Proceedings of the Symposium on the
Ecology and Management of Dead Wood
in Western Forests
November 2-4, 1999
Reno, Nevada
William F. Laudenslayer, Jr., Patrick J. Shea, Bradley E.
Valentine, C. Phillip Weatherspoon, and Thomas E. Lisle
Technical Coordinators
Contents
Preface and Acknowledgments .................................................ix
Importance of Dead and Downed Wood....................................1
Dead Wood: From Forester’s Bane to Environmental Boon ................... 3
Jack Ward Thomas
Decaying Wood: An Overview of Its Status and Ecology
in the United Kingdom and Continental Europe .......................... 11
Jill Butler, Keith Alexander, and Ted Green
Importance to Aquatic Systems.................................................21
Dead Wood Dynamics in Stream Ecosystems ....................................... 23
Robert J. Naiman, Estelle V. Balian, Krista K. Bartz,
Robert E. Bilby, and Joshua J. Latterell
Effects of Wildfire on In-Channel Woody Debris in the
Eastern Sierra Nevada, California............................................... 49
Neil H. Berg, David Azuma, and Ann Carlson
Influence of Bank Afforestation and Snag Angle-of-fall
on Riparian Large Woody Debris Recruitment............................ 65
Don C. Bragg and Jeffrey L. Kershner
Modeling the Delivery of Large Wood to Streams with
Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) Data ................................ 71
William Cody Fleece
How Much Dead Wood in Stream Channels Is Enough? ....................... 85
Thomas E. Lisle
Pacific Southwest
Research Station
USDA Forest Service
General Technical
Report
PSW-GTR-181
August 2002
Importance to Invertebrates....................................................... 95
An Investigation of the Insect Fauna Associated with Coarse
Woody Debris of Pinus ponderosa and Abies concolor
in Northeastern California ........................................................... 97
Ethan Koenigs, Patrick J. Shea,
Robert Borys, and Michael I. Haverty
A Preliminary Study of Ant Diversity and of Ant Dependence
on Dead Wood in Central Interior British Columbia .................... 111
B. Staffan Lindgren and A. M. MacIsaac
Effects of Ecosystem Restoration Treatments on Cavity-nesting Birds,
Their Habitat, and Their Insectivorous Prey in Fire-maintained
Forests of Southeastern British Columbia .................................. 121
Marlene Machmer
The Role of Coarse Woody Debris in Southeastern Pine Forests:
Preliminary Results from a Large-scale Experiment ................... 135
Timothy S. McCay, James L. Hanula, Susan C. Loeb,
Steven M. Lohr, James W. McMinn, and Brett D. Wright-Miley
Girdled versus Bark Beetle-created Ponderosa Pine Snags:
Utilization by Cavity-dependent Species and Differences
in Decay Rate and Insect Diversity ............................................. 145
Patrick J. Shea, William F. Laudenslayer, Jr.,
George Ferrell, and Robert Borys
The Role of Disturbance in Creating Dead Wood: Insect Defoliation
and Tree Mortality in Northeastern Oregon ................................ 155
Andrew Youngblood and Boyd E. Wickman
Importance to Vertebrates ......................................................... 169
The Value of Coarse Woody Debris to Vertebrates in the
Pacific Northwest ........................................................................ 171
Evelyn L. Bull
Are There Snags in the System? Comparing Cavity Use
among Nesting Birds in “Snag-rich” and “Snag-poor”
Eastside Pine Forests ................................................................. 179
Steve Zack, T. Luke George, and William F. Laudenslayer, Jr.
Distribution Patterns of Birds Associated with Snags in
Natural and Managed Eastern Boreal Forests............................ 193
Pierre Drapeau, Antoine Nappi, Jean François Giroux,
Alain Leduc, and Jean-Pierre Savard
Habitat Preferences of Primary Cavity Excavators
in Washington’s East Cascades ................................................. 207
Kenneth R. Bevis and Sandra K. Martin
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USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-181. 2002.
Cavity-nesting Bird Use of Snags in Eastside Pine Forests
of Northeastern California ........................................................... 223
William F. Laudenslayer, Jr.
