TD/B/C.4/178/Rev.l
U N IT E D
N ^ T ID N ^
C O N FER EN C E
O N
T R ^D E
^ N D
D E ^ L O F ^ E N T
Review
of maritime transport, 1977
U N IT E D
N ^ T IO N ^
U N IT E D
N ^ T ID N ^
C O N FER EN C E
O N
T R ^D E
^N D
D E ¥E L O ?^^E N T
G eneva
Review
of maritime transport, ^ ‫??و‬
Report by the secretariat ofU N C T A D
U N IT E D N ^ T IO N ^
N e w Y o rk , 1979
NOTE
Symbols o f U nited N ations docum ents are com posed o f capital letters
com bined ^^ith b§ures. M ention o f such symbol indicates a reference to a U nited
N ations docum ent.
T he designations em ployed and the presentation o f m aterial in this Review
do not im ply the expression o f any opinion ^¥hatsoe¥er on the part o f the Secretariat o f the U nited N ations concerning the le^al status o f any country, territory,
city or area, or o f its authorities, or concerning the delim itation o f its frontiers
or boundaries.
TD/B/C.4/178/Rev.l
^N !^£٥ NATIONS ?OB£I€ATION
‫ه^ﺀﺀام‬
£.? ‫ و‬11..‫ ه‬.?
Price: $u.s. 7.00
(or equivalent in other currenciea)
CONTENTS
Page
Explanatory notes
vi
Abbreviations
vii
Paragraphs
Introduction
Chapter
3-14
I. Tire developm ent o t international seaborne trade
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
15-47
152-‫و‬
15-18
T he developnrent o f the rvorld m erchant tleet
A. Changes in the world h e e t
1. Changes in the total tonna§e
. . . . .
2. ?rodnctivity o f shipping
. . . . . .
3. T rends in types o f vessel
. . . . . .
4. Trends in s i ^ e
5. T rends in propulsion
٠
. .٠
. .٠
B. O istrib^tion o f the world deet
. . . . .
1. O istribntion o f tonna§e by type o f vessel .
2. A^e distribution o f the world m erchant deet
3. O istribution o f tonnage on order
. . ٠
1‫ و‬21
-
22-25
2 ‫ ة‬2728-29
3b-47
30-36
37-43
44-47
48-53
Shipbuilding
V^orld ship p r i c e s ........................................
A. Changes in prices o f new vessels . ٠ .
B. Changes in prices o f second-hand vessels
54-57
54-55
56-57
Ereight m a r k e t s
A. G eneral developm ents
B. Changes in freight rates in 1977
1. ‫ ال آ ه‬cargo tram p m arhet freight rates
. .
2. Cargo liner freight r a t e s
‫ز‬
3 . Т а п к г freight r a t e s
c . Ereight rate indices o f selected com m odities exported by developing countries
٥ . Liner freight rates as a percentage o f prices o f selected com m odities
. . .
58-74
D. Airtransport
E. U N C T A D technical assistance
٠
.
.
.
٠
.
. .
٠
.
21
21
67-72
67
? o rt developm ents . ٠ . ٠
A. C eneral notes
.. . ٠
B. □ em an d for po rt services
€ . Supply o f port services
٥٠ A dequacy o f port services
^ . © t h e r developm ents
A. Code o f C onduct for Einer Conferences
B. lo in t ventures involving developing countries
C .^ u e ^ C anal
. . . . . . . ;
٠
0
1
.. .
72
73
74
‫ال‬
75-95
75-78
79-83
84-87
88-95
25
25
25
25
31
96-1B3
96-97
98
99-100
34
34
34
35
23
23
٩٩
101-102
103
35
L IS T OF TABLES
Page
1. D evelopm ent o f international seaborne trade in 1965, 1970 and 1974-76
. . . . . . . . .
2. W orld seaborne trade In 1965, 1970 and 1 9 7 1 977 - ‫ ه‬by ty^es of cargo
. ٠
3. W orld seaborne trade in 1965, 1970, 1974, 1975 and 1976 by ty^es o f car §0 and sb^res o f groups o f
c o u n trie s
4. O is trib n tio n o ^ o rld to n n a ^ e g .r.t.a n d d .^ ^ .t.)b y ^ ro u ^ so fc o u n t^
1965,1970,1976
and 1977
5. W o r ld to n n a § e o n o r d e r a s a t3 0 ^ e ^ te n r b e r l9 7 7
6. Cargo carried ^er d.^^.t. o f world Oeet in 1967, 1970 and 1974-1976
7. £stinrated ton-nriles o f oil and grain shi^nrents perd.w .t. in 1965,1970 and 1974-1976, by oil tankers o f
10,000 d.^^.t. and abo^e
8. £stinrated ton-nriles o fb n lk conrniodities carried p er d.w.t. in 1967, 1970 and 1974-1976 by bnlk
carriers, including conrbined carriers o f 18,000 d.^^.t. and abo^e
9. Analysis o f the world Oeet by principal types o f vessel, 1970 and 1974-1977
10. Average si^e o f selected types o f vessel in the world heet in 1965, 1970 and 1975-1977
. . . .
11. ?ro p u lsio n analysis o f the world Oeet as at 1 July, 1965, 1970 and 1975-1977
12. £ ren d s in propulsion o f vessels on order (under construction and not conrnrenced) at 30 8eptenrber,
1975-1977
13. ?ercentage shares o f world tonnage by type o f vessel as at 1 July, 1965, 1970, 1976, 1977
. . .
14. ^ g e distribution o f world nrerchant fleet by types o f vessel as at 1 July 1977 . . . . . . . .
15. W orld tonnage on order as at 30 ^eptenrber 1975-1977
16. □ e liv e rie so fn e w buildings, 1970 and 1975-1977
17. D istribution o f deliveries o f new buildings by groups o f countries o f build, 1 9 0 ‫ ث‬and 1975-1977 .
18. D istribution o f tonnage on order by groups o f countries o f build, 1970 and 1975-1977
. . . .
19. R epresentative new building prices, 1970 and 1973-1977
20. £ s t ^ a t e d prices for new and ready liner-type vessels o f 11,000/13,000 d.w.t., 1970 and 1973-1977
21. b an k ers: second-hand prices, average values, 1970 and 1973-1977
22. D ry bulk carriers: second-hand prices, average values, 1970 and 1973-1977
23. Liner-type vessels: second-hand prices, average values, 1970 and 1973-1977
24. Freight rate indices, 1975-1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25. ^unrnrary o f liner freight rate changes and surcharges announced during the period 1974-1977 . .
26. Indices o f freight rates o f selected com m odities exported by developing countries, 1975-1977
. .
27. ^ a tio o f liner freight rates to prices o f selected com m odities, 1964, 1970 and 1973-1976 . . . .
28. Nummary o f the range o f questionnaires and answers by regions
29. D ata on selected ports, 1976
30. C ontainer tra® c in selected ports o f developing countries, 1976
31. C ontainer traffic in selected ports o f developed m arket-econom y countries, 1976
. . . . . .
32. D evelopm ent o f container traffim in the m ajor ^ s ia n ports, 1974-1976
33. D evelopm ent o f container traffic in several ports o f W est Africa, the €arib b ean and ^outh Am erica,
1974 and 1975
. . . . . .
. ١ .
٠.
٠.
. ٠. .٠. ..
. . .. . . . .
34. ?resen t and forecast traffic in several ports in developing countries
35. E r r e n t im provem ents to inland ports and waterways
. 29 . ...
٠
... ٠ . ‫ز‬
36. W orld £ an k loans or credit for port developm ent granted in 1976-77
37. Average daily num ber and net tonnage o f vessels using the Suez ^ a n a l in 1966, 1976 and 1977
.
38. £ ren d s in air freight volum e and in air freight operating revenues, 1972-1976
‫؛‬٢
3
4
4
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
12
13
14
15
15
15
17
17
18
18
18
20
22
23
.24
25
26
27
28
29
29
29
... ٠
32
34
35
ANNEXES
I. Classification o f countries and territories
.......................................................................................................
II. W orld seaborne trade according to geographical areas, 1965, 197©, 197 ‫ ه‬and 1975 . . . ٠ ٠ ٠
III. M erchant heets o f the I^orld by flag o f registration, groups o f countries and types o f ships, in g.r.t. and
d.w.t., as at 1 July 1977
IV. Selected m axim um and m inim um tram p freight rates, 1974-1977
V. Tiner freight rate changes and surcharges announced during the year 1977
...................................
37
39
41
48
49
EXPLANATORY NOTES
References to dollars ($) are to U nited States dollars, unless other^^ise
indicated.
References to tons are to nretric tons, unless otherwise specified.
T he term “ b illio n ” signifies 1,000 m illion.
Use o f a h^^phen between ‫^؛‬ears, e.g., 1974-1975, signifies the full period
involved, including the beginning and end )?ears.
O etails and percentages in tables do not necessaril)? add up to totals, owing to
rounding.
T he following symbols have been used in the tables in this Review.
A full stop (.) indicates decimals.
Two dots (..) signify that data are not available or ^re not separately
reported.
A dash (—) signifies th at the am ount is nil, or less than h alf the unit used.
٠
٠ ٠
T he classification o f countries and territories used in this Review is intended for statistical convenience and does not necessarily im ply any Judgem ent
regarding the stage o f developm ent o f any particular country.
ABBREVIATIONS
N am es o f organizations
EEC
E ^C A ?
IBRO
ICAO
lO A
OEC O
OREC
UNCTAD
E uropean Econom ic C om m unity
E conom ic and Social Com m ission for Asia and the ?acih c
International Ban^ for R econstruction and O evelopm ent (W orld
BanE)
International Civil A viation O rganisation
International O evelopm ent Association
O rganisation for E conom ic C o-operation and O evelopm ent
O rganisation o f the Eetroleum Exporting C ountries
U nited N ations C onference on Trade and D evelopm ent
Other abbreviations
b.h.p.
CAE
d.w.t.
GNP
LASH
EN G
LPG
OBO
P .W .C .
ro /ro
RSS
TEU
ULCC
VLCC
Bra^e horsepower
C urrency adjustm ent factor
Cost, insurance, freight
Deadweight tons
Free in and out o f ship
Eree on board
Oross national product
G ross registered tons
Lighter aboard ship
Li^uehed natural gas
Li^uehed petroleum gas
O re/bulk/oil
?akistan white cuttings ^ute)
R oll-on, ro ll-o ^
R ibbed sm oked sheet (rubber)
Twenty-foot e ‫ و‬uivalent unit
U ltra large crude carrier
Very large crude carrier
IN T R O D U C T IO N
1 . A s i n previous years, this review has been prepared by the secretariat of
U N C T A D in aceordance with item V o f the program m e of w or^ o f the C om m ittee
on Shipping . ‫ا‬
2. Statistical evidence and other inform ation w ith regard to the developm ent
o f international m aritim e transport is presented and discussed in the review w ith a
view to relating year-to-year developm ents to relatively longer-term trends in world
shipping, ?a rticu lar attention is given to factors and developm ents atfecting the
trade and shipping o f developing countries. In order to ^eep the si^e o f the tables
w ithin m anageable lim its, in m ost cases data for the m ost recent years only have
been included. D ata for earlier years can be found in the Review o f m aritim e
transport, 1972-1973, and the Review o fm a ritim e transport, 1976,'^
>Official records ٠/ the Trade and Development Board, Fifth Session, Supplement No. 2
(TD/B/116/Rev.l), annex II.
‫ﺀ‬Review ofmaritime transport, 1972-1973: report by the secretariat ofUNCTAD (United N^tinn^
publication, Sales No. E.75.II.D.3) and Review ofmaritime transport, 1976: report by the secretariat ٠/
UNCTAD (United Nations publication. Sales No. E.78.II.D.5).
Chapter !
THE DEVELOPM ENT OF INTERNATIONAL SEARORNE TRADE
3.
T he growth o f seaborne trade in 1976 and 1977 4. W orld seaborne trade in 1965, 1970 and 1974was significantly induenced by an econom ic recovery in 1976 is shown in table 1. F arth er infornration by type o f
developed m arket-econom y countries, which was, cargo and groups o f countries is given in ta b le d and
however, short-lived. ١ T he O EC D growth rate annex II. Figures for 1977 are not yet available.
weakened m arkedly in the second quarter o f 1977 and
5. W orld seaborne trade increased by 9 per cent in
has since rem ained sluggish. Real O N ? for OECD
countries rose by an estim ated 3.5 per cent in 1977 as 1976in term s ofgoods loaded.A ccording to prelim inary
com pared with an increase o f 5.2 per cent in 1976 and an estim ates, trade rose again in 1977 by some 3.3 per cent
average growth o f 4.3 per cent from 1964-1965 to in term s o f weight and by 4.3 per cent in term s o f
1974-1975. According to prelim inary inform ation, ton-m iles.
O ECD exports rose by 4.75 per. cent as against an
6. As shown in table 1, both tanker and dry cargo
increase o f Id .5 p er cent in the previous year; im ports loadings increased in 1976 by 9 per cent. T he share of
rose by 5 per cent as against 14 per cent in 1976; oil tanker cargo rose m arginally to 53.6 per cent o f the
im ports rose by 5.75 per cent as against 9.5 per cent in world seaborne trade; in 1977 it should increase further
1976.^ T he estim ated world production o f crude oil since, according to prelim inary estim ates, tanker cargo
increased by about 3.6 per cent in 1977 to 2,94© m illion loadings rose by 5 per cent com pared with a 2 p er cent
tons; th e production o f O PEC countries rose by 1 per increase for dry cargoes.
cent to 1,541 m illion to n s.‫؛‬
7. In 1975, crude petroleum accounted for 83 per
‫ أ‬See “W ٢‫ ﻫﺎه‬economic outlook 1977-1978: report by tlie cent o f tanker cargo as against 81.7 per cent in the
UNCTAD ^ecreturiut” (TD/B/665/Add.l); reprinted in Official previous year; prelim inary heures for 1976 and 1977
Records ofthe Trade and Development Board, Seventeenth Session,
indicate m arginal huctuations in these years.
Annexes, u‫ج‬end‫ ه‬item also Handbook oflnternational Trade and
Development Statistics, Supplement 1977 (United Nations publication. Sales No. E/F.78.II.D.1).
^D£CD, OECD Economic Outlook (Paris), No. 22, Decernberl977.
‫ﺀ‬Data provided to the UNCTAD secretariat by the secretariat of
DPEC.
8. D etailed data concerning types o f dry cargo are
not available. Table 1 shows th at seaborne trade in the
five m ain bulk com m odities rose in 1976 by 2 per cent,
w hich was due m ostly to the expansion o f the grain trade
by about 9 m illion tons; these com m odities accounted
for 41.6 per cent o f dry cargo total as against 44.5 per
T able 1
Development oflnternational seaborne trade ‫ ﺀ‬In 1965,1970 and 19?d-1976
(Goods loaded)
Drycargo
Tankercargo
Percentage
increase/
Year
1965
197©
‫ ا‬97‫ه‬
1975
1976 . . . . .
Millions
oftons
‫ﺟﻮ‬2
1,440
1 832
1,644
1,797
over
previous
year
9
13
-7
-1 0
9
0/which:
main bulk,
commodities'^
Total
Millions
oftons
812
1,165
1,471
1,428
1,555
Percentage
increase/
decrease
over
previous
year
13
13
١
-٩
‫و‬
Millions
oftons
327
488
668
635
646
Total(allgoods)
Millions
oftons
1,674
6
162,60513
7
3,304
-١
3,072-4
3,352
‫غ‬
11
1
‫ﺀ‬
Sources: (\) For tanker cargo, total dry cargo and total all goods: data communicated to the UNCTAD secretariat by t^e
$tatistical Office ofthe United N iio n s.‫ ه‬win‫ ف‬to possible subsequent revisions or other fectore, these d«ailed data may differ marginally
^om the aggregated figures reported in the United Nations, MonthlyBulletin ofStatistics. January issues.
(ii) For main bul^ commodities: Feai^ley and £gei‫ ؟‬Charteri
a Including international cargoes loaded at ports ofthe Great I^kes and St. Lawrence system fo‫ ؟‬unloading at po^^of the same
system, but excluding such traffic in main bulk commodities. Including petroleum im^3!^s into Netherlands Antilles and Trinidad and
Tobago for refining and re-export.
b Iron ore, grain, coal, bauxite/alumina and phosphate. Since 1973, the categoiY “grain” includes also soya beans and sorghum.
cent in 1975. Estim ates for 1977 indicate that, while
seaborne trade in dry cargo increased by 1.8 per cent, the
trade in iron ore, coal and grain declined by 3.7, 1.6 and
2 per cent respectively.
products. “G eneral cargoes” are m ostly m oved In liner
vessels, Including container vessels, although some are
transported by tram ps and specialised carriers; “m in or”
bulh com m odities are increasingly carried by bull‫؛‬
9.
T he rem aining 909 m illion tons — i.e. 58.5 per carriers, although some are carried in sm all shipm ents
cent o fth e dry cargoes carried by sea in 1976— consisted on liner vessels. In 1976, about 78 m illion tons of
o f “general cargo” and “ m inor” b u l^ com m odities; the “m inor” bull‫ ؛‬cargoes were carried by bulh carriers and
latter com prise a wide range o f cargoes, including sugar, com bined carriers o f 18,000 d.w.t. and over, as
salt, fertilisers, cem ent, gypsum, sulphur, pyrites, com pared w ith 151 m illion tons in 1975.
m ineral sands, m anganese and non-ferrous ores, petroleum coEe, scrap iron, pig iron, steel products and wood
10.
Table 2 gives data on world seaborne trade in
term s on ton-m iles. ?relim inary estim ates for 1977
T able 2
World seaborne ^rade in 1965,1976 and 1974-1977 by types of cargo
{Billions ofton-miles)
Crude
٠(■/
Year
849 5
537 1
1970
. . . .
1974
. . . .
1975
. . . .
1976
. . . .
1977 (estimated)
449
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Oil
products
216
5 597
9 660
8882
10229
10 800
890
960
845
950
1 02 0
Iron
ore
27‫ ا‬9 6 ‫ و‬.
1 093
1 578
1 471
1469
1 400
Coal
.
.
Grain^
. .
481
558
621
591
585
.
475
695
734
779
760
Other
cargo
Total
trade
‫و‬
2 4640
80
2 118
2 935
2 810
3035
3 220
10 654
16 386
15 363
17053
17 785
SoMree.-Feamley and Egcrs chartering Co. L^d., Review77‫( ﺀا‬Oslo), January 1978.
‫ ﺀ‬Inoludes wheat, maize, barley, oats, rye, sorghum and soya bean.
show that, notw ithstanding a decline in ftgures for iron (62.1 p er cent in 1974) and 73.7 per cent o f unloadings
ore, coal and grain, the world seaborne trade rose again (77 per cent in 1974); their share o f petroleum unloadand reached a peah level.
ings was 79.2 per cent for crude petroleum and 79 per
11. T he percentage shares o f various groups o f cent for petroleum p r ^ u c t s (79 per cent and 80.3 per
countries in t^ e v o lu n‫ ؛‬e o f world seaborne trade, s e p a r -‫^ ؛؛^؟‬
ately b y lo ad in g san d u n lo ad in g san d ty p eso fcarg o es,in
٠‫؛‬
^ ٥٠ petroleum loadings,
actu^l^dua^tities loaded atld u‫ ؟‬lo^ded by groups o f
‫?ص‬
‫•ر‬
” ®■
12. In 1975, the developed m ark t-C c o n o m y c o u n tries accounted for 32.8 per cent o f the tonnage loaded
(31.4 p er cent in 1974) and 76.6 per cent o f the tonnage
unloaded (78.3 per cent in 1974). These countries
accounted for 62.4 per cent o f dry cargo loadings
loadings declined from 9 4 ‫ﻣ ﻖ‬per cent in 1974 to 93.9 per
cent for crude petroleum and from 6d.7 per cent in 1974
to 57.7 per cent for petroleum products ; the percentage
o f petroleum unloaded in developing countries only
am ounted to 18.9 per cent o f the world total in 1975.
161.6 m illion tons o f petroleum products were loaded in
١٧٢
n
1975, developing ‫ ؟‬ou^trieg^a‫ ؟‬counted for
Ta b l e 3
World seaborne tradea in 1965,19?©, 1974,b 1975 and 1976 ‫ ﺀ‬by types of cargo and shares of groups of ^onntriesb
(Millions oftons andpercentages ofworldtotal)
Goods unloaded
Petroleum
Countrygroup
andyear
Crude
Products
Dry
cargo
Total
all
Petroleum
Crude
Products
Dry
cargo
Total
all
(Trade in millions oftons)
w©rld total
1965
1970
1974
1975
1976
.
.
.
.
1110
1497
1 364
■1797
81?
1 165
1472
14 28
1 555
240
330
335
280
1674
2 605
3 304
3 072
3 352
622
222
1101
302
1470
312
1 373
287
—
1614 —
1 127
1472
676!
530‫؛‬
055‫؛‬
1619
233‫؛‬
(Percentage share ofeach category ofgoods in ،‫م‬،‫وه‬
World total
1965
1970
1974
1975
1976
.
.
.
.
37.2
42.6
45.3
44.4
14.3
12.7
10.2
9.1
48.5
44.7
44.5
46.5
46.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
37.1
43.5
45.2
45.0
—
49.9
13.2
11.9
9.6
9.4
—
49.7
44.6
45.2
45.6
50.1
00.0‫؛‬
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
)T a b l e ?! (continued
World seaborne
1970,197
trade
In‫<؛ ه‬
, ‫ ل ه‬97 ‫ع‬
197
and‫ ﺀة‬by types olcar^o and scares olgroups
00‫؛‬
0‫ﻫﺔﻣﺎأﻣﺤ ال‬
Millions)‫م‬/‫ ﺀ» مﺀ‬and percentages o f world total(
Goods loaded
Goods unloaded
Petroleum
Countrygroup
andyear
Crude
Products
Dry
cargo
Total
٠//
Petroleum
Crude
Products
Dry
cargo
Total
all
Percentage share)‫م‬/‫ كﺀ‬،‫ﺀﻣﺤﺮ‬by groups ofcountries(
Developed ]narl،et-econonry countries
1963
1970
1974
1973
..................................................................................
0.1
1.3
1.7
2.4
Socialist countries ofEastern Europe and Asia
1963
1970
1974
1973
..................................................................................
..................................................................................
4.6
3.4
2.9
3.7
23.3
26.9
lli
33.9
60.0
62.1
62.4
12.3
6.9
0.4
1.0
1.1
2.1
2.1
6.1
8.0
10.0
79.0
79.4
32.8
78.9
79.9
79.0
79.2
١٦
7.2
7.3
76.3
79.1
77.0
78.1
79.5
78.3
76.6
6.3
4.1
79.0
Ofwhich:
in Eastern E ^ope
1963
1970
1974
1973
..................................................................................
..................................................................................
4.6
3.4
2.7
3.1
0.4
0.9
1.7
1.0
0.8
8.0
12.3
6.4
6.4
5.0
1.4
0.6
0.8
0.3
0.3
0.9
0.6
^.4
2.7
3.4
1.9
in Asia
1963
1970
1974
1973
..................................................................................
..................................................................................
—
—
0.2
0.6
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.1
1.7
0.7
0.1
2.1
1.3
1.2
0.6
0.8
1.3
1.3
20.0
17.6
18.0
17.6
18.9
17.7
19.8
0.7
Developing countries
1963
1970
1974
1973
93.3
67.8
63.9
60.7
93.0
30.7
93.4
30.3
93.9
61.8
63.1
63.1
61.1
20.7
18.4
19.3
18.9
18.8
17.1
18.4
19.3
Ofwhich:
in Atrica
1963
1970
1974
1973
4.1
10.6
16.0
23.4
7.6
16.6
7.3
16.1
11.1
20.9
12.2
21.0
6.0
16.0
3.1
4.1
2.7
11.2
11.0
3.7
4.3
2.8
inAnrerica
1963
1970
1974
1973
..................................................................................
7.4
7.3
42.8
36.2
33.0
4.4
4.6
7.4
7.3
7.2
7.3
7.4
in Asia
1963
1970
1974
1973
70.3
23.3
38.4
‫ة‬:‫ة‬
26.1
8.2
37.4
8.6
71.4
29.4
7-3
6.1
8.4
7.4
7.9
in Europe
1963
1970
1974
1973
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
..............................................................................................
—
a
in Dceania
1963
1970
1974
1973
Лмгсе.Аппех П of the present Review.
‫ ﺀ‬See note ‫ ه‬to table ١٠
developing countries in 1975, i.e. som e 56 m illion tons
less th an in 197d, 75 per cent o f the decline being
attributed to developing countries in Am erica. The
relative im portance o f different geographical groups o f
developing countries in the total loadings and unloadings has not changed s ig n ih c a n tj.
0.7—
0.1
0.8—
0 7—
0.6—
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.1
0.1،
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.8
0.8
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
٠ Preliminary estimates from data in United Nations, Monthly Bulletin o f Statistics,
^ol. xxxu, No. !,January 1978.
‫ ه‬$ee annex I below for the composition of these groups.
14.
Socialist countries o f £astcrn Europe and ^ s ia
increased tire percentage o f cargoes loaded in th eir ports
from 5.5 per cent in 1974 to 6.1 per cent in 1975 ; cargo
unloaded rose from 3.3 per cent to 4.1 per cent. T he
increase w a‫ ؛‬higher in the loadings o f petroleum
products and in dr‫ ^؛‬cargo unloadings.
Chapter II
THE DEVELOPM ENT OF THE W ORLD M E C H A N T FLEET
A. Changes In the ^nrld fleet
ing increase o f 9 p er cent in g.r.t. (10 p er cent in d.w.t.)
fronr m id-1975 to m id-1976. This figure includes laid1. Changes in the total tonnage
up tonnage, which, according to the O eneral C ouncil of
British Shipping, was 19.7 !million g.r.t. o r 37.1 nrillion
(a) E xisting tonnage
d.w.t. D espite the decline o f the rate o f growth o f the
15.
In m id-1977, world sea-going tonnage world fleet, the tonnage increase was the third largest
am ounted to 388.5 m illion g.r.t. (641.3 m illion d.w.t.), since 1948. Tonnage changes from 1965 to 1977 and the
which re je c ts a rise o f 5.8 per cent in g.r.t. (6.7 per cent shares o f various groups o f countries are shown in
in d.w.t.) over m id-1976, com pared with a correspond­ table 4.
T able 4
Distribution of world tonnage‫؛‬، (g.r.t. and d.w.t.) by groups of countries of registration in 1965,197©, 1976 and 1977
(Mid-yearfigures)
).Increase in tonnage (g.r.t
Tonnage andpercentage^
Millions ofg.r.t.
Flags ofregistration
in groups o f
countries
1. World total
146.8
( 100 .0)
2. Developed market-economy countries
102.2
..................................
i n A s i a ..........................................................
182.0
83.6)(
306.8
(83.6)
(7.4)
19.3
(8.9)
(8.3)
8)‫ت‬
6(
10.3
(7.0)
18.6
(8.5)
(7.3
(7.4)
٨٨
0.9
(0.4)
(1.0)
(1.2)
13.2
(7.0)
(7.3)
(8.6)
9.8
13.0
10.8
18.6
١٨٨
١٨٠
(7.4)
Ofwhich:
in Africa
.....................................................
................................................
in America
in A s i a ..........................................................
in Europe
. ..
in Oceania
٠.
7. Otlrer, unallocated
211.0
(2Т1)
(0.4)
Developing countries total . . . . . . .
367.1
: ( ( 100 .0 ) ( 100.0)
‫ةةئ‬
40.9
18.8)(
124.3
Socialist countries ofEastern Europe and Asia
1977
207.3
(36.3)
(13.1)
4. Total 2 and;
)‫؛‬
1976
Millions ofd.w
141.1
64.8)(
22.1
3. ©pen registry countries،
Ofwhich:
in Eastern Europe
1970
1965
©.6
4.8
0.7
(0.3)
(34.3)
109.2
‫أن‬
)
^ ٠٧^،?; Compiled from Lloyd's Register ofShipping: Statistical Tables (London) and
supplem ental data covering vessels of 1‫ س‬g.r.t. and above.
‫ و‬Excludng the Un[ted St^es of America reserve fleet and the United States ‫ ؟‬nd
Canadian Great L^ikes fleets, which in 19?? amounted respectively to !.?, !.?, 1.8 million
g.r.t.
1970
320.2
(82.4)
‫ا‬
337.0
3 6). (
34 3 .t
(33.8)
70.3
184.2
30.6)(
203.2
(31.7)
3 2 2.
