IMPROVING EXTENSION AND TRAINING PROGRAMS FOR Kenelm H. Russell-2/
Abstract: Integration of dwarf mistletoe control into forestry planning and operational activities is stressed. A
survey indicated that managers are concerned about disease control. Their needs are identified with regard to dwarf mistletoe control. Suggestions on conducting training ses- sions include hints on good slide or slide-tape and qraohic preparations. Guides for smooth field trips (take a bus,not 40 cars), oral presentations (what to do about jitters) and written material (quick readinq comorehension test) are pre- sented. Field aid preparation, timber sale clauses to reduce dwarf mistletoe and a sample sanitation-thinnino contract are also included. A major problem facing pathologists regarding dwarf mistletoe control is that they
are so few in proportion to the millions of
problem acres. Approximately 6 0 field pathologists must devise all manner of ways to spread
themselves thinner in order to train the qreat- est number of forest managers in control
method01 ogy.
There are a variety of ways to put this
message across. But, no matter what, the approach must be interesting, straight forward
and well presented. Fast moving slide presentations at staff meetings or special workshops combined with field trips; written,
illustrated guides; demonstration plots in regional areas and pocket field aids are all
effective methods. Group size might range from
this symposium to "one on one.'' Perhaps the best thing about dwarf mistletoe control is that it can be programmed into
any existing timber management system without
a great deal of expense in either training or
operations. In these days of the rapid move to
intensive forest management, reduction of dwarf
mistletoe is (for certain stands) as good a
Ñ'~resente at the Symposium on Dwarf Mistletoe
Control Through Forest Management, Berkeley,
Calif., April 11-13, 1978.
orest st
Pathologist, Uashington State Department of Natural Resources, Olympia, Washington.
means to increase production as fertilization or thinning. The parasite reduces growth while thinning and fertilization increase it. Wouldn't dwarf mistletoe removal give similar overall increased growth? Dwarf mistletoe has several character- istics which aid in developing positive con- trol attitudes. It is a highly visible parasite, not a mysterious underground root disease. It has large visible seeds traveling known distances, not microscopic spores travel- ing on the whims of the wind. It spreads slowly (except for bird or animal spread), not rapidly or over wide distances like the seemingly hope- less blister rust. It can be controlled silviculturally. All aspects of the disease can easily be understood by a layman. Effective training is a prerequisite for stimulating good dwarf mistletoe control atti- tudes regardless of owner. Such attitudes do not develop overnight. Sometimes it takes years to thoroughly infiltrate bastions of resistance within a management team. The old guard is naturally skeptical at first. It's a sales job! The training group must culture 'disciples" in the field, who, upon becominq dedicated "DM control nuts" serve to "infect" their cohorts. They in turn spread the word to bosses, underlings and peers alike. I have gone away from the complete 'everything you wanted to know about all diseases" discussions. I now use hiqhly ani- mated, rapidly moving staff presentations, covering only one or two diseases or disease will come naturally. Realistically, this manner control aspects. I believe it is better to of thinking does not develop overnight. saturate small er groups with less material, more intensively presented. Normal district Forestry schools have traditionally taught or management staffs of 10-20 persons are ideal. I like to come back to the same staff many times forest entomology, pathology and fire courses with different material. Over time, the train- separately from silviculture. Except in rare instances foresters are left to their own de- ees become interested authorities. vices to merge these subjects to provide answers for complex management decisions. Not all foresters do it. Not even all foresters take INTEGRATING CONTROL the courses mentioned above. Minimizing one pest might encourage another. It's like trying All dwarf mistletoe control training must to submerge 100 ping pong balls in the bathtub be integrated with other forest management simultaneously. There is need for a single activities. The overriding philosophy must be well in hand first. The manager must ask, "Can integrated course, perhaps utilizing team I eradicate it?" (evenage management, clear- teaching, that brings elements of silviculture cut), or "Should I reduce it to a level that together with entomology, pathology, fire and a1 lows good vol ume