To find out where your water comes from and how your local water agency is planning for the future, visit the
Natural Resources Defense Council’s new California water web page: http://www.nrdc.org/water/california-water-systems/
ISSUE BRIEF
April 2013
IB: 13-04-B
Tackling Water Scarcity: Five Southern
California Water Agencies Lead the Way
to a More Sustainable Tomorrow
AUthors:
Kelly Coplin, NRDC
Kate Poole, NRDC
Landscaping with native plants reduces outdoor water use.
Photo: edgeplot/Flickr
Rain barrels capture water where it falls.
Water scarcity has long been a fact of life across much of the southwestern United States. People have
ingeniously adapted to this reality for centuries, from the irrigation structures built by the Hohokam people
nearly a millennium ago to some of the largest concrete structures on earth erected during the dam-building
era of the New Deal. In the face of new and mounting water supply and overuse challenges (or inefficiencies),
the spirit of innovation must carry on. Changing climate patterns, growing populations, and over-tapped aquifer
and river systems call for bold strategies to meet water supply needs for this region. This paper identifies five
urban water agencies in California with ambitious plans to reduce or eliminate its use of imported water from
the oversubscribed Sacramento-San Joaquin Bay-Delta and Colorado River systems in favor of sustainable, local
water supplies.1 Each of these five water agencies will shrink its dependence on the Bay-Delta and Colorado
River systems between 35 percent and 100 percent by 2035, through investments in water conservation,
recycling, urban rainwater and stormwater harvesting, and better groundwater management.
|
PAGE 1 Tackling Water Scarcity: Five Southern California Water Agencies Lead the Way to a More Sustainable Tomorrow
These agencies are leading the way in creating reliable water
supplies for their customers by reducing the risk of future
water supply shortages from the Bay-Delta and Colorado
River. Investing in local water supply and demand solutions
will allow these water agencies to:
n
save money
n
create local jobs and improve the local economy
n
reduce energy demand and the greenhouse gas
emissions associated with transporting water long
distances
n
clean up groundwater aquifers
n
reduce urban runoff
n
improve coastal water quality
About Sustainable Local Water Supplies
Recycled Water Our water supplies stretch
much further when we reuse the same drops
multiple times. Recycling allows us to treat
previously used supplies so that the water can
be used again for additional purposes, such
as irrigating lawns and parks, or recharging
groundwater aquifers.
Efficiency Improving water-use efficiency
is about doing more with less. Using smart
sprinklers that turn off when the ground is
wet or installing low-flow washing machines
are efficiency measures that allow us to use
less water while continuing to engage in
common activities.
These effective and affordable solutions, such as water
recycling and conservation, address the complex water
challenges facing the Bay-Delta—for two-thirds of
Californians—as well as the Colorado River. They also generate
benefits associated with local water supply investments.
Responsible Groundwater Management
Cleaning up contaminated groundwater
expands our water supplies while also creating
underground storage capacity that can be used
to capture urban stormwater and recycled
wastewater for use in dry years.
California is currently developing its own long-term water
management plan called the Bay Delta Conservation Plan,
which aims to improve the reliability of the state’s water
supplies while restoring the Bay-Delta estuary. A diverse
coalition of water districts and municipalities, business
groups, local elected officials, and environmental groups
have urged California to follow the lead of the five water
agencies highlighted here by investing in sustainable, local
water supply solutions.2
While adopting ambitious water management plans is
an important first step toward decreasing water demand
and increasing water supply reliability, implementation
will be the key to successful environmental and economic
outcomes. And financial and technical support for local
water supply solutions from state and federal agencies
will be essential to making increased investment in these
sustainable water supply tools a reality.
Table 1: Reliance on Imported Water and Total
Percentage Reduction
Water
AGENCY
#1
#2
#3
#4
#5
% Imported
Water,
2009-2010
City of Santa
Monica
City of
Camarillo
Ventura
County Water
District No.1
Long Beach
Water
Department
Los Angeles
Department
of Water and
Power
% Reduction
0%
100%
64%
7%
85%
78%
20%
62%
35%
17%
46%
21%
To learn more about alternative water supplies, visit the
Natural Resources Defense Council’s new California water web
page: http://www.nrdc.org/water/california-water-systems/
Figure1: Percentage of Water Supply from Imported
Sources in 2009-2010 versus Planned 2035
84%
40%
|
% Imported
Water, 2035
Urban Rainwater and Stormwater
Harvesting Capturing and reusing stormwater
that would otherwise run off our streets and
overflow sewer systems increases water
supplies and decreases beach pollution.
