This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License. Your use of this
material constitutes acceptance of that license and the conditions of use of materials on this site.
Copyright 2012, The Johns Hopkins University and Keeve Nachman. All rights reserved. Use of these materials
permitted only in accordance with license rights granted. Materials provided “AS IS”; no representations or
warranties provided. User assumes all responsibility for use, and all liability related thereto, and must independently
review all materials for accuracy and efficacy. May contain materials owned by others. User is responsible for
obtaining permissions for use from third parties as needed.
Photo by Socially Responsible Agricultural Project.
Creative Commons BY-NC-ND.
Public Health Considerations Associated with the
Industrial Food Animal Production Model
Keeve Nachman, PhD
Johns Hopkins University
Copyright © 2012 Johns Hopkins University and Keeve Nachman. Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License 3.0.
Lecture Overview
n
Industrial food animal production overview
n
Antibiotics in animal agriculture case study
n
Arsenical drugs case study
n
Food animal production abroad
3
Section A
An Introduction to Industrial Food Animal Production
Section Overview
n
What is industrial food animal production?
n
Changes in farm structure and process
n
Animal waste
n
Threats to human health and the environment
n
Challenges in IFAP research
5
IFAP
6
IFAP
Source: USGS
7
IFAP
Source: EPA
8
IFAP
Photo by Socially Responsible Agricultural Project. Creative Commons BY-NC-ND.
9
AFOs, CAFOs, and IFAP
n
EPA definition for animal feeding operation (AFO)
-
-
n
Concentrated animal feeding operation (CAFO)
-
n
Animals stabled/confined and fed/maintained for 45 days per
year
Crops, vegetation, forage not sustained in normal growing
season over any portion of the lot or facility
>1,000 animal units = >1,000,000 pounds of live weight
Industrial food animal production—characterized by …
-
-
-
-
-
High throughput production methods
One site
Controlled conditions
Uniform consumer product
Small profit margins
10
Transformation of Food Animal Production
n
Food animal production in the US has been transformed over the
last 50 years
Source: USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. The Census of Agriculture.
11
Transformation of Food Animal Production
n
Food animal production in the US has been transformed over the
last 50 years
Source: USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. The Census of Agriculture.
12
Transformation of Food Animal Production
n
Food animal production in the US has been transformed over the
last 50 years
Source: USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. The Census of Agriculture.
13
Localization of Production
(Aho, 2003)
n
1949
-
-
n
Poultry processing plants
Each dot represents a plant
processing 50,000 or more
chickens each year
2007
-  Chicken production
-  Each dot represents annual
production of 1 million or
more chickens
(USDA, 2009)
14
Vertical Integration/Contract Production
n
Structure extremely common (more than 90 percent) in poultry
and swine industries (Martinez/USDA, 2002)
n
Integrators
-  Own animals
-  Control inputs
-
Own processing plants
n
Growers
-  Operate under contract
-  Own animal waste
n
“Farmers”?
15
2009–2010 Slaughter and Inventory Statistics for US Livestock
Animal
Slaughtered per year
Inventory
8,658,860,000
Not given
Hogs
113,733,800
64,400,000
Cattle & calves
33,300,000
93,700,000
Sheep & lambs
2,611,200
6,900,000
245,768,000
Not given
Chickens
Turkeys
Total
9,054,273,000
--Source: USDA 2010
16