production?" (unevenage even ecology into a totally integrated approach. management, sanitation-thinning). My bet is that students would find it fascinating. This same approach would also make a challenging and interesting regional The two following examples illustrate how integration of planning and control operations symposi um. might work: WHAT DOES THE MANAGER WANT? It is important to note that dwarf mistle- toe is not compatible with two-storied or multi- storied stand management. In unevenage manage- Audience ment, the primary objective should be to con- trol dwarf mistletoe in the infected overstory. Therefore, timber sales should be planned with It is important to know your audience. How much do they know? What do they need? this objective in mind. Sanitation of the understory follows. The order should not be What do they want? What is their background? reversed. How many will receive the training? Your ap- proach and intensity will vary with the audience. Tailor the material to the group; Where recreation and forest management objectives conflict, modification of control for example, do not talk about details of larch principles often must be made to satisfy both mistletoe to coastal Oregon foresters. View uses. In south-central Washington, the Depart- every meeting with a forester as a training ment of Natural Resources retained a narrow opportunity. Ask participants beforehand what they want. corridor of infected old growth ponderosa pine leading to a scenic canyon. The forest sur- rounding the corridor was marked for overstory The Pacific Northwest Forest Pest Action removal to reduce the dwarf mistletoe. The Council (Russell, Howard, Weir, Johnson and corridor and horse trail down its center lead Nelson, 1975) conducted a survey to help de- to a scenic outlook. Future recreationists termine priorities of forest diseases in the will appreciate the retained trees which could Pacific Northwest. Comprehensive question- bepruned if necessary. Impact to timber naires were sent to the region's forest managers management will be minimal. asking them to assign priorities to forest disease groups. A section of the resulting Mindful of varying objectives, the manager booklet was devoted to miscellaneous written must be trained to fit dwarf mistletoe control comments returned with the questionnaire. A into context and even use it to advantage. For few of these with sliaht edit to emphasize instance, he might reason as follows: "Can I dwarf mistletoe control are worth repeating use some of that infected overstory to regener- here. ate the stand?" How soon must I remove the overstory to avoid infecting the regeneration?" ''The majority of forest disease research The manager might also ask, "How can I 'dwarf publications and surveys I read are informative mistletoe proof' this stand? Will periodic but do not help me in my day to day silvicul- prescribed fire help me?" I believe it will, tural decisions. 'I
but it must be done at the right time under proper conditions. Once the manager is trained ''Literature reviews and experimental de- to ask the right questions, the control success signs are great but not for busy field foresters. Tell me briefly what you did and how it applies to management." ''Write in plain, simple English!" allowinq time for adequate discussion. There have been times when meaningful discussions were twice as long as the presentations. It wasn ' t planned that way.
"Provide a clearing house for information." Sl ides "What is the impact of dwarf mistletoe on allowable cut calculations?" A variety of visual aid equipment is available. Unfortunately, instructors don't "We need simplified economic justifications always use aids to full advantage or aual ity. for dwarf mistletoe control." Hell prepared slides are most effective and hard to beat. Seek and use professional advice "Make sure the material provided pertains in making slides. There is no quicker way to lose a group than to say "Sorry you can't make to solutions for the man on the ground." this out back there . . .
If a slide cannot be easily read at normal reading distance "How can we handle dwarf mist etoe in she1 terwoods?" of 12-14 inches, then the print is too small. Toss it! Commercial artists are a biq help if you are short on artistic ability. There are The above statements clearly indicate the several excellent publications on preparing vein of content needed for dwarf mi stletoe slide presentations. Consider multiple pro- control training. jectors for larger audience talks. .I'
Always ask these questions during prepar- ation of your presentation. "Is there too much detail on one slide? Did I cover only one point at a time? Can I use a series of slides Material adding one point at a time to build a story?" Move on rapidly (only a few seconds per slide) .
