APPENDIX R
RECOMMENDED MONITORING FOR FOCAL SPECIES
APPENDIX R
RECOMMENDED MONITORING FOR FOCAL SPECIES
Patricia N. Manley and Matthew D. Schlesinger
Table R-1—Recommended monitoring for focal species. Species are sorted by taxonomic group along with their associated criteria.a Types of monitoring data
include presence (pres), frequency of occurrence (freq), relative abundance (relab), population size (popsize), territory density (terr), reproductive success
(repro), and population demography (demog). * = species identified by agency representatives as their top priority for additional information. T = target level
of monitoring; the recommended level. NT = non-target level of monitoring; desired but not essential data.
Common Name
Vascular plants
White fir
California red fir
Mountain bentgrass*
Scientific Name
Criteria
Pres
Freq
Abies concolor
Abies magnifica var. magnifica
Agrostis humilis
HV
HV
RA
T
T
T
NT
Galena Creek rockcress*
Twin arnica
Arabis rigidissima var. demota
Arnica soroia
SC,RA,EN,AE
RA
T
NT
NT
Green spleenwort
Anderson’s aster
Austin’s milkvetch*
Balloon pod milkvetch
Trianglelobe moonwort
Asplenium trichomanes-ramosum
Aster alpigenus var. andersonii
Astragalus austiniae
Astragalus whitneyi var. lenophyllus
Botrychium ascendens
RA
AE
EN
EN
RA,AE
Cheatgrass
Incense cedar
Bromus tectorum
Calocedrus decurrens
EX
HV
Plumeless thistle
Musk thistle
Davy’s sedge
Mud sedge
Carduus acanthoides
Carduus nutans
Carex davyi
Carex limosa
EX
EX
EN
RA
Relab
Popsize Terr
T
Repro
Demog Comments
Not yet documented in the basin;
potential relict population
Two known occurrences in the basin
One documentation; needs to be
confirmed
T
T
T
T
T
Potentially documented in the basin;
difficult to distinguish Botrychium
species
Common in the basin
Species is at the edge of its range in
the basin
Not yet documented in the basin
T
T
T
T
T
T
NT
NT
Lake Tahoe Watershed Assessment
One documentation; needs to be
confirmed; occurs in sphagnum bogs
R-1
Appendix R
Common Name
Mariposa sedge*
Diffuse knapweed
Spotted knapweed
Scientific Name
Carex mariposana
Centaurea diffusa
Centaurea maculosa
Criteria
AE
EX
EX
Bullthistle*
Sierra clarkia
Cirsium vulgare
Clarkia virgata
Scotch broom
Relab
T
T
Freq
T
NT
NT
EX
EN
T
NT
NT
T
Cytisus scoparius
EX
T
NT
Lake Tahoe draba*
Draba asterophora var. asterophora
RA,EN,AE
Cup Lake draba*
Subalpine fireweed*
Oregon fireweed
Marsh horsetail
Starved fleabane
Draba asterophora var. macrocarpa
Epilobium howellii
Epilobium oreganum
Equisetum palustre
Erigeron miser
SC,RA,EN,AE
RA,EN,AE
SC,AE
RA
RA,EN,AE
Sierra fleabane
Brown-margined buckwheat
Buckwheat
Torrey buckwheat*
EN
HV
RA
SC,RA,EN,HV,
AE
EX
T
T
Klamathweed
Erigeron petrophilus var. sierrensis
Eriogonum ovalifolium var. eximium
Eriogonum ovalifolium var. vineum
Eriogonum umbellatum var.
torreyanum
Hypericum perforatum
Plumas mousetail
Ivesia sericoleuca
Webber’s ivesia
Tall whitetop*
Long-petaled lewisia*
Ivesia webberi
Lepidium latifolium
Lewisia longipetala
Dalmation toadflax
Eurasian watermilfoil*
Scotch thistle
Linaria genistifolia ssp. dalmatica
Myriophyllum spicatum
Onopordum acanthium ssp.