‫ا‬
348.3
37.0
39.8
‫أ‬6 ‫ت‬
6(
-1976
1977
١^^
100
‫ا‬
33.3
7.6
280
6.2)(
730
4.3
)‫(ث ؛‬
(0.9)
(1.0)
(6.6)
4©.8
(6.8)
39.9
(7.9)
36
14.3
22.8
—
3.7
13.9
29.1
33.4
1.1
0.1
‫)ﻗﺊ‬
)
265
(6.2)
6.1)(
20.3
0.1
0.1
-1965
19771%5)
100=
(
00.0)[
( (ioo!o)
210.9
(64.7)
281.2
(86.3)
lndexl977
1977
1976
6 0 2.
(loao)
(21.6)
٨«
6.4
8.0
Share ‫م‬/‫ك^ﻋﺎ< ا‬،‫ﺀﻛﺎ‬
))percentage
11.7
٨١٨١٨١
‫أئ أن‬
) :
‫ت‬
0) 4 (
٨١
9.3
‫آ‬
7.
3.4
—
6.1
4.7
16.8
4
‫ه‬.
-
‫ق‬
9.4
‫ه‬. 4
0)
^ Figures in parentheses.
٠ The composition of this group of countries differs from that adopted in the report
«Economic consequences of the existence or lack of a genuine link between vessel and flag
pf registry: repo« by th‫ ؟‬secretariat ofUNCTAD (TD/B/C.4/168 and 1 ^ ‫ ؟‬٥). However,
for the sake of stati^ical consistency, the classification ofcountries in the present Review
All
ships
(millions
ofd.w.t.)
Tonnage on order as at
Tankers
(millions
ofd.w.t.)
Change
(percentage)
Change
(percentage)
Bulk
carriers
(including
combined
carriers)
ofd.w.t.)
Other
ships
(millions
ofd.w.t.)
Change
(percentage)
30 September 1976
. . . . .
103.5
51.0
30.5
22.0
31D eeem berl976
. . . . .
90.0
38.9
29.2
21.9
31 March 1977
. . . . . .
82.3
33.5
27.3
21.6
30 June 1977
. . . . . .
72.4
28.2
23.8
20.5
. . . . .
65.8
24.6
20.7
20.4
Change
(percentage)
-0 .7
-0 .4
30 September 1977
Source: Data provided by the Shipping tntonnation Seivieea 0 ‫ﺀك‬/‫ ﺀ'ﻣﺢ< رم‬Register ofshipping and by Lloyd’s ot London Press Ltd.
T able 5
World!
‫؛‬e on order as at 30 September 1977
(Thousands ofd.w.t.)
Country grouping
!.W o rld total
. . . . .
2. Developed market-economy
c o u n trie s
3. Dpen registry cou^ries
4. Total 2 plus 3
.
..
5. Socialist countries total .
Ofwhich:
in£astern£urope
. .
in Asia
. . . . .
6. Developing countries t o t a l
Ofwhich:
inAfrica
. . . . .
in America
. . . .
in A s i a . . . . . .
in Oceania
. . . . .
7. Dther unallocated
.. .
All
‫ﺀ<ﺗﻴﺎاﺀد‬
Tankers
Tankers
lS0000d.w.t.
under
andover ISOOOOdw.t.
65 755
17231
37236
14 123
51358
2 890
11419
4 525
15 944
2 752
138
10 644
956
6300
3 387
0. 3
862
7394
>320
Ore/oil
،‫مﺀﻣﻤﺢ«اا‬
carriers
Other
bulk
carriers
Full
container
ships
container
ships
Ro/ro
cargo
ships
3 198
17 551
1 855
299
1602
1272
418
1690
204
1 170
25
16
912
345
1257
462
707‫؛‬
990‫؛‬
800
612
462
1287
348
1479
755
45
496‫؛‬
1 132
155
317
29
1232
247
153
447‫؛‬
896
102
—
235
16
LASH
ships
24
24
1227
‫مﺀراﺀه‬
ships
9 130
2 541
11671
608
527
117
56
—
3 812
10
—
"31
29
17
—
—
791
1064
1958
0.3
437
22
—
yource.ShippinglnformationServicesofL/ort/’s Begijtero^AippingandLloyd’sofLondonl
‫ و‬Developing conntries in Enrope had no tonnage on order.
further as indicated in table 6, the growth o fth e world
tonnage being substantial!)? higher than the increase in
the world seaborne trade.
(b) Tonnage on order^
16. D uring the 12-m onth period ending JO ^eptem ber 1977, world tonnage on order dropped by 37.7 million d.w.t. to 65.8 m illion d.w.t.
20.
Tables 7 and 8 show the trends in ^roductivit)? o f
tankers o f 10,000 d.w.t. and above and o fb u lk carriers o f
18,000 d.w.t. and above in ternrs o f ton-i^iles o f cargo
carried p er year per deadweight ton o fth e active Oeet.
17. T h e over-all decline was due m ainly to the lack
o f new orders for tankers and bulk carriers, although it
was partly offset by a 15 per cent decrease in deliveries.
D rders for tankers o f 150,000 d.w.t. and above declined
by 21.5 m illion d.w.t., which represented 57 per cent of
the reduction; bulk carriers (excluding com bined
carriers) and o ther tankers decreased respectively by
7.4 m illion d.w.t. and 4.9 m illion d.w.t.
T able 6
Cargo carried per d.w.t. of world Beet
in 1967,1970 and 1974-1976
18. W orld tonnage on order by types o f vessels and
groups o f countries as at 30 Septem ber 1977 is shown in
table 5.
Cargo carriedper d.w.t.
Year
1967
1970
1974
1975
1976
2. Productivity o fsh ip p in g
19. T he productivity o fth e world fleet, m easured in
tons o f cargo carried per d.w.t. o fto tal fleet, has declined
٠The discussion on !he tonnage on order in this chapter is based on
data provided to the UNCTAD secretariat by the Shipping Information Services of Lloyd's Register ofshipping and by Lloyd’s of
London Press Ltd. The data from this source do not include ships on
order with the yards in the USSR, Romania and Uhina.
.
. .
.
. .
. .
(millions
ofd.w.t.^
Totalcargocarried
(millions oftons)
Tons
Index
(1960^100)
240.9
326.1
486.9
546.3
601.2
1910
2 605
3317
3 175
3 352
7.93
7.99
6.81
5.81
5.58
116
117
99
85
82
Sources: World fleet: Lloyd’s Register ofshipping: Statistical Tables (London), various
‫؛‬ssues; total cargo carried: United Nations, Monthly Bulletin ٠/ Statistics, January
issues,
ат
‫ ﺀ‬Including respectively 33.4 million d.w.t. and 49.5 million d.w.t. of laid-up tonnage
19?5 and 1976 (according to the General Gouncil ofBritish Shipping).
7
Table?
Estimated ton-miles of oil and grain shipments per d.w.t., in 1965,1970 and 1974-1976, by oil tankers of 10,000 d.w.t. and abore
Estimated
ton-miles
Grain
shipments
(million
oftons)
shipments
(millions
oftons)
Year
1965.
. ٠
1970.
. .
722
Total
oil/grain
shipments
(millions
oftons)
oil/grain
shipments
(thousand
million)
Fleet
fleet
(millions
ofd.w.t)^
735.8
3 172
80.0
79.6
1 181.9
6 038
137.8
137.6
13.8
1 179
Total
active
Index
active
fleet
productivity
(1962=100)
ТоП‘ГпИез
per active
(millions
ofd.w.t)°
(thousand)^
39.8
(39.7)
108
119
4)‫ إ‬8(
1974.
. .
1484
1975.
. ٠
1 380
1976.
. .
1 557
7.0
1491.0
5.4
9 523
230.3
230.5
1 386.2
8 904
273.0
245.6
1 562.4
10301
307.0
264.5
113
41.3)(
36.3
32.6)(
106
33.6)(
Sources: Compiled on thebasis ofFeamley and Egers Chartering Co. Ltd., Review 1977
(Oslo, 1978), World Bulk ٢٢^ ^ 1976 (Oslo, ‫ ا‬97 ‫)ث‬, and information provided by the
publishers to the UNCTAD seeretariat.
‫ و‬Mid-year figures
b Estimated by the UNCTAD secretariat on the b^^i^ 0 ‫ آ‬information on the laid-up
tanker tonnage issued by the Cenera] Counci■ ofBritish Shipping.
‫ ﺀ‬Ton-miles per d.w.t. of total tanker ■leet are indicated in brackets.
21.
In 1976, the productivity index for tanhers
increased by 8 points because o f an im provem ent in the
trading conditions for tankers during the course o f the
year and a consequent reduction o f slow steam ing;
m oreover, the am ount o f laid-up tanher tonnage
rem ained com paratively high. Un the other hand, the
productivity index for bulk carriers declined by a further
6 points as a result o f a m odest lay-up level, slower
turn-rounds, and the carriage o f part cargoes.
increase between m id-1976 and m id -!9 ? ? ; their respective shares were 37 p er cent, 28 per cent and 16 per cent.
T he rate ofgrow th o f the t^n^er deet was 3.5 p er cent as
against !2 . ‫ ا‬per cent in the previous 2‫ ا‬m onths; a
further dechne can be expected since the worid order
boo^ for t a n ^ r s dropped during the year ending
Septem ber 977 ‫ إ‬by about 52 per cent. In the same
period, orders for bul^ carriers dechned by 3d per cent.
In view o fth e ditdcuities experienced in !977 in fmding
suitable em ploym ent for large bul^ carriers, it is doubtful that the rate o f growth o f 12.2 p er cent for this type of
tonnage will be m aintained.
3. Trends in types ofvessel
22. T able 9 shows the com position o f the world
m erchant fleet by types o f vessel since 197d and
indicates the growth rates o f different types.
23. O refeulk carriers, t a n ^ r s and general cargo
ships accounted for 81 per cent o f the total tonnage
24.
T he highest rates o f growth were recorded for
chem ical carriers and liquefied gas carriers. Norw ay
accounted for 42 p er cent o f the increase o f chem ical
tankers. T he tonnage o f liqueded gas carriers rose by
about 1 m illion g.r.t.,ofw hich 42 p er cent was registered
in Tiberia, 15 per cent in Algeria, and 11 per cent in the
U nited States o f Am erica.
T able 8
Estimated ton-miles of bulk eommodities carried per d.w.t.‫ و‬in t967, t970 and 1974-1976 by buik carriers, including combined carriers
of 18,000 d.w.t. and abo^e
Estimated
ton-miles
ofbulk
cargo,
carried,
including
oil
(thousand
million)
Drybulk
‫ع‬،‫مﺀ^ا‬
(millions
oftons)
٠ //
cargo
(millions
oftons)
Total
bulk
cargo
including
٠//
(millions
oftons)
1 9 6 7 . . . . .
1 9 7 0 . . . . .
1 9 7 4 . . . . .
258
439
680
29
61
140
287
500
820
1330
2 636
4 603
121.8
33.2
62.2
121.3
1975
674
112
786
4 446
132.9
125.9
Year
Total
fleet
(millions
ofd.w.t.)°
62.2
Total
active
fleet
(millions
ofd.w.t.)^
Ton-miles
per active
d.w.t.
‫ﻣﺎاﺀم‬،،‫ﻫﺮﺀﻣﺤﺎاس‬
40.1
42.4
Index ٠/
active
fleet
productivity
(1960 = 100)
119
125
(37.8)
. . . . .
104
(33.5)
1 9 7 6 . . . . .
730
121
851
4 577
145.5
137.9
(29.7)
Sources: Compiled on the basis of Fearnley and gersCha^eringCo. Ltd., World Bulk
Trades 1976 (Dslo, 1977); also information provi، ‫ ل‬by the publishers to the UNCTAD
secretariat.
‫ و‬Including oil cargoes in combined carrier.
‫ ﺀآ‬Mid-year figures.
،Estimated by t،te UNCTAD secretariat on t>te basis of information for inactive
combined carriers, ore carriers and bulk carriers reported in H. p. Drewry ($hipping
Consultants Ltd.,)
(London), various issues.
‫ ق‬Ton-miles per d.w.t. of total bulk carrier fleet are indicated in parentheses.
T able 9
Analysis of the world fleet by principal types of vessel, 1970 and 1974-1977‫ظ'و‬
(Thousands ofg.r.t.)
Principaltypes
© i l t a n ^ r s ..........................................................
Liquefied gas carriers . . . . . . . . . .
Chemical carriers . . . . . . . . . . .
1970
1974
140
86
37.9)(
1330
129
491
41.6)(
2413
0.6)(
0.8)(
431
748
0.3)(
0.2)(
Miscellaneous tankers
122
- - - - - - - - -
flulk/oil carriers (including ore/oil carriers) - .
©re and hulk carriers - - - - - - - - - General cargo (including passenger/cargo)
C o^ainer ships (fully cellular)
. -
. . . . . .
‫ر ا‬
8317
‫ر ﻣﺈ‬
3
34
16.9)(
396
72
31.8)(
1908
0.8)(
Lighter carriers - - - - - - - - - - - ^ehiele carriers
130037
(43.9)
2 999
(0.9)
967
(0.3)
114
168 161
(43.2)
3 377
(0.9)
1274
0).3 (
174 123
(44.2)
4411
)‫ل‬. ‫( ا‬
1733
0.3)(
168
46.1
089
26
4.3
6291
244
6
2.0)(
666
1.8)(
1.8)(
22.1)(
20.6)(
796
796
0 ‫ؤ‬2‫)ﺟﺈ‬
0.2)(
0.1)(
0.2)(
687
469
683
10
3.4)(
. . . . . . .
2991
192
7
4207
. . . . . . . . . . .
1.3)(
799
7
3.4)(
1313
1.6)(
7373
1.7)(
227 4 9 0
311 320
342 162
ToTAL(lOO.O)
‫ر‬
‫اأ‬
804
7
3.4)(
Terries and passenger vessels
‫ور ر‬
237 6
6.9)(
18.1)(
399
70
)0 .2 (
All other vessels،
1977
03‫؛‬
223
6.7)(
714
66
17.9)(
608
73
19.8)(
683
6
. . . . . . . . . . .
Tish factories and c a r r i e r s ..................................
Wishing (including factory trawlers) .
٠٠٠
.
1976
2 20 33
7.1)(
403
37
18.4)(
674
68
)0 .2 (
Source: ‫ﺀ‬/‫ ﺀ'ﻣﺤﺮره‬Register ٠/ Shipping: Statistical Tables (Lpndon), 197© and
1974-1977 (rnid-‫؛‬rear hgrrres).
‫ و‬The data in this table are not contparable with the data in table 4 because they
include the United States Reserve Fleet and the United States and E n adian Ureat
^ k e s Beets.
25.
T he world container fleet increased by 0.9 million g.r.t. and there was about 2 m illion g.r.t. of
container ships on order to ensure its further growth.
T he tonnage o f ro-ro vessels rose from 1.9 m illion g.r.t.
in S n u a ry 1976 to 2.3 m illion g.r.t. a year later.? In
Septem ber 1977, orders for ro-ro cargo ships stood at
1.2 m illion g.r.t., w hich suggests th at a further substantial increase o f the ro-ro fleet can be expected. T he
lighter-carrier fleet rem ained virtually static, but a
further 96,000 d.w.t. are on order.
’ Fearnley and Egers Chartering c©. Ltd., Ro-ro © ٠٢
٠^Vessels
(©‫)©اﺀ‬, January 977 ‫ا‬, tah‫؛‬e L
Percentage
change )976У1977
1975
1 1849
30.6
6.6)(
19.0)(
088
77
19.6)(
3437
1.9)(
793
)0 .2(
633
)0 .2(
162
12
3.1)(
7 302
7 091
(2.0)
1.8)(
6 209
(1.7)
1.8)(
372 0 0 0
393 678
4.7
-0.1
- 7 .9
986
6
‫ ط‬Figures in parentheses indicate share p^tpnnage in world total,
с Ineluding livestoclt carriet‫؟‬, supph ships and tendeta, tugs, dredgers, ice-breakers,
research ships and others; and ^٢ 1974-1976, cable ships and nriscellaneous ca^o ships
4. Trends in size
26. In 1977, the average size ‫ آ ه‬the ©Tain types o f
vesseis in the world trading fieet increased farther,
except for container ships, as indicated in table 10.
Retween 1970 and 1977, th esizeo ftan lrers and liquefied
gas carriers rose by 99 and 91 per cent respectively, th at
o f bulk carriers by 34 p ef cent, and th at o f container
ships by 30 per cent ; the lowest rate occurred for general
cargo ships, the size o fw h ic h increased by 8 per cent.
27. T he average size o f tankers in the w orld order
book in Septem ber 1977 was approxiinately
89,000 d.w.t. as against about 43,000 d.w.t. for tankers
T able !0
Average size ©f seleeted types ©f vessel in tbe w»rld fleet in 1965,1970 and 1975-1977
©i! tankers ( ^ .r .t.) .............................................................................
(Equivalent ‫ ط‬d.w.t.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
©re/bulk ©arrière (including bulk/©il carriers) (g.r.t.) . . . . .
(Equivalent in d .w .t .) ...................................................................
General carg© ships (including passenger/carg©) (g.r.t.) . . . .
c©ntainer ships ( g . r . t . ) ...................................................................
Liquefied gas carriers ( g . r . t . ) ..........................................................
1965
1970
1975
1976
١٠ 372
14114
24 340
18434
30 172
3 237
11423
4 686
21 363
40 090
23 032
39 336
3 297
14 839
7 123
23 934
43 379
23 331
40213
3 391
13091
7 799
13 369
Source: Compiled on the basis ofdata pubbshed in Lloyd's Register ofShipping: ‫رﺀ'اﺀﻫﺮﺀ‬،‫ هﺀ‬/ Tables (London), respective issues.
1977
23
48
23
40
3
14
8
192
303
399
443
494
878
947
T able 11
Propulsion analysis ofthe world fleet as at 1 July, 1965,1970 and 1975-1977 ‫ه‬
1965
1. Steamships
Reciprocating
. ٠ . .
10.1
(134)
)‫ إ‬0(
/977
(0.8)
0.2)(
(0.2)
129.5
34.8)(
133.9
(34.0)
36.1)(
126.1
(36.9)
0.7)(
136.3
36.7)(
140.1
(35.6)
143.8
(63.2)
213.7
(62.5)
233.4
(62.7)
251.1
(63.8)
(0.5)
(1.1)
. . . ٠ ٠ .
‫ئءا‬
7‫ه‬
il
(4.5)
Reciprocating and turbine
Turbine
/‫ء‬7
1970
47.6
(29.7)
29)‫إ‬6(
(2.6)
1.5)(
(0.8)
4)‫ ل‬8(
(52.7)
(34.7)
Turbo-electric . . . .
Subtotal
. . . . . .
2. Motorships
Diesel . . . . . . .
0.8
Diesel-electric . . . .
Subtotal
‫أل‬
(
(0.6)
(0.6)
(0.6)
145.4
63.9)(
215.9
(63.1)
235.7
(63.3)
253.6
(64.4)
227.4
( 100.0)
342.0
( 100.0)
( 100 .0 )
(0.5)
, ٠ ٠ . ٠ ٠
)
(53.2)
T otal
160.5
(Steanr- and nrotorships)
( 100.0)
(0.6)
372.0
(lo a o )
Source: Compiled 0 » the hasis ofdata eoptaitted itt Lloyd’s Register ofshipping: ‫ ﺀﻫﻊ‬،'‫ﺀ'ر)ﺀ‬،‫ ا‬/ Tables (London), various issues.
‫ و‬figures in patentheses indicate percentage oftvorld deet.
29. T he diesel engine rem ains the m ost popular
prim e ntover, particularl)? in the slow-speed, directcoupled form, and propels 63.8 p er cent o f th e world
gross registered tonnage. Steam turhines, however,
dom inate in si^es o f 80,000 g.r.t. and over; as at
m id-19??, there were ?29 steam ships in these si^e
groups com pared w ith 14? m otor ships . ‫ﺀ‬T ahle 12 indicates a m arked increase in the shar^ o f turbines for
vessels ordered in the 75,000-99,999, class; consequently, the percentage o f steam ships o f 80,000 g.r.t.
and ov^r in the world tonnage should increase
further.
being scrap p ed .‫ ؟‬T he average si^e o f this type o f vessel
should therefore continue to increase. D nly m arginal
changes can be expected w ith regard to ore/bulk carriers
(including com bined carriers) since the average si^e of
those on order am ounted to 39,673 d.w.t. com pared
with 40,445 d.w.t. in the existing Oeet. C ontainer ships
m ay show an increase in 1978 as container vessels on
order were on the average some 2,300 g.r.t. larger than
those in the world fleet in 1977.
5. Trends in propulsion
28. T able 11 gives an analysis o f the propulsion
system o f vessels in the world Oeet in recent years.
٠Lloyd's Register ofshipping: Statistical Tables (London), 1977,
pp. 39-31.
‫ ؛‬Based on data published by E.A. Gibson, Shipbrokers Ltd.
(London), 15 December 1977.
T able
12
Trends ‫ أ‬I propulsion of vessels on order (under construcüon and not commenced)
at 30 ^eptemher, 1975-1977
1975
Size group
(ing.r.t.)
999
100
9999
29
999
74
75 00CT99 999
100 ООО and over
‫ل‬0 00 ‫ن‬
00
30‫ن‬
Source: Compiled on the h^$i$ (
coD-e^ponding quarters.
No. o f
vessels
902
879
510
104
254
1977
/ ‫ ﺀ‬7‫ه‬
of
which
motor
of
which
motor
(penmtage)
(percentage)
100.0
96.4
92.7
56.7
7.9
2 587
1048
337
89
105
of
which
motor
No. o f
vessels
(percentage)
100.0
450‫؛‬
100.0
92.3
235
50
43
91.1
26.0
11.6
contained i n 1‫ ﺀ‬/‫ ﺀ’ﻣﺢ<رم‬Register ‫م‬/‫ ااك‬،/<‫ ﺀ» ﺀم‬,■
Merchant ‫ ا«ﺀﺀآااك‬/‫اﻣﺢ‬
<‫ ﺀا‬Return (London), for
1‫ه‬
accounted for 20 per cent. T he t a n ^ r fleets o f petroleu!n-export‫؛‬n§ developing countries rose by 60 per cent
to 10.4 nrllllon d.w.t., and their share In the total tanker
tonnage o f developing countrlds Increased from 39 per
cent In July 1976 to 47.6 per cent a year later.
B. Distribution of the wprld fleet
1. Distribution o fto n n a g e by type ofvessel
30. A nnex lllg iv esth e d istrib u tio n o fw o rld to n n ag e
by flag o f registration and by type ofvessel at m id-1977.
T he distribution by groups o f countries for different
types o f vessels is shown in table 13.
1970‫ ﻣﺢ^ﺀا‬197419751976
31. In the year ending m id-1977, the open registry
fleets, which are generally regarded as beneficially
owned by developed m arket-econom y countries, rose
from 99.5 m illion g.r.t. to 109,2 m illion g.r.t.; tankers
and bulk carriers accounted for 74 per cent o f the
growth. T h^ national-flag fleets o f developed m arketeconom y countries rose from 207.3 m illion g.r.t. to
211 m illion g.r.t.; m ainly because o f t h e 3.4 m illion
g.r.t. increase in the bulk cau-ier tonnage; their tanker
fleet declined by 1.2 m illion g.r.t.
Asia and Oceania
Afri^
- - -
..............................
Latin America and Uarihhean
E u r o p e ..................................
Total developing countries
Source: Lloyd’s Register ofshipping: Statistical Tables (London), various issues, with
adjustment for the United Siates Reserve Fleet and the United States and Canadian
Oreat Lakes (leets.
32. T he share o f the fleets o f developed m arketeconom y countries (including open registry fleet)
decreased by 1.2 percentage points to 82.4 p er cent of
the world total. T he reduction applied to all types of
vessels except barge carriers, and ranged from 1.8 percentage points for container ships to 0.3 percentage
p oint for general cargo vessels. Developed m arketeconom y countries own 89 per cent o fth e world tanker
and b ulk carrier tonnage, 67 per cent o f general cargo
and 95 per cent o f container fleets. T he share o f open
reg istry fleetsro seb y l p ercentagepointto28.1 percen t,
reflecting an increased use o f these flags by operators
from developed m arket-econom y countries.
2. A ge distribution o fth e world m erchant fleet
37. T he age ‫ف‬1‫ﻛ ﺎ ة‬1‫ا ﺳ ﻆ‬0 ‫ ه‬o fth e world fleet in mid1977 is shown in table 14. In 1977, the percentage o f
tonnage under 5 years declined by 1 percentage point
while tonnage from 5 to 9 years increased accordingly.
T he shares of the rem aining two age groups have not
changed.
38. T he age com position o f the fleet o f developed
m arket-econom y countries has deteriorated. T heir
tonnage under 5 y^ars dropped from 40 to 37 per cent,
the shares o f the ne^t two age groups rem ained
unchanged, while tonnage o f 15 years and over
increased from 16 to 18 per cent.
33. Socialist countries o f Eastern Europe and Asia
m arginally increased their share in the world tonnage
from 8.5 per cent in 1976 to 8.6 per cent in 1977. No
m a)or changes took place in the structure o f their fleet by
types o f ship. T he share o f these countries rem ained
relatively higher for general cargo ships and the category
“o ther ships” .
34. T he fleets o f developing countries, including
Augoslavia b u t excluding open registry fleets o f the
B aham as and Berm uda, increased from 7.5 per cent to
8.6 per cent in term s o f g.r.t. and from 6.8 per cent to
7.9 per cent in term s o f d.w.t. Developing countries of
Asia accounted for some 60 per cent o fth e total growth ;
am ong them K uw ait, R epublic o f K orea and Algeria
registered the highest increases. As in the previous year,
developing countries were less affected by the depressed
condition o fth e world freight m arket, particularly o f its
tanker section, and their share in the world active fleet in
m id-1977 (i.e. excluding laid-up vessels) was greater and
am ounted to 9 per cent in term s o f g.r.t. and 8.3 per cent
in term s o f d.w.t.
35. T he percentage share o f developing countries in
the world d.w.t. tonnage in recent years is indicated in
the text table below. T he data in the table include
Augoslavia b u t exclude the Baham as and B erm uda, and
therefore are not com parable w ith the ligures in tables 4
and 13.
36. Developing countries increased their share o f all
vessel types from 0.7 percentage points for bulk carriers
to 1.8 percentage points for the category “other ships” .
T ankers ^nd b ulk carriers, prices for which rem ained
particularly attractive for the buyers, accounted for
respectively 44 and 22 per cent o f the growth o f the
tonnage o f theses countries; general cârgo ships
39. T he fleet o f open registry countries has becom e
younger; 66 per cent under 10 years as against 63 per
cent in 1976 and tonnage in the age group o f 15 years
and over declined from 24 to 21 per cent.
40. T he age structure o f fleet o f socialist countries
has deteriorated as their tonnage under 10 years
decreased from 49 to 46 per cent, although the age group
under 5 years rem ained unchanged. T he percentage of
their fleet from 10 to 14 years increased by 1 percentage
point and the proportion o f vessels o f 15 years and over
rose from 23 to 25 per ceht.
41. Developing countries have further im proved the
age com position o f their fleet; 39 per cent is under
5 years and 21 per cent is between 5 and 9y^ars,
com pared with 35 and 19 per cent respectively in 1976.
T heir tonnage o f 15 years and over dropped by 5 percentage points to 27 per cent.
42. W ith regard to types o f vessels, the world tan k er
fleet has becom e younger as the percentage o f tankers
under 10 years rose by 2 points to 73 per cent, while th at
o f tankers of 15 years and over declined from 16 to
14 per cent. T he âge structure o fth e world bulk carrier
fleet continued to deteriorate: tonnage under 5 years
dropped from 41 to 37 per cent and there was an increase
o f 3 percentage points in the age group from 10 to
14 years and o f 1 percentage point in the tonnage o f
15 years and over. It is notew orthy that, o f t h e three
m a)or types of vessels in the world fleet indicated in the
table, general cargo ships have the worst age com position.
11
T a b le 13. Percentage shares of world tonnage by type of vessel as at 1 July, 1965,1970,1976,1977 ‫و‬
(In terms ofg.r.t.)
All ships oflOO g.r.t. and over
Countrygroupingandyear
Millions
Percentage
o f world total
Tankers
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
146.8
217.9
367.1
388.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
37.1
39.4
43.7
44.7
. . . . .
. . . . . .
102.2
........................... ........................... 141.1
. . . . .
. . .
. . .
207.3
. . .
. . .
211.0
. . . . .
69 7
64.8
56.5
54.3.‫؛‬
53
67.)5
63.)
56.:
74.6
13.0
18.8
23.8
26.4
33.7
33.0
20.3
24.1
29.1
Developed marketeconomy countries
1965
1970
1976
1977
General
cargo
ships^
Container
ships
carryirig
vessels
Other ships
Percentage share by vesseltype
World total
1963
1970
1976
1977
O reand^bulk
carriers including
combinedcarriers
11.1
20.2
24.2
23.2
^ ^ ^ —
30.2
19.6
19.3
31.8•
0.9
1.8
1.9
0.2
0.2
Percentage share by groups ofcountries
61.3
39.2
—
63.1
46.9
46.0
90.6
87.2
100.0
100.0
61.3
57 2
53.6
Open registry countries
.................................................