35%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
■
■
City of Santa
Monica
2009-2010
2035
City of
Ventura County Long Beach Los Angeles
Camarillo Waterworks
Department
Water
District No.1 Department of Water
and Power
PAGE 2 Tackling Water Scarcity: Five Southern California Water Agencies Lead the Way to a More Sustainable Tomorrow
Table 2. Investments in Alternative Water Supplies
City of Santa City of
Monica
Camarillo
Ventura County
Waterworks
District No. 1
Long Beach Water
Department
Los Angeles
Department of
Water and Power
Improved Efficiency
3
3
3
3
3
Recycled Water
3
3
3
3
3
Responsible Groundwater
Management
3
3
3
Rainwater and Stormwater
Harvesting
3
3
3
nta Monica#1: City of Santa Monica
marilo
Ventura
2009 WATER SUPPLIES
Groundwater
15%
Recycled Dry Weather
Urban Runoff 1%
Imported Water 84%
“In addition to maximizing the use of groundwater
resources at a sustainable level, achieving this goal will
require increased water efficiency efforts and the use
2035 WATER SUPPLIES
of various other non-potable water supply strategies
Greywater,
(recycled water, greywater, rainwater, and stormwater)
Rainwater,
to replace potable water use, primarily for outdoor uses.
Stormwater,
While these efforts will require substantial investments
Recycled
Water 28%
Santa
Santa
Monica
Monica
in the short term, it is anticipated that they will result in
long-term cost savings for all water users in the city as
well
asWATER
the
security
water
supply
as the
2009
2009
WATER
SUPPLIES
SUPPLIESof a sustainable
2035
2035
WATER
WATER
SUPPLIES
SUPPLIES
city moves into an uncertain water availability future.”4
Groundwater 72%
Recycled
Recycled
DryDry
Weather
Weather
Urban
Urban
Runoff
Runoff
1% 1%
Groundwater
Groundwater
15%15%
Greywater,
Greywater,
Rainwater,
Rainwater,
Stormwater,
Stormwater,
Recycled
Recycled
The annual
amount
of water projected to
Water
Water
28%28%
104,300
be saved from the Bay-Delta and Colorado
River by the City of Santa Monica is
equivalent to that used by 104,300 people
in their homes in one year.5
SUPPLIES
2035 WATER
SUPPLIES
The2010
CityWATER
of Santa
Monica plans to eliminate
its demand
for
Imported
7%
water from the San Francisco Bay-Delta
andWater
the Colorado
Imported
Imported
Water
Water
84%84%
Groundwater
Groundwater
72%72%
Recycled
River by the year 2020—the most ambitious plan of any
Water 2%
of the more than 350 urban water management plans
analyzed. In recent years, Santa Monica has invested in major
#2: City of Camarillo
improvements of its
local groundwater sources, a move
Imported
Groundwater
that will
save
money
for
the
city
and
reduce
demand
on
the
Water 53%
47%
20102010
WATER
SUPPLIES
WATER
SUPPLIES
20352035
WATER
SUPPLIES
WATER
SUPPLIES
Bay-Delta and Colorado River. According to its Urban Water
Groundwater
Management Plan and Sustainable Water Master
Plan
Status
Imported
Water
Imported
Water
7% 7%
91%
Update, Santa Monica plans to reduce its reliance on
imported
Recycled
Recycled
Camarilo
Camarilo
Water
Water
2% 2%
water by 100 percent under normal conditions by investing in
water-use efficiency, as well as the following alternative water
supplies: recycled water, greywater, rainwater, stormwater, and
Imported
Groundwater
Groundwater Imported
sustainable groundwater pumping.
Water
Water
53%53%
47%47%
2010 WATER SUPPLIES
2035 WATER SUPPLIES
Groundwater
Groundwater
In February 2011, the city
completed a groundwater
Recycled
91%91%
Groundwater
remediation
effort that opened
Water 5%five wells, increasing the
Groundwater
13%
Recycled
amount of locally
18% produced water to approximately 70
Water 9%
Imported
percent. The city’s cost of purchasing treated
water from the
Water 20%
Like Santa Monica, the City of Camarillo, located northwest
Bay-Delta and Colorado River is $794 per acre-foot, compared
of Los Angeles, plans to wean itself almost entirely of
with approximately $330 per acre-foot for producing its own
groundwater.3 Also, like most water agencies in California,
Ventura
Ventura imported Bay-Delta and Colorado River water, with an 85
2010
WATER
SUPPLIES
2010
WATER
SUPPLIES
20352035
WATER
WATER
SUPPLIES
SUPPLIES
percent
planned
reduction in demand
between
2010 and
Santa Imported
MonicaWater
has the
use through
78%capacity to reduce its water
Desalted
Recycled
Recycled
Groundwater
58%
Groundwater
Groundwater
2035. The city, which currently relies on imported water for
expanded conservation efforts.
