The Tahoe Climate Information Management System (TahoeClim)
A Proposal to SNPLMA (Southern Nevada Land Planning and Management Agency)
Round 10
Air Quality and Meteorology
Sub-theme: 3c. Understanding Basin Meteorology, Item 1.
A Joint Collaboration Between DRI and UC Davis
PI: Dr. Kelly T. Redmond
Desert Research Institute
2215 Raggio Parkway
Reno, NV 89512
Phone: (775) 674-7011
FAX: 775-674-7016
Email: kelly.redmond@dri.edu
and
Co-PI : Dr. Geoffrey Schladow
Tahoe Environmental Research Center
University of California- Davis
One Shields Ave
Davis, CA 95617
Davis, California 95617
Phone: 530-752-3942
FAX: 530 754 9364
Email: gschladow@ucdavis.edu
Agency Collaborators:
Shane Romsos
Tahoe Regional Planning Agency
Phone number: (775) 588-5201
Fax: (775) 588-4527
PO Box 5310, Stateline, NV 89449
Patrick Wright
California Tahoe Conservancy
Phone number: (530) 543-6002
1061 Third Street
South Lake Tahoe, CA 96150
sromsos@trpa.org
Business Contacts:
Lycia Ronchetti
Desert Research Institute
775-673-7411 voice
775-674-7016 fax
Lycia.Ronchetti@dri.edu
George Malyj
University of California - Davis
530-754-8372 voice
530-754-9364 fax
gjmalyj@ucdavis.edu
Funding Requested
DRI
: $174,652
UC Davis : $131,300
Total
: $305,952
Period: 2 Years; 2010 July 01 - 2012 June 30
Proposal Narrative
a. Project Abstract
Weather and climate are well understood to be very important as primary drivers of atmospheric,
ecological, limnological, biological, geological, hydrological and economic processes affecting
the basin in myriad ways. Within the Tahoe Basin a heavy and steady demand for such
information exists, and a large amount of data and information already exist, but are not fully
validated, processed or available from any single authoritative source. A joint collaboration
between the Western Regional Climate Center at DRI in Reno and the UC Davis Tahoe
Environmental Research Center (TERC) will develop an accessible archive of historical and
current meteorological and climatological data for the Tahoe Basin. The Tahoe Climate
Information Management System (TahoeClim) will include all past and present observations
from the principal weather and climate networks operating in the basin and NASA space-borne
thermal infrared imagery. A variety of specialized sites on and near the lake, and in and near the
basin, will likewise be incorporated, including a small number to be added or augmented during
this project. The data flow and management system will be established to allow the continued
assimilation and archiving of real-time data in the future. The data sets will include direct
measurements from in situ locations, interpolated and infilled data on fine grids, threedimensional hourly fields of data from the last five years, and synthesized information in the
form of products, many of which can be generated directly by the users and therefore be more
responsive to their needs. The intended audience encompasses the public, managers, politicians,
the press, educators and students, but will meet the more stringent demands and standards of the
environmental research community.
b. Justification Statement
The proposed study addresses all three of the issues called out in the sub-theme description.
Specifically:
1. “Identify past and current meteorological measurement efforts”. “Compile into a publicly
available data base existing meteorological data for the Tahoe Basin”. “…develop a database
for air quality and meteorological modeling in and around the basin”.
2. “Develop and/or improve meteorological data and monitoring tools for use in forecasting and
making burn day decisions for prescribed fires as well as contributing to a better understanding
of climate variability and watershed runoff processes”.
3. “Develop and/or improve monitoring tools and monitoring plans to obtain more
comprehensive localized point source precipitation, surface runoff, erosion, and nutrient
transport data …”. While not specifically addressing runoff, erosion, discharge loads etc., the
compilation and validation of all existing meteorological data and the development of consistent
spatial interpolations of these data is a fundamental prerequisite for the improved estimation of
all hydrologic fluxes.
c. Concise background and problem statement
Climate is a pervasive influence in the Lake Tahoe Basin. The fluctuations of weather and
climate constitute a major environmental driver for the region. Hydrologic processes are greatly
affected by average and extreme conditions experienced around the lake. Air quality within the
basin is affected by meteorological conditions, which in turn affect flow trajectories, and the
transport and transformation of atmospheric constituents related to air quality and basin visibility.