.................................................
.................................................
.................................................
1965
1970
1976
1977
22.1
40.9
99.3
109.2
28.1
20.6
-6 .7
1.0
6.4
8.0
3.7
4.4
17.4
16.9
1.4
1.3
2.1
12.0
3.1
3.6
14.3
20
‫م‬
7.0
Socialist countries of
Eastern Europe and Asia
1965
1970
1976
1977
.................................................
.................................................
.................................................
. . . . . . . . . .
10.9
19.5
33.3
7.4
4.3
4.7
8.6
2.1
29.1
Ofwhich:
in Eastern Europe
1965
1970
1976
1977
.................................................
.................................................
.................................................
.................................................
10.2
18.5
4.3
4.6
28.8
7.3
7.4
0.7
0.3
0.3
1.0
2.1
1.0
1.2
0.1
0.6
0.6
7.4
7.0
4.0
4.7
8.6
7.0
0.4
0.4
0.7
0.1
0.2
0.6
1.0
2‫ن‬9
in Asia
1965
1970
1976
1977
.................................................
.................................................
.................................................
.................................................
3.7
4.5
1.1
0.3
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.7
Developing countries (excluding open
registry countries)
1 9 6 . 3 .................................................
1970
.................................................
1976
.................................................
1977
.................................................
10.9
7.0
ofwhich:
in Africa
1965
1970
1976
1977
.
. .
. . .
. . .
. . .
0.6
0.8
1.0
■0.5
1.3
0.7
1.0
1.7
in America
1965
1970
1976
1977
. . .
. . .
.
. .
. . .
4.8
6.4
9.8
10.8
2.9
2.7
4.3
4.7
in Asia
1965
1970
1976
1977
.
. . .
. .
. . .
. . .
8.0
15.0
18.6
3.7
4.1
4.8
5.4■
0.7
1.7
7.4
in Europe
1965
1970
1976
1977
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.1
0.1
.
.
.
.
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
in Oceania
1965
1970
1976
1977
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Other unallocated
1965
1970
1976
1977
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . .
0.7
1.2
1.5
1.6
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.4
Source: Compiled ^ m Lloyd's Register ofShipping: Statistical Tables (London), and
supplemental^ ^ t a on the United States Reserve Fleet and the United States and
Canadian Great Lakes fleets.
‫ ﺀ‬Including United States Reserve Fleet and United States and Canadian Great Lakes
fleets.
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
■0.7
0.3
0.5
0.5
1.1
0.8
0.7
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.3
١١Ore and bn)،‫ ؛‬earr‫؛‬e ^ of 6,000 g.r.t. and above, including combined ore/oil and ore/
bulk/oil carriers.
‫ ﺀ‬Including passenger/cargo vessels (both liner and tramp).
T able
14
Age distribution of world
s ofmerchant
vessel asfleet
at 1 1977
b^
July^‫؛‬
t
Percentage)‫م‬/،‫ ﺀم‬،‫ ا‬١
/» terms ofg.r.t.(
Country grouping
and type o f vessel
1. World total
All v e s se ls ...........................................
Tan^rs
.......................................
B ulkcarriersa......................................
General cargo
. . . . . . . .
2. Developed market-economy conntries
A l l s l t l p s ...........................................
T an k e rs................................................
B ulkcarriersa......................................
General cargo
. . . . . . . .
،‫ﻧﺠﺎ‬
10-14
years
5-9
Total
years
years
00
00
00
00
47.5
37.0
17.7
ii
13.1
18.2
16.2
44.6
30.8
14.2
17.6
00
00
00
00
37.4
47.2
36.6
3. Open registry countries
Allsltips . . ٠ . .
T an k e rs
Bulkcarriers^ . . . .
General cargo
. . .
00
00
00
00
41.5
49.5
35.3
19.9
4. Total: 2 plus 3
Allsbips . . . . .
T an k e rs
Bulk carriers» ٠
. .٠
General cargo
٠ . .
00
00
00
00
5. Socialist countries of £astetm Europe
and Asia
A l l s l t i p s ................................................
T an k e rs.....................................................
Bulk carriers»...........................................
Generalcargo
. . . . . . . . .
٠٠
6. Developing
countries
(excluding
Cyprus, Liberia, Oman, ?anama. Singapore, and Somalia
A l l s h i p s ................................................
T an k e rs.....................................................
Bulk carriers®...........................................
Generalcargo
......................................
20.0
10.8
12.0
24.8
16.8
17.3
13.6
12.4
24.3
24.3
31.3
12.7
201
28.6
14.0
424
20.6
13.8
‫؛أئ‬
18.6
12.1
36.2
16.8
35.2
00
00
24.4
26.6
40.8
19.7
I
100
100
100
100
39.0
53.0
47.7
20.1
20.:
18.'
22.:
21.:
00
15 years
and over
17.9
14.4
10.7
47.7
25.4
22.0
23.0
26.5
31.5
11.3
26.7
16.8
20.1
10.0
45.5
Source: Compiled < 1 the basis of data supplied by the Shipping Information Services of ‫ئ‬/‫ ك’ﻣﺤﻤﻢ‬Register ofshipping and Lloyd’s
‫ ﺀ‬Including combined carriers.
43. T he im provem ent o fth e age com position o fth e
fleet o f developing countries was particularly m arked in
tankers. T h eir tanker tonnage under 5 years increased
from 48 to 53 per cent and in the age group from 5 to
9 years it rose by 1 percentage point ; the share o f tankers
from 1 ‫ ه‬to 14 years increased from 8 to 11 per cent,
while tonnage o f 15 years and over dropped from 26 to
17 per cent. T he age com position o f their bulk carrier
heet has deteriorated; tonnage under 10 years declined
by 6 percentage points to 70 per cent and the share o f
bu lk carriers from 10 to 14 years increased
accordingly.
vessels, except full container ships; tankers and
conibined carriers were the nrost affected. Orders for
tankers o f 150,000 d.w.t. ^nd over dropped from
4.1 m illion d.w.t. to 1.3 m illion d.w.t., which a c c o u ^ e d
for 60 per cent o fth e reduction in the total tonnage on
order for developing countries; orders for tankers under
150,000 d.w.t., declined by about 0.5 m illion d.w.t. to
0.3 m illion d.w.t. and com bined carriers on order
decreased from 1.8 m illion d.w.t. to 1.5 m illion d.w.t.
46. T he tonnage ordered by developed m arketeconom y countries and open registry countries dropped
from 84.9 m illion d.w.t. to 51.4 m illion d.w.t. and their
com bined share in the world orders declined from 8^ per
cent to 78.1 p er cent. T he tonnage on order for these
groups o f countries decreased for all types o f vessels
except for part container ships, ro-ro ships and LASH
ships. Drders for tankers o f 150,000 d.w.t. and over
dropped by 18.3 m illion d.w.t. and for bulk carriers by
7.7 m illion d.w.t., accounting for 78 p er cent o f the
reduction in the tonnage on order by the two groups of
countries.
3. D istribution o fto n n a g e on order
44. T he distribution o f the world tonnage on order
in 1975-1977 by types ofvessels and groups o f countries
is shown in table 15.
45. T he tonnage o f ships ordered by developing
countries decreased from 15.3 m illion d.w.t. on 30 Septem ber 1976 to 10.6 m illion d.w.t. a year later. D uring
this period, the w orld order book dropped further by
37.7 m illion d.w.t. to 65.8 m illion d.w.t. As a result, the
47. Socialist countries increased their orders by
share o f developing countries in the total tonnage on
order rose from 14.8 per cent to 16.2 per cent. The 0.6 m illion d.w.t. to ^.9 m illion d.w.t. ; their share in the
tonnage on order by developing c o u ^ rie s declined in the world tonnage on order rose from 2.2 per cent to 4.4 per
12 m onths ending Septem ber 1977 for all types o f cent.
13
T able 15
World tonnage on order as at 30 September 1975-1977
Country grouping
andyear
All
ships
Tankers,
Tankers,
I50,000d.w.t.
under
andover 150,000d.w.t.
Ore/oil
،،« ‫ﺀا‬
carriers
‫^ﺀ؛ اﺀه‬
‫مﺀﻣﻤﺢ»ا‬
carriers
Full
container
ships
Pan
container
ships
Ro/ro
cargo
ships
LASH
ships
Other
ships
1.1
1.2
1.6
—
0.07
0.1
15.1
18.4
16.5
0.7
1.1
2.4
—
0.07
0.2
9.1
17.8
25.1
—
—
51.0
49.6
—
—
25.2
17.7
21.2
15.4
Million d.w.t.
1. World total
1975
165.3
1976
103.5
1977 . . . . . . . . . 6 5 . 8
87.1
38.7
17.2
27.4
12.3
7.4
7.2
5.5
3.2
52.7
37.3
26.2
16.6
11.9
11.2
4.3
5.3
4.9
25.3
25.0
17.6
2.2
2.3
1.9
—
0.1
0.3
Percentage share by type ofvessel
1975
1976
1977
100
100
. . . . . . . . . 1 0 0
15.3
24.2
26.7
1.3
2.2
2.8
—
0.13
0.5
Percentage share by country grouping
2. Developed market-economy
countries
1975
1976
52.9
56.0
54.1
61.5
47.1
58.0
55.3
38.1
52.3
52.7
83.5
80.3
100.0
35.3
65.0
67.6
3. Dpen registry countries
1975
34.8
1976
26.0
1977 . . . . . . . . . 2 1 . 5
38.6
27.0
26.2
42.7
29.1
25.7
11.1
20.2
10.8
33.0
30.2
24.4
14.8
13.6
22.5
—
—
10.2
9.6
1.0
3.5
4. Total(2 + 3)
1975
92.7
89.8
66.4
85.3
98.3
100.0
74.6
—
68.7
92.5
85.5
39.3
74.0
91.1
78.5
76.5
25.2
70.6
1.1
2.2
4.4
—
—
—
3.3
4.6
8.4
1.5
8.4
14.4
0.8
1.8
4.6
—
0.8
1.4
—
16.2
5.4
22.5
23.1
17.7
—
100.0
74.8
2.1
2.2
3.7
1.1
2.1
4.2
—
—
—
3.3
4.5
8.3
1.5
8.4
14.4
0.8
1.5
4.3
—
0.8
1.4
—
16.2
5.4
22.5
23.1
17.7
—
100.0
74.8
1.8
2.0
3.2
in Asia
1975
—
1976
0.1
1977 . . . . . . . . .
0.2
—
—
—
—
0.1
0.1
—
—
—
—
0.3
0.3
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
0.3
0.2
0.5
6.9
10.6
7.5
6.5
7.2
4.7
32.1
33.3
46.3
13.4
14.2
19.9
1.7
4.2
6.3
—
48.5
16.1
2.9
5.5
3.5
—
—
—
29.0
25.7
23.1
—
—
—
1.1
2.4
0.6
—
—
—
4.3
3.3
4.8
1977
87.7
. . . . . . . . . 7 8 . 1
5. Socialist countries total
1975
1976
1977 . . . . . . . . .
O f which:
in Eastern Enrope
1975
1976
1977 . . . . . . . . .
6. Developing conmriestota?
1975
10.8
1976
14.8
1977 . . . . . . . . . 1 6 . 2
Ofwhich:
in Africa
1975
1976
1977 . . . . . . . . .
1.2
1.7
1.4
1.2
2.6
—
1.1
0.6
—
—
—
—
0.1
0.2
0.9
—
—
—
in America
1975
1976
1977 . . . . . . . . .
4.8
7.1
9.6
1.6
2.9
6.6
3.1
4.8
4.3
22.1
24.4
38.5
8.8
10.5
13.9
—
2.1
1.7
—
48.5
16.1
1.6
0.4
1.8
—
—
—
12.4
8.5
6.4
in Asia
1975
4.8
4.1
2.3
10.0
4.5
1.7
—
0.2
—
12.3
0.4
7.8
5.1
4.6
—
1.1
—
11.9
1977
. . . . . . . . .
5.2
in Dceania
1976
7. Dtbernnallocated
1975
1976
1977 . . . . . . . . .
0.4
1.0
1.3
0.9
—
—
—
0.1
—
—
—
—
—
0.4
0.9
—
0.4
1.1
1.4
—
—
—
0.5
1.1
1.5
—
1.1
1.2
—
—
—
—
2.8
2. 3
—
—
—
0.2
1.3
2. 6
Source: Compiled on the basis of information pm^ided by Shipping Information Services
ofLloyd's RegisterofShipping and Lloyd’s ofLondon Press Lid.
‫ ﺀ‬No tonnage on order for developing conntries of Europe and Oceania in 1975 and 1977.
14
Chapter III
SH IPB U IL D IN G •“
48. D uring !977, the w crld’s shipyards delivered
abcut 2,53© vessels with a tcta! tcnnage ©f about
26 m illion g.r.t., i.e. 6.6 m illion g.r.t. less than in 1976.
Table 16 shows the num ber and tqnnage o f ships
com pleted in recent years by types' o f vessels. As
indicated in the previous chapter, the world order book
decreased further on account o f heavy deliveries and the
continued low level o f new qrders for tankers. Cancellations o f tanker orders also contributed to the
decrease.•• T he annual intake o f new orders for tankers
and dry cargo vessels has dropped since 1975 to about
13 m illion g.r.t. com pared w ith the world production o f
26 m illion g.r.t. in 1977. As at 3© Septem ber 1977, the
world order book 3tood at 42.2 m illion g.r.t. as against
62.4 m illion g.r.t. a year earlier; 56 per cent o f the
tonnage on ordef was nnder construction com pared with
23 per cent at the end o f M arch 1974, when orders
reached their peak level, ^nd 49 per cent at the end o f the
third quarter o f 1976. O ver 77 per cent o f the world
order book was scheduled for delivery by the end o f
197b.
>٠Unless otherwise stated, the discussion in this chapter is based on
data covering ships of 100 g.r.t. and upwards, published in Lloyd’s
Register ٠/ Shipping: Merchant Shipbuilding Return (Tondon),
various issues, ?ercentage shares have been derived from figures in
terms ofg.r.t. The data from this source exclude ships on order with or
delivered from yards in the USSR, Romania and China.
" A n estimated 2 million d.w.t. were cancelled in 1977 as
compared with 11 million d.w.t. in 1976 (?earnley and Egers Chartering Co. Ltd., Review 1977 (Oslo), January 1978, p. 5).
Distribution of deliveries of new buiidings by groups ofcountries
of bui!d, 1970 und 1975-1977
49. Tables 17 and 18 show the distribution of
deliveries o f new buildings and tonnage on order by
groups o f countries o f build in recent years.
T able 17
(Thousands ofg.r.t.Y
1970
Tankers
Number . . . .
g.r.t...........................
d.w.t. - - - - -
Oeneral cargo ships،
Number
- - Other ships
Numher . . . .
g.r.t...........................
Total
Number
- - -
1977
45 689
356
19 753
39 378
271
9 737
19 698
18
1253
2 332
< ‫ةقﺀ‬
5642
, ‫ة‬
.‫ إ‬1
199b
5313b
272
6 468
11 124
487
3513
356
2 635
379
3 352
‫ﻗﺎ؛ﺀ‬
1677
1627
1 566
2 327
1416
2 252
1351
7642
2 441
33618
,'‫ة ؛‬
4)‫إث‬
(5.6)
90
(0.4)
0.3)(
(0.2)
(0.6)
20980
34202
33 921
19949
Source: Compiled on the basis of dam contained in Lloyd’s Register ofShipping:
Merchant Shipbuilding Return (London), various quarterly issues.
‫ﺀ‬No deadtvei^ht figures are available for .‫ وا‬7‫م‬
‫ﺀأ‬Figures for 1970 ‫؛‬nctudebu])،/o!i carriers.
‫ ﺀ‬Vessets of2,000 g.r.t. and over.
(92.3)
664
114
Source: Compiled on the basis of data eontained in Lloyd's Register ofShipping:
Merchant ShipbuildingReturn (London), various issues.
‫ ﺀ‬Figures in parentheses indicate percentage of world total.
T able 18
Distribution of tonnage on order by groups ofcountries of build,
1970 and 1975-1977
(Thousands ofg.r.t.Y
)970
5362
375
26
817
(4.1)
1 176
(5.6)
Developed marketeconomy countries .
Developing countries
2619
2©319
1 501
(4.4)
851
354
7 423
196
4 458
7 731
18 354
(92.0)
144
(0.7)
World total
Bulk/oil carriers
Number - - - g.r.t...........................
d.w.t. . . . . .
Ore and bulk carriers
Number - - - g.r.t...........................
d.w.t. - - - - -
1976
30 451
(89.8)
Developing countries
$ocialist countries . .
1975
1977
Jan.-Sepi
19 570
(93.3)
Other unallocated. .
‫ ﺀا‬7‫ﻫﻢ‬
1976
Developed marketeconomy countries
T able 16
Deliveries of new buildings, 1970 and 1975-1977
(Number ofships and thousands ofg.r.t./d.w.t.)
1975
World total
1976
1977
67 063
(96.2)
83 351
(89.9)
53 449
(85.6)
33 846
(80.2)
884
(1.3)
6 374
(6.9)
6081
(9.8)
5 297
(12.5)
2 251
2 320
645
749
(0.2)
1936
(^. ١)
1081
(1.1)
(1.0)
(1.8)
69 714
92742
62 426
41212
Socialist countries . .
Dther unallocated . .
1975
175
(2.6)
Source: Compiled on the basis of data contained in Lloyd’s Register o f Shipping:
Merchant‫؛ه<اااﺀ‬،‫ا‬/‫ ه‬،'»‫ﺀ‬Return (London), as at the end of the third quarter of each year,
‫ و‬Figures in parentheses indicate percentage of world total.
50. Shipyards o f developed m arket-econom y countries accounted for 90.9 per cent o f the tonnage
com pleted during the year ending 30 Septem ber 1977
(com pared with 92.8 per cent during the preceding
12 m onths) ^nd 80.2 per cent o fth e world order book as
at the end o f Septem ber 1977 (com pared with 85.6 per
cent a year earlier). Shipyards o f Japan accounted for
43.6 per cent o fth e tonnage delivered (com pared with
50.2 per cent in the preceding 12-m onth period) and
29.1 per cent o fth e world order book (com pared with
32.6 per cent in Septem ber 1976).
51. Jn Septem ber 1977, 23 developing countries
were engaged in shipbuilding activities com pared with
21 countries a year earlier. In the year ending 30 Septem ber 1977, the yards ofdeveloping countries delivered
1.4 m illion g.r.t. (5 per cent o fth e world total) as against
1.3 m illion g.r.t. (3.8 per cent o fth e world total) in the
previous 12 m onths. T he com bined share o f developing
countries in the world order book increased from 9.8 per
cent to 12.5 per cent, although in term s o fto n n a g e it
declined by 0.8 m illion g.r.t. T he R epublic o fK o rea and
Brazil accounted for 57.8 per cent and 29.7 per cent
respectively o f the tonnage com pleted by developing
countries during the year ending 30 Septem ber 1977 and
for 19.8 per cent and 57.6 per cent o fth e order book of
the yards o f this group o f countries. T he R epublic of
R orea has announced plans to increase its annual
shipbuilding capacity from 2.77 m illion g.r.t. in 1977 to
4.25 m illion g.r.t. in 1981, when ship exports ^re
16
expected to reach $1.2 billion as against $347 njillion in
1976. Brazil has also plans to expand its shipbuilding by
about 18 per cent in term s o f steel throughput by 198B.
T he shipbuilding industry o f the R epublic o f K r e a is
export-oriented: in 1976, some 90 p er cent o f the
tonnage constructed in the country was for the account
o f foreign shipowners. T h at o f Brazil relies m ostly on the
hom e m arket, and exports are estim ated at about 10 per
cent. However, despite the progress m ade by some
countries, the shipbuilding capacities o f developing
countries as a group rem ain insufficient to m eet their
needs.
$2. T hroughout the ye^r, discussions continued on
the two inter-connected issues w hich were the subject of
controversy during the previous year, nam ely, th at of
reducing world shipbuilding capacity, and th at of
harm onizing the conditions under which shipbuilding
countries are com peting with each other. O ECD continned to be the m ain forum for discussions between the
two m ajor com peting, developed m arket-econom y shipbuilding regions. However, no general agreem ent has
been reached.
53.
M ost o f th e developed m arket-econom y countries have restraihed any expansion o f th eir shipbuilding
activities, partly in recognition o f the general overcapacity, and partly on account o fth e lack o f orders, but
com petition between these countries appears to be
frustrating agreem ent on any over-all plan to reduce
existing capacity to ^ny significant extent.
Chapter IV
W ORLD SH IP PRICES
rem ained at the previous ‫(؛‬ear’s levei whiie those for the
OBO, the 120,000 d.w.t. b u l^ carrier and large-si^e
54.
As can be seen from table 19, prices for new tankers declined from 6 per cent to 20 per cent; price
buildings have either rem ained constant or decreased m ovem ents for LN G and LPG carriers followed differm oderately, according to the types o f vessels. This is in ing pâtterns. New building prices were generally some
m arked contrast to the price decreases which occurred 25 p e rc e n t to ^5 per cent lower than peak level prices in
in 197b. Prices for bulk carriers up to P anam ax si^^, 1973-1974; prices for 87,000 d.w.t. and 400,000 d.w.t.
the 87,000 d.w.t. tanker and the 5,000 d.w.t. ro/ro. tankers were m ore than 40 per cent lower.
A. Changes In prices of new vessels
T able 19
Representative new building prices, 1970 and 1973-1977
(Prices in millions ofdollars at year end)
<67!)
30 ООО d.w.t. bulk . . .
30 ООО d.w.t. product tanker
70 ООО d.w.t. bulk . . .
87 ООО d.w.t. tanker . .
96 ООО d.w.t. ©R© . . .
120000d.w.t.bulk ٠ ٠ .
210 ООО d.w.t. tanker . .
400 ООО d.w.t. tanker . ٠
125 000 nr^TN© . . . .
75 000 m ^T?© . . . .
5 ООО d.w.t. ro/ro . . .
and Egers Chartering Co. L
la o
17.0
23.0
17.2
31.0
1974
1973
1975
12.0
16.5
17.5
20.5
25.0
29.0
31.0
47.0
78.0
105.0
45.0
20.0
18‫م‬
25.0
20.0
22.0
33.0
35.0
42.0
65.0
125.0
52.0
14.6
30.0
32.0
62.0
125.0
52.0
16.2
1976
1977
11.0
11.0
15.0
16.0
16.0
23.0
24.0
34.0
15.0
16.0
16.0
21.0
22.0
105.0
42.0
32.0
45.0
115.0
40.0
10.0
10.0
t d . , 77‫(وﺛﻢ‬Oslo), January 1978, table 16.
55.
T he new -budding price for the hypotheticai 60.000 d.w.t. b u ih in 963/65 ‫ ا‬and o f ^00,000bu ik carrier o f about 25,000 d.w.t. rose from £6 m idion 300.000 d.w.t. b u ih in !969 and iater were m ost
in lu n e 1976 to £6.6 m illion in lu n e 1977 and £6.8 m il- affected. Increased interest was shown, however, in
lion in D ecem ber 1977 or by 13.3 per cen t.‘‫ ؛‬T he price tankers o f 70,000-90,000 d.w.t. for trading from the
o fth e liner-type vessel, indicated in table 20, shows an
T a b l e 29
increase d f 9.5 per cent between m id-1976 and mid1977. Prices for both types o f ships showed sm aller
Estimated prices for new and read^ lin er -t^ vessels of
increases in the second half o fth e year.
11,000/13,000 d.w.t.,10?0 and 1‫ ?و‬31-‫ة ?? و‬
B. Changes ‫؛‬n prices nf second-hand vessels
56.
Second-hand tanker values decreased again in
1977 as a result o f continued depressed conditions in
tan ker shipping. As indicated in table 21, prices for
second-hand tankers as at the end o f 1977 dropped by
betw een 20 per cent and 45 per cent com pared w ith the
previous year and represented only 10 per cent to 20 per
cent o f th eir peak level in 1973; tankers o f 50,000/
This is a hypothetical 16-kuot bulk carrier powered b^ a
9,000 horse-power 4irect-couple4 4iesel engine, as reported in Fairplay International Shipping Weekly (London), vol. 265, No. 4924‫؟‬
19 January 1978, p. 77. Th^ pdces are reported to be basic prices and
do not include any escalation clauses. It is assumed that the vessels
would be delivered within the year.
Mid-year
1970 . . . . . . . .
1973 .................................
1974 .................................
1975 .................................
1976 .................................
1977 .................................
1977 (31 ©ecember) . . .
Pricesfor
constructing
new vessels
!thousands o f
ponds sterling)
1 350
2 250
3 500
3 950
4 200
4 600
4 700
Changeover
previousyear
(percentage)
12.5
18.4
55.6
12.9
6.3
9.5
2.2 ‫ط‬
Source: Fairplay International Shipping Weekly (London), ^ol. 265, No. 4294,
19 January 1978.
‫ ﺀ‬The data refer to a hypothetical © ^ c lo s e d shelter-deckr ofT 1,000/13,000 d.t^.t.,
propelled bya7,000b.h.p. diesel engine ^i^in^aspeed oflSknots. The ship is ‫؛‬or deliver‫(؛‬
within the year and the ^doted price does not include interest on loans.
‫ ﺀآ‬Increase o^er ntid-1977.
17
Caribbean to ports o fth e Elnited States o f A m erica, and
b ‫?؛‬A m erican oil com panies in m odern m otor-tankers o f
about 130,000 d.w.t. ; prices for these categories o f ships
declined to a lesser degree.
due to massive deiiveries o f bulk carriers and general
eargo ships, noted in chapter III above, w hich depressed
freight rates and also second-hand values. T hus, prices
for second-hand dr‫ ?؛‬bulk carriers and liner t‫?؛‬pe vessels
57.
T he decline in second-hand prices for dr‫ ?؛‬cargo as at the end o fl9 7 7 , shown in tables 22 and 23, dropped
vessels accelerated in 1977. T o a large extent, this was b ‫ ?؛‬about 40-55 per cent as against 1976 levels.
Table 21
Tankers: second-hand ^r‫؛‬ces, a^era^e values, 1970 and 1 9 7 1 9 7 7 -‫و‬
{Prices in million ofdollars at end ofyear)
d.w.t.
Built
20000
. . . . .
2 5 0 0 0 . . . . .
35000
. . . . .
50000
. . . . .
60000
. . . . .
80000
. . . . .
100000
. . . . .
150000
. . . . .
200000
. . . . .
250000
. . . . .
300000
. . . . .
1970
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
0.8
1.0
1.2
2.0
1959/60
1958/59
1958/59
1963/64
1964/65
1966/67
1967/68
1974/75
1969/70
1972/73
1971/72
2.4
5.0
lo!o
Source: Feamley and Egers Chartering Co. Ltd., Review I977(Os\o), January 1978, table 19.
T ^ L E 22
Dry bulk carriers: second-hand prices, average vaines, 1970 and 1973-197?
(Prices in millions ofdollars ،،‫ ؛‬end ofyear)
18 000
25 000
35 000
50000
60000
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
. . .
. . .
. . .
. . . .
. . .
‫ آ»ﺀ‬/‫ﺀ‬
1970
1973
1974
1975
1963
1966
1965
1967
1972
2.8
4.8
6.0
9.0
11.0
4.5
6.5
8.0
11.5
17.0
4.8
7.2
9.0
13.0
17.0
3.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
10.5
1977
‫ﺀا‬/‫ه‬
2.9
‫ ﻣﻮ‬1
Source: Feamley and Egers Chartering Co. Ltd., Review ‫ وا‬7/)‫ اﺀه‬0‫ر‬, January 1978, table 18.
T able 23
Liner-^pe vessels: secnnd-hand prices, average vaines, 1970 and 1973-1977
(Prices in millions ofdollars at end ofyear)
6 600
12 500
13 500
16000
d.w.t.
Built
‫ﺀا‬/‫م‬
1973
. . . ,
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
1958
1956
1‫ ؤ‬59
1963
1.0
1.5
1. 7
3.0
1.1
1.5
2. 1
3.4
1974
1975
‫ ﺀا‬76
1.5
1.3
1.7
2. 6
4.0
1.2
1.4
2. 0
3.8
2 .2
3. 1
4.5
,S،>Hrc‫؟‬.' FeamleyandEgei‫ ؟‬CharteringCo.Ltd.,J ‫ ؟؛‬vretv/‫؛؛‬Oslo), Jannary 1978, table(77 18.
