
33 956 093
(57 031 003)
175 097
(157 455)
212 143
(269 197)
420 933
(562 723)
11491873
(18 697 726)
39 182079
(64 797 256)
3 268
(4 959)
5 180 392
(7 926 136)
211112
(226 520)
26 128 428
(46 388 860)
1 239 963
(1872 265)
660 735
(794 407)
8 056 080
(13 482 270)
6 508 255
(10 867 733)
230 762
(351 467)
1358 779
30 896 606
(50 459 252)
303
(524
207
(285
2 902
;5 551
1139
(2 026
7 714
(15 034
3 418
(6 598
767
958)
308
892)
383
193)
785
867)
800
657)
607
304)
10 653 499
(19 970 717)
2491
(3 755)
3 989
(5 382)
478 878
(780 004)
1711614
(2 998 616)
2 123 195
(3 684 048)
12959 906
(22 576 997)
(642)
4 874 279
(9 078 286)
16 385 739
39
31)‫ ث‬668 (
123 650
(197 802)
206 423
(314 263)
4 2 1 5161
(7 280 555)
13430 909
(22 483 220)
959
4)(
2214752
110361
4)(
576 164
(947 847)
368
,‫ﺋ<ﺔ ﺛ ﻖ‬
191
293
27)(
646
041
337
2011)
(
597
37
554
62)(
079
2405
034
5309)(
075
0053
047
174
6)(
9002
9012)(
356
558
957
596)(
731430
14
163
836
27)(
45
9 291
51648
526 507
209 558
1473 721
307 843
989 376
2 735 543
900 857
558 465
427
405
9 588 980
731 397
74 787
97 819
29 152
5 743
49 609
87 608
121490
5 044
1129 280
158 169
1114 984
4 341 088
1 312 269
3712074
572 288
234 158
576 307
133 729
8 380 934
(14 553 476)
73 204
(116427)
150 713
(259 623)
1134 759
(1979 789)
1^52 280
(3 326 477)
111009
(180 003)
422 915
(696 096)
7 849 961
(13 615 445)
-
44 941
493 282
52 196
2 308 195
355 473
6 260
158 985
198 688
149 407
124 330
972 230
29 450
840 401
934 079
66 916
479 975
111928
-
4925
466 356
-
112 950
774
1 800 572
2 740 362
A n n e x III (‫ﺀ? امﺀ‬/»،،‫)ﻣﺢﺀ‬
M ERCHA NT FLEETS OF TH E W ORLD BY FLAG OF REGISTRATION , “
G RO U P OF COU NTRJES O R TERRITO RIES AND TYPE O F S H IP S ,، IN G .R .T . AND D .W .T ., AS AT 1 JU LY 1978
(Figures for d.w.t. are show n in parentheses except in cases where such data are not available)
٠//
T otal
United States o f America
12 759 500
(18 909 404)
6 422 020
(3 588 442)
(12 233 112)
214 779
(363 495)
317 297
(471436)
880 499
(1496 364)
215 314444
(353 580 223)
94 608 163
(180 277 987)
59 475 7??
(102 017 362)
2 599 529
(3 727 867)
80 191 329
(157 096 093)
5 630
204
(321
49 778
(103 920
20 74‫ أل‬67 ‫رو‬
(33 610 313)
7 489 205
6 337
(12 318
3 155
(6021
2 365 630
Yugoslavia
Subtotal, developed m arket econom y
countries
B ulk
carriers^
tankers
G enera!
c a rg o ^
C ontainer
ships
O thers
2 040 805
1 744 397
2 234 981
1196 365
20 226
53 761
042‫ ؛‬531 584
0467
18 603 927
2013019
5081
99 715
3 839 325
311903
2 147 677
3456
—
2 174
7 763 962
158 323
1669 381
2 287 163
207 229
187 352
!536‫؛‬
9 015
6
4 106 299
‫» ﺀﻣﻢ‬-/ ‫ ة ﺀ‬/‫ﺀت‬/‫»«مﺀ ات‬،//‫تﺀ‬
C y p ru s
Uiberla
© m an
Panam a
S in g a p o re
(12 397 813)
Subtotal, open registry countries . . . . . . . .