acanthium
R-2
Pres
T
T
T
Popsize Terr
T
NT
NT
NT
T
NT
T
T
T
NT
SC,EN,AE
T
NT
SC,RA,AE
EX
SC,RA,EN,HV,
AE
EX
EX,HC
EX
T
NT
NT
T
NT
Not yet documented in the basin;
may occur only at lower elevations
One documentation; needs to be
confirmed; easily confused with
spanish broom; both would be of
concern
Five populations known to occur in
the basin; high elevation, > 8600 ft
One known occurrence in the basin
Not yet documented in the basin
Not yet documented in the basin
Not yet documented in the basin;
occurs at high elevations; could be
present in Desolation Wilderness
Not yet documented in the basin
One documentation; needs to be
confirmed
Not yet documented in the basin,
occurs in open, low elevation sage
meadows
T
T
NT
T
Demog Comments
Documented last year
One documentation; needs to be
confirmed; poisonous
NT
NT
NT
T
NT
Repro
T
Lake Tahoe Watershed Assessment
Two known occurrences in the basin
Appendix R
Common Name
Close-throated beardtongue
Scientific Name
Penstemon personatus
Criteria
RA,EN,AE
Pres
T
Freq
NT
Bacigalupi’s perideridia
Whitebark pine
Lodgepole pine
Jeffrey pine
Sugar pine
Perideridia personatus
Pinus albicaulis
Pinus contorta ssp. murrayana
Pinus jeffrreyi
Pinus lambertiana
EN
PO
HV
HV
HV
Western white pine
Pinus monticola
HV
Ponderosa pine
Ribbonleaf pondweed
Tahoe yellow cress*
Pinus ponderosa
Potamogeton epihydrus nuttallii
Rorippa subumbellata
HV
RA
SE,SC,RA,EN,A
E
American scheuchzeria
Scheuchzeria palustris americana
RA,AE
T
NT
Water bulrush*
Scirpus subterminalis
RA
T
NT
Marsh skullcap
Smooth goldenrod
Scutellaria galericulata
Solidago gigantea
RA,HV
RA,HV
T
T
NT
Lake Tahoe serpentweed
Grey-leaved violet
Wooly violet
Tonestus eximius
Viola pinetorum grisea
Viola tomentosa
EN
RA,AE
RA,EN
T
T
T
NT
NT
Nonvascular plants
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Andreaea nivalis
Bruchia bolanderi
Campylium stellatum
Distichium inclinatum
Grimma mixleyi
Grimmia hamulosa
Hydrogrimmia mollis
Lescuraea pallida
Mnium arizonicum
Myurella julacea
Orthotrichum euryphyllum
Orthotrichum spjutii
RA
RA
RA
RA
RA
RA,EN
RA
RA
RA
RA
RA
RA,EN
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
Relab
Popsize Terr
Repro
Demog Comments
Not yet documented in the basin,
low probability of occurrence; likely
to show up in recent burns
T
T
T
T
T
Could also monitor the prevalence of
the blister rust
Species is at the edge of its range in
the basin
T
T
T
NT
T
Lake Tahoe Watershed Assessment
NT
NT
Not yet documented in the basin
California State Lands Commission is
monitoring this species in the basin
and has a monitoring plan
Not yet documented in the basin;
occurs in fens and sphagnum bogs
One documentation; needs to be
confirmed
One documentation; needs to be
confirmed
Not yet documented in the basin
R-3
Appendix R
Common Name
Moss
Moss
Moss
Moss
Scientific Name
Polytrichum sexangulare
Racomitrium hispanicum
Tayloria serrata
