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Section B
What Are We Feeding Food Animals?
Copyright © 2012 Johns Hopkins University and Keeve Nachman. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License 3.0.
What Are We Feeding Food Animals?
n
Antimicrobials/antibiotics and
synthetic hormones
n
By-products of slaughtered
animals and “rendered”
animals
n
Animal waste
n
Waste from industrial
processes
3
What Are We Feeding Food Animals?
n
Antimicrobials/antibiotics and synthetic hormones
n
By-products of slaughtered animals and “rendered” animals
n
Animal waste
n
Waste from industrial processes
4
What Are We Feeding Food Animals?
n
Antimicrobials/antibiotics and synthetic hormones
n
By-products of slaughtered animals and “rendered” animals
n
Animal waste
n
Waste from industrial processes
5
What Are We Feeding Food Animals?
n
Antimicrobials/antibiotics and synthetic hormones
n
By-products of slaughtered animals and “rendered” animals
n
Animal waste
n
Waste from industrial processes
6
What Are We Feeding Food Animals?
n
Antimicrobials/antibiotics and synthetic hormones
n
By-products of slaughtered animals and “rendered” animals
n
Animal waste
n
Waste from industrial processes
7
How Much Waste?
(Treated)
(Untreated)
Human waste
Animal waste
Generated per year
6.9 million dry tons
287 million dry tons
Applied to land per year
3.9 million dry tons
>270 million dry tons
Approximately one dry ton of animal waste generated for every US citizen
8
What’s in Animal Waste?
n
Bacteria
n
Protozoa
n
Viruses
n
Animal dander
n
Pharmaceuticals
Photo source: SRA Project.
n
Heavy metals
n
Hormones
n
Nutrients
9
What Happens to the Waste?
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not secure permission for its use.
10
From Waste to Water, Air, and Soil
n
Land application of waste
n
Failed storage systems
n
Waste incineration
n
Animal-house ventilation
n
Direct (illegal) releases into surface waters
Groundwater constitutes 40 percent of public water
supplies and 97 percent of rural water supplies
11
Other Transport Mechanisms
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not secure permission for its use.
12
Other Transport Mechanisms
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not secure permission for its use.
13
Other Transport Mechanisms
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not secure permission for its use.
14
Other Transport Mechanisms
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not secure permission for its use.
15
Other Transport Mechanisms
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not secure permission for its use.
16
Occupational Exposures
n
5,000,000 workers
n
No federal oversight
n
Personal protective equipment
n
Decontamination facilities
n
Workers and families
17
Air Quality Concerns
n
Releases of airborne contamination
from production sites
-
Gases
  Ammonia, hydrogen
sulfide
  Volatile organic
compounds
-  Poultry houses—
mixture of about 60 unique VOCs (Traube, 2010)
-  Swine production facilities—330 unique VOCs
(Schiffman, 2001)
-
-
-
-
Particulates
Microorganisms
Endotoxins
Animal dander
18
Air Quality Concerns
n
Health relevance of some is
established—less clear for others
n
Single pollutant exposure versus
mixtures
19
Community Exposures and Effects
n
Increased exposure to IFAP operation-borne contaminants
-
-
-
Asthma prevalence, hospitalizations
Allergy and eye, nose, and throat irritation
Mental health endpoints
n
Odors
-  Compromised quality of life
n
Economic effects
-  Direct property damage
-  Housing values
20
Challenges in Characterizing PH Impact
n
Characterization of cumulative effects of stressors
-
n
Chemical, microbial, social, economic
Multiple, diverse exposed populations
-
-
Workers, fence line and surrounding communities, consumers
Relating adverse effects to exposures
21
Challenges in Characterizing PH Impact
n
Integrated nature of animal production
-
n
Gaps in current state of knowledge are extremely difficult to fill
No clear answers!
-
Though burden is borne by the public—externalities to
production process
-
Disproportionate burden on rural communities
22