5% 5%
Water
Groundwater
GroundwaterWater
18%18%
|
13%13%
Imported
Imported
Water
Water
20%20%
PAGE 3 Tackling Water Scarcity: Five Southern California Water Agencies Lead the Way to a More Sustainable Tomorrow
Recycled
Recycled
Water
9% 9%
Water
WaterWater
5% 5%
Groundwater
Groundwater
18% 18%
Groundwater
Groundwater
13% 13% Recycled
Recycled
WaterWater
9% 9%
Imported
Imported
WaterWater
20% 20%
more than half of its water supply, plans to rely mostly on
would otherwise be too high in salts and dissolved solids
groundwater in the future, thanks to the construction of the
for potable use. According to the district, the use of the
new Camarillo Regional Groundwater Desalter, projected
new desalter will also create space for better stormwater
onica
a Monicato be completed by 2016 or 2017. This desalter will increase
Imported
Imported
Water
78%
78% into the local aquifer.
Desalted
Desalted
infiltration
toWater
percolate
The majority of
Groundwater
Groundwater
58% the
Camarillo’s groundwater allocation by 5,000 acre-feet per
stormwater flows now bypass the recharge
areas 58%
because
2009
WATER
2009The
WATER
SUPPLIES
WATER
2035 WATER
SUPPLIES
SUPPLIES
year.
citySUPPLIES
plans to maximize its2035
groundwater
allocations
shallow Las Posas Aquifer is full.7 Additionally, the Moorpark
first, and
fulfill
remaining
demand
with imported
Wastewater Treatment Plant, which produces recycled
Recycled
Recycled
Drythe
Weather
Dry
Weather Greywater,
Greywater,
UrbanUrban
RunoffRunoff
1%the1%
water.6 Additionally,
water, plans to double in treatment capacity, and to expand
city generates
recycled
water
that
is
Rainwater,
Rainwater,
Groundwater
Groundwater
Stormwater,
Stormwater,
the distribution system to serve additional customers, with
currently utilized outside of its
service
area by neighboring
15% 15%
Recycled
Recycled
additional recycled water available between 2015 and 2020
water agencies and nearby agriculture.
Future infrastructure
WaterWater
28% 28%
2010
2010
SUPPLIES
2035
WATER
2035 WATER
SUPPLIES
SUPPLIES
forWATER
use WATER
inSUPPLIES
landscape
and irrigation
applications.
investments connecting Camarillo
Sanitary
District with
Camrosa Water District, and use within the city’s service
Rincon
Rincon
area for irrigation, are planned to eliminate the discharge
Imported
Imported
Recycled
Recycled
of wastewater into Conejo Creek and reduce projected
WaterWater
24% 24%
WaterWater
35% 35%
Imported
Imported
WaterWater
84%
84% the city’s service
water
demand
within
area.
In the
Groundwater
Groundwater
72%future,
72% all
Recycled
The annualRecycled
amount
of water projected to
recycled wastewater from the Camarillo Water Reclamation
Waterthe
Water
37%
37% and Colorado
be
saved
from
Bay-Delta
Plant will be used for agricultural irrigation, and industrial
River by Ventura County Water District No. 1
irrigation and reuse.
Imported
Imported
WaterWater
65% 65%
Indirect
Potable
Indirect
Potable
is equivalent to the amount
of
water
51,000
Reuse
39% 39%
people would use in theirReuse
homes
in one year.
2010 WATER
2010 WATER
SUPPLIES
SUPPLIES
arilo
56,700
2035 WATER
SUPPLIES
2035 WATER
SUPPLIES
The projected
annual
amount
Imported
Imported
WaterWater
7% 7%of water to be
saved from the Bay-Delta and Colorado
River
Recycled
Recycled
by the City of Camarillo is equivalentWater
to the
Water
2% 2% #4: Long Beach Water Department
amount of water 56,700 people
would
useBeach
Long
Long
Beach
in their homes in one year.