Tortula californica
Criteria
RA
RA
RA
RA
Birds
Cooper’s Hawk
Northern Goshawk*
Sharp-shinned Hawk
Red-winged Blackbird
Wood Duck
Northern Pintail
Northern Shoveler
Mallard
American Pipit
Western Scrub Jay
Golden Eagle
Great Blue Heron
Greater Scaup
Canvasback
Canada Goose
Common Goldeneye
Barrow’s Goldeneye
California Quail
Lesser Goldfinch
Cassin’s Finch
House Finch
Purple Finch
Swainson’s Thrush
Canyon Wren
Brown Creeper
Belted Kingfisher
Northern Harrier
Marsh Wren
Evening Grosbeak
Band-tailed Pigeon
Rock Dove
Olive-sided Flycatcher
Accipiter cooperii
Accipiter gentilis
Accipiter striatus
Agelaius phoeniceus
Aix sponsa
Anas acuta
Anas clypeata
Anas platyrhynchos
Anthus rubescens
Aphelocoma coerulescens
Aquila chrysaetos
Ardea herodias
Aythya marila
Aythya valisineria
Branta canadensis
Bucephala clangula
Bucephala islandica
Callipepla californica
Carduelis psaltria
Carpodacus cassinii
Carpodacus mexicanus
Carpodacus purpureus
Catharus ustulatus
Catherpes mexicanus
Certhia americana
Ceryle alcyon
Circus cyaneus
Cistothorus palustris
Coccothraustes vespertinus
Columba fasciata
Columba livia
Contopus cooperi
SC
SC,LH,AE
SC
LH
PO,LH
LH
PO
LH,WA
LH
PO
SC,AE
LH
PO
LH
LH,WA,HC
LH
SC,PO
EX
PO
LH
PO
LH
PO
ET,LH
LH
PO,LH
SC
LH
LH
PO
LH,EX,HC
PO
R-4
Pres
T
T
T
T
Freq
Relab
T
NT
T
NT
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
Popsize Terr
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
NT
T
T
T
T
T
T
NT
NT
NT
T
NT
NT
NT
NT
Low to no impact exotic
NT
NT
NT
NT
NT
T
T
T
T
T
Demog Comments
NT
T
T
T
NT
Repro
NT
NT
Lake Tahoe Watershed Assessment
NT
Appendix R
Common Name
Western Wood-pewee
American Crow
Steller’s Jay
Tundra Swan
Blue Grouse
Hermit Warbler
Yellow Warbler
Pileated Woodpecker*
Hammond’s Flycatcher
Willow Flycatcher*
Horned Lark
Peregrine Falcon
Scientific Name
Contopus sordidulus
Corvus brachyrhynchos
Cyanocitta stelleri
Cygnus columbianus
Dendragapus obscurus
Dendroica occidentalis
Dendroica petechia
Dryocopus pileatus
Empidonax hammondii
Empidonax traillii
Eremophila alpestris
Falco peregrinus
Common Snipe
Common Loon
Bald Eagle*
California Gull
Ring-billed Gull
Gray-crowned Rosy Finch
Hooded Merganser
Red Crossbill
Lewis’s Woodpecker
Wild Turkey
Lincoln’s Sparrow
Common Merganser
Brown-headed Cowbird
Gallinago gallinago
Gavia immer
Haliaeetus leucocephalus
Larus californicus
Larus delawarensis
Leucosticte arctoa
Lophodytes cucullatus
Loxia curvirostra
Melanerpes lewis
Meleagris gallopavo
Melospiza lincolnii
Mergus merganser
Molothrus ater
Criteria
PO
LH
PO
LH
HV
LH
SC
LH
LH
SE,PO,LH,AE
LH
ET,SE,PO,WA,
AE
PO
SC
FT,SE,WA,AE
SC,LH,HC
LH,HC
LH
LH
LH
ET,PO
EX
LH
LH
PO,EX
Black-crowned Night-heron
MacGillivray’s Warbler
Mountain Quail
Osprey*
House Sparrow
Savannah Sparrow
American White Pelican
Black-billed Magpie
White-headed Woodpecker
Black-backed Woodpecker
Pine Grosbeak
Nycticorax nycticorax
