(c) crown copyright
Catalogue Reference:CAB/24/283
Image Reference:0001
hi i-d
( T H I S DOCUMENT I S THE PROPERTY OF HIS' BRITANNIC MAJESTY'S GOVERNMENT)..-?
S E C R E T .
CP.
89
(59)o
COPY NO,
C A B I
IT
T o
COMMITTEE ON PALESTINE
0
REPORTo
Govervmnent s
P o l i c y at the
London.
Conferences.
1
1*
The r e l e v a n t
question
of
material for
the Government*s
London C o n f e r e n c e s
Policy
We a l s o
of
State for
cerned with
by
7 (39))
covering
legal
the Middle
are
of
4 (39) )
3
for
of which i s
t o be
Egypt
Staff
the
eon­
advanced
(paper
Co-ordination
of
to
0
Affairs
and a l s o a N o t e
of
Defence
Committee on
the
and t h e A r a b c o u n t r i e s
of
of
the Secretary
for
of
of Future
We agx^ee w i t h t h e s e
with
the S e c r e t a r y
State
Constitution
recommendations
State s
of
we s h o u l d "not r e a c h an a b s o l u t e l y
any o f
C Po
summarised i n p a r a g r a p h 74 on p a g e s 21 and
- Lando
and i n p a r t i c u l a r
?
final
suggesttion
decision
t h e p o i n t s m e n t i o n e d i n p a r a g r a p h 74 u n t i l
discussions
is
with
It
evident
during
the discussions
would be w i s e
proposals
c
that
the a t t i t u d e
of
either
m i g h t l e a d us t o t h e
to modify,
i n some w a y ,
on
the
t h e Jews and A r a b s h a v e p r o c e e d e d
way.
these
latter
h i s Memorandum u n d e r t h e h e a d s
Immigration
that
the
Easto
the Colonies
22 o f
contained
Foreign
arguments l i k e l y
The r e c o m m e n d a t i o n s
0
the
by t h e C h i e f s
importance
(Paper
for
the
forthcoming
the C a b i n e t by
State
by the M i n i s t e r
a Report
strategic
it
of
the Arab R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s ?
CP.
2
to
18 and 19 ( 5 9 ) ) ,
the
the
of
t o t h e memoranda c i r c u l a t e d
Cabinet by the S e c r e t a r y
CPo
at
the Colonies
draw a t t e n t i o n
(Papers
consideration
w i t h t h e Jews and A r a b s i s
i n t h e Memorandum c i r c u l a t e d
Secretary
the
some
party
conclusion
one or o t h e r
that
of
5.
Dealing f i r s t
with the
we a r e i n a g r e e m e n t w i t h
in considering
at
covering
the whole
that
country
the
some f u t u r e
be admitted.
though i t
future
either
of
issue
State
t h e J e w i s h c l a i m for
date of
a Jewish
claim
s h o u l d become an A r a b s t a t e
may b e ,
that
open t h e
at
can
possibility,
some t i m e i n
the
the Arab or the Jewish p o p u l a t i o n
P a l e s t i n e may b e
ready
an i n d e p e n d e n t
to
state
acquiesce
in
i n which t h e
the
state
o f P a l e s t i n e n o r t h e Arab
We s h o u l d l e a v e
remote
of
the S e c r e t a r y
that neither
creation
constitutional
the
in
creation
other
party
predominates.
Proposed Advisory
Council.
-
4.
P o s s i b l e Future
Legislative
Kingdom D e l e g a t i o n
Council.
the o f f e r
w
for
We a r e
i n agreement w i t h t h e S e c r e t a r y
the Colonies
besides
of
in
an o f f i c i a l
a majority
of
Council,
bloc,
Advisory
Council
Council
t h e members o f
of
to agree
to
the
^irnited,
Council
difficulty
the p r i n c i p l e
assumption t h a t
superseded by a
of
of
s h o u l d be
p a r i t y but,
w o u l d condemn t h e Jews
of
t o a permanent
the
Legislative
established-,
persuading
on a b a s i s
and J e w i s h
t h e two p e o p l e s ,
Jewish immigration w i l l
representations
that
Council,
asking that
p a r i t y between
then such a L e g i s l a t i v e
include,
s h o u l d b e made
t h e Arab
passed a r e s o l u t i o n
should be
forward
representative
the A d v i s o r y
both of
State
United
which would
and t h a t p r o v i s i o n
on t h e b a s i s
We r e c o g n i s e
the
J e w i s h and A r a b
which i n c l u d e d a rnajoritjr
representatives
that
s h o u l d b e empowered t o p u t
an A d v i s o r y
i n equal numbers,
if
considering
of
the Araba
on t h e
be
strictly
population
minority
position,
and we a g r e e w i t h t h e S e c r e t a r y
of
State
that
w o u l d "be c o n t r a r y
of
the
this
Balfour
5.