Imported
Groundwater
Groundwater Imported
WaterWater
53% 53%
47% 47%
antura
51,000
2010 WATER
SUPPLIES
2010 WATER
SUPPLIES
Groundwater
Groundwater
91% 91%
#3: Ventura County Waterworks
District No. 1
2035 WATER
2035 WATER
SUPPLIES
SUPPLIES
Recycled
Recycled
WaterWater
20% 20%
Imported
Imported
WaterWater
35% 35%
Imported
Imported
WaterWater
17% 17%
Groundwater
Groundwater
55% 55%
Groundwater
Groundwater
Desalinated
Desalinated
49% 49%
2010 WATER
SUPPLIES
2035 WATER
SUPPLIES
2010 WATER
SUPPLIES
2035 WATER
SUPPLIES
WaterWater
(on hold)
(on hold)
Recycled
Recycled
Groundwater
Groundwater
WaterWater
5% 5%
Recycled
Recycled
Groundwater
Groundwater
13% 13% Recycled
Recycled
WaterWater
10% 10%
18% 18%
WaterWater
9% 9%
Imported
Imported
WaterWater
20% 20%
Long Beach Water Department—the water supplier for
residents of the City of Long Beach—plans to cut its demands
on imported water sources by nearly half by 2035.8 This
reduction in demand is partially attributed to the water
Imported
Imported
WaterWater
78% 78%
Desalted
Desalted
LA 58%
LA
department’s ambitious pursuit of increasing recycled water
Groundwater
Groundwater
58%
2009/2010
WATER
SUPPLIES municipal
2035
SUPPLIES
2009/2010
WATER
SUPPLIES
2035 WATER
SUPPLIES
distribution
for
beneficial
and WATER
industrial
use.
Stormwater
Stormwater
Recycled
Recycled
Water
Water
1%
1%
Water
Water
According to the water department, the Long
Beach
Water
Capture
Capture
3% 3%
Transfers
Transfers
5% 5%
Reclamation Plant, operated by
the
Sanitation
Districts of Los
Groundwater
Groundwater
Recycled
12%
12% County, treats upRecycled
Angeles
to 25
million gallons of wastewater
WaterWater
7% 7%
Ventura County Water District No. 1, which supplies water
each day, resulting in high quality recycled water that
is
LA LA
toWATER
the WATER
City
ofSUPPLIES
Moorpark, located2035
justWATER
eastWATER
ofSUPPLIES
Camarillo,
and
suitable for irrigation
purposes, and meets all of
California’s
2010
2035
SUPPLIES
2010
SUPPLIES
Aqueduct
Aqueduct
Imported
Imported
Conservation
unincorporated areas to the north and west, intends to Conservation
30%of30%
Water
Water
40%The
40%constraint
standards for
reuse.
to putting more
the
Groundwater
Groundwater
16% 16%
nincon reduce its demands on Bay-Delta and Colorado River water
14% 14% use is the high cost
Reclamation Plant’s output to beneficial
by more than
62 percent by 2035. Imported water
currently
Imported
Imported
of extending the recycled water distribution system to new
Recycled
Recycled
LA LA
Imported
Imported
Water
Water
24%
24%
accountsWater
for 78
percent
of
the
district’s
water
supply.
Conservation
Conservation
customers.
Long Beach Water Department
is responsible
Water
35% 35%
Aqueduct
Aqueduct
WaterWater
21% 21%
20%
20%
The water district will be able toRecycled
reduce
its
demand
for
Recycled
for planning
31% 31% for the future use and distribution of recycled
Water
37% 37%in a new brackish
imported water thanks to local Water
investment
water in the City of Long Beach, and plans to increase that
groundwater treatment plant, the Moorpark Desalter. This
distribution substantially by 2035.9 Additionally, the water
Imported
Imported
Water
Water
65% 65%to be a 5-million-gallon-per-day
desalter
is planned
facility
Indirect
Indirect
Potable
Potable
department has responded to drought and regulatory
Reuse
Reuse
39% 39%
that would employ reverse osmosis treatment
technology
conditions by employing innovative programs and public
to produce potable-quality water from groundwater, which
outreach to promote water conservation. An example of
gach
Beach
|
PAGE 4 Tackling Water Scarcity: Five Southern California Water Agencies Lead the Way to a More Sustainable Tomorrow
Rincon
Imported
Water 24%
Recycled
Water 35%
Recycled
the department’s innovative conservation
programs is its
Water 37%
Lawn to Garden landscape conversion program, in which
residents are provided a rebate, based on square footage, for
Imported Water 65%
Indirect
Potable
converting water-loving lawns to water-efficient
gardens.