11 034 372
(206 839 954)
993
144)
422
758)
276 721
(417071)
24 114 002
(44 598 496)
292
385)
150
796)
(2 746 444)
59 475 857
(122 582 083)
30 862 755
(55 739 474)
4819721
(7 977 463)
‫ ﺀ م‬/‫ ه‬//‫ ﻣﺢ‬countries ‫م‬/‫ﺀ» ك ﺀﺀﻣﻢﺀ‬،،/ ‫ ﺀﻣﻢ‬and Asia
Sociaiist countries ‫م‬/ ‫ﺀﺀﺗﻪﺀ‬
/»
‫ﺀﺀ‬،‫ﺀﻣﻤﻚ‬
Albania
Bulgaria
870
55
457
74)(
1082
477
(352617
(560 566)
Czechoslovakia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
770
150
899
226)(
G erm an Dem ocratic Republic . . . . . . . . . . .
994
5391
982
2591)(
H u n g a ry
738
77
110350)(
Poland 490
5873
934
314
4)(
Rom ania 428
0411
044
368
2)(
U S S R 927
261
22
311
222
24)(
Total socialist countries o f Eastern Europe
30 087 404
(35 071 427)
275 651
(488 936)
282
(410
102
(164
629
841)
589
382)
54 631
1239
328 009
119 222
48 181
754 998
250 450
(381901)
77 738
„ ‫ةةة؛ة‬
1212714
(1 954 135)
1275 414
439 862
587 663
434 443
159 008
246
927
437)
750 (
693
173
4
442
2557)(
(2 355 444)
(9 758 568)
3 966 963
(6 190476)
(923 773)
1522 473
7 481 4 8 1
151
4 151‫؛‬
510
4
413‫؛‬
405
186
383«
Sociaiist ‫كﺀ»»مﺀ‬/'‫؟ ﺀ‬o f Asia
C h in a
Dem ocratic People’s Republic o f Korea
Yiet N am . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total sociaiist countries o f Asia
Tota• socialist countries o f Eastern Europe
and Asia
1116953
(1865 311).
(225 155)
1 0 3 1825
(1 733 466)
21734
(33 252)
33 906
(55 093)
5 421 561
(7 924 977)
1 087 465
(1 821811)
35 508 965
(42 996 404)
7 218 430
(11580 379)
5 168 898
(7 598 280)
90 078
(101 542)
162 585
46
:836 281
183 839
29 287
39 057
113926
14 753
1 116953
(1 865 311)
!979 494
237 649
5 083 916
(8 055 787)
434‫ ؛‬389
151
9 620 835
A n n e x 111 (continued)
M ERCHA NT FEEET^ ©F T H E W ORLD BY ELAG O F REGISTRATION, ‫؟‬
GRO U P O F CO U N TRIES O R TERRITO RIES AND TYPE O F SH IPS , ‫ ﺀ‬IN G .R A . AND D .W .T ., AS AT I JU LY 1978
(Figures for d.w.t. ^re showtt in parentheses except in cases where such data are not available)
٠//
B u lk
carriers^
tankers
T otal
General
cargo^
C o n ta in e r
ships
O thers
‫ﺀآﺀم‬/‫ ﻣﻪ‬/»‫ ج‬countries ‫ ﻣﻢ'ره‬-/‫هﺀ‬
A lg e ria
A n g n la
Benin
Cape Y e r d e
Com oros
Congo
Djibouti
Egypt
Equatorial © uinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E th io p ia
Gabon
Gam bia
G hana
G u in e a
G uinea B is s a u
Ivory Coast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
K enya
Libyan Arab Jam ahiriya
Madagascar
M a u rita n ia
M a u r itiu s
M o ro c co
M ozambique
N ig e ria
S e n e g al
Seychelles
1 152 086
(1769 955)
21 820
(26 627)
1074
(360)
5516
(7 596)
265
(1061)
6 942
(10 833)
1971
(2 600)
456 291
3 070
(3 366)
23 490
(30 347)
77 520
(143 406)
4 224
(4 493)
186 079
(216 874)
15 041
(17 187)
370
156
(196
15
(19
885
(1 573
40
(52
749
713)
224
925)
362
922)
303
309)
489
40 732
(51 730)
341 410
(529 549)
36 169
(35 606)
324 024
(503 996)
29 404
(26 550)
53 646
642 675