18
‫ﺀا‬/ 7
1
0.7
0.7
. 0
2.1
Chapter V
FREIGHT
single-voyage ft^tnres reaehefl 273 ^Tillion tons, or
ahont 33 per eent птоге than in the san^e periofl o f 1976,
while elean single-voyage fixtures rengaine© on the level
o f 1976 anfl am ounted to 16 n^illion tons. T he singlevoyage clean marl‫؛‬et was quite active in the first quarter
o f the year, owing to heavy spot chartering to the ports o f
the Dnitefl States o f A m erica to ©over the den^anfl for
heating oil c^usefl by an unexpeeteilly eol© winter. Tbus,
in February, the flxtures to N o rth A m eriea reachefl
72 per eent o f the total volunre o f single voyage ©lean
business reported in tb at m onth, as against 2© per cent in
D ecem ber 1976.
A. General developments
58. T he eeonom ie recession in developed m arketeeonom y eountries and the w orld surplus o f tankers ^nd
bulk carriers were the dom inant factors whieh
influenced the m arket in 1977، T he increased supply of
tonnage noted in ehapter II above was n o t m atched by a
corresponding expansion o f dem and for shipping
services, resulting in a generally w eaker freight m arket
tb a n in l9 7 6 .
59. In the dry eargo trades, the initiative was with the
eharterers, who eould choose tonnage and dietate the
style o f ©bartering. T he volum e o f eontraet business and
period tim e charter reported on the m arket in the first
three quarters o f 1977 was eonsiderably less than in the
sam e period o f 1976, although period tim e ©barter
revived from July onwards, m ainly because owners
wanted to fix before the m arket deteriorated further.
T rip ©bartering increased again and was particularly
p o p u lar with the eharterers to sueh destinations as the
?ersian Gulf, the R ed Sea and C hina. T im e ©bartering o f
bu lk carriers for round voyages for the carriage o f grain
from N o rth and Soutb A m eriea with delivery and
redelivery in E urope was one o fth e features o fth e period
u nder review. Congestion and delays which a^eeted
ships in m any ports o f the world continued to be a
firming faetor on the m arkets.
63. T he am ount o f inbepenflent tanl‫؛‬er tonnage
u nber period tim e charter decline© from about 121 million d.w.t. in Septem ber 1976 to approxim ately 93 million d.w.t. a year later, or from 63 per eent down to
47 per eent o f the total fleet o f independent tanl‫؛‬er
owners. Charterers evidently switebed to single-voyage
©overage on the expiration o f period tim e ©barters whieh
had been eoneluded at higher rates no longer prevailing
on the marl‫؛‬et.
64. T aking into aecount the laid-up tonnage as well
as slow steaming, the tanker surplus was estim ated at
about 1©8 m illion d.w.t. in N ovem ber 1977 as com pared
w ith 6© m illion d.w.t. at the end o f 1976. T he am ou n t of
laid-up tanker tonnage was decreasing until A pril 1977,
w hen it reaehed, aeeording to the G eneral C ouncil of
Rritish Shipping, 26.8 m illion d.w.t., i.e. the lowest
figure sinee M ay 1975. Thereafler, the trend was
reversed and in G ctober the figure stood at 37.4 m illion
d.w .t.; it declined again by some 6.3 m illion d.w.t. in
N ovem ber, m ainly due to the absorption by the m arket
ofV L C C and ULCC.
6©. G rain aeeounted for about 7© per eent o f the
reported single-voyage fixtures for the period Jan u a ry S eptem ber 1977 as against 6© per eent for the same
period on 1976. Loadings in ports o fth e U nited States of
A m erica in the G u lf o f M exieo aeeounted for about
49 per cent o fth e single voyage grain business eom pared
w ith 56 per cent in the first three quarters o f 1976, while .
65. A bout 57 per eent o ftheactiveeom bined caiT ier
those o fth e R iver Elate increased from 4 to 11 per eent fleet was engaged in oil trading during the period
because o f an exceptionally good harvest in A rgentina. January-^eptem ber 1977, eom pared w ith 52 per eent in
As a result o f recessional conditions in the steel industry
1976, wbieh refleets the deterioration o f dry eargo
o f developed m arket-eeonom y countries, the volum e of m arkets for this type o f tonnage.
iron ore and eoal flxtures declined from 29 per eent of
66. A eeordingto m ost foreeasts for tbe tanker freight
the reported single-voyage fixtures for the period
m
arket,
tanker surplus is likely to continue until 1983January-S eptem ber 1976 to 17 per eent for the same
1985.'^D uring the surplus period, inereases in transporperiod o f 1977. Large bulk carriers and eom bined
tation dem and will be m et by elim inating slow steaming,
carriers were the m ost alfected.
absorbing new building tonnage, reaetivating the laid-up
61. According to the G eneral C ouneil o f British fleet, progressively utilizing tbe Suez c ^ n a l, reactivating
Shipping, as at 3© Septem ber 1977 laid-up dry cargo or increasing the throughput o f existing pipelines and
tonnage am ounted to 1©.5 m illion d.w.t. com pared w ith phasing in o f newly built pipelines.
5.4 m illion d.w.t. a year before; com bined carriers
aeeounted for 54 per eent o fth e total.
62. In the b ulk liquid trades during the period
January-S eptem ber 1977, the volum e o f reported dirty
"See, for instance, OECD, Maritime Transport, 1976 (?aris),
pp. 31-32 ; Norwegian ShippingNews(Os\o), No. 17D, 16 September
1977, p. 14 ; Sea trade (Colcbester, U.K.), vol. 7, No. 4, April 1977,
pp. 41anri 43.
‫ ؛؛‬Unless Otherwise stated, paras. 66 and 62-65 ofthe present review
are based on data contained in H. p. Drewr‫( ^؛‬Shipping Consultants)
Ltd., Shipping Statistics and Economics (London), varions issues.
19
‫ﺑﻤﻢﻤ ﺎ‬
‫دم ﺣﺀ ﻤ ﺒ‪0‬ﻢ ‪ ^-‬ﺀ ﻟ‬
‫• ا ﻣﻤﺺ ‪ 5‬ﻣه ﺒ ﻤ‪0‬ﻤ ﺒ ﻤﻟﻢ ﺒ \ﻤ‪0‬ﻢ ‪0‬ﺀ ‪0‬ﻣ ﺮ‬
‫^ ؛!‬
‫‪8‬ﺢ‬
‫ﻣ‬
‫‪il‬‬
‫؛‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫صا ما م‬
‫‪00‬‬
‫‪о ON 00‬‬
‫ﺗﺘﺘﺘﺘﺘﻤﺘﻘﻮ ؛آ ﺀ و‬
‫‪0‬ﺗ ﻢ‬
‫‪0 0500‬‬
‫‪00‬‬
‫^\ق ‪0‬‬
‫م‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫■‪١٥ ٠-‬‬
‫‪■00‬‬
‫' ‪m00 о‬‬
‫ا ‪ ٠٠‬ﻳم ‪ ٠٠ ٠٠ ٥٠‬ب ‪١‬‬
‫ص‬
‫ا‬
‫;‬
‫ﻳ ﻤ ﺴ ﺴ ﺈ ﻣ ﺒ ﻨ ﻬ ﺒ ﻬ ﺼ ﻪ<‬
‫ؤ و! و إ و و أ‬
‫ﻣ ﺆ م;‬
‫' ‪،n m ^ t f N T f f S O O c o O N‬‬
‫‪û o‬‬
‫اﻳ ﻤ إلا م © اﻣ ﻴ ﺒ ﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻣ ﺺ‬
‫‪<N( N<N<N<Nr 4ï N<N( N‬‬
‫و‬
‫ﻣ ﻤ ﻤ ﻤ ﺴ ﻤ ﺄ م‪ ،‬ا ﻣ ﺞ ؟ ﺣ ﺈ م‬
‫‪ijj‬‬
‫‪ 0000‬اح‪0 5 0 ،‬‬
‫ى‬
‫ﺣ ﺒ" اﻤ ﻢ ﺀ ﺑ ﻨ ﻴ ﻤ ﻠ ﻤ ﺺ‪ ،‬م‬
‫ﻳﺼﻲ‬
‫و‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪00‬‬
‫ﺀﻟﻢﺀﺑﻢﺀ‪00‬‬
‫‪0‬دم‬
‫ﻫﺎ‪ 00‬ﻫﺎ‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫‪،٠‬‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫ي‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫وﺀق‬
‫‪Os‬‬
‫—‪0‬‬
‫\‪\^00‬‬
‫ﻳﻢ ‪0‬‬
‫‪ 0‬ﻳﻤﻴﻢ‪0005‬ﺑﻢﺀ ‪،‬‬
‫'‪00‬‬
‫'‪١٥‬‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫‪00‬‬
‫وﺟ ﺠ ﺠ ﺠ ﻮو و و ﻣ‬
‫ﺢ|‬
‫‪111‬‬
‫ﻗ ﺔ‬
‫‪0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0‬‬
‫‪I I‬‬
‫و ر ؤ'‬
‫‪Jlilflilllil‬‬
‫‪20‬‬
‫|‬
B. Changes In freight rates in f9 7 7 ‘
1974-1977. A nnex V and table 25 do not Include port
congestion surcharges b ‫ ?؛‬liner conferences.
D ry cargo tramp m arket freight rates .1
69. 135 changes in freight r^te surcharges were
announced in 1977 com pared with 116 in 1976. T he
n um ber o f straightforw ard liner freight rate increases
was higher in 1977 ( 160) than in the preceding tw o ‫?؛‬ears
(130 and 149 respective!‫ ?؛‬in 1975 and 1976). However,
46 per cent o f these were under 10 per cent as against
39 per cent in 1976 and onl11 ?‫ ؛‬per cent .in 1975.
D r .6 7 ‫ ?؛‬cargo tram p indices, both tim e and trip
charter, re je c te d depressed conditions and relative
stabilit ‫ ?؛‬o fth e tra m p m a rk e td u rin g l9 7 7 ,w ith g e n e ra ll ‫?؛‬
higher rates in the first and last quarters. O n average, the
tim e charter index was 19 points lower than in the
previous ‫?؛‬ear as a result o f a decreased interest shown b ‫?؛‬
charterers in period fixing; indices for each o fth e m ain
size groups are indicated below. T he m onthl ‫ ?؛‬average
for the trip charter index was onl ‫ ?؛‬m arginall ‫ ?؛‬less than in
A nnex IV o fth e present review gives m axim um .1976
and m inim um levels for selected single vo ‫?؛‬age rates for
1974-1977 .
70. In 1977, there were no m ajor changes in bunl‫؛‬er
prices. As a result, the num ber o f changes in regard to
bunker surcharges rem ained relativel‫ ?؛‬small.
71. Simple averages o f increases ^nd decreases of
surcharges in percentage points during the period 19751977 were as follows;
Cargo linerfreight rates
D uring 1977, th e liner freight index o f the .6 8
o f T ransport o f the Tederal R epublic
M inistr
of ‫?؛‬
points to reach 232 points
Grose
ermin
an
b‫?؛‬
‫?؛‬
14
Type o f
D ecem ber, com pared w ith an increase o f 12 points in surcharge
A nnex V o fth e present review shows changes in .1976
liner rates and surcharges during 1977 . ١ T able 25 gives ، Bunker . .
o f these freight rate changes
a sum
for
ears‫?؛‬
m
the
ar‫?؛‬Suez Canal
Others،‫ ؛‬. .
Discussion in (his section is based on the table 24 on
20‫؛‬.
1
■، Information eoncernin§ changes of currency adjustment factor is
given in ^D/B/C.4/178/Add. 1.
1976
1975
1977
Decrease^'
Increase^ Decrease*) Increase^
1.10
2.20
1.37
3.77
1.87
1.63
—
1.0
36.2
—
37.20
—
23.87
Source: Annex ٧ o f ‫ ﺀ<اا‬present review and corresponding annexes in the Review ،>/
maritime transport prepared by the UNCTAD secretariat for earlier years.
» Including new surcharges.
‫ ﺀ‬Including concellations of surcha^tes.
،‫ ؛‬mndling; terminal pori charges; landing, storage and delivery chafes, stevedoring, etc.
Time charter frei^t rate index for different tonnage‫ا‬
(1976 = 100)
Year
‫ﻣﺢ»ه‬
quarter
!976
1st quarter
12.000-
20 .000 -
I9,999d.w.t.
34,999d.w.t.
35.00049.999d.w.t.
‫ﻣﻞ‬,‫س‬-
84,999d.w.t.
101
2nd quarter
92
3rd quarter
107
4rd quarter
105
81
87
+59.7
110
+5.1
+8.9
-9.6
104
110
104
108
110
106
-19.5
-33.6
-35.9
+11.0
+1.5
+1.9
-25.0
81
+1.2
Source: Based on the time charter index numbers compiled by the General Council ofBritish Shipping.
-18.8
56
87
+5.7
«١
69
81
+18.0
111
106
108
87
89
4th quarter
+1.0
+!.‫؛‬
114
+1.9
-19.1
105
+29.6
105
-1.9
3rd quarter
77+
.‫؛‬
101
‫ب‬4.8
Change
81
63
+24.7
+13.8
+16.3
2nd quarter
Total
Change
Change
‫ﺀﺀ»ﻫﺎاﺀ‬
Change
Change
Subindex (percentage) Subindex (percentage) Subindex (percentage) Subindex (percentage) Subindex (percentage, Subindex
-9.0
1977
1st quarter
85,000
andover
+32.1
+3.6
74
-3.7
61
78
+7.7
T able 25
Summary of liner freight rate changes and surcharges announee<l during the period 1974-1977
Number affreight rate changes^
Typeoffreightratechange
1974
© enem l increase in freight t a r i l f s
© eneral freight increases partly offset by in corporation
in the tariffs o f p art o r all o f the pre-existing
s u r c h a r g e s ............................................................................
A nnonncetnents o f new snrcharges o r o f increases in
pre-existing s n rc h a rg e s .......................................................
B n n k e r .......................................................................................
© thers (preshipt^ent, entergency, handling, landing,
storage, e t c . ) .......................................................................
Subto ta l
1976
١42
135
4
2
181
1977
١44
163
13
56
11
55
73
168
28
40
44
13
28
15
29
327
193
16
11
©ases w here pre-existing surcharges were incorporated
in to tariffs through corresponding increases in tariffs
©ases w here snrcharges w ere reduced o r cancelled
w ithout being incorporated in tariffs . . . . . .
B u n k e r .......................................................................................
Suez © a n a l..................................................................................
© thers (preshipnrent, em ergency, handling, landing.
S ubtotal
1975
120
212
247
61
62
281
312
35
105
131
324
T dtal
‫ﻫﻚ‬،،^ ‫ﺀ‬.■Compiled on the basis 0( annexes V and VI 0( the present revie«; and corresponding annexes or tahles in the Review ٠/
maritime transport prepared by the UNCTAD secretariat for eariier years.
‫ و‬The number of freight rate and surcharge changes summarised is greater than the number of announcements shown in annex ٧
of the present review a^d corresponding annexes in the previous review because, as in previous years, in severa! cases one
announcement carried more than one change.
Summary of straightforward increases in freight tariffs announced in f97^, f976 and 1977 ‫و‬
U nder 5
- 5 and less th an
7.5 and less th an
10 and less th an
12.5 and less th an
15 and less th an
20 a n d o v e r .
- 7.5
10
12.5
15
20
. .
Number
ofincreases
Percenta,
oftotal
0.8
6.1
30
24
49
23.1
18.5
Number
‫م‬/‫كﺀﺗﻢﺀ^ ﺀا< ر‬
‫ي‬
100.0
Percentagi
oftotal
0.6
14.8
18.1
20.8
26
19
17.4
Number
ofincreases
149
Percentage
oftotal
4
32
2 ‫ ه‬.‫ه‬
31
27
23.7
19.4
16.9
22
10.1
ml
130
1977
‫ﺀا‬/‫ه‬
1975
Size o f increase
(percentage)
100.0
3.7
160
100.0
Source: Annex v below and corteapondin^ annexes in the Review ‫م‬/» ‫ ﺀاﺀ<اﺀ'»ﻫﺎ‬،‫ا‬-‫ « مﺀﺀاه‬pmpated by the UNCATD sectetaeiat
for previous years.
‫ ﺀ‬Excluding announcements whieh (i) reterred to a flat increase in terms of an absolute amount per unit of ea^o (4 in 1977 as
against 11 in ‫ ﻗﺎ‬7‫ ؤ‬and 4 in 1975); (ii) did not specify the percentage amount ofthe incmase (13 such announcements in 1977 as
against 5 in 1976 and 1 in 1975).
22
cen tfro m 2 3 4 (1 9 6 8 = 1 0 0 )a tth e e n d o fS e p te m b e rl9 7 6
to 254 a year later, as com pared w ith an Increase o f
5.7 per eent during the preceding 12-nTonth period.
3. T anker freight rates
72. V LC C /U LC C freight rates experiences pressure
from spot tankers o f these sizes available in the ?ersian
G u lf D uring the M ay to July period, aeeording to
E.A. G ibson ^hipbrokers Ltd., London, sueh tonnage
am ounted to some 5 to 6 m illion d.w.t. P oor m arket
conditions for VLCCs and JJLCCs depressed rates for
m edium -size ©rude ©arrière. T he sharp increase of
indices for small ©rude and produet carriers and for
handy-size tankers in February was eaused by the active
©bartering o f spot tonnage at high rates to the Llnited
States o f Am eriea. ^ o r all sizes, freight rates were higher
in the first and the last quarter o f the year owing to
seasonal faetors.
c.
Freight rate indices of selected commodities exported
hy deveioping con^ries
73. T he up-dated freight rate indiees for four
selected eom m odities, as well as the com bined index, is
shown in table 26. T he eom bined index rose by 8.6 per
D. Liner freight rates as a percentage nf prices
of select© eonnnodities
74.
Table 27 shows the ratio o f liner freight rates to
export priees o f 12 prim ary com m odities exported from
developing countries to E nrope dnring the period 19641976. In 1976, prices for these com m odities— exeept
tea, coconut oil and sisal h em p — increased; the
increases were particularly high for coffee, cocoa beans
from G hana and rubber and ranged from 65 per cent to
134 per eent. A t the sam e tim e, freight rates either
declined or rose m oderately, except for the rate for palm
kernels. As a resnlt o fthe interplay o fth e two faetors, the
ratio o f liner freight rates to prices for m ost o f the
com m odities indicated in the table declined; the exceptions were palm kernels, for whieh freight rates increased
by 36 per cent, and sisal hem p, the priee o f whieh
dropped by 27 p er eent.
Iges in freight ratios
(Percentage)
!975-1976
1964-1976
Palm k e rn e ls ...........................................
J n t e ..........................................................
...........................................
Sisal hemp
R u b b e r.....................................................
T e a . ٠٠ ...........................................
T i n ..........................................................
€ © c o n u t© il...........................................
Coffee (from B r a z i l ) .............................
Co№a beans (from Brazil) . . . . .
Coffee (from Colombia-Atlantic ^orts) ٠
Colfee (from Colombia-Pacific ports)
Coeoa beans (from Chana) . . . . .
Increase
Increase
+198.9
+119.5
+164.8
+48.7
+47.7
+16-7
t-u .4
Decrease
+34.4
—12.5
-8.8
-54.6
-22.6
4 7 .4
-49.2
-56.6
-5.7
-16.2
-25.6
-28.6
-28.9
‫ ﺑﻰ‬5‫م‬2
T able 26
Indices of freight rates of selected commodities exported by deveioping countries, 1975-1977
(E n d ofquarter: 1968 = КЮ)
Commodity
Year and
quarters
Cocoa
Cotton
Rubber
Tea
Combined
index
247.1
243.9
229.5
237,4
219.8
262.2
191.4
184.6
239.3
233.1
221.5
236.3
256 ‫م‬
248.2
246,3
249,2
247,3
183.9
179.1
178.6
186.4
233.3
231.2
234.1
241.1
269.2
256,5
245.2
257,1
195.3
199.6
262.4
256.1
256.7
254.3
1975
1st quarter
2ndquarter
3rd quarter
4th quarter
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
243.2
241.7
234.2
252.3
244.5
241.3
1976
1st quarter
2nd quarter
3rdquarter
4th quarter
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
258.6
258.7
264.6
288.6
24 ‫ق‬. ‫ا‬
241.6
1977
1st quarter
2nd quarter
3rdquarter
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
298.6
295.2
289.5
244.1
‫ «ﻫﻚ‬٢‫ ﺀﺀﺀ‬Compiled on .•١١١٠
a and es
f rmde
basis
suppiie‫؛‬
e i ^ da)‫؛‬
m‫؛‬
o ‫ آ !؛‬0 ١١١٠ UNCTAD se٠٢٠١a ١a١‫أ‬
he GovemmeWs or‫؛‬
by
eon%rene‫؛‬
s ando>^l,
shipping
and
he following
ofiiade
lines
a froin‫؛‬
conc‫؟‬
rade
b]i‫؛؛‬
ih‫؛‬
da‫؟‬
p‫؛‬
a‫ ؟؟‬s: A nm al Bulletin ٠/
Stattslks, In،erna،!ona! Tea Comm ‫؛‬t،e^ (London), various Issues; Secretariat o fth e International Rubber Study Group, Rubber
‫ﺀآﻣﻢ)ك‬،‫ ﺳﺎ‬/ ‫« ﺀ‬//‫اﺀﺀ‬
London), varions issues; FAO),‫مﺀهﺀ‬،‫ا‬
<], ‫ ﺀﺀ'اﺀﺀرﻣﻤﻊ‬Rome), varions issues; International Cotton Advisory Commit)- ,
23
T able 27
Ratio of liner freight rates to prices of selected co^^!odit‫؛‬es, 1964,1970 and 197^-1976
Freight rate as a percentage ofprice ‫^ 'ﺀ‬
Commodity
Rubber . .
Tin .
. .
Jute .
. .
Sisal hemp
Cocoa beans
Coconut oil
Tea .
. .
Coffee
. .
?aim kernels
ColJee
. ,
Cocoa beans
Coffee
. .
Route
1964
Singapore/Malaysia-Europe
Singapore/Malaysia-Europe
Rangladesh-Europe
EastAfrica-Europe
Chana-Europe
Sri Lanka-Europe
Sri Lanka-Europe
Brazil-Europe
Nigeria-Europe
Colombia (Atlantic ports)-Europe
Brazil-Europe
Colombia (Paci?mports)-£urope
8.0
1.2
8.7
8.4
3.1
8.8
6.5
4.9
9.5
4.2
8.6
4.5
1970
1973
‫ وا‬7‫ﺀﻧﺞ‬
‫وث‬/‫ﺀو‬
/ ‫ و‬76‫ﺀ‬
11.0
‫ث؟ل‬
19.5
2.4
4.2
7.4
4.5
1.1
iH
18.1
10.1
14.2
7.0
8.0
3.9
4.8
4.3
5.4
1.4
19.1
17.2
1.7
i
7‫؛‬.
4.4
28.4
3.0
6.4
Sources: Data supplied by the Royal Netherlands Shipowners’ Association.
‫ ﺀ‬€.i.^. prices з^ге quoted for ru b ^ r (London-RSS), ti^, jute (UK-pwc grade), sisal hemp, cocoa beans (Ghana-Europe), and palm kernels. For
cocoa beans (‫ ؟‬ra‫؟‬il-Euro^) and coffee (Golombia-Euro^ and Brazil-Europe), unit values of exports were quoted. Prices of ‫؛‬he remaining commodities
are quoted on f.o.b. terms.
^ Freight rates include Suez Canal varying surcharges, when appljcable. Whenever a conversion of freight rates to other currencies has been
necessa!^ for 1976, this was based on currency parities as published in United Nations, Monthly Bulletin ofStatistics. vol. XXXI, No 8 (August 1977),
and valid as at the end of 1976. Annual freight rates were calculated by taking a weighted average of various freight rates quoted during the year,
weighted by their period of duration.
‫ ﺀ‬1‫ م‬197‫ ب‬prices ‫ ؟‬f sisal hemp an^ t^l!‫ ؟‬kernels wer‫ ؟‬taken respectively from UNCTA^, Monthly Commodity Price Bulletin (November 197‫ إل‬, and
Special Supplement, (July 1976). In 1976, the price for sisal he‫ ؟‬ip was ta k ^ from UNCTAD, Monthly Commodity Price Bulletin (December 1976). In
1976, the prices for sisal hemp and coconut oil were taken from ^ C A T D , Monthly Commodity Price Bulletin, 1960-1976, Special Supplement
(revised) ($^pt€mber 1977).
24
Chapter VI
PORT DEVELOPMENTS
80. T he dem and £or p©rt services has been affected
in the past year by varions fact©rs, ©fwhich the following
are o f particular interest;
A. Central notes
75. In the Review o fm a ritim e transport, 1976, the
U N C T A D secretariat surveyed for the first tim e developm ents and trends in the field o f ports.
(a) T he increased use o f the roll-on/rotl- 0 ^ type o f
ships, which lends greater flexibility to shipping schedules, arid in particular to the choice o f ports o f call;
76. T he 1977 Review uses both pubhshed dâta for
the year 1976 and the replies to a questionnaire sent to
194 ports all over the world. A total o f 81 port authorities responded to this questionnaire. It is w orth noting,
however, th at the participating ports represent a different sam ple from that o f the previous year, since a
n um ber o f ports responding in 1976 did not respond in
1977 ^nd vice versa. T he ports th at responded are
m ostly general cargo ports, although som e are also
equipped with instaflations for speeialixed cargoes. The
sam pte covers ports o f all si^es and a! atl stages of
developm ent.
(b) T he developm ent o f new feeder services;
( ‫ )ء‬T he increased utfli^ation ofm edium -si^e tankers
and the stabilisation o f th e targest ffL C C sise around
500,000/550,000 d.w.t.
81. Tabies 30 and 31 sum m arise the inform ation on
e o ^ a in e r traffic provided by ports replying to the
U N C T A D questionnaire. C ontainerisation is no t developing at the same rate in atl regions. In developing
e o u ^ rie s, eontainerisation is spreading fastest in Asia
(see table 3^). D ther significant developm ents m ay be
observed also in W est Africa, the C aribbean and some
L atin A m erican countries (see tables 33 and 34).
77. T able 28 sum m arizes the replies to the
U N C T A D questionnaire by region. T he inform ation
obtained from the questionnaire is presented in
table 29.
82. ^peeial m ention shoutd be m ade o f developm ents in iniand waterways and intand ports. In 1976!977, attem pts were m ade to im prove inland waterways
and the corresponding ports and their access. V arious
projects have been carried out o r are planned. This is an
im portant developm ent since it will allow seagoing ships
to navigate further on certain inland waterways and will
thus m ake for a better integration o f seagoing and intand
w aterway transport.
78. Owing to the lack o f replies from certain regions,
additional inform ation has been collected from rehabte
sourees. In sum m ary, ports in developed countries are
continuing th eir efforts to m odernize existing installations and are devetoping new facilities m ostly for
containers and ro-ro, while ports in devetoping countries are expanding, restructuring and m odernizing their
faeihties. In partieutar, they are constructing m any new
specialized faeihties, for exam pte, for containers and
ro-ro, sugar, eereals and other bulk cargoes.
83. Table 35 hsts a num ber o f im provem ents being
undertaken on certain im portant waterways.
c.
Supply of port services
B. Demand fnr port services
79.
F rom the figures for m aritim e traffic presented
in table 1 above, it appears that, afler a drop in traffic in
!975, the situation is slowly im proving. A t the same
tim e, b o th shipowners and shippers are m aking w ider
use o f m odern shipping technologies such as roflon/roll-off, containers and various barge systems.
84.
W hile the period 976!- 975 ‫ ا‬was m arked by an
unprecedented port developm ent effort in developing
countries, !977 was eharaeteri^ed by a eonsohdation o f
the port devetopm ent sehemes and, for certain subregions, a reconsideration and scaling down o f the
im provem ent projects. Neverthetess, a significant
n um ber o f new projects were announced.
T able 28
Summary ofthe range of ^№$tionna‫؛‬re$ and answers
‫ا«ﺀ‬-‫ﺀﻣﻢ‬
Regions
Number o f ٩uest ‫ﻫﻬﺄ‬n ‫ أه‬res
despatched
. . . .
Repiies received
. . .
Percentage o f questionnaires completed in
eacli region
٠ . ٠.
-
Western Eastern
3,
25
67.5
‫و‬
2
22.5
North and
Central
America
South
America
regions
Asia
Africa
Oceania
25
16
36
4
35
26
42
7
١٨
40.0
١١١
74.0
16.6
70.0
25
7
Total
194
81
41.8
T able 29
، on selected ports, 1976
Country
territory
Australia
Belgium
Benin
Canada
Port
Kngston
Japan
Tokyo
Osaka
Kobe
Yokohama
New Zealand
Nigeria
Philippines
Saudi Arabia
SpeciaSpecia- Specia- lized
Bargelized
lized
grainAnnual tonnage
carrying bulk
dry bulk carrying
{thousand
ships
liquid
carriers ships Others
tons)
—
1
—
30
10
10
18
6
8/9
63
—
3
42
15
2*
13 500
17 600 2
15000 01
24 326
14 600
211500
48
2 500
1
"
1
—
—
1
1
—
—
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
1 6 663
8018
16 663
6921
4 768
429
1 3 455
3660
10
9122
4
.