Oporornis tolmiei
Oreortyx pictus
Pandion haliaetus
Passer domesticus
Passerculus sandwichensis
Pelecanus erythrorhynchos
Pica pica
Picoides albolarvatus
Picoides arcticus
Pinicola enucleator
LH
LH
HV
SC,LH,WA,AE
LH,EX
ET,LH
SC,PO,LH
LH
LH
LH
LH
Pres
Freq
Relab
T
T
T
T
Popsize Terr
NT
Repro
Demog Comments
NT
T
T
T
T
T
T
NT
T
NT
Target for cowbird nest parasitism
T
T
T
NT
T
T
T
T
T
NT
T
NT
NT
T
T
NT
T
T
T
Low to no impact exotic
Other focal species that are targets of
parasitism = WIFL, YEWA, AMRO
T
T
NT
T
T
T
T
T
NT
NT
NT
NT
T
T
T
T
Lake Tahoe Watershed Assessment
R-5
Appendix R
Common Name
Green-tailed Towhee
Pied-billed Grebe
Bank Swallow
Red-breasted Nuthatch
Pygmy Nuthatch
Red-breasted Sapsucker
Williamson’s Sapsucker
Chipping Sparrow
Forster’s Tern
Spotted Owl*
European Starling
Winter Wren
American Robin
Scientific Name
Pipilo chlorurus
Podilymbus podiceps
Riparia riparia
Sitta canadensis
Sitta pygmaea
Sphyrapicus ruber
Sphyrapicus thyroideus
Spizella passerina
Sterna forsteri
Strix occidentalis
Sturnus vulgaris
Troglodytes troglodytes
Turdus migratorius
Criteria
LH
PO
ST,LH
LH
LH
PO
LH
PO
PO
SC,LH,AE
EX
LH
PO
Yellow-headed Blackbird
White-crowned Sparrow
Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus
Zonotrichia leucophrys
LH
PO
Mammals
Pallid bat
Mountain beaver
Cow
Domestic dog
Coyote
Beaver
Antrozous pallidus
Aplodontia rufa
Bos sp.
Canis familiaris
Canis latrans
Castor canadensis
SC,AE
SC
EXD
EXD
HC,WA
PO,EX,HC
Horse
Mule
Domestic cat
Northern flying squirrel*
Wolverine
Equus sp.
Equus sp.
Felis domesticus
Glaucomys sabrinus
Gulo gulo
Llama
Sierra Nevada snowshoe hare
White-tailed hare
River otter
Yellow-bellied marmot
Marten*
Fisher
Long-tailed vole
Lama glama
Lepus americanus tahoensis
Lepus townsendii
Lutra canadensis
Marmota flaviventris
Martes americana
Martes pennanti
Microtus longicaudus
EXD
EXD
EXD
LH
ET,ST,SC,PO,L
H,AE
EXD
SC,LH
ET,SC,PO,LH
PO,LH
LH
LH,AE
SC,PO,LH,AE
LH
R-6
Pres
Freq
Relab
T
T
Popsize Terr
Repro
Demog Comments
NT
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
NT
NT
NT
T
NT
NT
NT
T
T
NT
NT
NT
T
T
T
T
NT
NT
T
T
T
T
NT
T
T
NT
T
T
NT
NT
T
NT
T
NT
T
Lake Tahoe Watershed Assessment
Potential target for Brown-headed
Cowbird nest parasitism
Monitor stream channel changes
resulting from beaver activity
T
T
NT
NT
Appendix R
Common Name
Mink
Long-eared myotis
Fringed myotis
Yuma myotis
Desert woodrat
Pika
Mule deer
Muskrat
Mountain sheep
Scientific Name
Mustela vison
Myotis evotis
Myotis thysanodes
Myotis yumanensis
Neotoma lepida
Ochotona princeps
Odocoileus hemionus
Ondatra zibethicus
Ovis canadensis californiana
Brush mouse
Canyon mouse
Pinyon mouse
Heather vole
Raccoon
Broad-footed mole
Western gray squirrel
Dusky shrew
Water shrew
Trowbridge’s shrew
Vagrant shrew
California ground squirrel
Belding’s ground squirrel
Nuttall’s cottontail
Yellow-pine chipmunk
Least chipmunk
Long-eared chipmunk