(1 207 289)
1 875
(2 750)
81 170
(126 745)
174 336
253 905
2 357
1074
3 314
216
(350)
139
(59)
1986
6 942
130 940
(214051)
1780
191
265 852
59 499
3 070
2051
20 643
796
455
2 594
(2 980)
74471
(141 158)
1986
10 764
(15 290)
138 236
47 843
436
3 841
370
2 704
142 771
13 978
9 241
3 279
39 586
50 083
34014
4 965
(4 642)
)‫( ﻗ ﺔ ة ة ا‬
1324
3192)(
489
109 128
(192 977)
6 549
(10 612)
143 999
(274 047)
58 605
(100 501)
36 357
4 375
90 759
82 918
14 102
15518
161 921
18 104
19 101
(2 579)
17 447
34 604
2 433
2 256
62 165
338
42 255
1 120
15 106
392
(2 700)
Sierra U o n e .
Somalia
Sudan
Togo
T u n is ia
U ganda
‫ روق‬4‫ﻫﺎ‬
10 458
(16 450)
72 961
(104617)
43 375
(56 893)
15 498
(23 380)
11^303
(151960)
5 510
(9 115)
27 030
(46 824)
20 157
46 531
(32 217)
5 510
47
Annex
III
{continued)
M ERCHA NT FLEETS
TH E W ORLD BY FLAC O F REGISTRATION , “
G R O U ? OE C O L N T R IE S OR TERRITO RIES AND TYPE O F S H IP S ,، IN G .R .T . AND D .W .T ., AS AT 1 JU LY 1978
(Figures for d.w.t. are shown in parentheses exeept in ^ se s where su^h data are not available)
on
T otal
United Republic of Cam eroon . . . . . . . . .
United Republic of Tanzania . . . . . . . . . .
Z a ire ....................................................................
Z a m b ia ...............................................................
Totai developing countries of Africa
B u lk
carriers^
tankers
83 111
(126 364)
36 968
(44 304)
109785
(157 603)
55©
(9 110)
47 527
(85 950)
997
(1 503)
4 3?0© 0
(6 549 210)
2 001 282
(3 714 169)
G e n era l
c a rg o ^
C o n ta in e r
ships
30 974
)276
26 765
»206
95 951
—
O thers
834‫؛‬
5 ‫ إ‬13
—
170 696
(274 753)
1 516 367
681 805
Deveioping ،’‫ه‬،‫» ا‬/ ‫'ا‬/‫ تﺀ‬o f America
399
(525)
410
(750)
2 ООО 879
(2 802 820)
84 269
(106 683)
4 448
(514)
620
(800)
1814455
(3 068 276)
3 701731
(6 006 521)
169 100
(246 157)
466 319
(688 144)
A nguiiia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Anrigua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A rgentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Baham as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Barbados . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Belize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Berm uda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Caym an Islands . . . . . . . . . . .
Chile
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
399
652 047
(982 344)
14 506
(22 166)
415 528
(676 478)
25 844
(38 600)
263
762 394
170 910
29 785
14 134
291
4 157
620
926 890
.6 9 9 938)
. 259 776
820
218( ‫؛‬
5 669
(9 355)
60 540
(101928)
29 585
(48 136)
643
(1056
1 118
(2 028
36
(56
111
(188
111433
4 800
113874
142 194
13 024
262 622
10 462
Costa R i c a
147
236 004
6 364
7 255
3 207
(10 120)
C u b a ................................................................................. . . . . . . .