Know your stuff inside out. Include in- teresting biology if it ties in with management. If you keep points simple, the listener takes more home and retains it longer. 14eyerhaeuser Have access to all mistletoe literature. Know Company's professionally prepared graphic slides who the experts are and consult them--have are excellent examples to follow. Their high them review material. Update as required. quality is known and appreciated all over the Consult texts on making presentations. Northwest. Coordinate training with other area If you are short a critical title or data pathologists so everyone gives essentially the same message. Schedule training to avoid con- slide and the talk is tomorrow morning, try this! Type the words or data needed on an A.
flicts with foresters' crunches like planting and fire seasons. Evaluate the success of any B. Dick stencil or a sheet of onion skin. Cut the paper or stencil to fit a slide blank. training effort to identify areas needing Press it in with a warm iron. The stencil gives improvement. a white letter with a neat fibrous blue I'lhen foresters come to a training session, background. The onion skin gives a black letter with gray background. The same could they want something to take home. Make the subject matter apply to specific aspects of also be done using a copy machine to produce their jobs. Above all, provide useable infor- a transparency (similar to one for overhead mation that can be taken home. projection). Black letters with clear back- ground result, or, if colored plastic is in- This is why I prefer the repeat appear- serted in the slide holder, any background color could be obtained. ance covering different disease groups each time. I learn more about the problems managers There are advantages in usinq this method; are having this way. I begin to get a feeling the letters are very large, the process is for their needs. I also learn about conflicts with control 1 ing groups (other Divisions) quick (minutes) and the small slide with regu- that may suppress (not necessarily intentionally) lar typing limits copy to a single word or a what I'm saying. These types of sessions allow few words or numbers. the pathologist and clientele to form a better two-way avenue for exchange. PREPARING THE TRAINING SESSION One failing (I'm guilty too!) is not signs. Allow plenty of time. Provide written An advantage of the slide-tape is that descriptions of problem viewed. they can be viewed at any convenient time. Often, the persons who really wanted to hear the presentation were probably out hustling MAKING THE ORAL PRESENTATION logs when it was given. Upon return, they can retire to a dark room and digest the material. The program can be stopped, studied or repeated. Audience The average slide-tape show is appropri- Do not talk down to the audience. Join ately geared to the 80 or 100 tray Kodak right in at their level and use vocabulary they Carousel. Use of the 140 slide tray is not will understand. Humor, cleverly worked in is recommended for any large group presentation. The least little "dog ear" on a slide may cause good but don't overdo it. Dress neatly but it to hang up - an embarrassing situation. A
don't come on like a dandy. Have the best person do the training. Put the green employ- full tray or less is recommended per single ee in the audience to learn. Do not worry program with a tape. A full tray of fast moving slides can be utilized in a 12-14 minute about saying, "I'm sorry. I don't know, but presentation. Anyone can operate the equipment. I'll try to find out." Invite someone who is a good stimulator of discussion. All that is needed is the projector, a good quality cassette tape recorder (such as a porta- Involve the audience in the learning ble Be1 l and Howel l educator model ) and a
listener. The high quality portable recorder process. Ask them questions. Even let the can be used in a large room for as many as 50 audience do some of the teaching by asking them people. The $29.95 "special" recorder is leading questions. This method is very success- ful but takes practice. Be dynamic but not high definitely not recommended for this job. More sophisticated equipment is also available. pressure or overbearinq. Consider the possibilities of background music and a professional narrator. Most organ- izations have access to both. Slide-tapes are easy to produce. They have a definite value in effective training. One of the best slide-tape programs avail- able is Rx for Hounded Trees (Shigo, 1976). It tells the story in 80 concise, well designed and illustrated slides. Anyone can understand it. It has music and was professionally narrated. It could be used as a guide for a slide-tape on dwarf mistletoe. Equipment Know your equipment. Slides backwards? Can you change a bulb? In the dark? Where is the light switch? Can you fix a jammed Carousel? (Use a coin to turn the release screw in the center, lift the tray off, extract the offending slide, turn the tray upside down and rotate the metal plate until it clicks back into place. Reinstall tray. )
Meeting Room There is one pitfall that can occur during production of a program. There seems to be a point during its production when it is "just right." Learn to look for and sense arrival of this point. I have seen examples of a fine program or film ruined by tampering because the author wanted to "improve" it. There is quality in simplicity. Field Trips Become familiar with it. Are there ob- structions or other peculiarities? Start with it cool and plenty of fresh air. Each human gives off approximately 100 watts of heat. One hundred people will heat the room several de- grees before you are through. Sense your audience's mood. If they are overly relaxed maybe you should take a break or at least a quick stand-up breather. Also take this oppor- tunity to refresh the air in the room. Have them well planned. Confusion on a field trip or lost people causes chaos and Jitters dissention. Pick sites carefully before the session. Group stops to avoid long travel. Relax and plan on them. They help you Use a bus instead of 40 cars. Use signs to give a good presentation. Everyone has butter- describe the attractions; e-g., This is larch flies - even politicians and actors. They come
dwarf mistletoe. Make walking easy; remove in a variety of ways and timing. Fear of the brush. Use research plots where applicable. failure helps make a good talk. You have one Establ ish demonstration plots complete with thing going for you. Outward signs of stage f r i g h t a r e hard i f n o t impossible t o detect.
