Quiz Five (9:30 – 9:35 AM)
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA
GY 112: Earth History
Fossils 2:
Paleogeography &
Taxonomy
Instructor: Dr. Douglas W. Haywick
Last Time (before Mardi Gras)
Fossils and the Environment
1.
3.
Chronostratigraphy versus biostratigraphy
2. Index fossils
Ocean zonation (Bathymetric and Trophic)
4. Estimating water depths
5. Adaptations to environment
(Web Lectures 9 & 10)
Fossils & Time
Types of Stratigraphy
Lithostratigraphy: using rocks to correlate
Chronostratigraphy: actual dates to correlate
(absolute dating)
Biostratigraphy: using fossils to establish dates and
correlate (relative dating)
How to use fossils to tell time
The age of the interval shown in blue can be relatively well
constrained. It is the only time all 3 beasties were alive at
the same time – sometime during the Early Silurian
Late
Silurian
Species C
Middle
Silurian
Species B
This is called an assemblage zone and
it is how most biostratigraphy is done
Early
Silurian
Late
Ordovician
Species A
Fossils & Environment
The Oceans today
Morphological (Bathymetrical) Zonation
Fossils & Environment
The Oceans today
Trophic (Habitat) Zonation
Fossils & Environment
Interpreting paleowater depth
Sediment samples would
only contain epipelagic
and sublittoral beasties
Sediment samples would
contain epipelagic,
mesopelagic and bathyal
benthic beasties
Fossils & Environment
Consider 10 different species of forams and their
paleowater depth ranges
Adaptations to Environment
Sea bisquit
Sea urchin
Question: Which beasties is best suited for living on a beach?
Which one is best suited for living on a reef?
Why?
Today’s Agenda
1) Paleogeography
2) Paleoclimate
3) Linne (the Linnaean System)
4) Taxonomy ordering
5) Some examples (important beasties you will see in GY 112L)
(Web Lectures 11 & 12)
Fossils & Paleogeography
Wegener’s reconstruction of
Pangaea was partially based
on the distribution of fossils.
This is an example of a
paleogeographic map
Fossils & Paleogeography
Paleogeographic maps come
in all sizes and scales.
Western North America
http://www.scn.org/~bh162/maas.html
Fossils & Paleogeography
And time intervals
http://geology.utah.gov/utahgeo/dinofossil/images/flaming_tracks/early_jurassic.jpg
SW USA
Early Jurassic Period
Fossils & Paleogeography
Fossils & Paleogeography
Fossils & Paleogeography
Fossils & Paleogeography
Fossils & Paleogeography
Consider 4 stratigraphic (fictitious)
sections that you examine near
Hudson’s Bay today
Fossils & Paleogeography
1
Consider 4 stratigraphic (fictitious)
sections that you examine near
Hudson’s Bay today
2
3
4
Fossils & Paleogeography
1
2
3
4
Fossils & Paleogeography
1
2
3
4
Step 1:
Lithostratigraphy
Fossils & Paleogeography
1
2
3
4
Step 2:
Chrnostratigraphy or
biostratigraphy
Fossils & Paleogeography
1
2
3
4
Step 2:
Chrnostratigraphy or
biostratigraphy
Fossils & Paleogeography
1
2
3
4
The final interpretive cross-section for
510 MA would look like this
1
2
3
4
Fossils & Paleogeography
And if you get more sections spaced laterally, well then you
get a paleogeographic map (e.g., our fictitious 510 MA
example)
Fossils & Paleoclimate
Today C. delicatula
it only lives in
Antarctica waters in
temperatures less
than 5 °C (south of
New Zealand)
Chlamys delicatula
Fossils & Paleoclimate
Today C. delicatula
it only lives in
Antarctica waters in
temperatures less
than 5 °C (south of
New Zealand)
You can find it in
rocks in Northern
New Zealand that
are 2 million years
old.
Chlamys delicatula
Why?
Taxonomy
Yet another clever thinker! Carl von Linne
(1707-1778) was Swedish naturalist who tried
to make sense of the biological world around
him.
Consider the problem of naming beasties.
Taxonomy
Yet another clever thinker! Carl von Linne
(1707-1778) was Swedish naturalist who tried
to make sense of the biological world around
him.
Consider the problem of naming beasties.
“Green Mussels”, nice
steamed in white
wine/butter sauce.