Dom inican Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ecuador ................................................ . . . . . . .
£i S a lv ad o r.......................................... . . . . . . .
Falkland Islands ................................ . . . . . . .
G r e n a d a ................................................ . . . . . . .
G u a te m a la ........................................... . . . . . . .
G uyana
......................................................................
.......
H a i ti ...................................................... . . . . . . .
Honduras .
Jam aica ..
Mexico . . .
779 187
(959 847)
18313
(28 228)
201244
(274 023)
1987
(3 303)
7 937
(4 383)
226
(340)
11645
(16 076)
16 733
(15 934)
394
(523)
130 831
(141 108)
10430
(8 064)
727 201
(977 896)
71022
(107 969)
674
(1 609)
96 081
(157 057)
504 878
—
173 442
7 834
—
385
—
95 465
—
9 698
—
—
1 816
—
171
—
—
537
—
7 400
—
—
—
—
226
—
—
11395
—
250
—
6 694
—
8413
—
394
—
—
1626
(1 745)
—
29
(49
9
(16
845
933)
420
297)
122 430
1948)
383 006
(620 532)
32 105
(50 760)
6 094
4 336
135 807
176 283
1248
M ontserrat
(1861)
Nicaragua .
(48 026)
5 237
(7 972)
24 825
A n n e x 1‫ا‬
‫{ ا‬continued)
M ERCHA NT FEEETS OF TH E W ORLD BY FLAG OE REGISTRATION, “
G R O L ? OF C O L N T R IE ^ OR TERRITO RIES AND TYPE O F SH IPS , ‫ >؛‬IN G .R .T . AND D .W .T ., AS AT 1 JU LY 1978
(Figures for d.w.t. are show n in parentheses except in cases where such data are not avaiiabie)
T otal
Paragua ^‫؛‬
21930
Peru
St. Kitts, N e v is
St. Uucia
St. Yincent
S u rin a n re
Trinidad and T o b a g o
Turks and Caicos Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
U ru g u a ^ ‫؛‬
Yenezuela
Yirgin Islands (British)
(23 619)
574 718
(714410)
256
(90)
1 243
(1 386)
11523
(14 655)
8 847
(10 027)
15 890
(9 245)
2 408
(3 700)
357 174
(274 798)
823 543
G e n era l
c a ig o ^
B ulk
carriers^
Oil
la n k e n
2 935
(4 114)
>‫ةأأة‬
,
147 548
(262218)
C o n ta in e r
ships
15 566
3 429
194 096
135 518
256
357
10001
208
(354)
1736
(2 ООО)
499
(850)
111991
(196 529)
368 077
(563 198)
9 070
(13921)
6 409
2 230
2 664
11490
1785
124
49 979
12 387
331 376
115 200
720
4 158
(5 970)
Total, developing countries of America
(17 894 355)
O thers
4 0 9 2 514
(6 897 340)
2 578 505
(4 438 182)
4 237 070
6 393
1191 4 0 0
Deveioping countries and territories o f Asia
B a h rain .................................................................
B angladesh...........................................................
Brunei ..................................................................
Burma .................................................................
Dem ocratic K a m p u ch e a ..................................
Dem ocratic Y e m e n ...........................................
H ong K o n g ........................................................
I n d ia ......................................................................
In d o n e s ia .............................................................
I r a n ........................................................................
I r a q ........................................................................
3ordan ..................................................................
K u w a it..................................................................
L e b a n o n ...............................................................
M alaysia...............................................................
Maldives .............................................................
P a k is ta n ...............................................................
Philippines...........................