Your knees can be knocking so hard you can
hear them. No one e l s e w i l l know! I f you
f a i n t dead away though, heaven help you! When
y o u ' r e up t h e r e a l l alone w i t h b r i g h t l i g h t s
and f a c i n g t h a t formidable audience, t h e shakes
almost always disappear.
PREPARING WRITTEN MATERIAL
W r i t t e n m a t e r i a l f o r schedule bound f o r e s t
managers must be short. Avoid extraneous det a i l . S c i e n t i f i c w r i t i n g "turns'em o f f . "
It
d o e s n ' t h u r t t o begin a w r i t t e n guide w i t h a
few t o p i c sentences d e t a i l i n g t h e contents.
No jargon, complex sentences o r l o n g d u l l
paragraphs allowed. Did you ever face a one
page s i n g l e spaced l e t t e r c o n s i s t i n g o f one
paragraph? Ugh! Get a f r a n k and extensive
review o f y o u r production before p u t t i n g i t
out.
I once heard a w r i t i n g c o n s u l t a n t who adv i s e d two simple c r i t e r i a f o r judging readab i l i t y . He counted average sentence and paragraph l e n g t h i n p r o f e s s i o n a l l y prepared a r t i c l e s . Sentences should average 13 words and
paragraphs should be no l o n g e r than 9 l i n e s
f o r easy reading comprehension.
He f u r t h e r
advised t h a t t h i s p a t t e r n i s i d e a l f o r 8 t h
grade readers. Now Id o n ' t wish t o i n s u l t
managers and s c i e n t i s t s a l i k e , b u t using t h i s
approach makes t h e reading f a s t e r and more
comprehensive. Anyway, I l i k e d h i s advice.
There a r e more complex methods a v a i l a b l e t o
judge r e a d a b i l i t y , b u t t h e system described
here i s simple. T r y it!
I counted 18 consecutive sentences i n
t h i s r e p o r t and found my sentence l e n g t h
averages 15.6 words. Shooting f o r 13 and allowi n g f o r e x t r a wind b r i n g s t h e average up, and
my r e a d a b i l i t y l e v e l increases a b i t . T r y d i g e s t i n g an a r t i c l e t h a t averages 26 words per
sentence. Your head w i l l swim! Maybe you've
even w r i t t e n a few. Count t h e average words
per sentence i n one o f your insurance p o l i c i e s .
How about using t h e newspaper column patt e r n ? The human eye reads best i n s h o r t b u r s t s
across a page. Newspaper columns a r e about 2.5
inches wide, t h e distance f o r optimum eye movement and smooth reading. Secretaries can type
double columns q u i t e e a s i l y on standard s i z e
paper.
How a t t r a c t i v e i s t h e w r i t t e n m a t e r i a l ?
P i c t u r e s help and t o d a y ' s copy and m u l t i l i t h i n g
ease make t h e use of p i c t u r e s a simple process.