Reuse 39%
More than 800 homes have been retrofitted thus far. Through
such efforts, per capita water use declined from 167 gallons
per person per day in 1980 to 110 gallons per person per day
in 2010. By 2035, Long Beach Water Department expects
efficiency improvements to reduce water use to 100 gallons
ng Beachper person per day.
stormwater capture, recycled water, water transfers, and
efficiency measures. To offset imported water use, the
department plans to increase recycled water use to 59,000
acre-feet per year by 2035 through both groundwater
replenishment and non-potable reuse projects. LADWP also
plans to increase conservation by 56,972 acre-feet beyond
2010 levels by 2035. While conservation is planned for all of
the agencies highlighted here, LADWP is the only agency that
accounts for conservation on the supply side in its Urban
Water Management Plan. Additionally, the department has
begun to look beyond the 2035 horizon, considering longterm concepts where, theoretically, 100 percent of imported
2010 WATER SUPPLIES
2035 WATER SUPPLIES
water could be offset if water recycling was maximized in the
future.11 The ambitious use of groundwater replenishment
Recycled
The annual amount of water
projected
to
and non-potable reuse is projected to save the department
Water 20%
Imported be saved from the Bay-Delta and Colorado
significant capital. The City of Los Angeles calculates that
Imported
Water 35%River by the Long Beach Water Department
Water 17% the present value for the cost of recycled water projects
is equivalent to the amount of water 92,000
ranges from $1,142 to $1,170 per acre-foot. In comparison,
Groundwater
people would use in their homes in one year.
the present value of imported Bay-Delta and Colorado River
Groundwater
55%
Desalinated
49%
water is conservatively estimated at $1,366 per acre-foot
Water (on hold)
(17 to 30 percent more expensive than recycled water).12
Recycled
Furthermore, LADWP plans to increase stormwater capture
Water 10%
both for groundwater recharge and reuse. That effort will
increase groundwater-pumping rights and direct supply
#5: Los Angeles Department of Water
availability through capture and reuse solutions such as rain
and Power
barrels and cisterns. 13
92,000
2009/2010 WATER SUPPLIES
Recycled Water 1%
Groundwater
12%
Conservation
16%
Imported
Water 40%
2035 WATER SUPPLIES
Stormwater
Capture 3%
Water
Transfers 5%
Recycled
Water 7%
Groundwater
14%
LA
Aqueduct
31%
Conservation
20%
LA
Aqueduct
30%
Imported
Water 21%
Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP)—
water supplier for 3.9 million residents in the Los Angeles
metropolitan area—plans to reduce its normal year demands
on Bay-Delta and Colorado River water by 35 percent by
2035.10 LADWP plans to significantly diversify its water
supply portfolio in the coming decades by investing in
|
“While these (recycled water) projects require significant
investments, they also come with long-term benefits in
developing a sustainable local resource. Recycled water
is a safe, local, and reliable source. For each acre-foot
of recycled water delivered, an equivalent amount of
imported water is saved. With the increasing cost of
imported water, use of recycled water is projected to save
the city money in the long term.”14
809,300
The annual amount of water projected to
be saved from the Bay-Delta and Colorado
River by the Los Angeles Department of
Water and Power is equivalent to the
amount of water 809,300 people would
use in their homes in one year.
PAGE 5 Tackling Water Scarcity: Five Southern California Water Agencies Lead the Way to a More Sustainable Tomorrow
Conclusions:
Cumulatively the City of Santa Monica, City of Camarillo, Ventura County Waterworks District No. 1, Long Beach Water
Department, and Los Angeles Department of Water and Power plan to reduce their demand for imported Bay-Delta
and Colorado River water by more than 40 billion gallons per year, equivalent to the amount of water 1.11 million
people would use in one year.15 The alternative supplies these agencies plan to employ are greener, cleaner, and more
reliable than the import-dependent status quo. These planned reductions in imported supplies are encouraging
first steps towards a future of reduced water- supply vulnerability and better environmental outcomes. However,
implementation will be the key to realizing the potential benefits associated with these ambitious urban water
management plan projections.