^ 161
(4 989)
284 496
(392 095)
899
(896)
70 848
(78 508)
3 558
(3 779)
10 061
(10 618)
874 850
(1 233 511)
5 759 224
(9 237 927)
1 272 387
(1 644 095)
1 194 675
(1 804 693)
1 305 907
(2 342 093)
2 295
(4 060)
2 240 030
(3 8 19063)
277 846
(383 336)
552 456
(810 725)
96 218
(118 985)
442 401
1 264995
(1 777 801)
1943
4 305
164 688
22 193
283
616
51254
1336
0 ‫اة‬
863
41
210
64)(
(93 026)
(7 519)
!560
3 255
(3 ООО)
29 976
(49 699)
1131891
(2018 511)
105 240
(159 920)
597 675
503 630
(838 928)
2 549 699
(4 430 231)
70 823
(109517)
—
184 248
4 920
124 656
32 340
1901658
175 976
904 690
191634
423 872
—
173 128
(1 115 364)
1 141 120
(2 163 415)
1218 9 1 2
(2 344912)
22 633
(26 188)
4 750
(7 793)
1 244
(1 603)
301 522
(538 345)
12 860
(18 822)
290 073
(475 875)
21903
(32 919)
198 044
(335 555)
2 095
200
897 666
110 592
233 280
21933
179 467
78 136
92 905
2 069
403 003
17495
598 105
167 324
A n n e x III (concluded)
M ERCHA NT FLEETS OF TH E W ORLD BY FLA© O F REGISTRATION , “
GRO U P O F COU NTRIES O R TERRITORIES AND TYPE O F SH IPS, ‫ ه‬IN G .R .T . AND D .W .T ., AS AT 1 JU LY 1978
(Figures for d.w.t. are sitowu in parentheses except in cases where such data are not available)
٠//
T otal
Qatar ....................................................................
Republic of Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saudi Arabia ......................................................
Sri L a n k a .............................................................
Syrian Arab R e p u b lic ......................................
T h a ila n d ...............................................................
U nited Arab Em irates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Yemen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total, developing countries o f Asia . . . . . .
B ulk
carriers^
tankers
G e n era l
cargo^
C o n ta in e r
ships
O thers
87 767
2 975 389
(4 681 435)
1246 112
(2 145 388)
92 528
(125 736)
26 518
(39 473)
335 116
14313
1 065
(1 985
1 021
(1 892
562
083)
652
842)
642 099
773 394
(1 275 324)
64418
(85 009)
21 30^
387 414
106 920
114 950
45 092
61200
10 026
25 065
1453
(35 170)
151220
(262 836)
78 033
(146 314)
156 479
(250 999)
1436
(1 850)
168 501
20 581 652
(32 153 06^)
7016 222
(12 962 044)
4 540 596
(7 695 206)
101 541
(133 768)
(7 805)
30 067
(47 972)
191 541
(133 768)
5 339
(7 805)
30 067
(47 972)
10 023
(8 468)
54 004
(74 458)
254
(400)
(9 701)
1333
(868)
16718
(16 572)
2018
(2 005)
20 663
(23 346)
714
(60)
(5 431)
60 021
18 425
1 260
176
7 198;
1594 970
231 576
Developing countries o f Europe
Malta .........................................
Total, developing countries of Europe . . . .
i686
7 449
7 449
‫ ﺀ"ﺀم‬/‫ ةإ< اﻣﻪ‬countries and territories o f ‫»ه ﺀﺀم‬/‫ه‬
Fiji
N a u ru
4 392
36 976
(58 808)
New Hebrides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oiibert Is!ands/T uvaiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Papua New O uinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solomon Isiands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tonga
W estern S a m o a
Total, developing countries and territories
of O c e a n ia .........................................................
O ther countries and territories n.e.s, . , . , .