Consider i n c l u d i n g c o l o r o r using p r o f e s s i o n a l
i l l u s t r a t i o n s . For w r i t t e n m a t e r i a l t o be
produced i n l i m i t e d numbers, t r y c o l o r copying
machines. T h e i r q u a l i t y i s amazingly good and
c o s t i s r e l a t i v e l y low compared t o c o l o r p r i n t i n g processes.
H i l l t h e f o r e s t e r who i s w o r r i e d about
o r d e r i n g p a r t s f o r a broken b u l l d o z e r read y o u r
production w h i l e w a i t i n g f o r t h e busy phone
l i n e ? I f so, i t i s probably worth reading.
Spending time doing p r o f e s s i o n a l eye-pleasing
l a y o u t i s w e l l worth t h e e f f o r t . Do n o t be
a f r a i d t o spend money on y o u r e f f o r t ; i t can
pay b i g dividends.
Provide i n t e r e s t i n g reading laced w i t h a
few unusually p u t b u t easy t o remember b i o l o g i c a l f a c t s about dwarf m i s t l e t o e (below). Exc e r p t s taken from t r a i n i n g m a t e r i a l on hemlock
dwarf m i s t l e t o e c o n t r o l show an attempt t o do
t h i s (Russell, 1976). Note s h o r t sentences,
paragraphs and simple easy t o remember f a c t s
(60 MPH, 40 f e e t o f t h e p l a n t , 10 w e l l dispersed
infested trees).
'The mechanism o f seed f i r i n g i s one o f
t h e most i n t e r e s t i n g i n t h e p l a n t kingdom. It
resembles NASA technoloqy. As t h e wheat g r a i n
sized b e r r y o r capsule matures, t h e stem curves
downward and elongates. The capsule o r i e n t s
t o the b r i g h t e s t l i g h t w i t h p o i n t down. The
special v i s c i n (a glue-1 ike substance) f i l l e d
c e l l s between embryo and capsule become primed
w i t h pressure. At t h e moment o f b l a s t - o f f t h e
capsule f a l l s away and t h e s i n g l e v i s c i n coated 2-3 mm lona seed p r o p e l l e d by h i g h l y pressuri z e d v i s c i n and water ' f u e l ' e j e c t s from t h e
attached end o f t h e capsule. I t arcs away i n t o the sunlight t r a i l i n g a ' c o n t r a i l ' o f glue
and water.
' A l l t h e o t h e r seeds cheer.'
Night
f i r i n g s a r e conducted also, b u t a t a much r e duced number."
and f u r t h e r on
.....
"Most seeds f a l l w i t h i n 40 f e e t o f t h e
p l a n t . Maximum seed distance i s about 60 f e e t .
Mind can a f f e c t seed d i s t r i b u t i o n . Smith showed t h a t almost 70 percent o f the seeds were
trapped i n t h e southern sector. Density o f t h e
stand and the branches o f t h e host t r e e i n f l u ence distance shot.
'Muzzle v e l o c i t y ' o f these
unique seeds i s about 90 f e e t p e r second, o r
roughly 60 MPH. Seed bearing p l a n t s tend t o
o r i e n t as much as p o s s i b l e t o b r i g h t e s t l i g h t
source. On warm f a l l days, low sun o f f e r s optimum f i r i n g angle. A study o f seed germination
and i n f e c t i o n found t h a t 18 percent o f
A. tsugense seeds t h a t were tagged i n t h e s p r i n g
caused i n f e c t i o n . This d i d n o t account f o r
those l o s t d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r . "
' A sing1 e western hemlock o v e r s t o r y t r e e
i s capable of d i s p e r s i n g seeds over about 6000
square f e e t . This means t h a t fewer than 10
well dispersed infected t r e e s per a c r e could
p o t e n t i a l l y i n f e c t a l l new o r e x i s t i n g
regenerati on. "
Forest Management Manuals
The Washington S t a t e Department of Natural
Resources Manual contains s e c t i o n s on dwarf
m i s t l e t o e c o n t r o l . Since western hemlock dwarf
m i s t l e t o e Arceuthobium tsugense occurs only
west of t h e Cascades, i t has a s e p a r a t e sect i o n of t h e manual. I t s t r e s s e s simply, clean
c l e a r c u t s . (The commonly used sky1 i n e , balloon
o r h e l i c o p t e r systems do not destroy advance
regeneration and s p e c i a l treatment may be necess a r y t o reduce t h e p a r a s i t e . )
Manual guides f o r e a s t e r n Cascades dwarf
m i s t l e t o e control a r e t r e a t e d s e p a r a t e l y because management t h e r e i s g e n e r a l l y uneven age.
