Solar noon on Winter Solstice in Fairbanks, Alaska (64º 50’ N).
Solar angle is 2°; day length, 3.7 hours (sunrise 11:00, set 2:42).
Planet Classification Schemes
Temperature
Rings
Presence of life
Size
Composition
Moons
Distance from Sun
Length of day
http://www.classzone.
com/books/earth_scie
nce/terc/content/visua
lizations/es2701/es27
01page01.cfm?chapte
r_no=visualization
http://twentytwowords.com/2013/04/04/how-the-sky-would-look-if-theplanets-were-as-close-as-the-moon-8-pictures/
Full moon in the night sky
If Venus were where the moon is
If Mercury were where the moon is
If Mars were where the moon is
1
If Jupiter were where the moon is
If Saturn were where the moon is
If Uranus were where the moon is
If Neptune were where the moon is
0°S, 88°W
21°S, 14°E
46°N, 116°W
67°N, 51°W
46°N, 116°W
67°N, 51°W
0°S, 88°W
21°S, 14°E
2
What ocean or continent is located at the
following coordinates?
25ºS, 130ºE
•Australia
50ºN, 100ºW
•North America
80ºS, 20ºE
•Antarctica
10ºN, 20ºE
•Africa
30ºN, 40ºW
•Atlantic Ocean
20ºS, 140ºW
•Pacific Ocean
0°, 70°E
•Indian Ocean
January 23, 2014: Time and Map Projections
Time originally reckoned by using sun’s shadow
Direct relationship between time and longitude
Time
Shortest shadow at solar noon
Takes Earth 24 hours to turn through 360° of longitude
Current zones established in 1884
360° / 24 = 15° in one hour
Need to standardize railroad schedules
Each time zone is 1 hour apart from the adjacent zone
Each time zone is 15° of longitude wide (theoretically)
Zones are centered on meridians 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, etc.
and extend 7.5° to each side of the meridian
West is earlier in hourly time
5 PM
6 PM
7 PM
8 PM
9 PM
10 PM
11 PM
Midnight
1 AM Friday
2 AM
3 AM
4 AM Friday
1 PM
2 PM
3 PM
4 PM
7 AM
8 AM
9 AM
10 AM Thursday
11 AM
Noon
4 AM Thursday
5 AM
6 AM
How to remember which direction is earlier and
which direction is later in time ?
East is later in hourly time
3
1 PM
2 PM
3 PM
4 PM
7 AM
8 AM
9 AM
10 AM Thursday
11 AM
Noon
4 PM
5 PM
6 PM
7 PM
8 PM
9 PM
10 PM
11 PM
Midnight
1 AM Friday
2 AM
3 AM
4 AM Friday
4 AM Thursday
5 AM
6 AM
International Dateline
West side
East side
day later
day earlier
West is earlier in hourly time
East is later in hourly time
West side of dateline is
day later than east side
East side of dateline is day
earlier than west side
Sunday
Saturday
Monday
Sunday
Tuesday
Monday
Wednesday
Tuesday
Thursday
Wednesday
Friday
Thursday
Saturday
Friday
180º
Use handout of time zones to answer the following
If it is noon in Mobile, what time is it in ?
Seattle (2 zones west)
west is earlier, 10 AM
London (6 zones east)
east is later, 6 PM
If it is 3:30 PM in Montreal, what time is it in ?
Denver (2 zones west)
west is earlier, 1:30 PM
London (5 zones east)
east is later, 8:30 PM
If it is noon Monday in New Zealand, what time and
day is it in Anchorage, Alaska?
What do A.M. and P.M. mean?