—
1
Break bulk
‫ة‬
1
4
29
18
61
36
21
‫أ‬
87
136
56
16
22
13
5
37
10
2
1
4‫؛‬
7
4
7
1
Manila south
M anilanorth
Jeddah
1
1
1
1
1
1
7
12
7
4891
4
21
Beirut
Klang
Penang
Kuching
Kajang River
Valetta
Port Louis
Amsterdam
Rotterdam
Auckland
Wellington
56 680
41 190
43 600
31418
417676
1 340 281
1 408 ООО
700
500‫؛‬
—
4
—
—
1
—
2
877
2 773
136
' 423
6519
17230
49 492
35 812
7 697
1 483
6
—
—
—
78819
40 482
1 1 38 05
3 001
419892
755 000
69 400
49 574
128 050
65 500
890 000
12000
20 272
7312
5 000
49 83^
105 ООО
126 000
26 178
13 300
28 000
1844224‫؛‬
222 0006
4500
1
—
—
3
1
1
1
—
1
..
—
—
1
15
—
1
i
—
26
—
—
—
267 000
6 633
90 470
1472
‫ ؛‬ООО
16210
65 965
399018
300 000
500 000
89 000
26 800
302 240
13 500
20 900
79 320
55000
332 000
140 000
495 330
114000
211200
301 646
803 603
2 288 469
206 805
18000
20 000
100 000
10
14 500
200 000
120 000
11
4
2
117 ‫ﺳﻮ‬
165 100
Unlimited
146 ООО
u ' n j
4
26
24
١
‫آ‬
Open
32 041
2716
22 995
188 700
1 881 500
66 046
50 000
912.5
10954 ‫ا‬
— 19206 ‫ا‬
60 185
23 400
96 820
24 136
5 670
251 362
588 780
460 000
2
103980
١
i
Spaceforcargostorage
4
1
Special reply
Halifax
Mo^real
Jamaica
Malta
Mauritius
Netherlands
Ro/ro
ships
Container
ships
Hobart
Sydney
Antwerp
Cotonou
Vancouver
Antofagasta
Chile
Valparaiso
Limassol
Cyprus'
Larnaca
Prance (continental) Bordeaux
Le Havre
Marseilles
France (overseas)
Papeete
Polynesia
New Caledonia
Noumea
Cuadeloupe
Pointe ‫ف‬Pitre
Cambia
Banjul
©wendo
Gabon
Piraeus
Greece
Santo Tomas
Guatemala
Hong Kong
HongRong
India
Bombay
Calcutta
Coebin
Kandia
Madras
Mangalore
Mormugao
Paradip
Tuticorln
Vlsakhapatnam
Iraq
Basrah
Iran
^jorramshahr
Shabpore
Busher
Abbas
Noshahr
Pahlavl
Ireland
Dublin
Italy
Naples
©enoa
Trieste
Ivory Coast
Abidjan
Jordan
Lebanon
Malaysia
Conventional
break
bulk
121561
129 077
417450
100 ООО
200 ООО
46 956
5364
4216
667
243
1 663
1843
18 280
269 000
5 380
5 506
10189
5 078
143 280
53 603
187 680
12 355
11380
25 000
337 284
1 064410
94 002
53 500
316 129
68 000
181
18
000
175
131000
000
143
8 702
118 350
000
558
3 790
8 361
27 140
4907‫؛‬
50 ООО
14314
1449
‫ﻓﺬ‬
1‫؛‬
000
T a b le 29 (continued)
Data on selected ports, 1976
territory
Somalia
Spain
Sweden
Syrian Arab
Republic
Thailand
United Arab
Emirates
Abu Dhabi
Sharjah
Singapore
United Kingdom
Port
Berbera
Mogadiscio
Valencia
Stockholm
Gothenburg
Latakia
4
Hawaii
Venezuela
Vugoslavia
Zaire
7
16
— 36
7
—
5523
Mina Zayed
?ort Khaled
Singapore
London
River
Docks
Southampton
Hull
940‫؛‬
214
35
Semi-covered
(in square metres)
Covered
Open
46
2‫ﻣﻢ‬
182 ٠٠٠
2909
746
523
—
791 ٠٠٥
161
84‫م‬
177
145
45
375
7‫ﻣﻢ‬
120 ٠٥٠
113000
17000
22 —
32
34
‫أ‬1
10
10
1
10
13
Cardiff
Houston
Long Beach
New York
Seattle
Honolulu
Puerto Cabello
LaGuaira
Koper
Matadi
22
14
50
11
12
8
10
10
6‫ م‬8 ٠٥٠
ООО300
2‫ ذن‬22‫م‬
815
8351‫ة‬
14426 ٠٠٥
500
10
15000
463
370
150 ٠٠٠
215000
217
345
80 ٠٠٠
‫ د‬Revenue tons.
^ ? ‫^؛‬u^e converted from original tonnage given in “ long” tons.
T able
€ontniner traffic in ‫؟‬
30
ed ports of developing countries, 1976
Fullcontainers
Port
2‫ م‬52‫ﻫﻢ‬
200
19
49 7 8 5 ‫ةا‬
81721
753
32 ‫ل‬
223
46‫ﺗﻢ‬
11614 ‫ ه‬١295 ‫ ﻣﻢ‬0 ‫ت‬
5 ‫ ﻣﻢ‬9 ‫ا‬
1502
325
2325‫ا‬
254
035
1373
100
49
1951
98 ٠٠٠
1022
128
155
1271
1
53
30
5o«rce. Based on replies to the UNCTAD questionnaire.
‫ ا‬Figure converted from original tonnage given !n«sh©ri»tons.
^ Including transit and warehousing space.
Countryor territory
Spaceforcargostorage
5 ООО Not measured
5 ООО
10 000 Not measured —
28 881
26 930 174 564
141 ٠٠٠
186 ٠٠٥4 ٠٠٠
119
9245 ‫ﻣﻤﻤﻢ‬
107
428
1276
4065
573
22
1822
Bangkok
N e^ort
United States
of America
SpeciaSpecia- Specia- lized
lized
lized
grainAnnual tonnage
bulk dry bulk carrying
(thousand
liquid carriers ships Others
tons)
Conventional
break Ro/ro
ships
bulk
Country
Loaded
Empty containers
Discharged
Total
Loaded
Discharged
Total
451
451
395
395
60
1 711
846
846
60
8 580
٠
٠
1 200
7 950
18 836
36 438
1221
Grand
total
South and Central America
Caribbean «٢،?،،
Chile
Guatemala
lamaica
Guadeloupe (France)
Africa
Benin
Gabpn
Ivory Coast
Nigeria
Zaire
Valparaiso
A^ofagasta
Santo Tomas
Kingston
Pointe ‫ف‬Pitre
Cotonou
Gwendo
Abidjan
Matadi
1318
65
200
6 735
2 700
1 282
128
80
12 604
19 300
2 600
193
280
19 339
22 ٠٠٠
250
1 730
0348
27258
41 889
2643
1980
8 034
59 487
44426
3 541
٠
229
537
898
٠
6869
1200
7 950
7 009
36 438
1221
11 827
٠
٠
3 446 TEU
1039
340 Containers
27919 Containers
Containers
3 180
17 984
78 323
80 864
4 762
Containers
Containers
Containers
Containers
Containers
Continental Asia and
/ ‫آس‬،‫ﺀﺀم» ا‬،‫ » ا‬islands
Hong Kong
India
HongKong
Calcutta
Cochin
Bombay.
428499
16
2236
2 578
387 836 816335
6
22
871
772
1 347
3 925
27
82339
294
99
157
130385 212724 1 029059 TEV
280
574
596 ..
1365
223
142 ‫ ا‬..
768
925
4 8 5 0 ..
T a b le 30 (continued)
Container traffic in selected ports of developing countries, 1976
Fullcontainers
Country or territory
Port
Kelang
?enang
Singapore
?ort Louis
Bangkok
Malaysia
Singapore
Mauritius
Thailand
Loaded
Discharged
19 542
5 886
1 1 9966
822
14423
23 713
3 074
1 3 4455
2 456
1 7 939
Empty containers
Total
43
8
254
3
32
Loaded
255
960
421
278
362
6 387
Discharged
Grand
total
Total
2 440
3 976
1 1703
—
796
8 827
5 232
39 527
1 563
4 052
52 082
14 192
293 948
4 841
36414
Containers
TEU
TEU
Containers
Containers
‫ةق!أ ﺀ‬
13 ]19
133 694
14 450
Containers
TEU
Containers
143 608
5 407
Containers
P acific isla n d s
N ew Caledonia (France)
?hilippines
Tahiti (Franee)
Noum ea
Manila
Papeete
‫ه‬
43 991
200
7 305
58 929
7 100
7 305
102 920
7 300
5814
22 255
7 150
0
2001
75 250
1940
75 250
3 941
!358
18
3 080
570
24 477
5 586
5916
37 663
8 666
7 486
62 140
3 279
3 841
10075
‫ة' ﺀأ‬
M id d le E a st
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates
Jeddah
Sharjah
‫ة‬
1466
1 130
4 409
»
E u ro p e
Cyprus
Malta
©reece
Limassol
Valette
Piraeus
‫ا‬
13 075
11381
78 744
1 6604
Containers
T a b e e 31
Container traffic In seleeted ports of developed market-economy countries, 1976
Fullcontainers
Country
Australia
Belgium
Canada
France
Japan
Ireland
Italy
Netherlands
N ew Zealand
Spain
Sweden
United Kingdom
United States o f America
Yugoslavia
Port
Sydney
Antwerp
Halifax
Montreal
Vancouver
Bordeaux
Ее Havre
Marseilles
©saka
Kobe
Vokobaj^a
Tokyo
©ublin
Naples
Trieste
©enoa
Amsterdam
Rotterdam
Auckland
‫؛‬Wellington
Valencia
Bilbao
©otbenburg
Stockholm
Eondon
Houston
Seattle
Long Beach
N ew York
Honolulu
(Hawai)
Kopar
Discharged
89 348
127 423
63 833
29 633
10221
140 081
43 117
64 978
560219
201 637
167 498
40 457
13519
24 297
65 667
3
‫ةأةأ ﺀ‬
636
16
494
18
785
30
468
297
337
53
2315
130
755
490
92
214
119
237
160
347
354
996
50
6225
Empty containers
Total
252 491
247 400
67 116
1 2 0012
72715
15 333
122 349
262 430
39 632
82 749
46 174
1 1 1152
447 803 1 008 022
139 909
341 546
1 5 4659
322 157
62 191
102 648
13 0
27 119
31 525
117714
047
52
21333
1 2056
354
275
687 351
30 542
906
13
11441
29 935
45411
626
14
744 602
276
305
68
8‫ ﺳﻢ‬122 201
1 1168
236 673
1 0 5918
177 020
530
84
1 9 4456
408 575
297
584
4 5 7821
398
357
745 711
163
119
35
56
43
143
977
557
179
082
‫س‬
893
161
853
4
212 889
10475
Loaded
Discharged
52 357
6 460
5 520
4 624
15 897
1131
9 301
5215
2 838
36 429
11707
29 051
i|
23 800
22 390
166 435
59 080
50 000
4 233
4 704
1474
3 409
1553
2
55
7
7
028
644
545
371
2 300
5 390
20 499
6 651
20 531
346
56 503
35 174
575‫؛‬
968!
4 740
1660
39 843
5 907
109 772
65 323
Total
58817
45 891
6 651
112
65 480
1 7 222
21953
237 469
81 533
73 800
7 999
17042
16 696
3 020
128 830
10 954
8 924
18 182
29 672
25 239
Grand
total
311308
293 291
73 767
133 937
93 827
18 225
327 910
99 971
133 105
245491
423 079
395 957
129 271
35 118
48 567
1 3 4410
24 353
816 181
41496
374
253
275
497
958
774 274
147 440
19479
297 047
183 273
574 850
558 318
912669
86 138
5 492
299 027
15 967
60
6
166
100
166
Containers
Containers
Containers
Containers
TEU
TEU
TEU
Containers
Containers
TEU
TEU
TEU
Containers
Containers
Containers
Containers
Containers
Containers
Containers
TEU
TEU
TEU
TEU
TEU
TEU
T able 32
T able 34
nevelopjnent of conlainer tra№c in the major Asian ports,
Present and forecast traffic fn several ports in developing conntries
1974-1976
{Number ofcontainers)
(Number ofcontainers)
1977 {estimated)
Port
1974
1975
1976
726215
153 411
65 773
802 283
191568
95 176
55 610
1 029 059
311772
133 695
68 728
Pon
H ong K ong
٠
S in g a p o re.
M a n ila . .
P ortK elang
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Sources: Containerisation International Year Book, 1977 (London),
isation lnternational{Lonàon), vol. II, No. 12, December 1977, p. 53.
Casablanca (Morocco)
Penang (Malaysia) . . .
Port-au-Prince (Haiti)
Puerto Cortes (Honduras)
S a ^ a Cruz de Tenerife
(Canary Islands) . . .
28 036
14 D 2
28 591
33 750
18 487
10260
42 785
50 433
70 700
! ContainerSource: “World container port survey”, Container News ^ e w York), vol. 1^, No.
December 1977, pp. 66-121.
١^٠
China
T able 33
Im portant m odernization and port deveiopm ent wor^
in being carried ont in C hina’s m ain ports, including a
reconstruction program m e in Shanghai, which wib
in c e a se the num ber o fberths to 52, tbe developm ent ٠٢
the two northern harbours T alien and Eusun for oil
exports, the construction on new berths at Hsinkang, the
expansion o f the port o f Tsingtao, and the m odernization o fth e southern ports o f W ham poa, C bangchian
and M aw ei.‫؟؛‬
Development of container traffic in several ports of West Africa,
the Carihhean and South America, f 974 and f 975
(Number ofcontainers)
Douala (©ameroon)
. . .
^ n g sto n (Jamaica)
. .
Santos (Brazil)
. . . . .
Port ofSp ain (Trinidad)
.
٠
٠
1974
1975
8 141
31200
29451
16 843
11381
51 317
33014
20 ООО
Gabon
Expansion o f the port o f ©wendo. A new tim ber
term inal is being constructed and is expected to be
fmished in June 1978 .‫ﺀا‬
Source: Containerisation International YearBook, 977‫(ﺛﻢ‬London).
India
Bangladesh
In 197b and earl1977 ?‫؛‬, two new m ajor Indian port
extensions were com m issioned, nam el‫?؛‬, the port at
In C haîna, a deep-w ater port is being constructed. The
plans provide, am ong otlrer things, for the construction
o f 11 berths, 7 transit sheds and 8 w arehouses.'‫؟‬
'‫ ؟‬Ibid, paras. 95-162.
Information provided by the Office des ports et rades dn ©abon,
in reply to an ttN C T A D questionnaire.
‫ﺀا‬
‘‫ “ أ‬Review o f developments in shipping, ports and Inland waterways” (E/ESCAP/STC 1/31), para. 132.
T able 35
Cnrrent improvements to inland ports and waterways
Region
North Am erica
South America
Africa
Eastern Europe/Aria
Europe
Nature ofimprovement
Waterways
T o further all-year-round navigability to Montreal.
Construction o f new river ports (“clean coal” In the O hio River).
Construction o fth e Tennessee Tom blgbee waterway (to be com pleted by 1986).
Project under study to allow ships up to 85,000 T to be serviced.
©rinoco
N ew equipment and new ports in connexion with the Trans-Amazon highway.
Am azon
Improvement o f several existing ports.
N ew navigation canal ”Canal Mitre y Parana de los Palmas” with a draff o f 30 ft.
Parana
between R io de la Plata and the Parana river.
N ew bulk installations (cereals) and steel mffl.
N ew projects in Kinshasa (Zaire) and Brazzaville (Congo).
Zaire
Projects under study to reduce the land-locking o f several regions.
Senegal, Niger
Tinging Black, A zov, Caspian, W hite and Baltic Seas through the Volga D on canal in
V olga-Don
the south, and the Volga and W hite Sea canal.
V olga W hite Sea ©anal
W ork being com pleted for the creation o fth is new inland waterway and corresponding
Rhine, Main
equipment ports (Vienna, Budapest).
Danube
W ork in the lower Danube region for the construction o f a canal to be operational
in 1982, linking the sea port ofC onstanza to the lower Danube. Creation o f new
ports.
St. Lawrence
M ississippi
٠٢
Seine, Rhone
Improveme^s and creation of new ports.
29
V isakhapatnam , eonstrueted at a cost o f approxim ately
$30 m illion and designed for the export o f iron ore,
and the H aldia deep-draught coal berth, w hich will
undoubtedly enhance India’s eoal exporting potent ‫؛‬al.?o
berths at Pasir Pajang P o rt; this will cost $16 million.??
85. Jt is interesting to note that, as a result o fth e very
large and often un-eoordinated port developm ent in the
k id d ie Last during 1975-76 and the subsequent fear o f
serious over-eapaeity in the Persian Gulf, a flrst m ajor
port projeet, nam ely, A bu-D habi’s $73 m illion outer
harbour projeet, has been cancelled. M oreover, it is not
unlikely that other schemes in the region will be
abandoned or at least scaled down before the 198©s.
Iraq
C onstruction o f three new berths at Llmm ^ a s r at an
estim ated eost o f $30 m illion, for com pletion late
1978.?•
86. A n o th e rs trik n g fe ^ tu re in 1977 is the em phasis
given by G overnm ents and port authorities ali^e to
providing new facilities able to handle containers and
ro /ro traffic in an appropriate and efficient m anner.
$om e o f these term inals are pure container term inals;
others fall in the broad category o f m ulti-purpose
facilities.?‫ ؟‬T he following list is not exhaustive but
illustrates the considerable effort m ade by the appropriate authorities to m eet the container and ro/ro
challenge.
Ivory Coast
C onstruction o f a sugar-handling berth at A bidjan,
representing an investm ent o f approxim ately $45 million.??
Jordan
A eontraet w orth $54 m illion was granted by the
Jordan M inistry o f T ransport for the construction in
A qaba o f four general eargo berths, two roll-on/roll-olf
berths and a coastal wharf. C om pletion expeeted in
1980.??
B razil
M alaysia
K a n t a n p ort is at present being constructed. Jt will
include one m ulti-purpose berth, three general cargo
berths, one m ineral ore berth, a twin dolphin berth for
palm oil tankers, and various types o f storage facilities.
T he new p o rt is expeeted to be term inated in 1978 .?٠
M auritius
C onstruction o f a bulk sugar term inal at P ort Louis
with a storage capacity o f 350,000 tons, representing an
investm ent o f approxim ately $45 m illion.?‫؟‬
Expected to be com pleted in 1979, the port o f $antos
will provide the hrst container term inal in Rrazil.
A nother container port is planned at $epetiba
(20 Icilometres from R io de S n eiro ).?’
Greece
A new container term inal will be eonstrueted at
Piraeus at a cost o f $60 m illion. T he total area will
eventually eneom pass 700,000 m? and provide
1,500 m etres o f quay (in length ).?٠
Ivory Coast
C ontainer term inals are being constructed at Vridi
and at Loeodjo (Abidjan),?‫؛‬
Peru
Nigeria
As part o f the regional developm ent plan o f N orth
W est Peru, a port m aster-plan o f the Rayovar port
eom plex h^s been com m issioned by the Peruvian
G overnm ent. T he m aster plan ©overs faeilities for ©rude
oil, petroleum produets, petrochem ieals, ores, phosphates, fertilizers, salt, sulphurie acid and générai
eargo.?،
T he third A papa w harf extension (Tin Can Island
D evelopm ent) at Lagos eaters for six additional berths,
four o f whieh will constitute the 1,000-m etre-long
container term inal while the rem aining two will be
convertible berths. This extension (ineluding ro /ro
facilities) is expeeted to be partly term inated by mid1978.??
Singapore
Panam a
T he P o rt o f Singapore A uthority has announced the
eonstruetion o f three eoastai and three deep-water
C onstruction o f a container and ro /ro term inal in
F rance Field (Coffin), providing for three berths at a total
investm ent cost o f approxim ately $31 million.??
” Jo u rn a l p o u r le tran sport in tern a tio n a l (Basel), 37th year,
No. 49, 3 D ecem ber 1976, p. 5877.
8 ‫؛؛‬ee para ‫ج‬r a p l 8 4 ‫ل‬fo rth e facilities already m entioned for A bidjan,
K a n t a n , etc.
P o rto s ‫ ﺀ‬N a vio s (Brazil), A ugust 1976, P o rts a n d H arb o u rs
(Tokyo), vol. 22, N o. 2, Feb. 1977, p. 2 2 ; S ea tra d e (Colchester,
U nited Kingdom ), vol. 7, N o. 11, N ovem ber 1977, p. 29.
Inform ation provided by the Biraeus p o rt a uthority in reply to an
U N C T A D questionnaire.
Inform ation provided by the ? o rt autonom e d ’A bidjan in reply to
an U N C T A D questionnaire.
C on tain erisation In tern a tio n a l Y ear Book, 1977 (London),
p. 141.
” Inform ation provided by the A utoridad P ortuaria N aeionai.
(R evista ،‫ ﺀا‬la A u to rid a d P o rtu a ria N acion al, F dicidn C onm em orativa
del Segundo A ^ v ersario , 1974-1976).
‫؛‬١١In d ia n S h ip p in g (Bombay), vol. X X IX , N o. 7, 1977, and P orts
،‫ ﻣﺢ»ا‬H a rb o u rs (Tokyo), vol. 22, N o. 12, D e^em her 1977.
“ M iddle East survey; port construction and dredging projects” .
In tern a tio n a l D red g in g a n d P o rt C on stru ction (London), D ctober
1977, pp. 39-75.
“ Inform ation provided
the P ort autonom e d ’A bidjan in reply to
an EIN C TA D questionnaire.
” In d ia n s h ip p in g (Bombay), vol. X X IX , N o. 7, 1977, and P orts
a n d H a rb o u rs (Tokyo), vol. 22, N o. 12, D eeem ber 1977.
" Inform ation provided by the K uantan P ort A uthority.
‫ ؛؛‬T he D o c k a n d H a rb o u r A u th o rity (London), vol. 58, N o. 679,
lu n e 1977.
P o rts a n d H a rb o u rs (Tok^o), vol. 22, N os. 6 and 7, June/July,
1977, p. 52.
30
Figures for the hrst ^ u r m onths o feach year since 1971
show the following progression:
S a u d i A rabia
T he first stage o fth e Jeddah container term inal was
opened in N ovem ber 1977. ‫ه؛‬
Average
ofwaitingdays
per ship
Year
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
Thailand
T he p o rt authority o f T hailand has started an expansion project at Bangkok costing $22.5 m ilfion and
providing berths for handling containers and ro /ro .”
Trinidad a n d Tobago
4.0
4.8
14,3
39.5
22.0
Since reports tend to ^ome from the regions th at suffer
from the worst congestion, they ^re not representative o f
wortd-wide port conditions; rather, they show how
conditions on the severely affected regions have developed. Glearty, conditions were stilt serious in !977, hut
there was some im provem ent in com parison with 1976
figures.
A 330-m etre-long container berth Is under construetion at F ort o f $pain. It will offer a total open storage
space o f approxim ately 93,000 m‫ ؛‬and two container
freight stations and will be equipped with two gantry
cranes.”
United Arab E m irates
90. In fact, the num ber o f reports inctuded in the
above survey has steadily increased fi'om 25 per m onth
in 1971 to 42 per m onth in !977. This increase in itself
m ay distort the results b u t it seems to stem m ainly from
an increasing num ber o f affected ports. C n d itio n s in
ports previousty included in the survey have im proved,
notably in th^ Persian G utf; other ports th at were not
congested before are now appearing in the reports,
especiatly ports o fth e ^ e d Sea and South Am erica. So
while congestion is less severe in individuat ports, it
seems to be becom ing m ore widespread.
T he com m issioning o fth e $harjah container term inal
in late 1976 was the start o f th^ first transhipm ent
container term inal in the Persian Gulf. T he K hor
F akkan p ort is expected to be com m issioned as a m ajor
container term inal in July !9 7 ‫ﻟ آﻤ ﺔ‬
$7. A p art from the developm ent schemes m entioned ^bove, a n um ber o f im portant p o rt projects will
also be financed by the ^ o r l d B^nk and other international lending institutions. Table 36 gives a full listing
o f th e p ort developm ent loans w hich were granted by
IB ^ D and ID A during 1976-1977. These projects cover
91. Fvidenee o f an im provem ent in ! 977 is given by
the construction o fb u lk facilities, general cargo facilities
m onthly basis
and container and roll-on/roll-off term inals. T he loans the sam e indicator catculated on
throughout
the
year,
as
following:
for the 1976-1977 period am ount to a total of
Days
Days
$24$.9 m ilfion for Ifi projects, w hich com pares with
January
29.0
16.4
July
$ 1 7 ,5 ‫ ه‬m illion for $ projects during 1975-1976. This
£ehruary
25.6
14.6
A ugust
increase o f 13fi per cent in the total value o fth e loans
M arch
1?.9
$eptem ber
indicates the m uch larger scale o fth e p ort developm ents
A pril
٠ . .
14.3
© etober
to w hieh the W orld Bank is contributing.
M ay
June
88. P ort services are adequate if they are available as
^nd w hen required by the port users and at reasonable
costs. It is not possible to establish general criteria to
m easure the ^dequaey of port services, but there is o^e
clear indicator o f inadequacy and th at is p o rt congestion
w hen ships and cargo are delayed excessively.
.
.
1?.0
13.8
N ovem ber
© eeem ber
92.
R eports fi-om individual ports in the above
survey were interm ittent. Dver the whole year, the
average num ber o f reports per m onth was 49, yet the
total num ber o f ports covered during the year was 9 t.
These reports cam e predom inantly from A frica and
Asia west of ffurm a, with a sprinkling from ^outh
Am erica. ¥ e t the widespread levy o f congestion
surcharges by liner conferences suggests th at there were
m ore congested ports than were included in the survey.
D uring !977, the attention o fth e FINGTA D secretariat
was d r^ w n‫ ؟؛‬to the levy o f congestion surcharges in
79 ports. O f these 79 ports, 2 ‫ — ة‬m ainly in F urope, the
M editerranean and ^outh A m erica— were not covered
in the waiting tim e survey. There were 40 ports in the
survey for w hich there was clearly no evidence of
surcharges. This should not be t^ken as an indication
89. One indicator o fth e extent o f port congestion for
general cargo ships used in the 1976 Review is the
average waiting tim e before berthing, as reported from a
n um ber o f ports interm ittently subject to congestion.”
” A dvertisem ent by the Jeddah contaih^r term inal, ‫ﺀ‬/‫ ﺀ’ ﻣﺤﺎره‬L ist
(London), 30 Septem ber 19??.
” F a irp la y In tern a tio n a l S h ip p in g W e e k ly (London), vol. 264,
N o. 4918, 24 N ovem ber 19??, p. 55, and “ Review o f developm ents
in shipping, ports and inland w aterw ays” (£ /£ 8 C A ? /$ T C l/3 1 ).
” P o rts a n d H a rb o u rs (To^yo), vol. 22, N o. 5, M ay 19??, p. 39.
” ? ٠٢، ^ ٨٠٢ P a k k a n , P reig h tw a y ،٠ th e » / published by the
‫ا م‬
By circular from individual conferences or frome^in
referen
the‫”؟‬
$hatjah ?ort Authority.
‫م‬/‫ص‬،، ‫ﺳﻢ‬
،'،،<» ‫ ﺀ‬transport,
.
These figures indicate that the over-all situation in
congested ports has im proved during !977, although
there has not yet been a return to the situation prevailing
in 1974 before the onset o fth e recent crisis.
D . Adequacy of port services
” $ee R e v ie w
,.
international press (Journal pour le transport ‫اﺀﺀ»آ‬-»‫ ه‬،،'‫)); ع » م‬/
Basel
/9 /6 , op. cit., paras. 10?
‫ﺀ‬،
;)J o u rn a l d e m a rin e m a rc h a n d e ،?، d e /،، n avigation a érien n e (Baris
and S ea trade (Colchester, U n ited K ingdom (.
seq.
31
T able 36
World Bank loans or credit for port development granted in f 976-7?