I n s t r u c t i o n s f o r marking timber s a l e s a r e contained on only two pages. The guide f o r t r e a t ing young stands a f t e r i n f e c t e d o v e r s t o r i e s
have been removed i s not completed but w i l l be
equally s h o r t .
Field Aids
The WDNR maintains a s e t of f i e l d a i d s
f o r a l l d i s t r i c t personnel. They provide a
condensed manual prepared on waterproof paper
in a v e s t pocket s i z e notebook. They make use
of t a b l e s and l i n e drawings t o g e t t h e point
across. Two o r t h r e e pages of these w i l l be
prepared f o r various aspects of dwarf m i s t l e t o e
c o n t r o l . Only 1imited biological d e t a i l will
be given a s t h i s information i s a v a i l a b l e in
manual references. Field personnel l i k e t h e s e
quick s e l f helps.
A w a l l e t card i s a l s o used by
i s patterned a f t e r one prepared in
west by t h e Forest Service. I t i s
f o r use by pre-commercial thinning
WDNR t h a t
t h e Southintended
operators.
Rules f o r spacing crop t r e e s and r a t i n g
infected c u t t r e e s a r e indicated. I t i s imp o r t a n t t h a t s i m p l i c i t y be uppermost in preparing any of t h e s e types of f i e l d a i d s . Some
of t h e operators a r e barely l i t e r a t e .
One of t h e main reasons f o r t h e w a l l e t
card i s t h a t t h e u n i t a d m i n i s t r a t o r and t h e
o p e r a t o r can discuss "leave o r c u t " t r e e c r i t e r i a using concrete guides. There i s l i t t l e
o r no argument between a t r a i n e d f o r e s t e r and
t h e operator about whether an i n f e c t e d t r e e
should be c u t . The simple r u l e s w i l l t e l l them.
Ambiguity i s removed.
Contracts
In a way, timber s a l e c o n t r a c t preparation
functions a s a t r a i n i n g help. The HDNR c o n t r a c t s
a r e made up using a s e r i e s of c a r e f u l l y prepared clauses t h a t , when assembled, describe
t h e c o n t r a c t . The manager using h i s guide
merely l i s t s t h e clause numbers desired. One
such clause i s shown below. I t can be used f o r
a v a r i e t y of purposes including dwarf m i s t l e t o e
control.
Non-merchantable Trees
'Mithin areas t o be c l e a r c u t , a l l l i v e t r e e s
(over
f t . in height o r over __inches in
diameter), excepting such a r e a s of young o r
immature timber s p e c i f i c a l l y designated by t h e
S t a t e , s h a l l be f e l l e d concurrently with t h e
1ogging operation. "
Instructions--"To be used when broadcast
burns of c l e a r c u t a r e a s a r e planned and i t i s
desired t o have a l l of t h e non-merchantable
t r e e s f e l l e d t o accomplish a more complete burn.
