1/14/2016
Magnetic Refrigeration
Applied to Electronic Systems
Kevin Miller Joseph Turner
Advisor: Dr. Lili Dong
Sponsor: Rockwell Automation
Fred M. Discenzo, Ph.D.
Manager, R&D, Advanced Technology
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Magnetic Refrigeration
Purpose of the Project
Background
Design Objectives
Technical Approach
Deliverables / Budget
Conclusion
2
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1/14/2016
Project Purpose
Establish the Feasibility of
Using Magnetic Refrigeration
(MR) Technology for Cooling
Critical Electronic Systems
Demonstration of the
Magneto- Caloric Effect (MCE)
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Magnetic Refrigeration
Purpose of the Project
Background
Design Objectives
Technical Approach
Deliverables / Budget
Conclusion
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What is Magnetic Cooling ?
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What is Magnetic Cooling ?
Magneto-Caloric Effect (MCE)
Achieves ΔT in a Material by
Exposing it to a Magnetic Field
Discovered Over 100 Years Ago
ΔT Limitations Result in Mostly
Low Temperature Applications
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Why Magnetic Cooling ?
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Why Magnetic Cooling ?
Material Science Advances
-New Gadolinium (Gd) Alloys
-Improved Rare Earth Magnets
Engineered Materials Achieve
GIANT MCE at Room Temps
Higher Efficiency 75% vs. 60%
Environmentally Friendly
-Replace Harmful CFCs / HFCs
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Giant Magneto Caloric Effect
Spin Density Contour
Plots of Gd5Si2Ge2
Dramatic changes when Ge2 covalent
bonds break at the magneto-structural
transition.
Source: Argonne National Laboratory
-Adiabatic System Limits a Degree of Freedom
-Decreases Entropy
-Decreases Heat Capacity
-Material Absorbs Heat From Environment
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Material Science Advancements
AMES Lab Material Data
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Conventional Liquid / Vapor Coolant
vs. Magneto-Caloric Solid Materials
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Magnetic Refrigerator Operation
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Market Potential
Replace Existing
Cooling Systems
Eliminate
Inefficient,
Environmentally
Harmful Methods
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Market Potential
US Department of Energy Rates
The Technology Readiness Level
(TRL) at 4 (1-9 Scale) 3-5 Years
AMES Lab – BASF – GE
Board-Level Cooling
Use of Existing Magnetic Fields
Chip-Level Demonstrated 2012
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Magnetic Refrigeration
Purpose of the Project
Background
Design Objectives
Technical Approach
Deliverables / Budget
Conclusion
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Design Objectives
Determine Heat Capacity [J/K]
for Effective Energy Transfer [W]
Determine B-Field [T], Mass [kg], and
Time [s] to Change Heat Capacity
Test Several Configurations
Under Controlled Environment
Research Practical Solutions for
Application to Specific Systems
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Research Review
Majority of Active Research Groups
Are Using Gd-Si-Ge Alloys
Permanent Magnet vs.
Electromagnet (Superconducting)
Reciprocating vs. Rotary
Heat Exchangers
New Material Developments
Thin Films, Powders
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Selected Research Results
(Near Room Temperature)
Research
Group
Mag.
Type
Field
[T]
Max
ΔT [°K]
Cooling
Power [W]
Heat
Exchanger
Refrigerant
Alloy Shape
Ames Labs
SC
5
10
600
Reciprocating
Spheres
Toshiba
SC
4
21
100
Reciprocating
Spheres
Toshiba
Perm
0.76
10
60
Rotary
Layers
Toshiba
Perm
0.60
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40
Reciprocating
Layers
George
Wash Univ.
Perm
2
5
?
Reciprocating
Foil
Univ. of
Victoria
SC
2
50
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Reciprocating
Pucks
Univ. of
Victoria
SC
2
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2
Reciprocating
Layers
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1/14/2016
Magnetic Refrigeration
Purpose of Purpose
Background
Design Objectives
Technical Approach
Deliverables / Budget
Conclusion
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Technical Approach
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Technical Approach
Materials
100 [grams] 99.9% Pure
Gadolinium – $35.50
405 [lb-lifting force]
Neodymium Magnet – $35.50
1 [gram] Gd5Si2Ge2
Super Alloy – $172.50
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Technical Approach
Magnetic Field Strength Tests
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Initial Lab Results
Material
Mass
[g]
Field
Strength [T]
Temperature
Change [°C]
Magnet
Configuration
99.9% Pure
Gadolinium
5
0.481
Negligible
¼ Segment
Axial
99.9% Pure
Gadolinium
5
0.133
Negligible
Wheel Segment
Axial
99.9% Pure
Gadolinium
5
0.853
Negligible
(2) ¼ Segments
Longitudinal
Sigma-Aldrich
Gd5Si2Ge2
1
0.481
Negligible
¼ Segment
Axial
Sigma-Aldrich
Gd5Si2Ge2
1
0.133
Negligible
Wheel Segment
Axial
Sigma-Aldrich
Gd5Si2Ge2
1
0.481
Negligible
(2) ¼ Segments
Longitudinal
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Challenges – Solutions
Cost / Availability of MC Alloy
Temperature Measurement
Accuracy / Open Environment
Physical Size Limitations
Magnetic Field Strength Peak
Area Too Small / Confined
Logistics of Heat Exchangers
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Challenges – Solutions
Meta Materials in Development
Thin Films, Powders,
Strain-Mediated Multiferroics,
Construct a Testing Fixture with
Controlled Environment
Field Tests of Existing Equipment
Application-specific Designs
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Magnetic Refrigeration
Purpose of Project
Background
Design Objectives
Technical Approach
Deliverables / Budget
Conclusion
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Deliverables
Quantitative Analysis of Our Results
Performance Evaluation of Ongoing
Research Approaches
Report of New Technologies
Recommendation (Go or No-Go)
of the MC Technology for Rockwell
Automation Applications
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Budget
Itemized Costs
- GD Alloy: $500
- Neodymium Magnets: $100
- Electromagnets: TBD
(Super Conducting Would be of
Impractical Size / Cost)
- Enclosure Fabrication: $700
- Test Equipment: $200
Total Cost: Approximately $1500
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Magnetic Refrigeration
Purpose of the Project
Background
Design Objectives
Technical Approach
Deliverables / Budget
Conclusion
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Conclusion
Establish Controlled
Testing Environment
Demonstrate MC Effect
Determine Cooling Power for
Application-specific Designs
Evaluate Other Technologies
Provide a Recommendations
Pursuing MR for Electronics
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Timeline
Time Duration
Tasks
08/2015-10/2015 Research and Literature Review
11/2015-12/2015 Obtain Test Equipment and Materials, Conduct
Initial Experiments to Demonstrate MagneticCaloric Refrigeration Phenomenon
1/2016-2/2016
Test the Magnetic Cooling Effect to Find the
Relationship Between the Strength of Magnetic
Field, Mass, Time, Temperature and Energy
3/2016-4/2016
Perform Comparative Analyses of Magnetic
Cooling with Other Existing Cooling Techniques
4/2016-5/2016
Prepare Senior Design Presentation and Report
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