112057
(135 478)
1 619 595
(22 516 266)
13 849
3 179
3 188
130
1333
1276
(1 198)
« 0 /6
7416
1058
960
17 658
3 005
714
4 796
(7 029)
307 216
(558 500)
36
(58
646
(1049
976
808)
721
469)
٠‫ك‬
‫اﺀ‬٢‫ ﻛﻜﻚ‬.■ L lo y d 's R e g iste r o f S h i p p in g : S ta tis tic a l Tables, 1 9 7 8 (L o n d o n ), a n d S H ?^ lei^ en ta ry d a ta FegaTdIng th e G r e a t L a k e s flee ts o f th e U n ite d S ta te s o f A m e ric a a n d C a n a d a
a n d th e U n ite d S ta te s re s e rv e Oeet.
554 765
tankers
b S ^ip$ 100 ‫ آه‬g .r.t. a n d o v e r , e x c lu d in g th e G r e a t L a ^ e s O eets o f th e U n ite d S ta te s o f
A m e ric a a n d C a n a d a a n d th e U n ite d S ta te s re s e rv e fleet.
9 O re a n d b u lk c a rrie rs o f b ООО g .r.t- a n d o v e r, in c lu d in g o r c /b u l k / o i l c a rrie rs.
In c lu d in g p a s s e n g e r/c a rg o .
U n iic d S u u e s G r e a t
L akes F l e e l . . . . . . .
C a n a d ia n G re a t
L ak e s F le e l
U n ite d S ta tes
1 7 2 8 130
(2 903 208)
1 8 2 5 183
(2 5 9 1 7 0 3 )
25
(38
09
(104
(v e sse ls o f 1 ООО
g .r.t. an d o v e r
1 7 0 0 ООО
(2 125 ООО)
(330 000)
* S ee I'oot-note с ab o v e .
** S ee fo o t-n o te d above.
E x c lu d in g esti(3tates of;
50
20 781
49 504
‫ل ﺀ آ‬/ / ، ‫ا‬
٤، T h e d e s ig n a tio n s e m p lo y e d a n d th e p re s e n ta tio n o f m a te ria l In th is tab ic re fer to flags
o f re g is tra tio n a n d ^0 n o t im p ly th e e x p re s s io n o f a n y o p in io n by t ^ e S ecretaria t o f th e
U n ite d N a tio n s c o n c e rn in g th e legal s ta tu s o f a n y c o u n try o r te rrito ry , o r o f its a u th o ritie s ,
o r c o n c e rn in g th e d e lim ita tio n 0 ‫ آ‬its fro n tie rs.
‫ل‬
‫ﺀ‬
5 377
-
922
883)
357
452)
210000
92 784
18 109
B u lk
carriers*
‫ةا‬
710
03
91
7 582)
2(
1 5903
14
0242
5 2)
0(
G e n era l
cargo**
30 737
O thers
111Ы
104 037
A nnex IV
SELECTED MAXIMUM AND M INIMUM^ TIIAM? FREIGHT
1975-1978RATES
,
)
Commodity route
unitCurrency
1975
sterling and----------------------____
dollars)
H ig h
L ow
1975
‫ ا‬97‫ق‬
1977
—
H ig h
L ow
H ig ^
Low
H ig h
L ow
:Heavy grain
G u lf o f M exico (United S ta te sJ-In d ia‫؛؛‬. . . . . . . .
Dollars
28.25
24.00
26.50
26.25
River P late-A n tw erp /H am b u rg range ٠٠ . . . . . . . .
Dollars
16.00
13.00
21.25
20.75
15.00
15.00
19.25
15.00
Ri ve r Pl a t e - З а р а п ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D o l l a r s
19.50
17.20
24.00
16.50
21.50
17.00
26.00
18.50
N orth Paclfic-R epublic o f K o r e a ' . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dollars
20.50
11.65
16.60
11.35
14.50
13.25
18.00
13.25
....................
Dollars
9.00
5.65
8.00
5.50
7.45
6.25
11.00
7.25
M au ritiu s-U n ited K i n g d o i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sterling
10.65
7.50
13.65
9.90
11.90
11.05
13.25
11.15
16.50 ، 16.00 ، 26.50 ، 22.0 0 ، 21.00
15.90
:C oal
H antpton
:Sugar
Phlllppines-U S A ................................................................