Taxonomy
Yet another clever thinker! Carl von Linne
(1707-1778) was Swedish naturalist who tried
to make sense of the biological world around
him.
Consider the problem of naming beasties.
“Green Mussels”, nice
steamed in white
wine/butter sauce.
But there are PEI Green
Mussels, New Zealand
Green Mussels, Asian
Green Mussels….
Taxonomy
Linne realized that there had to be some
structure in naming beasties. He proposed one.
The Linnaean System: a binomial classification
scheme based on Latin names.
Taxonomy
Linne realized that there had to be some
structure in naming beasties. He proposed one.
The Linnaean System: a binomial classification
scheme based on Latin names.
PEI Green Mussels = Perna viridis
Taxonomy
Linne realized that there had to be some
structure in naming beasties. He proposed one.
The Linnaean System: a binomial classification
scheme based on Latin names.
PEI Green Mussels = Perna viridis
Genus Species
Taxonomy
But in order to be able to classify everything
that is either currently alive, extinct or yet to
evolve, you really need to group things up
considerably.
Taxonomy
Linne proposed a 7-fold division.
Taxonomy
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Linne proposed a 7-fold division.
Taxonomy
Kingdom
Phylum
Largest Grouping
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Smallest Grouping
Linne proposed a 7-fold division.
Phylum
Taxonomy
Consider the annoying house cat:
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Phylum
Taxonomy
Consider the annoying house cat:
Felis catus
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Felis
catus
Phylum
Taxonomy
House cats might be able to mate
with wildcats...
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Felis
catus
Silvestris
(wildcat)
Phylum
Taxonomy
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Felis
catus
Silvestris
(wildcat)
Panthera
... but good luck with this guy
tigris (tiger)
Phylum
Taxonomy
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Felis
catus
Silvestris
(wildcat)
Panthera
tigris (tiger)
leo (lion)
The king of the “cats”
Phylum
Taxonomy
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Felis
catus
Silvestris
(wildcat)
Panthera
tigris (tiger)
leo (lion)
onca (jaguar)
USA’s inspiration!
Phylum
Taxonomy
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Felis
catus
Silvestris
(wildcat)
Panthera
tigris (tiger)
leo (lion)
onca (jaguar)
pardus
(leopard)
And this one is pretty lazy
Phylum
Taxonomy
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Felis
catus
Silvestris
(wildcat)
Panthera
tigris (tiger)
leo (lion)
onca (jaguar)
pardus
(leopard)
Acinonyx
The fastest animal on the planet
jubatus (cheetah)
Phylum
Taxonomy
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Felidae
Felis
catus
Silvestris
(wildcat)
Panthera
tigris (tiger)
leo (lion)
onca (jaguar)
pardus
(leopard)
Acinonyx
All “cats” (even the annoying
ones) are members of the
Felidae family
jubatus (cheetah)
Phylum
Taxonomy
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Felidae
Felis
catus
Silvestris
(wildcat)
Panthera
tigris (tiger)
leo (lion)
onca (jaguar)
pardus
(leopard)
Now consider the amazing
domesticated dog:
Canis familiaris
Acinonyx
jubatus (cheetah)
Canis
familiaris (dog)
Phylum
Class
Taxonomy
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Felidae
Felis
catus
Silvestris
(wildcat)
Panthera
tigris (tiger)
leo (lion)
My name is
NOT Jacob
onca (jaguar)
pardus
(leopard)
Acinonyx
jubatus (cheetah)
Canis
familiaris (dog)
lupis (wolf)
Note: some sources refer to dogs as
Canis lupis familiaris and to wolves
as Canis lupis lupis. Dingos are
classified as Canis lupis dingo.