Lodgepole chipmunk
Douglas squirrel
Badger
Mountain pocket gopher
Black bear
Grizzly bear
Sierra Nevada red fox
Peromyscus boylii
Peromyscus crinitus
Peromyscus truei
Phenacomys intermedius
Procyon lotor
Scapanus latimanus
Sciurus griseus
Sorex monticolus
Sorex palustris
Sorex trowbridgii
Sorex vagrans
Spermophilus beecheyi
Spermophilus beldingi
Sylvilagus nuttallii
Tamias flaviventris
Tamias minimus
Tamias quadrimaculatus
Tamias speciosus
Tamiasciurus douglasii
Taxidea taxus
Thomomys monticola
Ursus americanus
Ursus arctos
Vulpes vulpes necator
Western jumping mouse
Zapus princeps
Criteria
PO,LH
SC
SC,PO
SC
LH
LH
WA,HV,AE
PO,LH
ET,FE,ST,PO,L
H,WA,AE
LH
ET,LH
LH
ET,LH
HC
LH
LH,HC
LH
LH
LH
LH
HC
LH
PO,LH
LH
LH
LH,EN
SC,LH
LH,HC
PO,LH
LH
PO,WA,HV,HC
ET,FT,PO
ET,ST,SC,PO,L
H,AE
LH
Pres
Freq
T
T
T
T
T
Relab
NT
NT
NT
NT
T
T
T
NT
Popsize Terr
Repro
Demog Comments
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
NT
NT
T
T
NT
T
T
T
T
T
NT
NT
T
T
NT
NT
NT
T
T
T
Amphibians
Lake Tahoe Watershed Assessment
R-7
Appendix R
Common Name
Long-toed salamander
Scientific Name
Ambystoma macrodactylum
Criteria
LH
Western toad
Bufo boreas
PO,LH
T
NT
Pacific treefrog
Hyla regilla
PO,LH
T
NT
Bullfrog
Rana catesbeiana
LH,EX
T
NT
Mountain yellow-legged frog* Rana muscosa
SC,PO,LH,AE
T
NT
Northern leopard frog
Rana pipiens
ET,SC,PO,LH,E
X?,AE
Reptiles
Sagebrush lizard
W. aquatic garter snake
W. terrestrial garter snake
Sceloporus graciosus
Thamnophis couchii
Thamnophis elegans
LH
LH
PO
T
Fish:
Goldfish
Carp
Mosquito fish
Lahontan Lake tui chub
Carassius auratus
Cyprinus carpio
Gambusia affinis
Gila bicolor pectinifer
EX
EX
EX
SC,AE
T
T
Brown bullhead
Bluegill
Smallmouth bass
Largemouth bass
Golden shiner
Golden trout
Ictalurus nebulosis
Lepomis macrochirus
Micropterus dolomieui
Micropterus salmoides
Notemigonus crysoleucas
Oncorhynchus aquabonita
EX
EX
EX,HV
EX,HV
EX
EX,HV
T
T
Lahontan cutthroat trout*
Oncorhynchus clarkii henshawi
ET,FE,PO
T
Rainbow trout
Oncorhynchus mykiss
EX,HV
T
Kokanee salmon
White crappie
Oncorhynchus nerka kennerlyi
Pomoxis annularis
EX,WA,HV
EX
R-8
Pres
Freq
Relab
T
Popsize Terr
NT
Repro
Demog Comments
NT
Demographic data = relative number
of individuals in each life stage
NT
Demographic data = relative number
of individuals in each life stage
NT
Demographic data = relative number
of individuals in each life stage
NT
Demographic data = relative number
of individuals in each life stage
NT
Demographic data = relative number
of individuals in each life stage
T
T
T
T
T
NT
T
T
NT
NT
T
T
NT
NT
T
NT
NT
T
NT
NT
NT
NT
T
NT
Lake Tahoe Watershed Assessment
T
Demographic data = relative number
of individuals in each age class
High impact exotic
Demographic data = relative number
of individuals in each age class
Monitoring should consist of
frequency in Lake Tahoe, and relative
abundance everywhere else
Demographic data = relative number
