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Section F
Successes of Alternatives
Successes of Alternatives

The personal care and household goods industries are essentially out
of animal testing

In the last 20 years, almost every Nobel Prize winner used in vitro
methods and other alternative approaches—these methods are
mainstream

1985 revision to AWA and founding of AWIC and ICCVAM
3
Successes of Alternatives

NCI—screening for cancer drugs—from in vivo to in vitro

World Congress—started in 1993

Several alternative methods formally validated

Netherlands—Department of Animal, Science and Society
4
Successes of Alternatives
1.  A National Toxicology Program for the 21st Century: A Roadmap For
the Future
-  Specifically identifies the three Rs
-  Cites AWA—minimizing pain and distress
-  Requires training in humane science for all NTP investigators/
contractors
2.  NAS: Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century
5
Why Animals Are Necessary
“About 300 genes—1 percent of the 30,000 genes possessed
by the mouse—have no obvious counterpart in the human
genome. This similarity (99 percent) makes the mouse an
excellent surrogate for the human.”
— Nature, December 2002
6
Why Animals Should Not Be Used—Examples

Particle deposition

Cancer
7
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

The structure of scientific revolutions: role for history
“Each of them necessitated the community’s rejection of
one time-honored scientific theory in favor of another
incompatible with it. Each produced a consequent shift in
the problems available for scientific scrutiny and in the
standards by which the profession determined what should
count as an admissible problem or as a legitimate
problem-solution.”
— T. Kuhn
8
The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

The structure of scientific revolutions: role for history
“And each transformed the scientific imagination in ways
that we shall ultimately need to describe as a
transformation of the world within which scientific work
was done. Such changes, together with the controversies
that almost always accompany them, are the defining
characteristics of scientific revolutions.”
— T. Kuhn
9
More Humane, Better Science
10