Also f o r t h e f e l l i n g of undesirable o r diseased
r e s i d u a l s t o be disposed of p r i o r t o s i t e reh a b i l i t a t i o n . The c o s t of t h i s work must be
provided f o r in t h e a p p r a i s a l . "
Contract d e s c r i p t i o n and i n s t r u c t i o n s f o r
a t y p i c a l non-commercial thinning--dwarf m i s t l e t o e s a n i t a t i o n u n i t follow:
District
Omak
Unit:
15-9
Name of Thinning
Irene Mountain
Contract Supervisor's Representative
Joe Bnox
Approximately 91 net a c r e s in Section 16,
Township 38 North, Range 31 East, W. M . , r e q u i r e treatment. Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine,
western l a r c h and lodgepole pine s p e c i e s a r e on
t h i s u n i t . The u n i t boundary i s well defined
with fence and ribbon on t h e north, ribbon on
t h e e a s t , fence and ribbon on t h e south and
ribbon on t h e west. The u n i t topography i s
level t o 50 percent slope. Unit has year-round
access. Approximately 475 stems per acre are on this unit, and approximately 305 stems per acre will be mechanically treated to maintain an average of 170 trees per acre at 16 x 16 foot spacing. The average d.b.h. of the trees to be mechanically treated is 3 inches. Dwarf mistletoe is to be removed as described in the following instructions. d.b.h. Class
(in.)
1
3
5
7
- 2
- 4
- 6
Maximum Hawksworth Infection Rating A1 1 owed +
0 1 2 3
Period of Contract Trees To Be Removed This contract shall terminate June 15, 1978. Except for crop or leave trees as specified above, mechanically treat the following: Buffer Zone All surplus conifer trees more than 4 feet tall. All slash within 100 feet of the county All hardwoods within 20 feet of a conifer road and within 50 feet of all other truck crop tree. roads shall be piled. Piles will be placed so that they can be burned with the least pos- Trees of poor form and vigor. sible damage to standing trees and young growth. All porcupine damaged trees. Leave Tree Specifications Areas Or Tree Groups Free of Mistletoe Infection--All
conifer trees larger than 6 inches d.b.h. are designated as crop trees and are to remain. Crop or leave trees in addition to those designated by size, are to be selected by Contractor at 16 x 16 foot spacing. In any area more than double the spacing across that does not have a crop tree identi- fied by size, Contractor shall select and leave uncut the largest live conifer trees of good form and vigor that will maintain average specified spacing. Areas Or Tree Groups Having Mistletoe Infection--All uninfected conifers larger than 6 inches d.b.h. are designated as crop trees and will remain. Uninfected conifers smaller than 6 inches d.b.h. designated as crop trees are to be spaced at 16 x 16 foot intervals. Spacing is waived whenever dwarf mistletoe is encountered. Acceptable crop trees are selected by priority as follows: Priority 1. Free from visible infection. Priority 2. Hawksworth infection rating maximums allowed by diameter class. All lodgepole pine. All trees with dwarf mist letoe infection according to the infection rating-diameter class tab1 e. All trees with dwarf mist letoe trunk in- fection. Miscellaneous Instructions Trees of nearly equal height and diameter in the unit will be ranked in priority or value by species as follows: Douglas-fir, western larch and ponderosa pine. Trees will be cut below lowest live limb and not more than 12 inches above the ground. The trees cut must be on the ground and not "hung up" or leaning against a crop tree. All trees must be cut completely free of stump. If snow depth exceeds 12 inches, trees will be cut below the lowest live limb and not more than 18 inches above the ground. All damage to fences resulting from oper- ations on this contract will be repaired im- mediately. All trees adjacent to fence shall be felled away from fence and all slash falling on fence shall be removed. CONCLUSION Dwarf mistletoe control is a proven forest management activity. The parasite need not be a problem to future forests. Training is uncomplicated and treatment is no more costly than any other activity. Contact your state or federal pest specialists for further train- ing. Training is available for.private land- owners and industrial, state or federal forest- ers alike. Russell, K. W., B. Howard; L. C. Heir; D. Id.
Johnson, and E. E. Nelson. Forest Disease Priorities in the
Pacific Northwest. Special Bulletin. Pacific Northwest Forest Pest Action Council. Portland, Oreg., 15 p. 1975.
LITERATURE CITED Russel 1, K. W.
1976. Operational aspects of disease control:
Dwarf mistletoe. Proc. Hemlock Symposium., University of Washington, Union, Wash. Shigo, A. L. 1976. Rx for wounded trees. Slide-tape
with written text. USDA Forest Serv. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station. Upper Darby, Pa.