Vegetative growth and fire conditions are significantly determined by atmospheric conditions,
2
and decisions on the timing of controlled burns and firefighting operations during wildfires need
to be based on the most accurate and current meteorological conditions. In addition, climate and
weather are integral to the recreation-based economy in both winter and in summer.
The dynamics of Lake Tahoe itself are controlled by processes at the air-water interface.
Evaporation, wind-driven currents, the thermal stratification of the lake, deep mixing events, and
other phenomena are affected by conditions in the atmosphere overlying the water. The
characteristics, rates, and amounts of sediment and chemical inputs to the lake from the
watershed and from the air are strongly affected by weather events. One-,two- and threedimensional lake models are available to characterize and understand lake circulations, but these
require spatially and temporally variable fields of atmospheric drivers as input in order to reduce
model uncertainties and to improve (TERC, 2009). Equally important, the ability to use such
models to understand the impacts of future climate change on the lake must be predicated on the
knowledge and understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution of the past and present
climate conditions.
To date there has been no systematic effort to identify gaps in atmospheric monitoring, nor a
basin-wide strategy to address such deficiencies. The CIRMOUNT Consortium (2006) has
consistently highlighted the urgent need for monitoring and observations in high-elevation
regions, starting with its first Mountain Climate Science Symposium at Kings Beach, May 25-27,
2004, and at all subsequent MTNCLIM meetings. Needs for information on climate variability
and its effects within the basin, and increasingly, for information on climate change, have been
reiterated at recent Tahoe Science Consortium Workshops (2008, 2009), and reflected in science
priorities for the Basin (Long, 2009).
There is high demand for data and information about weather and climate. At present, this
information is widely scattered and must be assembled from a variety of existing sources. This
places an undue, unnecessary and ultimately expensive burden on every user or project that
requires such data. Aside from the time and cost involved, there is heightened potential for errors
to be made. There is no single authoritative source that provides easy access to the major data
sets pertinent to the basin. The purpose of this proposal is to address these deficiencies and
create a system that may be easily continued and expanded into the future.
d. Goals, objectives, and hypotheses to be tested
As a joint collaboration between DRI and UC Davis, the goal of this activity is to the extent
possible build on existing infrastructure, capabilities and efforts to create a state-of-the-art,
accessible system for Lake Tahoe historical, current and future weather and climate data and
information that can be used for research, management, public health and safety, and educational
purposes.
The main objectives are:
1. Develop a web site for the provision of meteorological and atmospheric data relevant to the
Lake Tahoe basin.
2. Identify potential data sets and develop automated methods for data ingest to continuously
update the web site.
3. Highlight gaps in the current Tahoe Basin environmental monitoring activities. Augment and
improve measurements at selected key sites.
3
4. Produce a range of standard “value-added” meteorological products including hourly, daily
and monthly interpolated wind fields at a fine scale grid over the lake surface.
There are no formalized hypotheses that are being tested.
e. Approach, methodology and location of research
A fundamental underpinning of our approach is to build heavily and where possible on existing
infrastructure. Some of the data sets of interest are already held by the Western Regional Climate
Center (WRCC), which receives base funding from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) and is housed at the Desert Research Institute (DRI). Others are
accessible via the WRCC-Scripps California Climate Data Archive (CCDA, funded by the
California Energy Commission, CEC) at www.calclim.dri.edu. An additional effort is under way
with the California Department of Water Resources (CDWR) and the California State Climate
Office to utilize the Regional Climate Center (RCC) Applied Climate Information System
(ACIS) to provide for methods to both access and summarize California climate data. The latter
includes specific data gathered by the California Cooperative Snow Survey.
Web site
A special web site -- the Tahoe Climate Information for Management System (TahoeClim) -will be created that provides access to data sets for a broad and varied audience, extending from
the average public to the research community. Data sets of interest will be available as in situ
station data and in gridded form. In addition, provision for aggregated index information useful
for tracking selected aspects of the status of the entire basin will be developed (through
consultation with Basin agencies (see Linkages, below, with users directly, and via web feedback
mechanisms). The interface will be somewhat patterned after the CalClim interface
(www.calclim.dri.edu, also Figure 1) which is being upgraded to a Google format, to allowing
zooming to separate closely spaced but very different stations. The ACIS approach requires
station metadata, so stations without sufficient documentation will not be included.