Type and
date
Country
Amount o f
Totalproject
loan/credit
cost
(millions ofdollars)
Algeria
IBRD
M ay 1977
80
80
Burma
ID A
Decem ber 1976
10
16.1
Guatemala
IBRD
July 1976
2.3
Honduras
IBRD
April 1977
29.9
(ofw hich
third Window
loan)
ID A
April 1977
Indonesia
32
79.3
N ovem ber 1976
M aurhlus
IBRD
N ovem ber 1976
3.6
23.5
Repubhc o f
Korea
IBRD
April 1977
67
112
IBRD
6
23.9
April 1977
United Republic IBRD
ofC am eroon
September 1976
ID A
September 1976
Yem en
^A
M ay 1977
15
120
10
6
27.9
Description ofproject
Construction o f a new deep-water port near the town o f Jijel to serve
mainly the new Jijel steel com plex
Maturities: 1981-1994
Jnterest rate: 8.2 per cent
Port ofR an goon rehabilitation deepening the access channel
M atmities: 1987-2026
Service charge: 3/4 per cent
Reconstruction (earthqnake)
Maturities: 1980-1998
Jnterest rate: 8.85 per cent
Building o f new port at Puerto Castilla and expansion o f new facilities at
SanTorenzo
Maturities:
JBRD: 1983-2001 $5 m
1 9 8 2 -1 9 9 7 $ 7 m
IDA: 1987-2027
Interest rates:
IBRD: 4.5 per cent $5 m
8.5 per cent $7 m
Service charges: IDA: 3 /4 per cent
Improvement o f Port o f Tanjnng Priok, containers and general cargo
handling
Maturities: 1981-1996
In terestrate:8.5p ereen t
Expansion o f port o f Port Louis and improvem ent o f operating conditions
Supplement to the $ 10 m illion loan granted in 1974
Maturities: 1983-2001
Interest rate: 4.7 per cent
D evelopm ent ofp ort ofBusa'n: container berth, access road, dredging
Maturities: 1981-1994
Interest rate: 8.5 per cent
Expansion
port o f Da^ar. Improvement o f existing conditions and
operations ofindustrial fishing fleet
Maturities: 1983-2001
Interest rate: 4.2 percent
Expansion and building o f new facilities, building o f a new dockyard and
floating dock, road and rail access to the port
Maturities:
IBRD: 1981-1996
IDA: 1986-2026
Interest rate: IBRD: 8.9 per dent
Service charge: IDA: 3 /4 per cent
Developm ent o f port o f Hoddeidah and rehabilitation o fth e lighterage port
ofM och a
Maturities: 1987-2027
Service charge: 3/4 per cent
٠٢
5،)ur^;Compiled by the UNCTAD secretariat on the basis o^the World Ъгп}/: Annual Report 977‫(ئ‬Washington, D.C.).
th at the surcharge list is incom plete, since these ports
were found in fact to be the least congested o f those
surveyed. Based on the surcharge inform ation, the
waiting-tim e survey apparently ignores at least 35 per
cent o f congested ports. This suggests there m ight well
have been at least 14fi general cargo ports subject to
interm ittent congestion in 19??.
93.
A notable feature o fth e survey reports is that,
m any ports, waiting tim e is no longer quoted as a single
figure b u t as a range. This stems from the m easures taken
in severely congested ports to lim it th e congestion.
Y arious berthing priorities have been accorded and, in
particular, vessels which can use port facilities w ith the
greatest efficiency have taken precedence. A lthough the
statistical evidence is th at port services have im proved.
not all ^ o rt users tna‫ ?؛‬liave benefited; eyen tbose who
have benefited m ay have done so at great cost, ‫؛‬n
particular by em ploying vessel types and handfing
techniques wljich would no t norm ally have been considered appropriate. Exam ples o f the m easures which
ship operators or shippers have been led to t a k include :
the em ploym ent o f ro-ro vessels ; 100 per cent pafietizain tio n ; stream lined docum entation; restricted sailing
schedules. A lthough contributing to reduced p ort
congestion, such m easures m ay lead to supplem entary
costs.
94.
T he changes w hich have been m ade or accepted
by sbip operators and shippers show recognition o fth e
fact th at efficient transportation requires co-ordination
o f all the different elem ents involved. Elntil recently, is
32
eased port congestion have been physical port expansion
and strengthened m anagem ent. U N C T A D has been
as^ed for assistance at a num ber o f ports and has sent
port congestion tasl‫ ؛‬forees to five countries in 1977.
A lthough a num ber o f short-term m easures to ease
congestion have been identifled in every case, it has been
a consistent finding th at the rem edy for congestion lies
95.
A lthough em ergency m easures have been tal،en in better m anagem ent and im proved supervision o f
with sueeess in some ports, the m ajor steps w hieh have operations.
has been eustom ary to assum e, at least for general eargo
trades, th at ports m ust be adapted to w hatever shippers
and ship operators dem and. T he recent very high costs
incurred in congested ports have m ade it elear th at it
m ay som etim es be necessary for ships and shipping
services to be adapted to ports.
33
Chapter VII
OTHER DEVELOPM ENTS
A. Code of Conduct for Liner Conferences
97.
A t the eighth session o f the ConrnTittee on
Shipping in A pril 1977, developing countries re-em pha96.
A rticle 49, paragraph 1, o fth e C onvention on a sized their support for the C onvention .٠‫ ؛‬A m ong develCode o f C onduct for Liner Conferences provides th at the oped m arket-econom y eonntries, in D ecem ber 1977 the
C onvention “shall enter into force six m onths after the Com m ission o fth e E uropean C om m unities subm itted
date on whieh not less than ^4 States, the eom hined to the C ouncil o fth e EEC for consideration a docum ent
tonnage ofw hich am ounts to at least 25 per cent o f world entitled “ Proposal for a C ouncil R egulation concerning
tonnage, have becom e C ontracting Parties to it...” . As at accession to the f)nited N ations C onvention on a Code
14 Eebruary 1978, 25 countries accounting for 5.7 per o f C onduct for L iner Conferences” , whieh recom m ends
cent o f the relevant world tonnage were contracting th at m em her States o fth e EEC should heeom e contractparties . ^ ٠
ing parties to the C onvention, subject to certain conditions.
B. Joint ventures involving developing countries
٠٠tn this connexion, see “ Signatures and ratifications of, or
accessions to, the G onvention on a Gode o f G onduct for E iner
Gonferenees : note by the U N G T A D secretariat” (T D /B /G .4/IN F .20).
? o r the text o f the G onvention, see U n ited N a tio n s C onference ٠/
P le n ip o ten tia rie s ٠« a C o d e o fC o n d u c tfo r L in er C onferences, vol. II,
98.
In 1977, several new Joint ventures involving
developing countries were reported: betw een N igerian
‫ه ﺀﺻﻢ‬
* ' See
،' / R e co rd s ٠/ th e T rade a n d D eve lo p m en t ‫ مﺀ‬،‫ اا‬-‫ﻣﺢ‬
,
S even teen th Session, S u p p lem en t N o. 3 (T D /B /648), para. 33.
F in a l A ct (in clu d in g the C on vention a n d resolutions) a n d ton n age
req u irem en ts (U nited N ations publication. Sales N o. E.75.II.D .12).
T able 37
Average dally number and net tonnage ofyessels using the Suez Canal
in 1966,1976 and 1977
Average 1976
Types o f vessels
Number
ravage
Number
AverageJan.-July
1977
Number
tonnage
T a n k e rs
Loaded, n o rthbound
Loaded, southbound
Ballast, northbound
Ballast, southbound
1.9
0.7
Subtotal
. . . . . .
(Percentage tan fe rs) . . .
27.2
(46.7)
255
21
7
280
701
085
069
896
564 751
(75.2)
2.5
0.9
0.3
3.5
3 320
147 066
7.2
(15.6)
^13433
(41.5)
7.4
(13.7)
212 377
(35.6)
9.4
14.1
4.0
0.4
68918
87 679
15 8^2
2 605
11.0
16.0
5.4
0.3
91849
114991
23 30^
1599
175 024
32.7
231 741
0.9
0.4
14© 67©
G en era l cargo a n d con tain ers
Loaded, n o rth b o u n d
Loaded, southbound
Ballast, n o rthbound
Ballast, southbound
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Subtotal
. . . . . .
(?ercentage general cargo and
containers) . . . . . .
(60.7)
(34.0)
(38.8)
(60.8)
O th ers
L oaded
.................................
B a ll a s t ......................................
1.0
Subtotal
. . .
(Percentage others)
(53.3
Tg^al
172 882
13 737
7.7
92 477
33 474
П.0
123 528
29 566
186619
(24.8)
10.9
(23.7)
125 951
(24.5)
13.7
(25.5)
153 094
(25.6)
751 370
46.0
514408
53.8
597212
‫ اسﺀ‬١‫ﺀﺀ‬.■Compiled on the basis o^in^tmation pnhlished in Suez Canat Authority. MoruhtyReport (Ismailia, E ^ t ) , nations i‫؛‬
‫ و‬For 1966, separate information was not given by the source for general cargo and container vessels.
34
cargo and container ships by 32 per cent. Traffic details
are given in table 37.
and Indian interests, resulting in the establishm ent in
Nigeria o f Fqu^torial c a rrie rs L td.; betw een Seatrain
Lines Inc. and T rinidad and Tobago, resulting in the
form ation o fth e Shipping C orporation o f T rinidad and
Tobago. T he Saudi A rabian T riad G roup, Liniines and
V alm et o f F inland established s^udi International Shipping C o.; Indonesian ^nd Swedish interest formed F T
Indonesian T ankers; M oroccan, British and Belgian
interests form ed A tlas Soci6t6 m arocaine de navigation
S. A. A lthough the U N C T A D secretariat has requested
the respective developing countries to provide inform ation on th^se Joint ventures, ^t the tim e o f writing no
further details h^d been received. It is intended, however, to report on these developm ents in the next Review
o fm a ritim e transport.
100.
W ork continued on widening and deepening
the Canal to pernrit the passage o f vessels drawing up to
53 feet, and is expected to be conrpleted in 1980. As
announced, the project wdl cost about $1,200 n‫؛‬ilhon
and will enable Fgypt to increase canal revenues from
about $450 m illion in 1976 to about $1,000 m illion in
1980.
D. Air transport
101. Trends in air freight transport (in term s o f
ton-kilom etres) for 1972-1976 are shown in table 38.
102. In 1976, the am ount o f eargo carried by air by
the
scheduled services o f airhnes o f ICAG m em ber
c . Suez Canal
States, excluding the USSR, increased from 6.6 to
99.
T he num ber and tonnage o f ships transiting the 7.1 m illion freight tons or by 7.6 per cent in com parison
Suez C anal increased d q rin g l9 7 7 .In the first six m onths with 1975, while the average distance rose from
o fth e year, the daily traffic in term s o f net tonnage was 2,613 kilom etres to 2,700 kilometres.^‫؛‬
16 per cent higher th an in 1976, although still some
21 per cent below the pre-closure level. T he traffic
٠‫ ؛‬ICA O , Digest ofStatisticsNo. 218-B, Airline Traffic— Volume 2,
decreased m arginally for tankers but rose for general 1972-1976, Series T. N o. 36 (M ontreal, 1977), p. B.3.
able
T
38
Trends !n n!r freight volume and in air freight operating revenues
1976^197 «,
)‫»ﻣﺢﺀأﻣﻤﻚ‬/‫ ﻣﺢﺀ‬operations ‫م‬/‫ ه‬،</‫ ﺀﺀ» آ‬oflCAO member ‫ ﻫﻢ‬، ‫( ﺀ ﺀ‬
Freight operating revenues
Freight volume
Year
1973
1974
1975
‫ا‬
. . .
. . .
. . .
...
96?
Tonkilometres
{million)
Percentage
changeover
calendar
year
15 705
‫ ا‬7 ‫ ا‬68
17416
18414
9.3
1.4
5.8
Total
freight
operating
(millions
ofdollars)
2
3
4
4
890
654
196
640
Per tonkilometre
(UScents)
Percentage
changeover
previous
calendar
year
18.4
21.3
24.1
25.2
15.8
13.2
4.6
^،?мг^.ТСАО, Digest ofStatistics No. 222, FinancialData, 1976, Series ?-N ٠. 30 (Montreal, 1977), pp. ١ ‫ ة‬and ‫أ‬
‫ ﺀ‬International and domestic seliednled services, excluding China and domestic services ofthe USSR.
E. UNCTAD technical assistance
third U N C T A D training course on the econom ics and
m anagem ent o f shipping was held in Singapore. N ine
citizens o f developing countries studied overseas on
fellowships for a total period o f 23 m an/m onths.
Follow ing the recom m endations m ade by the C om m ittee on Shipping and the G roup o f F xperts on Port
Congestion, a num ber o f task force m issions have been
carried out, including m issions to Benin, Cyprus,
M orocco and the ¥ e m e n A rab R epublic. T he total cost
o f U N C T A D technical assistance for the year is estim ated at around $2.3 m ilhon.
lb 3 . U N C T A D continued to assist developing
countries by providing field experts to assist G overnm ents, p o rt authorities and shipping com panies, by
holding training courses, and by offering fellowships. In
1977, U N C T A D had a total o f 38 experts engaged in
field work for a total o f 300 m an/m onths. T hree seminars were held during the year: in F ondon, on ocean
chartering; in A bidjan, on port operations; and in
M anila, Jointly w ith FSCA P, on port planning. The
35
ANNEXES
ANNEX I
Classification of countries an<l territories
Code / — Socialist countries ofAsia
Notes
»C hina
Socialist ^ e ^ n b lic o f V iet N am
٠ N
/ )،?
D em ocratic People’s R epublic
o fK o re a
T his classification Is intended for statlstioal purposes
and does
onl‫?؛‬
judgem ent regarding the stage o f developm ent
n oon
t im
aanpl
n‫?؛‬
‫?؛‬
‫?؛‬
Code8 — ‫ ﺀ‬،?^
‫ ﺀ‬/‫ ﻣﻢ‬،<‫ وا‬countries ،‫ ﻣﺢ» ا‬territories in Africa
or territo
c ountr
r‫?؛‬.
‫?؛‬
Northern Africa 8.1
Note2 '
T rade statistics are based on data recorded at the ports ofloading and
unloading. T rade originating in o r destined for neighbouring countries
in jvhich the ports
Is attribnfed
are situated;
to thefor
c o this
u n tr‫?؛‬
reason, la n d - lo c ^ d countries do not appear In these tabulations. Dn
the o th er hand, statistical tabulations on m ercham s fleets include data
for la n d -lo c k d countries w hich possess fleets; these countries are
.marlced “(L)” in the following classification
Algeria
Egypt
L ibyan A rab Jam ahiriya
M orocco
T unisia
8.2 Western Africa
A ngola
Benin
C ape V erde
Congo
F quatorlal G uinea
G abon
Note3
G am hia
in certain tables, w here appropriate, six “ open
countries
registr”‫ ?؛‬G hana
prus,
ngapore
Liheria,
and DSom
m an,alia)
? a nare$‫؛‬
a m a)€‫?؛‬
, G uinea
Guinea-Bissau
recorded as a separate group ,
Ivory C oast
Fiberia
M auritania
Nigeria
St. H elena
Sao T om e and Principe
Senegal
Sierra Feone
Togo
U nited R epublic o f C am eroon
W estern Sahara
Zaire
8.3 Eastern Africa
B urundi ( ‫) ا‬
Com oros
D jlhoutl
F thlopia
K enya
M adagascar
M auritius
M ozam bique
Classification of countries and territories
٢٨٨٠
' — ‫ ﺀ ^ ﺀ م‬/‫ ﻣﺢﺀﻣﻢ‬market-economy countries in America
C anada
U nited States o f A m erica
Code ‫ — و‬Developing countries and territories in America
9.1 Caribbean and North America
Code 2
Japan
Antigua
Baham as
Barbados
Berm uda
B ritish V irgin Islands
G aym an Islands
C u^a
D om inica
D om inican R epublic
G reenland
G renada
Code 3
N ew Z ealand
A ustralia
Code 4 — ‫ ﺀ ^ ﺀ م‬/‫ ﻣﺢﺀﻣﻢ‬market-economy countries in Europe
)A u s tria (E
M onaco
Belgium
N etherlands
D enm ark
N orw a‫?؛‬
Portugal
Faeroe Islands
Spain
Finland
Sweden
France
Federal R epublic
C e rmoafn‫?؛‬, Sw itzerland ( ‫) ا‬
G ibraltar
T urke‫?؛‬
U n ited K ingdom o f C re at B ritain
G reece
and N o rth e rn Jreland
Iceland
Yugoslavia
ireland
Ital‫<؛‬
Code5
H onduras
M exico
N icaragua
P anam a
‫و‬.‫ د‬South America: northern seabord
Surinam
T rinidad and T ogabo
V enezuela
—
‫ ﺀ ^ ﺀ م‬/،‫ ﻣﺢﺀﻣﺎ‬market-economy countries in ‫ ﻣﻢ‬-، ‫ ﺀ‬،‫ا‬
Code6
G uadeloupe
H aiti
Jam aica
M artinique
M ontserrat
St. K itts-N evls-A ngullla
St. Fucla
St. Pierre and M iquelon
St. V incent
T urks and C aicos Islands
U nited States v irg in Islands
9.2 Central America
Belize
C osta R ica
£1 Salvador
G uatem ala
G uyana
French G uiana
N etherlands A ntilles
S o u th A frlc a
—
‫ا ﺀ ح‬،‫ ا‬/‫ ﺀﺀ'ا‬countries ofEastern ‫ﺀﻣﻢ ^» ﺀ‬
A lbania
Bulgaria
Czechoslovakia (L)
G erm an D em ocratic R epublic
H ungar‫( ?؛‬L)
R eunion
Seychelles
Som alia
Sudan
U ganda (L)
U nited R epublic o f T anzania
Z am bia (L)
Poland
R om ania
U nion o f Soviet Socialist
Republics
» Statistical data for the form er D em pcratic R epublic o f Y ict-N am
and the form er R epublic o f South V iet-N am for 1975 and earlier ‫?؛‬ears
are included under Socialist R epublic o f V iet N am .
37
South America: western 9.4‫ ﺀﺀ‬،‫ ﻫﺎ‬،‫ﻣﺤﻤﻬﺎ‬
E cuador
Peru
Gltile
G olom bia
South America: eastern seaboard 9.5
)Paraguai، (L
U ruguay
]F alkland Islands [M alvinas
A rgentina
Brazil
L ebanon
G m an
G atar
Saudi A rabia
Syrian A rab R epublic
U nited A rab E m irates
Y em en
10.2 Southern and Eastern Asia
Bangladesh
M alaysia
M aldives
Pakistan
Hong Kong
Singapore
India
Sri E anka
T hailand
Indonesia
Code / ٠
—
Developing countries ،‫ﻣﺢ» ا‬territories in Asia
10.1 Western Asia
B ahrain
C yprus
D em ocratic Y em en
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Iordan
K uw ait
Bhutan
Brunei
Burnta
D etnoeratic K antpucltea
East T im o r
M acao
Philippines
R epublic o fK o re a
Code 11 — Developing ‫»«م ﺀ‬،‫ م‬،'‫ ﺀﺀ‬in Europe
M alta
Code 12 — Developing countries and territories in Oceania
A m erican Samoa
G bristm as Island (British)
Fiji
E rencb Polynesia
G ilbert Islands
G uam
N auru
N ew Galedonia
N ew Hebrides
P apua New G uinea
Sam oa
Solom on Islands
T onga
T uvalu
W ake Bland
ANNEX [[
W orld ‫؟‬
‫ ة‬to geographical areas, 1965,1970,1974 and 1975
{Millions o f tons)
Goods unloaded
Goods I
Petroleum
Petroleum
‫ﺀﻣﻢ‬،‫طﺀ‬
andyear
Crude
Products
0.1
3.4
cargo
Total
Total
all
goods
Crude
Products
Dry
cargo
232.0
314.0
351.6
348.2
73.4
188.5
210.8
65.3
103.6
106.0
89.0
155.2
170.0
191.1
179.5
294.0
347.0
485.6
479.3
17M
14.0
30.4
115.0
235.1
198.7
435.9
597.^
549.4
٠//
goods
Developed market-economy countries
North America
..........................................................
1965
1970
..........................................................
1974
..........................................................
1975 .............................................................
Japan
1965
1970
1974
1975
308.0
7.1
1.4
..........................................................
..........................................................
..........................................................
..........................................................
Australia and New Zealand
1965
..........................................................
1970
..........................................................
1974
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
1975
..........................................................
Enrope
1965
1970
1974
1975
0.7
..........................................................
..........................................................
..........................................................
..........................................................
6.0
0.8
??»
0.3
41.6
65.0
1.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
16.3
23.6
South Africa
..........................................................
1965
1970
..........................................................
1974
..........................................................
1975
..........................................................
340.8
1.3
2.4
50.8
81.7
41.9
67.1
70.1
30.^
302.1
225.9
2.0
34.4
25.2
92.3
166.0
170.4
26.5
93.6
168.6
173.4
18.7
18.8
4.8
4.0
24.7
24.0
41.4
10.9
182.4
?47 1
321.2
291.1
233.5
340.0
431.4
396.4
324.0
608.2
711.3
625.9
89.2
100.2
108.5
110.8
355.3
464.4
578.1
511.2
768.5
1 17^.8
1 397.9
١ 247.9
4.7
1.5
6.2
6.2
12.6
2.6
1.1
12.4
17.6
25.0
26.8
0.3
!‫ ة‬:‫؛‬
0.2
20.5
19.1
20.7
3.6
3.4
3.1
22.1
26.1
18.0
22.9
30.2
30.8
32.8
46.0
11.3
10.6
15.0
Socialist countries ofEastern Europe and Asia
Socialist countries ofEastern Europe
(excluding the USSR)
1965
..........................................................
1970
..........................................................
1974
..........................................................
1975
..........................................................
USSR
1965
1970
1974
1975
..........................................................
..........................................................
..........................................................
..........................................................
Socialist countries of Asia
1965
1970
..........................................................
1974
..........................................................
1975
..........................................................
0.4
0.2
40.0
42.2
.
4.0
8.0
2.4
10.8
34.8
45.4
44.8
1.9
3.0
20.4
19.4
46.8
79.1
106.9
١ «?
١
119.8
7.6
7.6
0.1
0.2
0.2
2.0
2.1
16.2
20.3
3.4
29.2
117.2
255.4
4.4
0.2
5.4
0.3
0.4
4.0
2.4
22.6
29.2
41.9
44.0
43.0
64.8
67.0
11.9
17.6
29.0
22.0
14.4
11.8
24.4
18.0
18.7
22.0
Developing countries and territories
Northern Africa
..........................................................
1965
١٠٦٨
1974
120.2
975<
39
10.9
31.8
158.3
9.9
5.4
74?
148.4
5.7
221.4
16.3
179
31.1
32.0
39.8
33.8
ANNEX ]]
World‫؛‬
) ‫» مﺀ‬، ‫( ﻣﺢﺀ » ا<ﺀ‬
traded according to g€0gra‫ اا؛ﺀ‬ca!‫ا‬
areas, 1965,1970,19741975
and
Millions oftons)(
‫ ﺀﻣﺤﻤﻢﺀ‬/‫ س‬، ‫ﻣﺢﺀ‬
‫»»ﺀﻣﺤﻬﻢﺀ‬/‫اهﺀﻣﺤﺲ‬
Petroleum
Area^
andyear
Crude
Petroleum
Products
Western Africa
14.7
1965 ...................................................................
1970 ...................................................................
60.5
1974 ...................................................................
127.7
1975 ...................................................................
104.0
Eastern Africa
1965 ...................................................................
—
1970 ....................................................
—
1974 ...................................................................
—
1975 ...................................................................
—
€ari№ ean and North A!^erica
—
1965 ...................................................................
1970 ...................................................................
—
1974 ...................................................................
7.0
1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
—
©entrai A،nerica
1965 ...................................................................
1.0
—
1970 ...................................................................
1974 ...................................................................
0.5
5.0
1975 ...................................................................
South America: northern seaboard
1965 ...................................................................
123.3
1970 ...................................................................
131.1
1974 ...................................................................
93.4
84.6
1975 ...................................................................
South America: western seaboard
1965
...............................................................
6.0
4.6
1970 ...................................................................
1974 ...................................................................
8.9
8.4
1975 ...................................................................
South America: eastern seaboard
1965 .........................................................................
—
1970 ...................................................................
0.1
1974 ..............................................................
0.6
1975 ...................................................................
0.9
Western Asia
1965 ...................................................................
348.7
1970 ...................................................................
601.9
1974 ...................................................................
1 003.2
1975 ...................................................................
895.5
Southern and Eastern Asia (n.e.s.)
1965 ...................................................................
14.6
1970 ...................................................................
35.0
1974 ...................................................................
66.5
1975 ...................................................................
66.1
Developing countries in Europe
1965 .................................................................................
1970 .................................................................................
1974 .........................................................................
—
—
1975 .........................................................................
Oceania n.e.s.
1965 .........................................................................
—
1970 .........................................................................
—
1974 .........................................................................
—
1975 .........................................................................
—
Dry
cargo
Total
all
Crude
41.1
61.5
63.6
67.7
56.1
123.0
192.9
173.3
4.6
4.0
3.4
0.5
11.0
16.1
16.5
14.8
11.5
17.3
17.6
16.0
3.0
1.2
1.1
1.2
0.2
20.4
20.6
0.3
1.0
1.4
25.2
9.4
25.8
23.3
32.7
2.1
1.5
99.2
87.6
64.4
0.8
0.8
1.1
0.5
0.9
53.6
50.9
13.1
23.7
23.6
—
0.2
0.1
6.0
4
23
3.0
4.5
6.4
7.7
11.2
‫ة‬
13.0
27.7
36.0
30.4
1о!б
19.9
20.7
250.2
278.9
219.0
179.4
25.9
29.8
32.7
lâ
34.4
34.4
54.3
93.6
103.7
35.3
55.5
94.7
105.5
6.0
12.0
674.2
1 068.8
960.7
12.1
7
53
63
40
3.0
3.0
‫أ‬:‫ ة‬I
‫ئ‬:‫ئ‬
0.8
1.4
18.
1.0
10.9
14.3
65.5
114.4
107.4
4.1
6
43.3
66.2
14.8
17.4
16.9
3.4
11.9
17.3
14.2
Total
alt
10.5
2.6
3.7
٠٢٢
cargo
Products
93.3
148.0
204.5
195.4
0.1
0.1
5.6
9.5
10.8
8.3
5.6
9.7
10.8
8.4
17.0
61.9
13
19.3
18.6
101.2
102.0
20
20
0.2
0.4
0.7
—
0.3
0.3
0.3
—
0.9
0.
1.6
1.
2.4
2.4
١•
13.1
19.8
13.7
17.7
34.3
39.7
30.0
23.3
54.7
7.6
0.6
0.8
1.7
2.9
W orld to ta l،
1965
1970
1974
1975
........................................................................
622
...................................................................
1 111
...................................................................
1 497
...................................................................
1 364
240
330
335
280
Source: Data communicated to the UNCTAD secretariat by the Statistical Office ofthe
United Nations Secretariat.
‫ ﺀ‬Including international cargoes loaded at ports of th‫^ ؟‬reat Lakes and ^t. Lawrence
system for unloading at ports of the system and including i»troleum imports into
Netherlands Antilles and Trinidad and Tobago for refining and re-export. Great Lakes and
812
1 165
1471
1428
1674
2 605
3 304
3 072
622
1 101
1470
1374
222
302
312
286
832
1 127
1471
1395
1676
2 530
3 254
3 055
St. Lawrence tra^e (in dry cargo) amounted to 37 million tons in 1965, 42 million tons in
36 ,‫ ا‬97‫ م‬million tons in!974,and 39 million tons in 1975.
‫ ﺀأ‬See annex 1 ofthe present review for the composition of these groups.
‫ ﺀ‬Figures rounded to the nearest million.
ANNEX III
Merchant fleets ofthe world by flag of registration®, groups of countries and types of shlps,^ In g.r.t. and d.w.t., as at 1 July 1977
(d.w .t.figures are shown in parentheses except in cases where such data are «
Total
٠//
Bulk
carriers^
tankers
Container
ships
Others
75443415
7 543 242
33 826 283
590 745
(965 827)
265 870
92 508
140 802
1 1845
(18 224)
32 639
8 800
58 821
97 860 659
147
493
388 173 819 548
(641 315 662) (334 781 702) (169 489 113)
W o r l d t o t a l ‫؛؛‬
٠‫ ه^؛ه‬،/‫ ةه‬/‫رﺀ‬
D e v e l o p e d m a r k e t -e c o n o m y
COUNTRIES
A u stralia
1 374 197
(1910403)
A u s tria
53284
(76377)
Belgium . . . . . . . . . .