constitutional
issue,
independence
in dealing
susceptibilities;
of
should be s o f t e n e d ,
for
regard for
the A r a b
if
Moslem
of
b y means o f
or o t h e r w i s e ,
a body o f
of
guards
right
t h e Moslem H o l y P l a c e s
intention
their
of
special value
Jewish
Holy Places
encroachment,
i n winning
the
Arab
6.
We a r e i n
agreement w i t h
powers
of m u n i c i p a l b o d i e s
Ordinance
possible
should,
if
possible,
t o them a p o r t i o n
their
the
of
our
against
any
of
of Egypt
the proposal
and
that
under t h e M u n i c i p a l
revenues
the
Corporations
and e x t e n d e d a s f a r
of
the
be increased,
larger
tax
as
municipalities
perhaps by
t h e urban p r o p e r t y
We h a v e f u l l y
considered
the
I m m i g r a t i o n w h i c h we a g r e e w i t h t h e
C o l o n i e s i s t h e most c r u c i a l
of
examined a t t h e London C o n f e r e n c e s .
of
of
Such
allotting
collected
in
areas.
7.
the
the
States.
s h o u l d be r e - e x a m i n e d
and t h a t
in
and m i g h t b e
confidence
the neighbouring
participate
in Jerusalem,
t h e Moslem d e l e g a t e s
possibility
to
to
a g e s t u r e would assure
to safeguard
by
religious
e x a m p l e , b y an o f f e r
the
demand
possible,
s u r r o u n d i n g Moslem c o u n t r i e s
protection
Immigration.
w i t h the
our r e j e c t i o n
some g e s t u r e o f . s p e c i a l
G-overnrrasnt.
spirit
Declaration,
We s u g g e s t t h a t
for
to the
this
question would,
l o n g way t o w a r d s
if
settling
it
question
Secretary
the
of
of
State
questions
t o be
An a g r e e d
c o u l d be reached,
the P a l e s t i n e
problem.
for
solution
go a v e r y
8
We a g r e e "with t h e S e c r e t a r y
0
for
the reasons
Memorandum?
set
out
of
State
i n p a r a g r a p h s 42-4-7 o f
t h e demand o f
the Arabs f o r
that
there
cannot be e n t e r t a i n e d , .
c a n b e no p e r m a n e n t
i n P a l e s t i n e u n l e s s we c a n r i d
fears
of
Jewish domination,
come t o
set
definite
without
the
consent
N a t i o n a l Home
9.
limits
of
tatives
and b y
the Arabs,
State's
suggestion
should l i s t e n
judicious
to
soundings
proposals
It
difference
shotild be
will
(A)
(A)
ten-yes.r p e r i o d ,
the next
under
the
the
that
represen­
our
the
Arab
and ( B )
of
is
further
is
Jewish
left
opo; \
the
Jewish
consento
t o meet with
scheme ( B )
the s t r o n g e s t
no d e f i n i t e
of
that,
( B ) , a t the end of
likely
( A ) as
two
adoption,-.
ten years
We h a v e b e e n w a r n e d t h a t
from the Jews,
the
fundamental
(A)
11.
providing
Jewish
t h e r e w o u l d b e no f u r t h e r
immigration without
scheme
the
t o adopt
suggested for
the question
consideration,
regard
of
and ( B ) on p a g e 22
be seen that
immigration a f t e r
opposition
has
expansion,
as t o which o f
between proposals
whereas under
time
during the course of
alternative
10o
the
their
t h e A r a b and J e w i s h arguments
form aonclasiona
4(39)
of
0
discussions
for
the
agree
settlement
the Arabs
We recommend t h e C a b i n e t
Secretar^r o f
CP.