The location of the research will be at DRI and at the Tahoe Environmental Research Center.
The geographic area of interest would encompass the Tahoe hydrologic basin, and extend to
nearby locations whose data are relevant to the basin. For each data source, a one-time activity
would be to obtain all historical data, and ingest into WRCC Applied Climate Information
System. Thereafter, for each data source, an automated ingest and archive procedure would be
set up. Many of these are already operational, merely needing specific adjustments to suit the
TahoeClim web site. In general they do not require significant ongoing attention, but must be
lightly monitored nevertheless. WRCC has extensive experience in this, with thousands of
stations now coming in automatically on an hourly and daily basis.
In addition, tools and applications software to summarize and visualize data already exist,
compatible with the ACIS format, and these are in a continual state of development (Figures 2-4).
An overview of the main data sources includes the following:
Station data
The following station data would be considered and likely included: NOAA daily National
Weather Service cooperative station data; Airport sensors from South Lake Tahoe, Truckee,
Blue Canyon, and Reno; various data sets from the Central Sierra Snow Lab; Natural Resources
Conservation Service Snotel (NRCS) sites; interagency Remote Automatic Weather Station
4
(RAWS) sites; various data stations managed by WRCC-DRI (Slide Mountain, Carson City,
Central Sierra Snow Lab, Sugar Bowl Upper/Lower, Onion Creek, Cisco, Alpha, Incline
Village); stations maintained by the California Department of Water Resources (CDWR) and
available through its California Data Exchange Center (CDEC); air quality sites and profiler data
maintained by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) including the RASS and
miniSODAR data from the Lake Tahoe Atmospheric Deposition Study (LTADS); State and
federal Department of Transportation and CalTrans roadside sensors; and USGS gaging stations
and USGS lake level.
The largest source of lake-specific meteorological data come from stations operated by TERC
and NASA-JPL under the responsibility of the co-PI (Schladow). TERC currently operates 6
weather stations on piers around the lake, and two data rafts at the southern end of the lake
(http://remote.ucdavis.edu/tahoe_location.asp). TERC in collaboration with NASA-JPL also
operates 4 meteorological buoys on the lake (http://laketahoe.jpl.nasa.gov/). These two data sets
provide the only on-lake meteorological data available, and are available as far back as 1998
(Figure 5). Both data sets are collated in different databases, that could readily be part of this
new archive and retrieval system. Due to the low level of funding that has been available to
maintain these sites, effort will need to be expended in cleaning and validating the data sets, and
to ensuring that these critical data continue to be calibrated and maintained at the highest
standard. Other relevant data stations operated by these two groups include platforms for UV
radiation (6 bands) and PAR radiation, whole-sky camera imagery, and a shadow-band
radiometer.
In addition, NASA and TERC have been archiving thermal infrared data for the surface
temperature of Lake Tahoe back to 1992 (Schneider et al. 2009). These data are the longest
duration, medium temporal resolution (daily) data on climate change impacts to the lake itself,
and are an important data source for future climate change studies. These data will be included in
TahoeCLIM.
Selection criteria for all data for inclusion will include overall utility of the data, length of record,
availability of metadata, quality of data, quality of metadata, access to original data,
completeness of data, uniqueness of data, and ease of routinely and automatically providing
upgrades to the data. New stations will be added, and existing stations augmented, and data from
these sensors and sites will be ingested as well.
Gridded data.
Surface (two-dimensional). The most desirable data set consists of the PRISM (Daly, et al.,
2008) 4 km gridded monthly time series of temperature and precipitation from 1895 through
present. These are already available via the Westmap tool at WRCC. An 800 meter resolution
version of PRISM may become available during the course of this project. Tahoe Basin is small
enough to support data at this spacing, and altitudinal gradients are such that it is highly desirable.
Hourly surface layer data from numerical model initialization runs, updated 4 times a day, are
available from 2004 onward via CANSAC (see below). Short-term forecasts (3-15 hours,
skipping the first few hours as the model adjusts to slight inconsistencies in the initialization
data) can serve as assimilated “observations.”