A close relative
These are examples of subspecies
Phylum
Taxonomy
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Felidae
Felis
catus
Silvestris
(wildcat)
Panthera
tigris (tiger)
leo (lion)
onca (jaguar)
pardus
(leopard)
Acinonyx
jubatus (cheetah)
Canis
familiaris (dog)
lupis (wolf)
adjustus (jackal)
A more distant relative
Phylum
Taxonomy
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Felidae
Felis
catus
Silvestris
(wildcat)
Panthera
tigris (tiger)
leo (lion)
onca (jaguar)
pardus
(leopard)
Acinonyx
jubatus (cheetah)
Canis
familiaris (dog)
lupis (wolf)
adjustus (jackal)
latrans (coyote)
A pesky relative
Phylum
Taxonomy
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Felidae
Felis
catus
Silvestris
(wildcat)
Panthera
tigris (tiger)
leo (lion)
onca (jaguar)
pardus
(leopard)
Acinonyx
jubatus (cheetah)
Canis
familiaris (dog)
lupis (wolf)
adjustus (jackal)
latrans (coyote)
Urocyon
cinereoargenteus
(Grey Fox)
Two cute relatives. Foxes are
spread over two genera. Vulpes
are the “true foxes”
Phylum
Taxonomy
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Felidae
Felis
catus
Silvestris
(wildcat)
Panthera
tigris (tiger)
leo (lion)
onca (jaguar)
pardus
(leopard)
Canidae
Acinonyx
jubatus (cheetah)
Canis
familiaris (dog)
lupis (wolf)
adjustus (jackal)
latrans (coyote)
Urocyon
cinereoargenteus
(Grey Fox)
All “dogs” (even the sweet ones)
are members of the
Canidae family
Phylum
Taxonomy
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Carnivora
Felidae
Felis
catus
Silvestris
(wildcat)
Panthera
tigris (tiger)
leo (lion)
onca (jaguar)
pardus
(leopard)
Canidae
Acinonyx
jubatus (cheetah)
Canis
familiaris (dog)
lupis (wolf)
adjustus (jackal)
latrans (coyote)
Urocyon
cinereoargenteus
(Grey Fox)
And all “cats” and “dogs” along
with other beasties that primarily
eat meat are members of the
carnivora order
Phylum
Taxonomy
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Carnivora
Felidae
Felis
catus
Silvestris
(wildcat)
Panthera
tigris (tiger)
leo (lion)
onca (jaguar)
pardus
(leopard)
Canidae
Acinonyx
jubatus (cheetah)
Canis
familiaris (dog)
lupis (wolf)
adjustus (jackal)
latrans (coyote)
Urocyon
cinereoargenteus
(Grey Fox)
Primates
Other Orders include the Primates
(apes, monkeys and us)
Monkeys
Humans, etc
Phylum
Taxonomy
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Carnivora
Felidae
Felis
catus
Silvestris
(wildcat)
Panthera
tigris (tiger)
leo (lion)
onca (jaguar)
pardus
(leopard)
Canidae
Acinonyx
jubatus (cheetah)
Canis
familiaris (dog)
lupis (wolf)
adjustus (jackal)
latrans (coyote)
Urocyon
cinereoargenteus
(Grey Fox)
The rodents
(Rats, hamsters, mice etc.)
Primates
Monkeys
Humans, etc
Rodentia
Squirrels
Mices
Rats etc.
Phylum
Taxonomy
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Mammalia
Carnivora
Felidae
Felis
catus
Silvestris
(wildcat)
Panthera
tigris (tiger)
leo (lion)
onca (jaguar)
pardus
(leopard)
Canidae
Acinonyx
jubatus (cheetah)
Canis
familiaris (dog)
lupis (wolf)
adjustus (jackal)
latrans (coyote)
Urocyon
cinereoargenteus
(Grey Fox)
All are members of the class
Mammalia
(animals with mammary glands)
Primates
Monkeys
Humans, etc
Rodentia
Squirrels
Mices
Rats etc.
Phylum
Taxonomy
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Mammalia
Carnivora
Felidae
Felis
catus
Silvestris
(wildcat)
Panthera
tigris (tiger)
leo (lion)
onca (jaguar)
pardus
(leopard)
Canidae
Acinonyx
jubatus (cheetah)
Canis
familiaris (dog)
lupis (wolf)
adjustus (jackal)
latrans (coyote)
Urocyon
cinereoargenteus
(Grey Fox)
Aves (birds)
Other classes include the Aves
(birds)
Primates
Monkeys
Humans, etc
Rodentia
Squirrels
Mices
Rats etc.
Phylum
Taxonomy
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Mammalia
Carnivora
Felidae
Felis
catus
Silvestris
(wildcat)
Panthera
tigris (tiger)
leo (lion)
onca (jaguar)
pardus
(leopard)
Canidae
Acinonyx
jubatus (cheetah)
Canis
familiaris (dog)
lupis (wolf)
adjustus (jackal)
latrans (coyote)
Urocyon
cinereoargenteus
(Grey Fox)
Aves (birds)
Reptilia
Other classes include the Reptilia
(snakes, crocs, dinosaurs etc.)