Endnotes
1
This ranking is based on an analysis conducted by the Natural Resources Defense Council assessing California urban water suppliers’ 2010 Urban Water Management Plans, data
provided by the Department of Water Resources summarizing the plans, and subsequently released information from individual water districts. To learn more about water use in
California across the state, including urban water use efficiency targets, visit the Natural Resources Defense Council’s web page: http://www.nrdc.org/water/california-watersystems/.
2
Alameda County Water District, City of San Diego, Contra Costa Water District, East Bay Municipal Utility District, Otay Water District, San Diego County Water Authority, San
Francisco Public Utilities Commission, and the City of Sacramento; http://switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/bnelson/coalition_releases_a_new_portf.html.
3Gil Borboa, Water Resources Manager, City of Santa Monica City of Santa Monica Sustainable Water Master Plan Status Update, November 5, 2012, retrieved from http://www.
smgov.net/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=35737; Water Resources Division, Public Works Department, 2010 City of Santa Monica Urban Water Management Plan, Prepared by
SA Associates, Consulting Engineers, available at http://www.smgov.net/uploadedFiles/Departments/Public_Works/Water/Final%202010%20UMWP_July%202011.pdf.
4
Memo from Gil Borboa, Water Resources Manager, City of Santa Monica, Subject: Sustainable Water Master Plan Status Update, November 5, 2012, available at http://www.
smgov.net/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=35737, March 18, 2013.
5
Assumes average per capita domestic use of 100 gallons per person per day.
6
2010 City of Camarillo Urban Water Management Plan, Prepared by Tom Smith, water superintendent, and Ingre Wiersema, project manager at Carollo Engineers, May 2011,
available at http://www.ci.camarillo.ca.us/docs/2010%20UWMP%20Final%20Draft.pdf.
7
2010 Ventura County Waterworks District No. 1 Urban Water Management Plan, June 28, 2011, prepared by PSOMAS, available at http://www.water.ca.gov/.
urbanwatermanagement/2010uwmps/Ventura%20County%20Waterworks%20District%20%231/Final%202010%20VCWWD1%20UWMP%206-28-2011.pdf.
8
Long Beach Water Department’s 2010 Urban Water Management Plan includes the projected development of desalinated water supplies. However, according to correspondence
with Kevin Wattier, general manager of Long Beach Water Department, their desalination plans are on-hold indefinitely (direct email communication, March 8, 2013). However, Long
Beach has not indicated the sources they plan will make up that previously planned supply..
9
2010 Long Beach Water Department Urban Water Management Plan, June 2, 2011, available at http://www.water.ca.gov/urbanwatermanagement/2010uwmps/Long%20Beach%20
Water%20Department/2010%20UWMP%20FINAL%20Board-adopted%20110602.pdf .
10 2010 Los Angeles Department of Water and Power Urban Water Management Plan, adopted May 2011, available at http://www.water.ca.gov/urbanwatermanagement/2010uwmps/
Los%20Angeles%20Department%20of%20Water%20and%20Power/LADWP%20UWMP_2010_LowRes.pdf, and email communication with Penny Falcon, LADWP Water
Conservation Policy Manager, March 28, 2013.
11 Los Angeles Department of Water and Power and Department of Public Works, City of Los Angeles Recycled Water Master Planning Executive Summary, prepared by RMC
in association with CDM Smith, October 2012, available at https://www.ladwp.com/ladwp/faces/ladwp/aboutus/a-water/a-w-recycledwater/a-w-rw-projects?_adf.ctrlstate=ylhkxjiaq_41&_afrLoop=167248415426000.
12 Ibid.
13 2010 Los Angeles Department of Water and Power Urban Water Management Plan, adopted May 2011, available at http://www.water.ca.gov/urbanwatermanagement/2010uwmps/
Los%20Angeles%20Department%20of%20Water%20and%20Power/LADWP%20UWMP_2010_LowRes.pdf.
14 Los Angeles Department of Water and Power and Department of Public Works, City of Los Angeles Recycled Water Master Planning Executive Summary, prepared by RMC
in association with CDM Smith, October 2012, available at https://www.ladwp.com/ladwp/faces/ladwp/aboutus/a-water/a-w-recycledwater/a-w-rw-projects?_adf.ctrlstate=ylhkxjiaq_41&_afrLoop=167248415426000.
15In comparison to the amount demanded in 2009 and 2010.
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PAGE 6 Tackling Water Scarcity: Five Southern California Water Agencies Lead the Way to a More Sustainable Tomorrow