to
immigration
We a l s o
peaceful
and t h a t
his
the
i m m e d i a t e and c o m p l e t e s t o p p a g e o f J e w i s h
into Palestine
that
while
possible
the Arabs
wholly unacceptable
assurance
is
as t o
the
would
as
future
control of
immigration
representatives
useful
tive
I t may w e l l "be t h a t
0
may come t o
the conclusion that
purpose would b e served, by m e n t i o n i n g
(A)
to
the Arabs,
Scheme ( 3 )
open t o s t r o n g J e w i s h o b j e c t i o n s
the o p i n i o n o f
that
our
we a r e
the S e c r e t a r y of
likely
Indeed as i s
represents,
be
in
t h e maximum
t o persuade t h e Arabs
p o i n t e d out
alterna­
which w i l l
State,
no
to
accept
i n p a r a g r a p h 54 o f C P ,
0
4(39)
we may i n c e r t a i n c i r c u m s t a n c e s h a v e t o make
greater
concessions
i n Scheme
18*
(B)
It
to
the Arabs than i s
P
must,
we t h i n k ,
now b e d e f i n i t e l y
t h a t , beyond a c e r t a i n p o i n t ,
ration
into Palestine
the Arabs,
to convince
t h e Jews t h a t
Dr
Secretary
were not
of
of
is
their
Palestine
As p o i n t e d o u t
Jewish claim i n
but however
into
case.
as o f
right
i n paragraph
this
t h a t may b e ,
p o s i t i o n would be
the
14 o f
is
there
transformed
that
as
on
0 P.
4
open t o
is
if
t h e Jews
number
about
Jewish
and n o t
respect
the
the a c t u a l
Palestine,
claim that
endeavour
informed
so much c o n c e r n e d a b o u t
establishing
the
S t a t e for F o r e i g n A f f a i r s
Jewish immigrants
enter
this
immig­
on t h e
and t h a t wo must
lYeizmann h a s r e c e n t l y
c
accepted
future Jewish
must b e d e p e n d e n t
goodwill of
13*
suggested
people
suffrancen
4- ( 3 9 )
the
doubt,
no doubt
that
the Jewish
leaders
c o u l d b e p e r s u a d e d t o t a k e a b r o a d and g e n e r o u s
of
t h e w h o l e p r o b l e m and t o make a
declaration
to
the e f f e c t
that
the
view
unilateral
they would i n
future
make t h e
Arab
exercise
of
While
it
Jewish l e a d e r s
might b e
State
for
favourable
these
the C o l o n i e s
c
consideration
for
merely
India
Conferences
i n what i s
Jews,
Secretary
to
give
to a declaration
on
attention
fail
the
Palestine
the
to
serious
words
if
cannot a f f o r d
of
State
the p o i n t
such a r e s u l t
We a r e
that
4(59),
will
the
t h e memento
from
be
seen
Colonies
to
involved,
us
we
agreement
paragraph,
Secretary
for
draw
a n d we must
in general
does n o t p r e s s
for
must b e
may b e n e c e s s a r y
expressed in this
at
for
really
w i l l be noted that the
Colonies
end
victory
any w i d e s p r e a d h o s t i l i t y
t h e deg.ree
the v i e w s
CP..
of w h i c h i t
t h e Moslem w o r l d i s
0
London
I n t h i s c o n n e c t i o n we w o u l d
t o p a r a g r a p h 54 o f
that
it
the
in India
not
becoming
r e a c h any a g r e e m e n t o r
trouble
Secretary
yield to
is fast
if
of
problem i s
r e g a r d e d as a s u b s t a n t i a l
the c o n c l u d i n g
agrees
that
the S e c r e t a r y
p r o b l e m and t h a t
apprehended^
avoid
entertain
Weizmann t o
an A r a b i a n p r o b l e m b u t
a Pan-Islamic
that
the
should be authorised
We h a v e b e e n w a r n e d b y
State
it
on
lines.,
15.
in
doubted whether
we recommend t h a t t h e
endeavour t o persuade Dr
the
contingent
would be p r e p a r e d t o
such a s u g g e s t i o n ,
*
right
consent.
14c
of
their
of
to
with
but
State
any d e c i s i o n
on
f o r tho
oo
fo 0
Land.
16.