Primates
Monkeys
Humans, etc
Rodentia
Squirrels
Mices
Rats etc.
Taxonomy
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Felidae
Felis
catus
Silvestris
(wildcat)
Panthera
tigris (tiger)
leo (lion)
onca (jaguar)
pardus
(leopard)
Canidae
Acinonyx
jubatus (cheetah)
Canis
familiaris (dog)
lupis (wolf)
adjustus (jackal)
latrans (coyote)
Urocyon
cinereoargenteus
(Grey Fox)
Aves (birds)
Reptilia
All are members of the Phylum
Chordata
(Animals with back bones)
Primates
Monkeys
Humans, etc
Rodentia
Squirrels
Mices
Rats etc.
Taxonomy
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Felidae
Felis
catus
Silvestris
(wildcat)
Panthera
tigris (tiger)
leo (lion)
onca (jaguar)
pardus
(leopard)
Canidae
Acinonyx
jubatus (cheetah)
Canis
familiaris (dog)
lupis (wolf)
adjustus (jackal)
latrans (coyote)
Urocyon
cinereoargenteus
(Grey Fox)
And so on and so on and so on….
Aves (birds)
Reptilia
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Annelida
Primates
Monkeys
Humans, etc
Rodentia
Squirrels
Mices
Rats etc.
Taxonomy
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Chordata
Mammalia
Carnivora
Felidae
Felis
catus
Silvestris
(wildcat)
Panthera
tigris (tiger)
leo (lion)
onca (jaguar)
pardus
(leopard)
Canidae
Acinonyx
jubatus (cheetah)
Canis
familiaris (dog)
lupis (wolf)
adjustus (jackal)
latrans (coyote)
Urocyon
cinereoargenteus
(Grey Fox)
All are members of the
Animalia (Animal) Kingdom
Aves (birds)
Reptilia
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Annelida
Primates
Monkeys
Humans, etc
Rodentia
Squirrels
Mices
Rats etc.
Taxonomy
Kingdom
Phylum
Largest Grouping
Linne originally
recognized 5
kingdoms
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Smallest Grouping
Taxonomy
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Largest Grouping
Linne originally
recognized 5
kingdoms
Genus
Species
Smallest Grouping
Kingdom
Animalia (animals)
Plantae (plants)
Fungi
Protista (single-celled)
Monera (bacteria etc.)
Taxonomy
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Largest Grouping
But over the years,
we identified more
and more beasties
requiring constant
revisions, including
an even larger
division… the
Domain
Genus
Species
Smallest Grouping
Kingdom
Animalia (animals)
Plantae (plants)
Fungi
Protista (single-celled)
Monera (bacteria etc.)
Taxonomy
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Largest Grouping
But over the years,
we identified more
and more beasties
requiring constant
revisions, including
an even larger
division… the
Domain
Genus
Species
Smallest Grouping
Domain
Kingdom
Eukarya
Animalia (animals)
Plantae (plants)
Fungi
Protista (single-celled)
Bacteria
Protobacteria,
Cyanobacteria
Archaea
Euryarchaeota,
Crenarchaeota
Taxonomy
Kingdom
Phylum
Largest Grouping
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Smallest Grouping
And still the biologists continue to revise the system!
Ouch!
Taxonomy
Kingdom
Phylum
Largest Grouping
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Smallest Grouping
And still the biologists continue to revise the system!
Double
Ouch!
Taxonomy Recap
Taxonomy Responsibilities
Sub-Phylum
Class/subclass
Order
Phylum
Porifera
Cnidaria
Class: Anthozoa
Subclass: Zoantharia
Subclass: Tabulata
Subclass: Rugosa
Bryozoa
Brachiopoda
Arthropoda
Subphylum: Trilobita
Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Class: Bivalvia
Class: Cephalopoda
Echinodermata
Class: Echinoidea
Class: Crinoidea
Hemichordata
Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Reptilia
Class: Mammalia
Order: Nautiloidea
Order: Ammonoidea
Order: Belemnoidea
Today’s Homework
1) Download and read web notes 11, 12
2) Review the sample lecture test & word list 1
3) Study! (Lecture Next Tuesday!)
Next Time
Lecture: Evolution
GY 112: Earth History
Lectures 11 & 12: Fossils, Paleogeography
and Taxonomy
Instructor: Dr. Doug Haywick
dhaywick@southalabama.edu
This is a free open access lecture, but not for commercial purposes.
For personal use only.