C anada
1 595489
(2 437 681)
291643
(514 162)
675 009
(1 182 580)
351 443
205 494
(283 713)
128 742
(268 756)
105 270
(853 050)
5 331 165
(8 567 313)
637 836
(1 052 812)
1 148 723
5 126 628)
1 030 377
Denmark
Eaeroe I s la n d s
284 272
(466 625)
57 110
(32 993)
2 ‫ ا‬8 ‫ و‬73
573
306
424048
437
833
056
49
8 054
? In la n d
2262095
(3 414 997)
1 166 590
(2 068 514)
401285
(680 155)
451 962
3 895
238
363
F ra n c e
11613 859
(20 051 782)
7 512 825
(14 504450)
1 630 673
(2 860910)
1 351 686
253 332
865
343
9 592 314
(15 584 267)
3 534 126
(6 799 298)
2 151818
(3 724 178)
2 653 283
708216
544
871
Germany, Federal Republic of
G ib raltar
.
.
549 0 ‫ا‬
(15 730)
405
576
13
14)‫(ث‬
G re e c e
29 5f7059
(49 322789)
9 725 491
(18040675)
Ic e la n d
166 702
(144 421)
2 434
(3 756)
Ire la n d
211872
(281031)
3 972
(5 382)
142 943
(226 822)
20 111
6 530
316
38
Ita ly
11111182
(17 732 545)
4 684 889
(8 6 7 9 3 1 7 )
3 987 407
(6 853 445)
1 1 3 4619
171241
1330 2 61
Japan
40 035 853
(65 869 598)
17 116 763
(32 485 230)
13 477 764
(22 483 685)
4 519912
1 261 599
659
815
3
5290360
(8 055 125)
2 285 647
(4 207 833)
601 478
(973 190)
1 658 270
182 537
562
428
199 462
(210 587)
32 442
(51 003)
N o rw a y
27 801 471
(49 192 943)
1 4 4 0 0 791
(28 103 105)
P o rtu g a l
1 281 439
(1 906 937)
Netherlands
New Z e a l a n d
South A f r i c a
S p a in
S w eden
476 324
(544 599)
45 367
(73 767)
7 186081
(11 711 543)
4217362
(7 8 1 4 7 8 2 )
7 4^9 394
3713242
(7 265 150)
(12616984)
41
10579616
(18410094)
8 523 438
20 738
667
776
94918
69 350
123 223
797
43
9612948
(1 6 6 1 2 3 8 9 )
1 585218
229
147
2
73 204
(1 1 7 0 6 3 )
368 664
6 260
982
179
40 463
(64 324)
243 178
2 994
322
144
946 581
33 610
872
942
963010
66916
461407
)١
940
455 (
2224819
860
4 4 3)
4(
A N N E X III
(continued)
Merchant fleets ofthe world by flag ofregistration^ grongs of conntries and tyges of ships,‫ ’؛‬In g.r.t. and d.w.t., as at 1 July 1977
(d.w.t. figures are shown ١« parentheses except in cases where such data are
٠١/
tankers
Total
S w itz e r la n d ....................................................
252 746
(382 ©71)
Bulk
carriers^
—
«‫؛‬
٠
Genera,
cargo°
available)
Container
ships
Others
125 121
(199 6^3)
121 25©
—
6 375
—
119 846
T u r k e y .................................................
1 288 282
(1 821 282)
366 610
(607 456)
333 055
(547 912)
468 771
U n ited K i n g d o m .................................
31 646 351
(51 722 148)
14 834 078
(2 8 0 4 3 0 3 5 )
8 259 967
(1 4 2 6 3 9 3 3 )
4 228 484
! 470 518
2 853 304
U n ited States o f A m erica
11 907 030
(17 167 593)
5 740 782
(10 661
270 171
132) 489 043)
2 153 763
1 712 399
2 029 915
233 774
(393 834)
816088
(1 377 139)
1 166639
20226
47799
211 006 573
(345 071 983)
93 734 648
(177 408 116)
34 663 987
>578 038
18 1 3 1749
(99 187 138)
C y p r u s .................................................
2 787 908
(4 0 1 5 4 2 8 )
301 699
(4 8 1 0 0 0 )
210980
(330 690)
2175111
5081
95 037
L i b e r i a .................................................
79 982 968
(155951 179)
50 772 231
(1 0 5 0 1 2 525)
3 9 5 1 127
299 281
1 717 578
(42 732 312)
. . . .
Y n g o s l a v i a ..................................................
Su b t o t a l ; d e v e lo p e d m a rk e te c o n o m y c o u n trie s
O pe n
^284526
(3 445 194)
r e g is t r y g g u n t r ie s
1 564
.................................................
6 137
(9 339)
P a n a m a .................................................
19 458 419
(31 593 234)
6 523 949
(12 470 302)
4 289 344
(7 096 677)
7 208 396
136 938
1 2 9 9 792
S i n g a p u r e ............................................
6 791 398
(11 351 841)
3 103 824
(5 911 644)
1 ^ 9 7 586
(2 162 461)
2 041 303
162 076
186 609
S o m a l i a .................................................
158 166
(2 2 9 4 5 1 )
24 992
(39 076)
9 054
(13 184)
123942
S uB T O T A E ;openregistry
c o u n trie s
109 1 8 4 9 9 6
(203 150 4 7 2 )
60 726 695
(123 914 547)
2 9 0 4 9 715
(52 335 324)
15 5 0 4 4 5 2
O m an
S o c ia lis t
Europe
c o u n t r ie s o f
ano
4 573
178
603 376
3 300 758
E a stern
A sia
Socialist countries o fE aste rn E urope
.
٠ ٠
. ٠ ٠ .
A lbania
.
Bulgaria
. . . . . . . . . .
C zechoslovakia
.
.
964 156
(1 294 978)
. . . . . . .
G erm an O em ocratic R epublic
.
148 689
(224 794)
.
H ungary . . . . . . . . . .
P oland
. . . . . . . . .
U n io n o f Soviet Socialist R epublics
Su b t o t a l
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
1 486 838
(1 950 208)
63016
(87 760)
. . . . . . . . . .
R o m an ia
55 870
(74 457)
54 631
290239
(460 814)
-
233^70
(336 341)
322 499
١٨? 589
382
164)(
4 100
275 441
(488 654)
1239
118 148
-
-
-
?? ‫ او‬4 ?
743 803
-
63016
-
-
-
-
3447517
(4 892 102)
572 131
(1 028 817)
1 203 981
(1 927 522)
1 254 204
1 2 1 8 171
(1 7 2 7 609)
464 376
(714 308)
369 407
(437 750)
21 438 291
(23 041 993)
4 385 489
(6 740 060)
1 229 165
(1 906 253)
7 515477
108 780
8 199 380
548‫؛‬
901‫(؛‬
5 770 227
(9 162 095)
4 7 1 7 4 2‫؛‬
417‫؛‬
806 (
10 369 137
108 780
102 662
.
3 3)‫؛‬
42
417291
-
137 461
-
ANNEX ‫ا!ل‬
(continued)
Merchant fleets ofthe ١
s,b in g.r.t. and d.w.t., as at 1 July 1977
(d.w.t.figures ٠٢،?shown in parentheses except in cases where such data are not available)
٠//
tankers
Total
Bulk
carriers^
^^٠٠
Container
ships
Others
Socialist countries o f Asia
C h in a
4 245 446
(6 256 880)
.
S u b t o t a l : Socialist countries ٠٢
E astern E urope and A sia
)‫ا‬
746
576
243
84 ‫( ا‬
174518
940
327‫؛‬
21734
252
33)(
38 790
128 525
(175 712)
906
33
(5562f)
13 754
4463453
(6 533 709)
1 052 052
(• 762 298)
.
Su btotal
9964‫ ا‬2
425
673(
89 482
(1 0 1 1 1 7 )
D em o cratic P eo p le’s R epublic o f
K o re a
Socialist R epublic o fV ie t N am
)‫ا‬
33 286 001
(39 827 610)
746
576
(f 243 841)
227 062
437‫؛‬
763
4 2 ‫ ا‬831‫ة‬
647
6616)(
12806900
63 094
(93 612)
123 034
f08 780
9 329 724
Developing countries ofAfiica
623 203
(1 204 199)
1875
22 043
(2 750)
(26 627)
1 055 962
(1 6 5 1 3 1 5 )
A lg e ria
A n g o la
R e n in
17‫؛‬
912
—
246 63•
—
2580
—
9f2
(255)
C ape V erde Islands . . . . . .
C o m o ro s
765
(1 0 5 1 )
C ongo
407 818
(533 387)
E quatorial C u in ea
٠
٠
. ٠
. ٠
G ab o n
2051
(2 980)
21 142
98645
(171 025)
74471
(141 158)
22 131
1 608
(• 328)
641
182 696
(2 0 8 2 1 1 )
136 041
G u in e a
10 764
(15 290)
12 597
(16 787)
G u in e a B i s s a u
436
115717
(147 682)
K enya
15 192
(19 883)
L ibyan A ra b Jam ahiriya
. . . .
)١
......................................
M a u r i t a n i a ......................................
M a u r i t i u s ............................................
M o r o c c o .................................................
673 969
0195
29(
39850
(5 1 6 0 9 )
1113
(645)
883
53
—
0432
2 704
(4 642)
..?‫؛؛؛‬
‫ظ‬
2f9
103 073
—
12 644
9 320
—
3 f6 8
33 561
—
4 965
32913
—
4 375
75456
—
56763
36 332
1324
3192)(
37288
(46 055)
270295
105 582
32 494
(415 545)
(186 773)
(49 500)
43
—
—
219
. . . . . . . .
—
3 070
23 989
(30 985)
G a m b ia
G hana
227 048
126 887
(207 547)
3070
E t h i o p i a . . . . . . . . . .
M adagascar
139
(59)
4 172
(483)
Egypt
Ivory C o a s t .
—
252‫؛‬
3 966
(5 187)
)A N N E X 111
(continued
groups of countries and
Merchant
types offleets
ships,،
nf in
theg.r.t.
world
and
byd.w.t.,
flag ofas
registration
at 1 1977
July ‫؛‬،
d.w.t.figures)،‫؛‬٢ shown
،?
١» parentheses except in ‫ﺀﺀﺀهﺀ‬where such data are »٠ available
،
(
Tolat
٠«
tankers
‫وﺀئ؟‬
carriers^
Container
ships
Others
. . . . . . . .
27618
(24 150)
366
(412)
14102
13 150
N igeria
. . . . . . . . . .
335 540
(523 446)
143 469
(272 443)
176 088
15 983
$enegal
. . . . . . . . . .
28 044
(26 312)
3 876
(5 246)
5 879
. . . . . . . . .
59 140
(49 676)
(2 700)
M ozam bique
Seychelles
Sierra L eone
ill
. . . . . . . .
S udan . . . . . . . . . . .
T ogo
- - - - - - - - - -
U ganda
.
.
٠ ٠
. ٠
42 255
134
100 128
(147 449)
. ٠ ٠ .
26 827
(46 824)
78 180
(1 1 6 2 5 7 )
47 577
(85 950)
U ffited R epublie o f T an zan ia .
.
٠
35 613
(42 446)
(261)
٠ ٠
46 552
5510
.
٠
20 157
(32 173)
5510
(9 115)
.
.
1 120
134
U n ited ^ e ^ u b lic o f U am eroon
^ a ire
?٦ 587
5 042
43 375
(56 893)
. . . . . . . . . . .
T u n isia
29 958
25 078
5 575
26 765
8 609
... ٠ ٠ ٠ ٠ 109 785
(157 603)
95 951
13 834
5513
(9 110)
5513
G a m b ia
S u b t o t a l : developing eountries
1807 764
757
5161
126 509
697‫؛‬
3 2551
9 9 (4 5 12)9( 0 5 7 5)(
A friea
323
3571
600 382
DLVLtOLtNO O O U N T ^S AND
TLRRITORmS OF A m LR^OA
A nguilla
399
(525)
A ntigua
149
(182)
399
149
1 677 169
(2 262 170)
251 344
(401 449)
733 431
129 682
(832 863)
B aham as
1 0 6317
(147 321)
14631
(22 366)
53 792
(82 886)
26 350
11544
BarhadDs
4 448
(514)
291
620
(800)
620
A rgentina
Belize
4 157
B erm uda
1751515
(3 040 194)
1 008 861
(1 8 3 6 0 1 5 )
594 200
(972 468)
33 074
113 787
Brazil
3 329 951
(5 335 672)
1 202 047
(2 112 391)
827 431
(1 513 835)
1 142 641
157 832
123 787
(1 7 6 4 1 8 )
4 099
(6 970)
82 706
13 326
(3 6 0 1 5 )
U hile
405 971
(589 588)
61 128
(102 734)
66 971
(1 1 4 6 7 3 )
246 401
31471
C olom bia
247 240
(297 123)
4 784
(6 830)
236 851
5 605
U aym anfslands
44
)ANNEX !!!
(continued
Merchant fleets ofthe wort<t by flag of registration^
in g.r.t.
gronps
and d.w.t.,
ofcountries
as at 1and
1977
July
types
,،‫ ؛‬ofsblps
d.w.t.figures are shown in parentheses except in cases where such data) ٥٢،? » ٠، ‫ ه^ ه‬،/‫ ﺀ ه‬/‫( ﺀ‬
Total
C osta R ica
Oil
tankers
Bulk
carriers^
6811
(7 370)
. . . . . . . . .
Others
5 484
1327
421418
151873
667 518
(839 416)
64 382
(97 072)
8 469
(11 894)
674
(1 609)
7410
385
. . . . . . . . . .
197 244
(277 131)
113969
(189 226)
73 485
9 790
E l Salvador . . . . . . . . .
1987
(3 303)
1816
171
F alk lan d Islands
6 93?
(4 383)
537
6 400
11475
379
6 358
8 290
Cuba
- - - - -
D om in ican R epublic
E cuador
G re n ad a
.
.
-
-
- -
-
. . . . . . .
٠
٠
. ٠. . .
29 845
(49 933)
Container
ships
.
(340)
G u atem ala
. . . . . . . . .
(16 076)
16274
(15 180)
(1 745)
- - - - - - - - -
104 903
(1 1 6 3 1 7 )
1364
(2 303)
Jam aica
. . . . . . . . . .
7 075
(5 864)
M exico
. . . . . . . . . .
673 964
(890 370)
G uyana
. . . . . . . . . .
H onduras
M ontserrat
. . . . . . . . .
N icaragua
. . . . . . . . .
32 105
(50 760)
. . . . . . . . . . .
6 290
785
133 589
171958
1248
)‫ أ‬86‫( أ‬
?arag u ay . . . . . . . . . .
Reru
336 312
(539 062)
99 240
‫<ة ﻗﺔﻣﺢ‬
5 237
(7 972)
24 825
4 526
21930
619
23)(
1813
(2 514)
15 566
4 551
555
419
687)
421(
79 789
(121 128)
194 096
133 986
147 548
(261 871)
St. K itts-N evis . . . . . . . .
‫ أ‬90 (
St. L ucia ٠ ٠ ٠ ٠ ٠ . . . . .
387
928
436
105
911)(
St. V incent
.
٠
. ٠ ٠
. ٠ ٠ .
428
8
209
11)(
387
(444)
7 498
77^
7
208
(354)
6241
086
9)(
192
17
1 0 9 4 7)(
1736
(2 ООО)
3314
12 142
. . . .
405
2
7003)(
499
(850)
1 782
124
U ruguay ٠ ٠ ٠ ٠ ٠ ٠ ٠ ٠ ٠ ٠
792
192
309)
239 (
1 3 3618
(232 864)
47 607
11567
V enezuela
639
396
780)
397 (
267 846
(392 759)
248 238
114242
3 337
720
S urinam
. . . . . . . . . .
T r i^ d a d and T obago
.
T u rk s a n d C aicos Islands
.
.
.
.
. . . . . . . . .
V irgin Islands (British)
. . . . .
S u b t o t a l : developing countries and
territories o f A m erica
9 070
(1 3 9 2 1 )
057
4
3355)(
836
744
10
1 5 9992
2 9)(
867
722
3
0512
7 6)
1(
45
035‫؛‬
962
1497
811 (
8 2 4 0 0 5‫؛‬
543
029‫؛‬
1 1026
07
)ANNEX III
(continued
® groups
Merchant
of eonntrles
Beets ofthe
andworld
t
by Bag of registration
in g.r.t. and d.w.t., as at
s of
1 1977
July
sblps‫؛^؛‬
,‫?؛‬
d.w.t.figures)٠٢،?shown ،<‫ ؛‬٠٢‫م‬
،?»‫؛م؛‬،?‫ﺀ‬،?‫ﺀعﺀ ﺀ‬،?‫ ؛م‬in ‫ﺀمﺀ‬،?‫ﺀ‬
‫ﻣﺂ‬،،‫ ا‬/
‫ ﺀ‬٢‫س‬
،?‫ﺀ‬،،‫ﺀﻫﻤﺢ !اع‬
‫ ه‬٠٢،?» ٠، ‫اﻣإلم‬/‫ﻫﻢ‬/‫رﺀ‬
‫«ﺀ‬/‫ﺀ‬
‫رم‬/
tankers
carriers^
Container
‫ﺀ‬йr‫ﺀ‬٠‫ق‬
‫ﺗﻲ<اﺀ‬
<
‫ﺀ‬
Others
D e v e l o p in g c o u n t r ie s a n d
TER^TO RIES 0 ? A sia
B a h r a i n .................................................
6 409
)‫ﺎ‬
B a n g la d e s h .
. . . . . . . .
244314
(3 4 7 0 1 9 )
Brunei
.................................................
899
(896)
B urm a
.................................................
67502
(76 859)
D em ccratlc K am puchea
D em ocratic Y em en
. . . .
. . . . . .
‫ﺳ‬
1943
3 553
126
146
20 944
(
752
55
026
93)(
41472
623
63)(
616
51254
9 990
3 558
(3 779)
998
2 560
6390
2.553
3 135
519
7)(
26 032
(43 705)
387865
(657 515)
117830
I n d i a .......................................................
5 482 176
(8 746 101)
1 1 4 6718
(2 044 571)
2 340 766
(4 051 040)
833
7411
160 951
I n d o n e s i a ............................................
١163 173
(1 462 858)
101 138
(153 273)
44 272
(65 858)
831297
186 466
I r a n .......................................................
1 002 061
(1 6 6 6 0 9 3 )
616555
(1 154 026)
I r a q .......................................................
١135 245
(2 022 176)
978664
(1 853 095)
404 651
(541 231)
368
(642)
. . . . . . . .
I s r a e l .......................................................
Jo rd an
.................................................
‫ح‬. .‫ﺷ ﻢ‬
.‫؛ﺀ‬:
L ebanon . ٠ ......................................
227 009
(3 0 7 8 7 9 )
M a l a y s ia .................................................
563 666
(815 391)
M a ld iv e s .
110681
(1 3 7 4 7 0 )
P a k i s t a n .................................................
475 600
(634 581)
Q a t a r .......................................................
84 710
(149 361)
P h i l i p p i n e s ............................................
. . . . . .
Saudi A rabia
Sri L anka
. . . . . . . .
............................................
347
671
75 683
-
206423
(3 1 4263)
696
078
7751
546
071
2)(
(3 130 9 9 5 )
1 1 4 6 529
'‫ ة إ‬: ‫ﻣ ﺌ ﺔ أ‬
1018713
(1 739 408)
92 581
(126 998)
860
12
822
18)(
300
728
482)
760 (
21903
(32919)
1
55 200
22 752
609679
(896 350)
H ong K o n g .
852
104
5 182
496
200
673
033
989
221
5 020
322
178
77 358
106
645
1844
419286
18470
12 140
(iS S Ü )
294918
526)
797 (
187
961
3 1 7 9 4 0)(
053
6261
965
0 5 31)(
648)
406 (
859216
578
1311)(
21355
432
36)(
46
542
064
627
689
121 586
‫ ا‬884
324 996
113
132
46 365
61200
10026
)ANNEX III
(concluded
Merchant fleets ofthe world hy flag of registration^ groups of countries
1977
and types of ships,، In g.r.
d.w .t.figures are shown in parentheses except in cases where such data) ،‫؛‬٢ » ٠،? ،available (
٠ //
Total
Syrian A ra b R epublic
-
Y em en
-
-
Container
ships
Bulk
carriers^
20 679
(3 1 0 0 3 )
- -
T h ailan d . . . . . . . . . .
U n ited A ra b E nrirates
tankers
-
-
-
19043
1636
13 065
260 664
(401 951)
143 927
(249 278)
103 672
152 100
(249 164)
77 899
(146 162)
64 353
1260
1436
(1 850)
. . . . . . . . . .
18 607 039
(29 041 367)
6 545 795
(12 074 364)
3 957 089
(6 682 549)
352‫؛‬
100 420
(141 587)
23 267
(37 975)
20 574
(31 360)
977‫؛‬
100 420
(141 587)
23 267
(37 975)
20 574
(31 360)
. . . . . . . . . . .
10 879
(1 0 4 8 8 )
254
(400)
. . . . . . . . . .
48 353
(62 014)
S u b t o t a l : developing countries and
territories o f A sia
D ev e l o pin g
c o u n t r ie s o f
176
232910
238 893
E urore
M alta . . . . . . . . . . .
S u b t o t a l : developing countries
o fE u ro p e
D lv l lo r in g
Others
7 602
48 977
c o u n t r ie s a n o
TLRRITORIES OF ©CEANIA
Fiji
N a u ru
N ew H ebrides
. . . . . . . .
12 189
(1 5 0 8 5 )
Solom on Islands
. . . . . .
16217
(1 5 6 1 3 )
- - - - - - -
1 746
(1 955)
14 180
(17 117)
S u b t o t a l : d e v e lo p in g c o u n trie s a n d
te rrito rie s o f © c e a n ia
O th e r (unallocated)
.
.
.
.
.
5 858
19 564
(31 953)
25 610
—
11674
4 767
-
3 179
‫ب‬
515
-
-
—
1333
(868)
C ilb e rt I s l a n d s ......................................
T u v a l u .................................................
P ap u a N ew G u in ea
-
—
1333
1276
(1 198)
7 135
—
1058
—
1 1 363
-
2817
"
■
104 897
(123 140)
1530
(1 598)
19 564
(31 953)
64 702
1 558713
(2 331 960)
340 096
(609 186)
534 777
(870 756)
574 683
19 101
91048
18 109
the Great Lakes fleets ofthe United‫ ؛ ؛‬s of America ‫ة‬
Sources: Lloyd’s Register ofShipping: Statistical Tables. 1977 (^ndon), ‫ أ ؛‬supplementary data r
the United $tates Reserve Fleet.
‫ ﺀ‬The designations employed and the presentation of matei^al in this table refer to flags of registration ‫ ؟‬nd do not imply the expression of any opinion by the $ecretariat ofthe United
N ati^nsconcerningthelegalst^usofanycountryortei^
^$hipsof!()© g.r.t.andover,excludingtheG reat^k€sfleets
‫ ﺀ‬Ore and bulk carriers of 6,000 g.r.t. and over, including ore/bulk/oil carriers.
‫ د‬Including passenger/cargo.
‫ ﺀ‬Excluding estimates of‫؛‬
Oil
Bulk
General
tankers
carriers
cargo
Others
Total
United States Great Lakes Fleet
‫ا‬
692
651
2 842 387)
Canadian Great Lakes Fleet . . .
‫ وا‬792
571
2 549 855)
United $ tat^ Reserve Fleet (vessels
o f ‫ ا‬,‫ ﺳﻤﻢ‬g.r.t.andover) . . . .
1700 ООО
2 125 000)
25 717
(38 837)
1570358
(2 746 208)
20113
76 463
6‫ او‬7
(104 171)
210000
(330 ООО)
1490 609
(2 206 228)
134 472
98311
1490 ООО
_
47
_
ANNEX IV
Selected maximum aud minimum^ tramp freight rates, 1974-1977
(UnitedStates ‫ﻣﻤﺢ‬//‫ ﺑﻢ^ه‬unless otherwise specified)
1974
Commodityandroutes
1976
1975
High
Low
High
Low
1977
High
Low
26.50b
2 ‫ ا‬25b.
26.25b
20.75 ‫ط‬
High
Low
]5.00
2E50
!4.50
‫ ا‬5.00
‫ ا‬7.00
7.45
6.25
Heavy grain
Gulf of Mexico (United States of America)-India
60.00
45.75
28.25b
24.00b
River Riate-Antwerp/Hanthurg range . . . .
32.00
26.50
‫ ا‬6.00
١3.00
R iv e rP ia te -Ia p a n45.0032.50
، ‫ ا‬9.50
، ‫ ﺀ‬7.20!
24.00
،
،
N orthPacific-R epuhlicof^rea. ٠
. . . .30.00 20.0020.50! ‫ا‬
6.60!
65.،
3.25[
Coal
Hampton Roads-Iapan
. . . . . . . . .
‫ ا‬0 ‫م‬509.005.658.00 ‫ه‬
25.50
Sugar
Mauritius-United Kingdom (sterling( . . . .
3.90[
Phiiippines-United States of America . . . .30.0029.00‫ا‬
Brazii-GontinentalEurope. ‫؛‬. . . . . . .
Monrovia-Gontinenta! Europe ‫ ؛‬. . . . . .
١‫ ا‬٠١ 0.65!
57.50‫ا‬
!1.90
21.00
6.0026.50
،
،
6.50
١،
0.50[
6.25
4 .‫ا‬
4.453 . ‫ا‬
[ ‫ ا‬05.
3.65
5.90!
4.25
04.00
3.005.003.35
2.9502.304.45
2.95
Phosphate
Aqaba-West Goast India
. . . . . . . .
20.75
8.25
6.00!16.007.509.50
Fertilizers
24.25
Guif of Mexico (United StatesofAmerica)-India65.25
‫؟‬
48.0042.5025.0023.00
Source: Lloyd's ‫( ﺀﺀ'اﺀ‬London), 6 January 1975, 5 J‫؛؛‬nuary 1976 and 4 January •977,
and, ‫؛‬or 7?9 ‫ ا‬, Fairplay International ‫ ﺀ ا<ا ﺀﺗﻴﺎاﺀ‬Weekly. (London, vot 265, No. 4924,
]9 January 978‫ إ‬, p. 89.
‫ ﺀ‬Approximate levels,
b About 14,000 tons.
،20,000-25,000 tons.
‫اة‬. 00
،‫ ا‬.About 50,000 tons
Fairplay International Shipping Weekly^ . )‫ ا‬0 ^>‫ل‬0 ‫ ال‬vol. 257, No. 4820, 8 January (,
ог1976:،،(،/., vo!;2b],No.48?4, 20January]977,p;‫؛‬
p. П 5 , 19768.[,
бО,000-80,000 tons‫؛‬.