We recommend t h e C a b i n e t
the proposal
i n p a r a g r a p h 74 I I I
that l e g i s l a t i v e
restrict
UNITED KINGDOM
REPRESENTATION
AT THE CONFERENCE.
17.
steps
the s a l e
of
should be
at
The P r i m e
approve
of
CP.
taken
l a n d by Arabs
We recommend t h a t
representatives
to
to
4(59)
to
Jews,
the U n i t e d Kingdom
the Conference
should b e ; -
Ministers
The S e c r e t a r y o f S t a t e
Foreign Affairs.
for
The S e c r e t a r y o f
the C o l o n i e s .
for
State
Mr. R . A . B u t l e r , M. P. ,
Pa r 1 i ame n t a r y Unde r - S e c r e t a r y
of State f o r Foreign A f f a i r s .
PROCEDURE,
PUBLICITY AND
ENTERTAINMENT.
18.
We a t t a c h
circulated to
for
us b y
the C o l o n i e s ,
and e n t e r t a i n m e n t
discussions.
to approve
(Appendix)
a Memorandum
the S e c r e t a r y
on p r o c e d u r e ,
at
of
State
publicity
the f o r t h c o m i n g
We recommend t h e
the proposals
Cabinet
contained
Memorandum, a summary o f w h i c h w i l l
i n p a r a g r a p h 11 on p a g e
London
in
this
be
5.
S i g n e d on b e h a l f
o f the C o m m i t t e e .
IT;. Cli/UIBERLAilJ.
na
rn-i
.o x j
Richmond T e r r a c e ,
30th January,
S.W.1,
1939.
an.
found
9 ft
APPENDIX.
COMMITTEE ON PALESTINE.
CONEEEENCES ON PALESTINE.
Procedure,
Publicity
Memorandum b y t h e
f o r the
1.
and E n t e r t a i n m e n t . .
Secretary of
Colonies.
My c o l l e a g u e s may l i k e
State
t o have a b r i e f
t h e a r r a n g e m e n t s which. I c o n t e m p l a t e
publicity
the
and e n t e r t a i n m e n t
of
as r e g a r d s
delegates
of
procedure,
i n connection
with
Conferences.
2.
St.
James' P a l a c e
the Conferences.
has been p r e p a r e d f o r
In addition
U n i t e d Kingdom M i n i s t e r s
and c l e r i c a l
staff,
general meetings
t o rooms f o r
to
and t h e r e w i l l
conifer
a l s o be
in
for
delegations.
their
It
own h o t e l s
them i n t o
Palace by holding
opening meetings
and,
for
posible,
make some u s e o f
the
getting
Palace
from the
t h e atmosphere
very
each o f
thereafter
soon a f t e r
the
for
use
they
will
but
psychological
of
the
their
two d e l e g a t i o n s
their
for
committee
between meetings,
getting
if
secretarial
may b e t h a t
point
for
of
the i n d i v i d u a l
t o b e much t o be s a i d ,
view,
use
two l a r g e
t h e r e would appear
of
the
of
t h e P i c t u r e " G a l l e r y has been, a r r a n g e d
t h e A r a b and J e w i s h
prefer
t h e use
and t h e U n i t e d Kingdom
rooms w h i c h c o u l d b e made a v a i l a b l e
of
outline
arrival
to
own m e e t i n g s .
PROCEDURE.
3.
of
As r e g a r d s
course,
when t h e y
a provisional
time
b e guided, l a r g e l y b y t h e
arrive
in London,
have
i n o u r minds t h e s o r t
like
to
adopt i f
the
I
think
table,
w h i l s t we m u s t ,
attitude
of
is
delegations
i t would be u s e f u l
o f p r o c e d u r e w h i c h we
atmosphere
the
favourable.
to
should
Inconvenient
though i t w i l l
outset,
I
b e , we must a d h e r e
think,
delegations
to
rather
the understanding
are v i s i t i n g
t Is
Majesty's
Government.
adopted the t i t l e
It
A r a b s and Jews t o
sit
make s a t i s f a c t o r y
a later
viz.,
at
this
that
the
His
to
get
i n one room a t
the
the
abortive.