of individuals in each age class
Monitoring should consist of
frequency in Lake Tahoe, and relative
abundance everywhere else
Appendix R
Common Name
Black crappie
Mountain whitefish
German brown trout
Brook trout
Scientific Name
Pomoxis nigromaculatus
Prosopium williamsoni
Salmo trutta
Salvelinus fontinalis
Criteria
EX
PO
EX,HV
EX,HV
Mackinaw (lake) trout
Salvelinus namaycush
EX,HV
T
Candona tahoensis
Capnia lacustra
Dendrocoelopsis hymanae
Euphadryas deitha monoensis
Moths and butterflies
Mysis relicta
Pacifastacus leniusculus
Phagocata tahoena
Rhyacodrilus brevidentus
Speyeria nokomis
EN
SC,PO,EN
EN
SC
WA
EX
EX,HV
EN
EN
SC
T
T
T
T
T
Spirosperma beetoni
Stygobromus lacicolus
Stygobromus tahoensis
Utacapnia tahoensis
Varichaetadrilus minutus
EN
EN
EN
EN
EN
T
T
T
T
T
Amanita calyptrata
Armillariella mellea
Boletus edulis
Bryoria spp.
Calvatia gigantea
Calvatia sculpta
Cantharellus cibarius
Coprinus comatus
Dermatocarpon moulinsii
Dimelaena oreina
Hypogymnia metaphysodes
Lactarius deliciosus
HV
HV
HV
PO
HV
HV
HV
HV
RA
RA
RA
HV
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
Invertebrates
Aquatic macroinvertebrate
Aquatic macroinvertebrate
Aquatic macroinvertebrate
Mono checkerspot
Lepidoptera
Opossum shrimp
Crayfish
Aquatic macroinvertebrate
Aquatic macroinvertebrate
Carson Valley silverspot
butterfly
Aquatic macroinvertebrate
Aquatic macroinvertebrate
Aquatic macroinvertebrate
Aquatic macroinvertebrate
Aquatic macroinvertebrate
Fungi and lichens
Coccora
Honey mushroom
King bolete
Lichen
Giant puffball
Sierra puffball
Chantrelle
Shaggy mane
Lichen
Lichen
Lichen
Delicious milk cap
Pres
Freq
T
T
T
T
T
Relab
NT
NT
T
T
Popsize Terr
Repro
Demog Comments
Monitoring should consist of
frequency in Lake Tahoe, and relative
abundance everywhere else
NT
NT
NT
NT
T
T
NT
NT
T
T
T
T
Lake Tahoe Watershed Assessment
R-9
Appendix R
Common Name
Morels
Oyster mushroom
Chicken of the woods
Yellow coral mushroom
Lichen
Shrimp russula
Cauliflower mushroom
Lichen
Lichen
Lichen
Scientific Name
Morchella spp.
Pleurotus ostreatus
Polyporus sulphureus
Ramaria rasilispora
Rhizoplaca glaucophana
Russula xerampelina
Sparassis crispa
Thisoplaca marginalis
Umblicaria torrefacta
Waynea stoechadiana
Criteria
HV
HV
HV
HV
RA
HV
HV
RA
RA
RA
Pres
Freq
T
T
T
T
Relab
Popsize Terr
Repro
Demog Comments
T
T
T
T
T
T
In general, criteria were ranked as follows, from greatest concern level to most modest concern level: Federally endangered (FE), Federally threatened (FT), State endangered (SE), State threatened (ST), Federal
or State species of special concern (SC), population decline (PO), rarity (RA), Truckee River basin endemic (EN), exotic (EX), vulnerable due to life-history characteristics (LH), Sierra Nevada endemic (EN),
agency emphasis (AE), human conflict (HC), Watchable (WA), domestic exotics (EXD), and harvest (HV).
a
R-10
Lake Tahoe Watershed Assessment