ante meridiem: Latin meaning before noon
180°
165°W
150°W
135°W
AM starts immediately after midnight
Sunday
post meridiem: Latin meaning after noon
Monday
165°E
Noon
Anchorage
PM starts immediately after noon
12:00 AM and 12:00 PM are meaningless terms
1 PM
2 PM
New Zealand
4
Globes versus maps
Example of map “problem”
A
A is true shape and size on a globe
A and B are same shape but
different in area
B
Advantages of a globe
1. Shapes of things are true
2. Areas are true
3. Scale is constant
4. Directions are true
When flatten globe
to make a flat map,
lose one or more of
these advantages
C
A and C have same area but
are different in shape
Cylindrical projections
Graticule: the pattern of parallels and meridians on
a globe VS CYLINDRICAL PROJECTION
1. Parallels are straight east-west lines YES
2. Meridians are straight north-south lines YES
3. Parallels are equally spaced and never intersect
one another USUALLY NOT EQUALLY SPACED
4. Meridians are farthest apart at the Equator and
come together at the poles NO
5. Parallels and Meridians cross at right angles YES
Least distortion along line of tangency,
where projection surface touches globe
5
Conic projections
Graticule: the pattern of parallels and meridians on
a globe VS CONIC PROJECTION
1. Parallels are straight east-west lines NO,
GENTLY CURVED
2. Meridians are straight north-south lines NO
3. Parallels are equally spaced and never intersect
one another USUALLY YES
4. Meridians are farthest apart at the Equator and
come together at the poles RARELY ON MAP
Least distortion along line of tangency,
where projection surface touches globe
along standard parallel.
5. Parallels and Meridians cross at right angles YES
Albers conic
projection
Mercator cylindrical projection
Graticule: the pattern of parallels and meridians on
a globe VS PLANAR PROJECTION
1. Parallels are straight east-west lines NO
Least distortion at
point of tangency,
where projection
surface touches
globe
Planar projection
In a polar
projection, the
point of tangency
is the pole.
2. Meridians are straight north-south lines NO
3. Parallels are equally spaced and never intersect
one another USUALLY NOT EQUALLY SPACED
4. Meridians are farthest apart at the Equator and
come together at the poles YES (if polar)
5. Parallels and Meridians cross at right angles YES
(if polar)
6
Boreal Forest
Planar with light in center
Cylindrical projection
Compromise projections
Compromise projections
Robinson Projection of the World
Try to get least distortion for map theme
Try to get least distortion for map theme
Interrupted projection
Interrupted for oceans
7
Peters Projection: an equal area map
Shape and size of Greenland changes with map
projection used (all have same equatorial scale)
36°W
36°W
75°N
36°W
75°N
75°N
Components (essentials) of a good map
2. Date: tells when map was made
McGregor
Wragg
Swamp
1935
Sage
Components (essentials) of a good map
1. Title: tells what theme is
Airport
Is this a cylindrical projection?
3. Legend: tells what the symbols, colors, & patterns
used on map mean
Points
lines
Average January Precipitation
areas
8
4. Directional arrow
6. Scale: ratio of map distance to ground distance
Small scale versus large scale maps
As number in denominator of the representative fraction
gets smaller, fraction itself gets bigger
verbal (word scale) 1” = 1 mi
1” on map = 1 mile on ground
representative fraction (ratio) 1:63,360 or 1/63,360
1” on map = 63,360 inches on the ground
numerator and denominator must be
in same units so cancel each other out
RF has no units
linear or bar scale (graphic scale)
0
5. Location
(if needed)
latitude +
longitude, or
other system
1
128
1
64
Small fraction
Small scale
Shows large area
1
32
1
16
1
8
1
4
1
2
Large fraction
Large scale
Shows small area
1
mile
Types of maps
Most maps are thematic maps
Information shown on a map can be qualitative
That means the THEME has NO VALUES
Show information about specific topic (theme)
9
Quantitative means the THEME has VALUES
Isolines: lines that connect points of equal value and
enclose areas of equal value.
Daily Average Solar Radiation
Isoline interval: difference between value of successive
isolines
30
Isolines that show elevation are contour lines
20
10
Isolines that show elevation are contour lines
Isoline rules:
Isolines that show elevation are contour lines
1. All locations on a given isoline have the same value
2. Closed isolines represent a high or a low set of values
80
60
40
20
0
Everything inside is
less than 20
20
Isolines for GEO 101
Precipitation : isohyets
Temperature : isotherms
Atmospheric pressure : isobars
10
Isoline rules:
Isoline rules:
3. Widely spaced isolines represent gradual changes in
values
5. All isolines eventually close either on or off the map
4. Closely spaced isolines represent abrupt changes in
values
10
20
6. Isolines never cross one another
7. Isolines never split or have branches
30
Assignment for Tuesday:
Review material we have covered so far in class
Earth-Sun relationships
Latitude / Longitude
Our solar system
Time
Map projections
Map essentials
Qualitative versus quantitative maps
Isolines
11