If
i n our " d i s c u s s i o n s w i t h
is
.rabs
and "my
any a t t e m p t
the n e g o t i a t i o n s
there
aj
r e a s o n t h a t we have
on P a l e s t i n e " ,
that
the
the
separately with
down t o g e t h e r
progress
separately,
stage,
for
indicates
b e g i n n i n g would r e n d e r
two s i d e s
is
"Conferences
present information
on w h i c h
country,
and Jews a r e e a c h c o m i n g t o c o n f e r
strictly
we
the
t h e hope t h a t we s h a l l ,
succeed in b r i n g i n g
them i n t o
at
tripartite
negotiation.
4.
In these
best
circumstances,
my p r e s e n t
course would be t o have
feeling
two s e p a r a t e
that
opening
on t h e
delegates,
one b e t w e e n U n i t e d Kingdom M i n i s t e r s ana
of. t h e h r a b
delegations,
the a r r i v a l
and t h e
and t h e J e w i s h d e l e g a t i o n .
a great
advantage
if
preside
at these meetings
to
Prime M i n i s t e r ' s
lines
as to
the
United
I t w o u l d be
m i g h t make v e r y b r i e f
speech,
to
desirability
concerned.
and t h e method o f
would then be f o r m a l l y
The
replies
(which would have been a g r e e d b e f o r e h a n d i n
discussions)
the
and t o w e l c o m e t h e d e l e g a t e s
a d d r e s s them on g e n e r a l
the delegations
the
the Prime M i n i s t e r would consent
some a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n t h e p a r t i e s
of
of
other between
Kingdom M i n i s t e r s
the
meetings,
preferably
whole
same day soon a f t e r
is
the
procedure
informal
approved by
the
delegations.
5.
After
these
should proceed,
which the
forward
the
opening meetings with
I
hope,
delegations
their
problemo
on t h e n e x t
would s t a t e
suggestions
for
the
two s i d e s we
day t o m e e t i n g s
their
views
an e q u i t a b l e
at
and p u t
solution
of
leaders
to
further
and
of
o
60
Prom t h a t
without
the
discussion
intermission
w i t h each s i d e would
in whatever
d i s c u s s i o n s b e t w e e n us and e a c h o f
parties,
we
should try
J e w i s h and A r a b
have p r o c e e d e d
there
is
representatives.
any c h a n c e
conference
of
the
of
the d i s c u s s i o n s
in
of
and
to
course
(b)
between
soundings
decide
(a)
into
whether
a
whether
formal
and when
for
a solution
of
the
endeavour
throughout
to
guide
the d i r e c t i o n
should keep a f a i r l y
informal meetings
we b e a b l e
parties,
Apart
other
O n l y when o u r
o u r own p r o p o s a l s
he s h o u l d
the
turning the discussions
three
we s h o u l d p r o d u c e
problem,
to encourage
some way s h a l l
proceed
manner seems b e s t .
from the
1
of
firm guiding
our p r o p o s a l s .
hand o\ t h e
he
proceedings.
PUBLICITY.
7.
for
I propose
the f o l l o w i n g
the p r o c e e d i n g s
(a)
of
the
That a M i n i s t e r
arrangements
for
b y a Principal
arrangements
That
should be i n charge o f
the Conferences
Press Officer.
the Press
publicity
Conferences:
and s h o u l d b e
(If
would be p r e p a r e d t o undertake
(b)
regarding
publicity
assisted
my c o l l e a g u e s
this
duty
agree,
I
myself.)
s h o u l d be e x c l u d e d
from
Conference
meetings.
(c)
That b r i e f
conclusion of
(d)
to
That
the Press
(e)
That
each
Press,
in
ground t a l k s ,
Minister
s h o u l d he i s s u e d a t
the
meeting.
the Minister
should g i v e
at frequent but
the p r i n c i p a l
the Departmental
the
communiques
Press
elastic
on such a s p e c t s
might t h i n k
fit.
should be
between the
of
talks"
intervals,.
Press Officer,
Officers,
the periods
"background
assisted
available
Minister's
the proceedings
by
to s e e
back­
as
the
8-.