B razll-continental-E urope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dollars
5.00
3.10
4.25
3.30
3.85
3.075
٢ ...............
DollarsM onrovia-C
3.10
ontinental
2.30 E u ro4.45
pe
Dollars
4.00
3.00
2.40
2.95
2.95
3.25
2.525
‫ﺎ ا م ﺀ ﻣ ﺎ ا م‬.•
‫ﺀ؛ﻫ‬
A q a b a-W e st coast o f I n d i a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dollars
16.00
7.50
9.50
9.50
9.75
8.25
11.50
8.25
Dollars
42.50
25.00
23.00
23.00
24.25
21.00
34.00
30.00
Fertilizers:
G u lf o f Mexico (United S^ t €$) - I ndl a ‫ ؟‬. . . . . . . .
‫ك‬،<
‫ااﻫﻞ ا ﻣﺄ >ﻫﻞﺀﻫﻤﻢ ﺀﺀﺀﺳﻢ‬
١ ٢١١
4,
.■ / '
) ! > (, 5 !^■^
197 ‫ ة‬J a n u a r y ]9 7 7 a n d 9 J a n u a r y 1 9 7 9 ; fo r
197^7^, f a i r p l a y / n r‫ ؟‬m ،rrton،r/5A /‫>؛‬pfn‫ ؟‬lf'،،A J y (L o n d o n ), v o l. 2 6 5 , N o . 4 9 2 4 , 19 J a n u a ry 1979,
115
‫ه‬
‫أم‬
‫ه‬
A b o u t 5 0 0 0 0 ton$.
e A c c o rd in g to fa frp /a y /n re m n r/o n a /S J i/p p /^ lE o e W y ,( L o n d o n ),v o l. 2 5 7 ,N o .4 8 2 0 ,S J a n u a r y
.‫• ﺀ‬
A p p r o x im a te (cvela.
‫ ﺀ‬20 ‫س‬
‫ل‬4 ,0 ‫ س‬to n‫ ؟‬.
- 2 ‫ »( ﻣﺊ‬to n‫ ؟‬.
٢
197 ‫’■'؛؛ة‬
,‫ ﺀ‬fo r 1 9 7 5 ; a n d
6 0 0 0 0 - 8 0 0 0 0 to n.‫؟‬
g D ia m m o n iu m p b o‫ ؟‬p b ate .
ibid.,
vo!. 2 6 1 , N o . 4 8 7 4 , 2 0 J a n u a ry 1 9 7 7 , 8 1
.‫ ﺀ‬,
fo r 1976.
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‫ﺀإل‬
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‫‪о ،٠١‬‬
‫‪II‬‬
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‫ة|ة ؤ|■‬
‫ة‬
‫ع‬
‫و ق‪-‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪،‬ﻟ ﺘ ﺎ‬
‫‪:‬‬
‫ه‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫ظ‬
‫‪١٠‬‬
‫‪Ш‬‬
‫§‬
‫ه‬
‫ﻟﺘﺤﺪ ة‬
. ‫ﺗﺎ ل‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎ ص ا ﻟﻲ اﻛﻲ‬
‫ا ﻳﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻨﺜﻮ رات ا ال ﻣﻢ ا‬
. ‫ االﻟﻢ‬. ‫ ﻋﺎ‬- ‫اس ؛ ص ا ﻣﺈ ت ودﻟﻞ اﻛﺮزع آ ؛ ﺳﻊ ا‬
•
‫ﺑﻒ‬
‫ ﻣﺮ ك ار ﻧﻲ‬,‫ا ﻳﻊ ﻧﻢ ' ﺀ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻟﺨﻤﻮ ل‬
‫ﻛﻴﻨﻴﺔ ا‬
‫ﻳﻢ ا ﺳﻮ د ﻃﻰ ﺷﺘﻮرات االم‬
‫اس‬
‫االﺗﻢ‬
: ‫اﻟﻰ‬
‫أن ا ﻛﺐ‬
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