Three dimensional. For several years CANSAC has been running numerical forecast models at 4
km resolution over the Tahoe Basin and surrounding areas. CANSAC employs standard models
5
in widespread use, developed for complex topography -- primarily MM5 but also WRF and
perhaps the Omega model. These models provide data for at least 30-35 layers in the
atmosphere, necessary for estimating airflow trajectories. The entire archive will be available to
this project.
Indicator and index data
Basin-average temperature and precipitation would be made available and would be accessible
via existing visualization tools, slightly modified for this purpose. The Sierra Region and nearby
regions from the California Climate Tracker would be available. A freezing level tool to track
rapid and slow changes in the snow line would be available. A few indicators of climate change
(for example basin-averaged temperature and precipitation, from PRISM) would be produced.
Most of these data sets are at least 30, and usually 60 or more years in length. A real-time UV
Index will also be produced from the 10 minute data that are collected by TERC.
Monitoring improvements and other UCD activities
TERC and NASA-JPL currently operate the only real-time meteorological data collection
systems directly on the lake (Figure 5). Given their location on buoys and piers, these stations are
subject to both extreme meteorological and lake conditions and require high levels of
maintenance. In the past, routine maintenance (including calibration and swap out of sensors) has
been conducted if and when funding was available. During the tenure of this project,
maintenance of the stations will be provided through project funds.
As evident from Figure 5, there are no meteorological stations between Cave Rock, NV, and
Tahoe Vista, CA, in the north east of the lake. This is a critical gap, as it omits one of the main
population centers of the lake (Incline Village/Crystal Bay). Consequently, wind speed and
direction in this area is highly uncertain, as winds over Lake Tahoe exhibit considerable high
variability (see Figure 6). As part of this project, an additional meteorological station (wind
speed and direction, air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation and water temperature) will
be sighted at a location in the north east portion of the lake (exact location to be determined).
Several high value instruments (UV radiometer, shadow-band radiometer, all-sky camera)
presently exist but are not an integral part of the data network. As part of this project, all these
instruments will be made operational and integrated with either the UC Davis or NASA-JPL data
networks, and from there ported to TahoeClim.
For the lake surface itself, high spatial (<1 km) and temporal (1 hour) resolution data are needed
to drive three-dimensional lake models, and to reduce model uncertainty (Rueda et al 2009).
These will be produced using an interpolation scheme based on the existing shoreline and buoy
data stations, taking full account of the station location in processing the raw wind data. These
can be supplemented by assimilated data fields used by numerical weather forecasts, which will
be available at 2-4 km grid resolution. Wind records collected directly over the water surface
away from shore (e.g., from a buoy) can be considered as representative of the conditions
experienced by the lake. However, records collected at the land margin need to be corrected to
account for differences in roughness between land and water (Hsu 1981) if the wind is blowing
from land to the water. The influence of boundary roughness can exist for many kilometers
offshore. The approach based on the theory of boundary layer flow across a sharp transition
between two surfaces of different roughness lengths (Taylor and Lee 1984) will be used here for
this local correction. The method is described in Appendix A of Rueda et al. (2009).
6
f. Relationship of the research to previous and current relevant research, monitoring,
and/or environmental improvement efforts
This project will take advantage of a variety of past and present regional projects and activities at
WRCC and at UC Davis, and significant experience in providing climate information to users of
all sorts. Indeed, it is the substantial leveraging thus obtained that makes this project possible
and practical. Foremost among these are the web pages of WRCC itself (www.wrcc.dri.edu),
and its many monitoring projects (www.wrcc.dri.edu/PROJECTS.html). The WRCC web pages
are extremely popular and useful, and now receive 100,000 to 200,000 accesses per day. The
California Energy Commission (CEC) has funded the California Climate Data Archive
(“Calclim”, www.calclim.dri.edu) through its California Climate Change Center at Scripps.
CEC, NOAA, NSF, CDWR, and many other agencies have provided funding for WRCC to
install or maintain monitoring stations in the Sierra Nevada and in or near the Tahoe Basin (see
www.wrcc.dri.edu/weather/index.html). WRCC acts as the official archive for the 2400 stations
in the interagency RAWS program (www.raws.dri.edu) and has ready access to the NRCS Snotel
data. WRCC is working with CDWR and CDEC to develop better access and display of
California weather and climate station data. WRCC and UC Davis have just received an NSF
grant to deploy climate stations in the University of California Natural Reserve System,
including Chickering Reserve in the upper North Fork of the American River. WRCC has
received funding from NSF and from NOAA for climate change monitoring and interpretation in
California and Nevada. This project will link with the California Climate Tracker
(www.wrcc.dri.edu/monitor/cal-mon/index.html), with the NOAA Westmap Project
(www.cefa.dri.edu/Westmap), and with the NOAA-WRCC West-Wide Drought Tracker.