Woodpecker Foraging and the Successional Decay of
Ponderosa Pine........................................................................... 237
Kerry L. Farris, Edward O. Garton, Patricia J. Heglund,
Steve Zack, and Patrick J. Shea
Forest Age and Relative Abundance of Pileated Woodpeckers
on Southeastern Vancouver Island ............................................. 247
Carol L. Hartwig, Donald S. Eastman, and Alton S. Harestad
The Pileated Woodpecker as a Keystone Habitat Modifier
in the Pacific Northwest............................................................... 257
Keith B. Aubry and Catherine M. Raley
Characteristics and Dynamics of Cavity Nest Trees in
Southern British Columbia .......................................................... 275
Christoph Steeger and Jakob A. Dulisse
How Dead Trees Sustain Live Organisms in Western Forests ............... 291
Fred L. Bunnell, Isabelle Houde, Barb Johnston,
and Elke Wind
Summer and Fall Use of Logging Residue Piles by Female
Short-tailed Weasels ................................................................... 319
Kimberly A. Lisgo, Fred L. Bunnell, and Alton S. Harestad
Dead Wood and the Richness of Small Terrestrial Vertebrates
in Southwestern Oregon ............................................................. 331
Chris C. Maguire
Stag Retention and Use by Arboreal Marsupials in Eucalypt
Forests in Southeast Queensland, Australia: Implications
for Management .......................................................................... 347
Damien Moloney, Kevin Wormington, and Stephen DeStefano
Importance to Soils and Other Forest Resources ....................357
Fire as a Coarse Filter for Snags and Logs ............................................ 359
James K. Agee
Assemblages of Vascular Plants on Logs and Stumps
within 28-year-old Aspen-dominated Boreal Forests .................. 369
Philip Lee and Kelly Sturgess
The Nutritional Significance of Coarse Woody Debris in
Three Rocky Mountain Coniferous Forests................................. 381
Cindy E. Prescott and Raija Laiho
USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-181. 2002.
iii
The Effects of Microsite (Logs versus Ground Surface) on the
Presence of Forest Floor Biota in a Second-growth
Hardwood Forest ........................................................................ 393
Charlotte Pyle and Michelle M. Brown
Demographics and Dynamics of Dead Wood........................... 405
Overview of Agents and Patterns of Mortality and Resulting
Coarse Woody Debris Recruitment in Western Forests ............. 407
Brytten E. Steed and Michael R. Wagner
Comparing Deterioration and Ecosystem Function of
Decay-resistant and Decay-susceptible Species
of Dead Trees ............................................................................. 435
Paul E. Hennon, Michael H. McClellan,
and Patricia Palkovic
Influence of Fire on the Dynamics of Dead Woody Material
in Forests of California and Southwestern Oregon ..................... 445
Carl N. Skinner
Demographics and Dynamics in Coastal Mesic Forests ......... 455
Simulation of Stream Wood Source Distance for Small Streams
in the Western Cascades, Oregon.............................................. 457
Mark A. Meleason, Stanley V. Gregory, and John Bolte
Standing Dead Tree Dynamics Extracted from Growth and
Yield Permanent Sample Plots in British Columbia .................... 467
Jeff Stone, John Parminter, and Joe Braz
Dead Wood and Fire Relationships in Southwestern Oregon
Western Hemlock Forests........................................................... 479
Diane E. White, Thomas Atzet, Patricia A. Martinez,
and Lisa A. McCrimmon
The Number and Composition of Snags in the Pine-Spruce
Stands of the Bialowieza National Park, Poland......................... 489
Wieslaw Walankiewicz
Demographics and Dynamics in the Cascades Forests.......... 501
A Coarse Wood Dynamics Model for the Western Cascades ................ 503
Kim Mellen and Alan Ager
Snag Recruitment in Subalpine Forests of the North Cascades,
Washington State........................................................................ 517
Paul T. Flanagan, Penelope Morgan, and Richard L. Everett
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USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-181. 2002.