Mil 1st i t
that
the
iuay b e a c o u n s e l
i n d i v i d u a l Arab
to r e f r a i n
from t a l k i n g
to secure
the
formal
arrangements and,
Minister
if
to
t h e m r e s s , we s h o u l d
concurrence
possible,
or Committees
I t would a l s o
individual
them t o c o n c u r
the d e l e g a t i o n s
to a s s o c i a t e
of
the
material
daring
these
the
delgations.,
o f . the
to treat
the
in
Advisory
and a t t h e o p e n i n g m e e t i n g s ,
and t o r e f r a i n
able
them w i t h
t h r o u g h a. P r e s s
in a general undertaking
controversial
suggest
endeavour
b o t h on t h e a i r r i v a l
d i s c u s s i o n s as c o n f i d e n t i a l
Press
of
representative
be d e s i r a b l e ,
delegates
to
and J e w i s h d e l e g a t e s v / i l l be
i n charge o f p u b l i c i t y
Committee
of p e r f e c t i o n
to
ask
the
official
from g i v i n g
Conferences
the
0
ENTERTAINMENT­
9.
It
is
proposed
that
should be the guests
i n London.
that i t
is
The o f f e r
10.
It
be made t o
whilst
and a c c e p t e d
by
understand
also
I
the P a l e s t i n i a n
that
in
and t o
the case o f
d e l e g a t i o n has been
for business purposes,
the
e x t e n d t o them t h e
official
that not only are
guests
find,
delegates
courtesies
to
delegations
meet
together
prepared
t o come t o g e t h e r
if
official
entertainment.
But we s h o u l d be pim-p?' -'-
an e a r l y
general r e c e p t i o n by His M a j e s t y ' s
L a n c a s t e r House f o r
In addition,
one
to
all
both
we m i g h t p r e p a r e f o r
the Jewish
and f o r
t o s m a l l numbers o f
delegations.
same .
to
fi
Government
aru-ang
at
delegations.
luncheons,
and t h e o t h e r
various
he
'co the
two Government
the Arab r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s
dinner p a r t i e s
in" t i e d
t h e A r a b and t h e J e w i s h
"the J e w i s h r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s
settled..
they would a l s o not
they are
as
c
when t h e
they u n w i l l i n g
but that
delegation.
delegation
a r e b e i n g made t o accommodate
may b e t h a t we s h a l l
arrive,
Government
t o be a c c e p t e d b y the Jewish
at various h o t e l s ,
customary
staffs
h a s b e e n made t o ,
soon a s t h e c o m p o s i t i o n o f
Arrangements
and t h e i r
from the Arab htateso
likely
will
delegates
of His majesty's
This o f f e r
the d e l e g a t i o n s
the
private
to
all
luncheon o
the P a l e s t i n i a n Arab
and
SUMMARY.
11.
. My p r o p o s a l s
may b e summarised a s
follows:-
PROCEDURE,
(a)
Separate meetings
w i t h the Jews and ^ r a b s a t
the
outset.
(b)
Palace
An o p e n i n g m e e t i n g w i t h e a c h s i d e
a s soon as p o s s i b l e
a general
their
arrival,
a d d r e s s by t h e p r i m e M i n i s t e r
by the heads
(c)
after
of
James'
comprising
and v e r y b r i e f
replies
delegations.
Procedure
talks with
in St.
after
that
1
t o be s e t t l e d
t h e A r a b s and Jews on t h e i r
in
informal
arrival.
PUBLICITY.
( d ) A U n i t e d Kingdom M i n i s t e r
publicity,
(e)
a s s i s t e d by a p r i n c i p a l
If
possible,
(f)
brief
or
formal
agreed
or
Officer.
arrangement
through a P r e s s
to
..hvisory
Committees.
The
Minister
Press
for
t h e A r a b and J e w i s h d e l e g a t i o n s
be a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h i s
Committee
t o be r e s p o n s i b l e
discussions
t o be c o n f i d e n t i a l ,
communiques and b a c k g r o u n d t a l k s b y
principal Press
Officer
t o be g i v e n
but
the
to
the
Press.
ENTERTAINMENT.
(g)
Preparations
reception
for
for
t o b e made f o r
both s i d e s ;
two s e p a r a t e
t h e A r a b and J e w i s h s i d e s ,
luncheon or
dinner p a r t i e s
and J e w i s h d e l e g a t i o n s
for
Office,
24th January,
S.W.I.,
1939.
official
official
respectively;
members o f
luncheons
and f o r
small
the P a l e s t i n i a n
t o be g i v e n b y p r i v a t e
(Intd.)
Colonial
a possible
M.M.
individuals.
Arab