The California-Nevada Smoke and Air Committee (CANSAC, www.cefa.dri.edu/COFF) is a 10party collaborative that runs numerical models for the two states 4 times a day, under the DRI
Climate, Ecosystems and Fire Applications (CEFA) program, managed by Dr. Tim Brown.
CEFA is closely allied with WRCC but funded quite differently.
The project will also link to and ingest data from all available in-basin meteorological data
sources. These have in the past been the basis of many important programs in the basin,
including the TMDL. It would not be an overstatement to say that most projects performed under
the EIP have used part of the available data. The fact that all of the data were not available in an
easily usable form was a major shortfall, and one that this project seeks to overcome for future
projects.
g. Strategy for engaging with managers and obtaining permits
The UC Davis Tahoe Environmental Research Center (TERC) is located within the Tahoe Basin
and its scientists and research staff are engaged in a range of activities that span many disciplines
and bring them into contact with managers from virtually all federal, state and bi-state
management agencies. TERC will continue to engage with these managers to ensure that the
products from this project are both suitable for agency needs, and that agency staff are fully
aware of the availability of this new set of tools. Similarly, WRCC personnel spend considerable
time in and near the basin and are in frequent contact with the research community and with
basin managers. These interactions routinely lead to discussions of desirable data sets and ways
to access and visualize them.
To this end, at the outset of the project the PI and co-PI will organize a half-day workshop with
agency representatives at the Tahoe Center for Environmental Sciences in Incline Village, to
7
inform them of the capabilities of TahoeCLIM and to seek their input to identify the highest
value data products for the Tahoe Basin. The TERC education centers (at Incline Village and
Tahoe City) are ideal venues to showcase the newly developed tools to the general public
through there incorporation into interactive displays.
The web site itself will provide mechanisms to provide feedback and suggestions to project
personnel. These methods have previously been employed to guide the development of software
applications and display methods used by the very popular WRCC main web pages.
h. Description of deliverables/products and plan for how data and products will be
reviewed and made available to end users
This project will develop an accessible archive of historical and current meteorological and
climatological data for the Tahoe Basin. It will include all past and present observations from the
principal weather and climate networks operating in the basin and the data flow and management
system will be established to allow the continued assimilation and archiving of real-time data in
the future. The data sets will include direct measurements from in situ locations, interpolated and
infilled data on fine grids, three-dimensional hourly fields of data from the last five years, and
synthesized information in the form of products, many of which can be generated directly by the
users and therefore be more responsive to their needs.
A special web site -- the Tahoe Climate Information for Management System (TahoeClim) -will be created that provides access to data sets for a broad and varied audience, extending from
the average public to the research community. Data sets of interest will be available as in situ
station data and in gridded form. The web site will be equipped with tools that are both intuitive
and simple for non-specialists to identify, select, visualize and download data they are interested
in.
A formalized review of the products will not be undertaken. However, the tools that are being
utilized as part of this project are by and large existing web-based tools and the data products
that are being developed are based on techniques that have been reviewed and are widely
accepted. The web site itself will provide mechanisms for users to provide feedback and
suggestions to project personnel. These methods have previously been employed to guide the
development of software applications and display methods used by the WRCC.
8
Schedule of major milestones/deliverables in a table with estimated start and end dates
Cumulative project months
TASK
0-3
Researcher-Agency workshop
x
Develop TahoeClim web pages
x
Include major in situ historical
data sets
Links to major gridded data
sets
Develop on-line documentation
of available data
Develop Tahoe Basin
aggregated climate monitoring
indices.