DecAID: A Decaying Wood Advisory Model for Oregon
and Washington .......................................................................... 527
Kim Mellen, Bruce G. Marcot, Janet L. Ohmann,
Karen L. Waddell, Elizabeth A. Willhite, Bruce B. Hostetler,
Susan A. Livingston, and Cay Ogden
Regional Patterns of Dead Wood in Forested Habitats of
Oregon and Washington ............................................................. 535
Janet L. Ohmann and Karen L. Waddell
The DecAID Advisory Model: Wildlife Component.................................. 561
Bruce G. Marcot, Kim Mellen, Susan A. Livingston,
and Cay Ogden
Demographics and Dynamics in Sierra Nevada Forests .........591
Dead Branches and Other Wildlife Resources on California
Black Oak (Quercus kelloggii)..................................................... 593
Barrett A. Garrison, Robin L. Wachs, Terry A. Giles,
and Matthew L. Triggs
Demography of Snags in Eastside Pine Forests of California ................ 605
F. Michael Landram, William F. Laudenslayer, Jr.,
Thomas Atzet
Assessing the Effect of Fire Regime on Coarse Woody Debris.............. 621
Pamela Wright, Mark Harmon, and Fred Swanson
Demographics and Dynamics in Rocky Mountain Forests......635
Mortality as a Source of Coarse Woody Debris in
Managed Stands......................................................................... 637
Carl E. Fiedler and Todd A. Morgan
Snags and Down Wood in the Interior Columbia Basin
Ecosystem Management Project ................................................ 649
Jerome J. Korol, Miles A. Hemstrom, Wendel J. Hann,
and Rebecca A. Gravenmier
Assessment of the Line Transect Method: An Examination of the
Spatial Patterns of Down and Standing Dead Wood .................. 665
Duncan C. Lutes
Management of Dead Wood .......................................................677
Forest Management and the Dead Wood Resource in Ponderosa
Pine Forests: Effects on Small Mammals .................................... 679
Carol L. Chambers
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Dying and Dead Hardwoods: Their Implications to Management........... 695
Fred L. Bunnell, Elke Wind, and Ralph Wells
Diameters and Heights of Trees with Cavities: Their Implications
to Management ........................................................................... 717
Fred L. Bunnell, Elke Wind, Mark Boyland,
and Isabelle Houde
How Should We Spatially Distribute Dying and Dead Wood? ................ 739
Fred L. Bunnell, Mark Boyland, and Elke Wind
Evaluating the Effects of Partial Cutting on Wildlife Trees
and Coarse Woody Debris.......................................................... 753
Susan K. Stevenson and Dagmar G. Keisker
Created Snag Monitoring on the Willamette National Forest.................. 765
Pat Boleyn, Eric Wold, and Ken Byford
The Efficacy of Inoculating Fungi into Conifer Trees to Promote
Cavity Excavation by Woodpeckers in Managed Forests
in Western Washington............................................................... 777
Martin J. Huss, James C. Bednarz, David M. Juliano,
and Daniel E. Varland
Characteristics of Log Resources in Northeastern Oregon:
Case Studies of Four Management Treatments ......................... 795
Torolf R. Torgersen
Sampling Methods for Snags and Large Trees Important to Wildlife ...... 811
Lisa J. Bate, Edward O. Garton, and Michael J. Wisdom
Accuracy and Efficiency of Methods to Sample Logs for Wildlife
Research and Management........................................................ 817
Lisa J. Bate, Torolf R. Torgersen, Edward O. Garton,
and Michael J. Wisdom
Effects of Prescribed Fire in Ponderosa Pine on Key Wildlife
Habitat Components: Preliminary Results and a Method
for Monitoring .............................................................................. 823
Tammy Randall-Parker and Richard Miller
Selection of Fire-created Snags at Two Spatial Scales
by Cavity-nesting Birds ............................................................... 835
Victoria Saab, Ree Brannon, Jonathan Dudley,
Larry Donohoo, Dave Vanderzanden, Vicky Johnson,
and Henry Lachowski
Dead Tree Management in British Columbia.......................................... 849
Jeff Stone, John Parminter, André Arsenault,
Todd Manning, Nancy Densmore, Gerry Davis,
and Andy MacKinnon
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USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. PSW-GTR-181. 2002.
British Columbia’s Dangerous Tree Assessment Process...................... 863
Todd Manning, Peter Bradford, Cary White, David Rowe,
Nancy Densmore, and Stewart Guy
Managing Coarse Woody Debris in British Columbia’s Forests:
A Cultural Shift for Professional Foresters? ................................ 869
André Arsenault
Water, Wildlife, Recreation, Timber… Coarse Woody Debris? .............. 879
John R. Mount
Creating and Maintaining Wildlife, Insect, and Fish Habitat
Structures in Dead Wood ............................................................ 883
Timothy K. Brown
Perspectives and Approaches to Management ........................893
An Ecological Functional Basis for Managing Dead Wood
Decay Elements for Wildlife ........................................................ 895
Bruce G. Marcot
A Case Study of Habitat Conservation Plans and the
Protection of Snags and Coarse Woody Debris
on Industrial Forest Lands .......................................................... 911
Lorin L. Hicks and Henning C. Stabins
Management of Dead Wood: Perspectives of a State
Forestry Agency.......................................................................... 923
Christopher P. Rowney
Moving towards a New Paradigm for Woody Detritus
Management ............................................................................... 929
Mark E. Harmon
Symposium Synthesis ................................................................945
Dead Wood Management Issues and Opportunities:
Future Directions......................................................................... 947
Ann M. Bartuska
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