Di-ammonium phosphate .‫؟‬
‫ق‬
‫| إ‬
‫ة‬
‫‪О‬‬
‫‪!.‬‬
‫ص‬
‫‪■1‬‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫م‬
‫ب‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫‪ op‬ﺑﻮ‬
‫ﺀم‬
‫|§إ‬
‫س‬
‫ه‬
‫ه‬
‫ح‬
‫ب‬
‫ئ‬
‫ق‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫§‪1‬أ؛‬
‫م‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫‪CQ‬‬
‫—‪٠‬‬
‫ﻧ ﻢ‬
‫؟• ئ‪.‬‬
‫‪al‬‬
‫و‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫م‬
‫ؤ ج‬
‫<‬
‫ة‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫ق‬
‫ﻟ ﻪ‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫ل‬
‫؛‬
‫*ة‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫‪Цн‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪as‬‬
‫ﺗﺄ ‪2‬ئ‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫‪и‬‬
‫‪II‬‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫‪II Î I‬‬
‫‪٠٠ ■٥٠‬‬
‫وﺀ‬
‫‪II‬‬
‫و ق‬
‫ﺀم‬
‫ق‬
‫ﻟﻖ‬
‫!!ﺀ‬
‫ظ‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫ال د‬
‫|‬
‫ظ‬
‫ة‬
‫‪5‬ة‬
‫‪СЛ‬‬
‫|‬
‫‪•О‬‬
‫‪2 2‬‬
‫ج‬
‫‪N‬‬
‫ؤ ؤ‬
‫و‬
‫ع‬
‫ك‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪00‬‬
‫<‪+-‬‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫‪٠:‬‬
‫صﺀ‬
‫ﻗﺎ‬
‫قق ؟‬
‫ﺋ ﺞ‬
‫ه‬
‫ﺀ‪'٠٥ ،‬‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬
‫‪٢٠‬‬
‫ه ‪٧‬‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫أ ج‬
‫‪a i‬‬
‫ك‬
‫ﺀم‬
‫ق‬
‫||‬
‫ة‬
‫‪и‬‬
‫‪fs‬‬
‫وﺀ‬
‫ه‬
‫آل■‬
‫ض‬
‫ه‬
‫ن‬
‫‪٥‬‬
‫‪٥‬ﺀ‬
‫ج■‬
‫م‬
‫» ﺀ‬
‫؛‪CS с‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
‫و‬
‫‪C‬‬
‫{؟‬
‫ص‬
‫ص‬
‫‪٥‬‬
‫‪о 00\ ٠‬‬
‫‪49‬‬
‫ق ||‬
‫و ؛ ئ‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪00‬‬
‫ة• ‪٠‬‬
‫‪00‬‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫ة‬
‫؟‬
‫‪II 1‬‬
‫‪ d‬ﺀ‬
‫ق ص ﺀ‬
‫ة‬
‫آل ة‬
‫و‪'ï‬‬
‫؟"و‬
‫إل‬
‫‪٤‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫&■‬
‫اق‪1‬ا‬
‫‪о‬ﺀ ﺻ ﻬ ﻤ ﻤ ﺄ‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫‪<N‬‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫‪ II‬ق‬
‫ق‬
‫و ق‬
‫ﺀم‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫§ ا ق‬
‫‪О‬‬
‫‪٠ ٠‬‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫‪<N‬‬
‫جﺀ‬
‫<‬
‫‪ш‬‬
‫ة!ق‬
‫‪О‬‬
‫ة‬
‫|‪-‬ي ؤ أ‬
‫ﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ع ‪0‬‬
‫إل ؛‬
‫ق‪1‬‬
‫ة ' ﺛ ﻤ ﺞ‬
‫ؤ‬
‫‪ P,‬ص‬
‫|‬
‫‪٩‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫ت‪1‬‬
‫‪ill‬‬
‫‪1‬ق‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫ه‬
‫ق‬
‫ه‬
‫‪РЗ‬‬
‫اج‬
‫ة|‬
‫ق‬
‫^‪٥‬‬
‫ﺀﻗﺎ‬
‫وﺀ‬
‫|‬
‫ؤ‬
‫|ة‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪i l‬‬
‫‪^٤‬‬
‫ﺑﻢ‪-‬‬
‫‪II‬‬
‫‪،У‬‬
‫‪ I‬ة‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪•S‬‬
‫ﻣ ﻞ ﺀ‬
‫ﻳﻪ ه‬
‫ة ه‬
‫و‬
‫ج‬
‫ق‬
‫‪ÜH‬‬
‫ق‬
‫‪%‬‬
‫ق‬
‫ب‬
‫ه‬
‫ص‬
‫ﺀم‬
‫‪.‬‬
‫§‬
‫ة*ة‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫إ‬
‫ا‬
‫ق ‪ ٣‬لج‪٤‬‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫ال‬
‫ق‬
‫‪Û‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫و‬
‫‪тз‬‬
‫ه‬
‫م‬
‫غ!‬
‫‪1 8‬‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫ق‬
‫ه‬
‫‪XI‬‬
‫‪и‬‬
‫م‬
‫ج‬
‫ة‬
‫ة ة_‪I.‬‬
‫‪،‬م ‪го‬‬
‫‪III‬‬
‫‪IÎI:‬‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫! ة!‬
‫إﺀ‬
‫‪га‬ه‬
‫‪га‬ﺀ‬
‫‪и‬‬
‫‪тз‬‬
‫‪ и‬و ة‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫»■ ‪ё н‬‬
‫ﺗﻪ^ ﻗﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Л‬ة‬
‫‪On‬‬
‫ﻳ ﻢ‬
‫ج‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫‪3‬ﺀ ؟‪i‬‬
‫ﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪15‬‬
‫‪u‬‬
‫‪l‬‬
‫§‬
‫‪8‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫آل‬
‫م‬
‫ﻫﺞ‬
‫ﻟﻪ ئ‬
‫<ه‬
‫ظ‬
‫ه‬
‫د مخ‬
‫ﺀ‪га .‬‬
‫ه‬
‫‪،1‬‬
‫<‬
‫ﺀئ‬
‫ﺀم‬
‫‪١١‬‬
‫^‪C J‬‬
‫‪| II‬‬
‫أﺀ‬
‫ق‪ ،‬ة‪،‬‬
‫‪го‬‬
‫ﻳﻢ‬
‫ﻳ ﻤ ﻴ ﻢ‬
‫‪50‬‬
‫ع‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪%‬‬
‫آل ﺀ‬
‫«‪f‬‬
‫و ‪о‬‬
‫‪<u‬‬
‫§‬
‫ص‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪и‬‬
‫‪и‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪S‬‬
‫<‪+-‬ق‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫ق ج‬
‫‪ I‬أ؟‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫‪и‬‬
‫؛‬
‫^ ‪i . s‬‬
‫ق‬
‫‪ Й‬و‪.‬‬
‫‪г‬‬
‫‪i‬‬
‫ه‬
‫م‬
‫!‬
‫ئ ‪S.‬‬
‫إؤ‬
‫إق‬
‫أ |‬
‫||‬
‫؛ •ﻣﺤﻪ‬
‫‪ill‬‬
‫ؤ‬
‫ه‬
‫ﺀ ‪ ÔS‬و ه‬
‫‪В‬‬
‫ﻗﺎة‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫ه‬
‫ه‬
‫‪1 1 1‬‬
‫و ق‬
‫ق‪1‬‬
‫د‬
‫ص‬
‫ق‬
‫ﻫ ﺪ‬
‫ه‬
‫ﺀا‬
‫‪CQ ÇQ‬‬
‫«‬
‫‪|i‬‬
‫‪PQ‬‬
‫‪-О‬‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫‪n‬‬
‫ة‬
‫ة‬
‫ه‬
‫‪й‬‬
‫ه‬
‫‪О‬‬
‫ئ‬
‫ح‬
‫‪٠٠‬‬
‫‪٧٦‬‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫ي؛‬
‫م‬
‫ه ‪٠٠‬‬
‫‪•С •Ç‬‬
‫ه‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫ه‬
‫‪со‬‬
‫‪Л‬‬
‫ه‬
‫‪!11‬‬
‫هﺀ وﺀ‬
‫ة‬
‫ا‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫‪<N‬‬
‫‪٠٠‬‬
‫م‬
‫هﺀ‬
‫‪٢٠‬‬
‫ه‬
‫‪II‬‬
‫إ‬
‫ة‬
‫ﺀا‬
‫‪II‬‬
‫م‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫‪СЗ‬‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫ه‬
‫‪и‬‬
‫‪Û‬‬
‫ة‬
‫|||‬
‫إلة‬
‫و‬
‫‪٧ ^! ٤‬‬
‫ﺗﻪ‬
‫د‬
‫ه‬
‫‪Ü‬‬
‫‪и‬‬
‫ئ'‬
‫‪C ’a‬‬
‫ﻣ©ﺤ ﻮ‬
‫ة‬
‫ئ ‪ |S‬و§‪I I‬‬
‫ث‬
‫و •‪а‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫ه‬
‫و ه‬
‫ه‬
‫ه‬
‫ﺀة‪ ■.S‬ﺀ‬
‫ج‬
‫ه‬
‫‪я‬‬
‫إ‬
‫ﺀ ق‬
‫د ة‬
‫>رآ‬
‫ي ‪ ٢٢‬ي‬
‫‪٧٦ ١٥‬‬
‫‪٢٢ ٢٢‬‬
‫‪< N ٣٦‬‬
‫‪ОХ‬‬
‫‪pH‬‬
‫‪Û‬‬
‫|ق‬
‫؛‪5‬‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪и‬‬
‫و‪.‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪٢٢ ٢٢‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪й и‬‬
‫ة ة ة ة‬
‫م ؟؛‬
‫ق‪1‬‬
‫ةق‬
‫‪if‬‬
‫ﺗﺢ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪ь‬‬
‫و ج‪0.‬‬
‫دآل غ‬
‫؟‪S ٠‬‬
‫‪Л‬‬
‫وا‬
‫وا‬
‫ﺀه‬
‫ه‬
‫‪٠١ о‬‬
‫م—'‬
‫‪٣٦ ٢٢ ٢٢‬‬
‫ج‬
‫ئ‬
‫|ﺀ‬
‫أ‬
‫ق‬
‫ط‬
‫م‬
‫ة‬
‫‪§I‬‬
‫ج ‪٢٨‬‬
‫ة؟‬
‫‪٢٠m‬‬
‫وج‬
‫‪J g‬‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫دم‬
‫■' ﺀ‬
‫ئ‬
‫‪■ёЯ‬‬
‫ﻣ ﺤ ﻪ ب‬
‫ﻳ ﻢ ‪0-‬‬
‫‪ill‬‬
‫ة‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫و ئ‬
‫;‪٥٠‬‬
‫‪٥‬‬
‫ئ (ه‬
‫‪II II‬‬
‫ج‬
‫خ‬
‫' ‪0-‬‬
‫‪ ٠‬؛‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫‪00‬‬
‫‪(N‬‬
‫‪I I‬‬
‫ة‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫ت أ‪٥٠‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪О‬‬
‫إل ‪П،‬‬
‫زإ‬
‫ه‬
‫‪s is‬‬
‫‪٩‬‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫ة ‪ -‬ة‬
‫م‬
‫‪II‬‬
‫|‬
‫‪ I‬ق‬
‫‪X ]S S‬‬
‫‪il l‬‬
‫دة‬
‫م ‪СЛ‬‬
‫‪٥‬‬
‫‪P is‬‬
‫إأل‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫ﻫ ﻬ ﻪ‬
‫و ^ <‬
‫ة‬
‫؟أأل‬
‫‪jl‬‬
‫ﻗﺄأ؟إ‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫ﺀة‬
‫‪lil‬‬
‫ؤ‪.‬‬
‫م‬
‫‪II‬‬
‫أ ق‬
‫ﻫ ﺪ‬
‫ﺀ د م‬
‫‪CQ‬‬
‫ه‬
‫ه‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫‪M‬‬
‫‪g‬‬
‫‪.٥‬‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫ئ‬
‫ه‬
‫‪٤ ٤‬‬
‫| أ‬
‫ة‪.‬‬
‫<‬
‫‪٤٤٤‬‬
‫‪٥ ٥‬‬
‫‪٥‬‬
‫<‬
‫ة‬
‫<‬
‫ه‬
‫ة‬
‫‪é‬ﺀ و‪ÿ‬‬
‫‪03‬‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫‪1.1‬‬
‫!‬
‫ة ‪3.‬‬
‫ج‪،‬‬
‫ج‬
‫ة‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫‪i‬‬
‫‪и‬‬
‫‪٥‬‬
‫‪٥‬‬
‫‪11‬‬
‫‪٢٠‬‬
‫ب‬
‫|ئ‬
‫‪111‬‬
‫‪III‬‬
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‫ه‬
‫و‬
‫ن‬
‫ه‬
‫‪и‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪cd‬‬
‫‪ ٠٦‬ئ‬
‫؛؛‬
‫ﺤ ﻦ‬
‫ﻏ ﺔﻣ ى‬
‫‪٥٥‬‬
‫‪2‬م‬
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‫‪и‬‬
‫‪ s i‬؟!‬
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‫ه‬
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‫‪и‬‬
‫ج‬
‫ﻟﺊ‬
‫ه‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫ة‬
‫ه‬
‫وﺀ‬
‫ﻧ ﺠ ﺊ‬
‫ل؟‬
‫و و ق‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫‪и‬‬
‫‪Ü‬‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫رو‬
‫‪Ü‬‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫زة‬
‫هﺀة‬
‫ة‪ .‬ع‬
‫‪ pH‬ﺀ‬
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‫‪II‬‬
‫ة؛ | ة و‬
‫ﻟﻪ »‬
‫ظ غ ؛‪1‬‬
‫ﺀﺀ‬
‫د‬
‫ة’رؤ‬
‫ﺀ ة‬
‫‪ I‬ا‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫إل‪-‬‬
‫’‬
‫ة‬
‫ه‬
‫‪00‬‬
‫‪03‬‬
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‫‪52‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫ﺀ‬
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‫‪40‬‬
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‫‪٥‬ج‬
‫‪II s i ' l l‬‬
‫‪W‬وق ة‬
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‫وﺀ‬
‫‪ii‬‬
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‫‪٠‬‬
‫د‪1‬‬
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‫!‪ïi‬‬
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‫ظ‬
‫ﺀم‬
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‫ﺀ‬
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‫ق‬
‫ﻣﺤﺔ‬
‫ة‬
‫‪О‬‬
‫ص‬
‫م‬
‫ج‬
‫‪О‬‬
‫‪Р‬‬
‫‪! ٢٠‬‬
‫||‬
‫‪PQ‬‬
‫ه ‪а‬‬
‫ة‬
‫وﺀ‬
‫‪٢٠‬‬
‫|‬
‫ا‬
‫|‬
‫[أ‬
‫“‪1‬‬
‫ة‬
‫ه‬
‫‪<N‬‬
‫‪а‬‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫‪0 0‬‬
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‫‪I‬ؤ‬
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‫‪а‬‬
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‫‪О‬‬
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‫‪о‬‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫ن‬
‫‪и‬‬
‫‪и‬‬
‫ط‬
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‫‪٢٠‬‬
‫ئ‬
‫ﻣأل‬
‫‪о‬ﺀ‬
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‫هﺀ‬
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‫أل‬
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‫"‪о н‬‬
‫ت‬
‫ه‬
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‫‪٠‬‬
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‫ج|‬
‫‪О‬‬
‫‪оо‬‬
‫ه‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫إﺀ‬
‫|‪S .‬‬
‫!‬
‫إ‬
‫‪I‬ؤ‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫م‬
‫‪ 2‬ة ﺀة‬
‫ﺀه‬
‫|ﺗﺄ‪ ,‬ﺀة‪.‬ﺀ‬
‫‪и‬‬
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‫ة ‪٧‬‬
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‫‪i‬‬
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‫إل‪ .‬دﺀ‬
‫ﺀ ة‬
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‫‪«٧‬‬
‫أ ا‬
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‫‪III‬‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫‪о‬‬
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‫|‪1‬‬
‫«‬
‫"‪0‬‬
‫‪٢٠‬ﺀ‬
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‫‪oU‬‬
‫ة ! ‪|1‬‬
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‫ص ‪٠‬؛‬
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‫‪О‬‬
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‫ﺀ‬
‫ى‬
‫ةج‬
‫‪٤٠‬‬
‫ة‬
‫‪٠٠‬‬
‫د‬
‫‪СЛ‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
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‫ت‬
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‫‪0‬‬
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‫م ‪٠ ٠‬‬
‫‪Î‬‬
‫‪٢٠‬‬
‫ع‬
‫‪CQ‬‬
‫‪II‬‬
‫ج‬
‫ظ!‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫؛؛‬
‫«“‬
‫؛و‬
‫ ‪TJ‬ه؛■ | ق‬‫‪0‬‬
‫‪&،‬‬
‫و‬
‫ة‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫ﻣﺤﻢ‬
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‫ة‬
‫‪и‬‬
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‫‪О‬‬
‫و‬
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‫ه‬
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‫|‪1 1‬‬
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‫‪٠‬‬
‫ة ة‬
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‫ﺀﻗﻤﺢ ‪3‬ل‬
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‫ق‬
‫‪،‬ه‬
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‫ﺀم‬
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‫ﻟﻪ‬
‫إ‬
‫ه‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪а‬‬
‫ط ﻟﻪ‬
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‫©‪ 0‬ﻳﻢ‬
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‫إ‬
‫دﺀ ﺀ‬
‫د‬
‫ص ب‬
‫ؤإ‬
‫ﻳﻢ‬
‫ح‬
‫م‬
‫ﺀ‬
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‫‪о‬‬
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‫“‬
‫ه‬
‫‪٢٠‬‬
‫<§•‬
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‫!ق‬
‫دؤ■‬
‫ه ب‪-‬‬
‫ﻣﺎ‬
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‫"‪0‬‬
‫ج‬
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‫ﺀة‬
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‫ى‬
‫‪III ;٧ I‬‬
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‫ﺀ ج‬
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‫ةق‬
‫‪l l l l g‬‬
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‫ة‬
‫ة‬
‫‪ T3‬ﺛﻤﺔ‬
‫‪о‬‬
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‫‪!٤‬‬
‫ئﺀ‬
‫< وﺀ‬
‫و‪.‬‬
‫ة‬
‫‪Й‬‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫‪и‬‬
‫ؤ‬
‫‪40‬‬
‫‪О‬‬
‫‪54‬‬
‫|‬
‫ه‬
‫ؤج‬
‫‪*o‬‬
‫‪ I‬آلق؛‬
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‫||‬
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‫‪о‬‬
‫| إ|ة|‬
‫؛؛ ﺑﻪ ‪о‬‬
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‫ﺗﻪ‬
‫ي ‪со‬‬
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‫‪о‬‬
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‫‪^٥‬‬
‫ق؛ت‬
‫‪rs‬‬
‫ه‬
‫م‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫و‬
‫؟؛ ‪о‬‬
‫"‪Г 00‬‬
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‫‪|1‬‬
‫||‬
‫■ة‬
‫ج‬
‫ج‬
‫م‬
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‫‪٠٢٨‬‬
‫ﻣﺢ |‬
‫‪03‬‬
‫وﺀ‬
‫‪Г‬‬
‫ق ة‬
‫‪. Q‬ي‬
‫ا ق‬
‫ج‪٠١ ,‬‬
‫ؤ ‪4‬م‬
‫‪0‬ة م!‬
‫»‬
‫أ إل‬
‫‪II‬‬
‫ة‬
‫ة‬
‫‪٧‬‬
‫‪я‬‬
‫‪٤ ٤‬‬
‫ئ‬
‫ة‬
‫|أ|‬
‫ه‬
‫ه‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫| ة‬
‫ﺟ ﺔ‬
‫ث‪ 0‬ﻳﻪ‬
‫ي‬
‫‪٥ ٥‬‬
‫ر ه‬
‫‪٥٥‬‬
‫ة‬
‫‪ГЧ‬‬
‫|ة‬
‫ق!‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫ؤؤ‬
‫إل‬
‫ف‬
‫‪Ш‬‬
‫‪pH‬‬
‫أ‬
‫ه‬
‫ه‬
‫ج‬
‫‪6‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪и‬‬
‫ه‬
‫ظ‬
‫ة‪S‬‬
‫‪и‬‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫ه‬
‫‪О‬‬
‫ق‬
‫ع‬
‫دو‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫‪и‬‬
‫‪Оcd‬ق‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫‪Ji‬‬
‫ق!‬
‫‪Uh‬‬
‫ه‪ и‬ﺀ ق‬
‫آل‬
‫§‪u‬‬
‫‪щ‬ﻫﻤﻪ‬
‫|||‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫ه‬
‫‪и‬‬
‫ث‬
‫ة أ ل‬
‫و‬
‫ف‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫ق‬
‫‪٥‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪тз‬‬
‫ة‬
‫ﺑ ﺎ‬
‫ن ئ‬
‫‪y w‬‬
‫را‬
‫ص‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫ه‬
‫؟‪٦‬‬
‫م‬
‫و‬
‫ه‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪и‬‬
‫‪S‬‬
‫‪сл‬‬
‫و ق‬
‫||‬
‫م‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫‪'٧‬‬
‫ﻫﺬ‬
‫‪Cd‬‬
‫ه‬
‫|ﺀ‬
‫|‬
‫ج‬
‫ة‬
‫ج ج‬
‫|‬
‫|| ة‬
‫|‬
‫‪٢٢١ ٢٨‬‬
‫‪55‬‬
‫^‪ ■I‬ق |‬
‫|ق‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫م‬
‫وق‬
‫أ ك ن‬
‫م‬
‫و‬
‫‪il‬‬
‫§ ‪S‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪Z‬‬
‫ظ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‬‫ق ن‬
‫؛‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫ه‬
‫ف‬
‫ج‬
‫و_‬
‫‪SS‬‬
‫إ ‪ !،‬ق‬
‫— ‪00 ٠١ о‬‬
‫ج‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫ﻣ ﺲ‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫ص‬
‫م‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫«‬
‫‪04 ٢٠‬‬
‫دم ‪о‬‬
‫وﺀ‬
‫‪II‬‬
‫‪IK i‬‬
‫؛ أ؛‬
‫ة ت‬
‫ﺗ ﻮ ت‪1‬ق‬
‫ا'ﻗﺔةﻣﻢ‬
‫؛ج‬
‫ا‬
‫غ‬
‫ﻗ ﺘ ﺎ‬
‫ﺀ ؛= ‪га ٠‬‬
‫‪111‬‬
‫‪га‬‬
‫‪QS‬‬
‫ى‬
‫‪€‬‬
‫م‬
‫‪,‬ﺀ‬
‫!!؛ا‬
‫‪CQ‬‬
‫‪•о‬‬
‫‪g‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫!؛؛‬
‫‪H‬‬
‫ﻣ ﻞ‬
‫ة§‬
‫‪Qffi‬؛‬
‫‪a l‬‬
‫‪a‬‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫‪٠‬‬
‫‪٤‬‬
‫‪ 1‬ة‬
‫‪II‬‬
‫ﻳﻢ‬
‫■■‬
‫ﻳﻪ‬
‫م‬
‫ج‬
‫‪٤ ٤‬‬
‫م‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫‪٠ ١‬‬
‫ة ق ‪٤‬‬
‫‪«I‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫§‬
‫ة‬
‫ح‬
‫؛‪X‬‬
‫‪Ü‬‬
‫‪S‬‬
‫م‬
‫ج‬
‫د‬
‫‪0‬‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫ج‬
‫‪и‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫‪P‬‬
‫‪ÎI‬‬
‫؟‬
‫ق‬
‫ج ﺀ‬
‫هو‬
‫‪.‬ا‪،-‬ئ‬
‫د‬
‫‪СЛ‬‬
‫ﻧﺆ ة‬
‫جﺀ‬
‫ﻳﺐ‬
‫‪i i l è‬‬
‫‪ Ü‬ﺗﺈ‪ .‬و ه‬
‫دم‬
‫ؤ‬
‫ؤ‬
‫ه‬
‫‪га‬‬
‫ه‬
‫!‬
‫| أ‬
‫‪СЛ‬‬
‫ة ‪‘I‬‬
‫م‬
‫د‬
‫‪"0‬‬
‫»أ‬
‫‪иb‬‬
‫‪٤٨‬‬
‫ﻣ ﺢ‬
‫و‬
‫>‬
‫؛‬
‫‪ I‬ﺀ‬
‫‪•о‬‬
‫ﺗ ﺈ‬
‫ة‬
‫ض‬
‫‪H‬‬
‫‪W‬‬
‫و‬
‫ة‬
‫‪٠ ٥‬‬
‫ق‬
‫ي‬
‫||‬
‫ظ‬
‫ق‬
‫‪ о‬ج وج‬
‫ت•©‪ ٠‬ق!ة‬
‫‪II‬‬
‫‪ •٠‬؛‪٠‬‬
‫أ‬
‫|‬
‫!‬
‫‪М‬ﻫ ﺮ‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫ه‬
‫|ق‬
‫‪ОС‬‬
‫‪'I с о‬‬
‫ج‬
‫و ق‬
‫ﺀ ‪ТЗ‬‬
‫‪С о ،.‬‬
‫ﻗ‬
‫«‬
‫إ‬
‫§‬
‫!!« ؛‬
‫ة‬
‫‪О О О‬‬
‫‪с‬‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﺄ‬
‫‪Й‬م‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫و‬
‫‪Цн‬‬
‫ﻣأل‬
‫ن‬
‫ج‬
‫ح‬
‫ﺳﻢ‬
‫و‬
‫و‬
‫د‬
‫ؤ ق‬
‫م‬
‫ق ئ‬
‫ﻟﺞ‬
‫ة■‬
‫ح‪.‬‬
‫م‬
‫د‬
‫م‬
‫>‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫‪и‬‬
‫‪٥‬‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫ق‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫‪SI‬‬
‫أ‬
‫ؤة‬
‫‪#‬ق‬
‫‪тз‬‬
‫ة‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫ة‬
‫‪٥‬‬
‫‪•0‬‬
‫‪٢٠‬‬
‫‪I‬‬
‫‪ы‬‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫ص‬
‫ﺀ ق ‪:‬آل‬
‫!■!أ‬
‫ﺑﻮ‬
‫‪и‬‬
‫?و‬
‫ه‬
‫‪■٥‬‬
‫وج‬
‫و‬
‫‪i. сл‬‬
‫ئه‬
‫ظ‬
‫ق‬
‫‪s‬‬
‫‪٠٥‬‬
‫؛>‬
‫‪i‬ص‬
‫‪и‬‬
‫‪٥٥‬‬
‫ن‬
‫ﺀ‪:‬‬
‫ج‬
‫‪٢٢‬‬
‫‪g‬‬
‫‪II‬‬
‫ة ؤ‬
‫ق‬
‫ق‬
‫ﺀ‬
‫ص‬
‫‪. .‬‬
‫‪0٠ ٥‬م‬
‫‪о‬‬
‫|‬
‫ج‬
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. ‫ﻛ ﻢ ﻣﻤﺎ ر‬1 ‫ ﺗﻬﺎ ض ا ﻟﻜﺘﺒﺔ‬، ‫ ا ﺷﻌﺮ‬. ‫ ا ﺑﺎﻟﻢ‬. ‫ﺑﻢ ا ﻧﻤﺎ‬
‫ﻛﻴﺔ ا ﻟﺨﻤﻮل ﻋﻞ ﺛﺜﻮ رات ا ال م ا‬
‫ع ﺗﻲ‬.‫اس ض ا ﻟﻜﻨﺒﺎ ت رددر اﻛﺮز‬
‫ﺳﻜﻲ ا ﺳﺮ د ﺗﺮ ﺳﺮ دات ا ال م‬
•‫ررك ادﺗﻲ ﺟﻴﻒ‬.‫أد اﻛﺐ اﻟﻰت اآلم اس ■ﻧﻢ اﻟﻤﻊ م■م‬
‫ ﻫﻤﺢ؛ﺀ‬1‫ه‬
№‫ﺀﺑﻤﺴﺮﻫﺄ أص ﺀﻫﺎ اأ‬
»‫ﺀﺀﺑﺞﺀﺳﻬﻖ ؛‬
‫ ة' ال ﺀﺀ ر ﺑﻤﻠﻘﺎﺀ آ‬1‫ال‬،‫ أ ﺀ رو‬1'
‫ﺀﺀ‬،‫ لﺀآل‬8،‫ ق؛ ﺀ اأ ﻫﺔﺑﻢ‬11‫ﺀئ؛ ﻣﻮ أ‬
HOW т о OBTX!N
ON$ PU0BLICA
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NAT
NS‫؛‬
U n it e d ®
N ation
p u b lic a tio n s
n a‫®'؛؛‬b e o b ta in e d from boo]<®tores an d d istr ib u to r
ri th
١٧r o u g h o u t th e w ortd. C o n su lt y o u r b o o b sto re or ‫ ا‬e to: U n it e d N a tio n s , S a le s
S e c tio n , N e w Y o rk or G e n e v a .
COMMENT SE PBOCUBEB LES PU BLICA TIO NSNATIONS
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UNIES
L e s p u b ü c a tio n s d e s N ation ® U n ie s s o n t en v e n te d a n s le s iib ra ir ie s e t le s a g e n c e s
d é p o s ita ir e s d u m o n d e en tie r . I n ‫؛‬orm €?,-vous au p rès d e v otre lib raire ou a d r e sse z -v o u s
à : N a tio n s U n ie s , S e c tio n d e s v e n te s , N e w ^ or^ o u G en ève.
К А К П О Л У ЧИ Т Ь И В ^А Н П П О РТА Н П ЗА Ц И И О ЬЛ»КЛ П Н £П Н Ь‫ ^؛‬H A lL n n
И здания О рганизации О бъединенны х Н аций N O ^ H O купить в К Н И ^ Н Ь ! Х м агази н ах и аге н т с т в а х во всех рай он ах мира. Н аводите справки об и здан иях в
ваш ем книжном магаз1гне ияи нншите по ад р есу : О рганизация О бъ€диненнь!х
Н аций, Секция по продаж е изданнй, Н ь т -Н о р к или Ж енева.
CO^IO CON SEGUIB PU BLICA CIONES DE LAS NACIONES UNIDAS
L a s p u b b c a c io n e s d e la s N a c io n e s U n id a s e stâ n en v e n ta e n lib re r ia s y c a sa s d i s t i bu id o r^ s e n to d a s p a r te s d e l m u n d o . C o n su lte a s u lib rero ٠ d ir il^ se a: N a c io n e s
U n id a s, S e c c id n d e V e n ta s , N u e v a Y ork о G in eb ra.
P rinted in Sw itzerland
G E .79-V -52540(9631)
(Jetober 1979— 3 0 ‫و م‬
Price: $u.s. 7.00
(or eqnlvalent in o th er ^nrrencies)
U n ited N ations pnhlication
^ a le s N o .£ . ? 7
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