Add specialized data sets and
stations and develop methods
for routine and automated
updates
Add links to reanalysis-based
gridded data sets
3-6
6-9
9-12
12-15
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Develop methods to link to
assimilated data sets generated
by numerical weather
prediction models
Calibration and refurbishment
of existing lake met stations
x
x
Installation of new north-east
met. station
x
x
Clean-up and validation of
TERC and NASA databases
Development, testing and
implementation of boundary
layer algorithms
Quarterly reports
x
x
x
15-18
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
Draft Final Report
21-24
x
x
x
18-21
x
Final Report
x
9
8. References
Coats, R., Perez-Losada, J., Schladow, S. G., Richards, R.C. and Goldman, C. R. (2006). The
Warming of Lake Tahoe. Climatic Change 76:121-148.
CIRMOUNT, 2006. Mapping New Terrain: Climate change and America’s West. Report of the
Consortium for Integrated Climate Research in Western Mountains (CIRMOUNT), Misc.
Pub., PSW-MISC-77, Albany, CA, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Forest Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, 29 pp.
Daly, C., M. Halbleib, J.I. Smith, W.P. Gibson, M.K. Doggett, G.H. Taylor, J. Curtis, and P.A.
Pasteris, 2008. Physiographically-sensitive mapping of temperature and precipitation across
the conterminous United States. International Journal of Climatology, 28: 2031-2064.
Hsu, S. A. (1981) Models for estimating offshore winds from onshore meteorological
measurements. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 20(3), 341-351.
Long, J., 2009. Tahoe science update report. Pacific Southwest Research Station, US Forest
Service, 43 pp.
Rueda F., J. Vidal, G. Schladow (2009), Modeling the effect of size reduction on the
stratification of a large wind-driven lake using an uncertainty-based approach, Water Resour.
Res., 45, W03411, doi:10.1029/2008WR006988.
Schneider P., S. J. Hook, R. Radocinski, G. K. Corlett, G. C. Hulley, G. Schladow, T. Steissberg
2009. Satellite observations indicate rapid warming trend for lakes in California and Nevada.
Geophysical Research Letters, accepted for publication.
Taylor, P. A., and Lee, R. J. (1984) Simple guidelines for estimating wind speed variations due
to small-scale topographic features. Climatol. Bulletin 18(2), 3-32.
TERC (Tahoe Environmental Research Center), 2009. Tahoe: State of the Lake Report, 2009.
Available online at 169.237.166.248/stateofthelake/StateOfTheLake2009.pdf.
10
9. Figures
Figure 1. Sites in northern central California available through CalClim (www.calclim.dri.edu).
Colors represent stations in different networks. Data are available and electronically accessible
from all sites shown. In Tahoe area, sites include California Snow Survey, NRCS SNOTEL,
NWS Cooperative, Airports, and RAWS stations. Source: Western Regional Climate Center.
Figure 2. Winter-centered (July through June) precipitation over El Dorado County CA. All
PRISM pixels in county, 1895-1896 through 2008-2009. Source: Westmap climate
visualization tool, Western Regional Climate Center. Data from PRISM.
11
Figure 3. Annual mean freezing level over Lake Tahoe from 1948 through 2008, meters above
sea level. Dashed: plus/minus 1 standard deviation. Source: Western Regional Climate Center.
Figure 4. Wind rose for summit of Slide Mountain, all hours of the day, 36-point compass, all
10-minute periods in July 2009, elevation 9650 feet (about 700 mb level). This graph shows the
percentage of time that that wind is from each 10 degree compass direction and in different speed
categories (every 5 mph). Strong and persistent southwest winds occur throughout most of the
month. At 3 pm average speed is 18 mph from 257 degrees with a directional constancy of 0.94
(extremely high), based on 186 observations each hour of the month.
12
Figure 5. Lake Tahoe buoy and shore stations managed by the Tahoe Environmental Research
Center. A large gap in the data coverage is evident on the northeast shore. Source: TERC
13
Figure 6. Interpolated windfield from Lake Tahoe. Colors indicate vorticity and arrows indicate
windspeed and direction. Vorticity is positive in the north and negative in the south. This pattern
evolves throughout the day and from day to day. Only 1 NASA buoy and 1 UC Davis raft were
used in addition to the shore stations. The station indicated as “Incline” is not a meteorological
station and was not used in the interpolation. As a result there is a large gap in the northeast of
the lake, which results in a large degree of extrapolation. As part of this proposal all 4 NASA
buoys, 2 UC Davis rafts, all 6 UC Davis shore stations and a new station in the northeast will be
used to produce interpolated windfields every three hours.
14