Fuelbed Pathways Handbook
Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit
FCCS Fuelbeds—July, 2011
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Table of Contents
Introduction …………………………………………………………..3
Fuelbed pathways ……………………………………………………7
Jeffrey pine –white fir …………………………………............8
Red fir ……………………………………………………………..23
Wet lodgepole pine ……………………………………………..36
Whitebark pine – lodgepole …………………………………..42
Mountain hemlock forest ……………………………………...48
Mixed conifer …………………………………………………….53
Additional Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit fuelbeds……66
List of references …………………………………………………….69
Appendix A—Fuelbed pathway photos ..…………………………71
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Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Introduction
The Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit (LTBMU) collaborated with the Fire and Environmental Research and
Applications (FERA) team of the Pacific Wildland Fire Research Laboratory to create a comprehensive set of Fuel
Characteristic Classification System (FCCS) fuelbeds (Ottmar et al. 2007; Riccardi et al. 2007) representing the past,
current and potential future conditions of major forest types, management activities, and natural disturbances occurring
within the LTBMU. Through group consensus of the LTBMU managers, six major fuelbed types were identified that occur
in the basin including: (1) Jeffrey pine-white fir, (2) red fir, (3) wet lodgepole pine, (4) whitebark pine-lodgepole, (5)
mountain hemlock, and (6) mixed conifer. The fuelbeds within each fuelbed type are arranged in management and
successional pathways initiated by a stand-replacement event. In most cases the event is a stand-replacement wildfire,
but in some pathways clearcut harvests are a secondary initiation point. While we recognize that most stands in the area
were established following clearcuts in the late 1800s and early 1900s, the disturbances included in the pathways are
intended to reflect more recent and future initiation of the forest types on Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit lands.
Fuelbed pathways were developed through site visits and meetings between FERA researchers and LTBMU and other
Pacific Southwest Region personnel. Lists of fuelbeds were created representing major forest types and common
management activities and natural disturbances (see Table 1 for descriptions of treatments and natural change agents).
In additional, several fuelbeds were added to the fuelbed list allowing complete assignment of fuelbeds to vegetation
attributes for the Lake Tahoe basin region. To build the LTBMU fuelbeds, we selected a base fuelbed from those
provided in the FCCS system or similar fuelbeds from projects on the Okanogan-Wenatchee and Deschutes National
Forests. Then, local information found in the plant association and forest community guides (Fites 1993; Smith 1994;
Potter 1994), community descriptions (Fites-Kaufmann et al. 2007), experimental results (Stephens and Moghaddas
2005), and expert opinion were used to modify the fuelbeds to represent past, current and potential future fuel conditions
on the LTBMU. The local guides were mainly used to define species composition for the fuelbeds, but were also used as
models for the canopy, shrub, and nonwoody fuelbed strata entries and to determine potential stand development through
time. The fuelbeds and final pathways were reviewed by LTBMU scientists and suggested updates and corrections were
implemented.
Information from each fuelbed pathway is summarized in a table including a description, the age class, and any
management actions or natural change agents associated with each fuelbed. Fuelbeds were calculated in FCCS version
2.1 using nine combinations of three moisture scenarios, mid-flame windspeeds and slopes. These environmental
variables and slopes were selected by LTBMU managers and scientists to provide results at a wide range of conditions.
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Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Outputs from the calculations (Sandberg et al. 2007a; Sandberg et al. 2007b) are summarized in a data table for each
pathway and include (1) the surface fire behavior outputs rate of spread (ft/min), flame length (ft) and reaction intensity
(btu/ft2/min); (2) FCCS crown fire, surface fire and available fuel potentials (each is an index from 0-9) and (3) suggested
crosswalks to the original Fire Behavior Prediction System (Rothermel 1972, Albini 1976) and standard fuel models (Scott
and Burgan, 2005). The FCCS fire potentials are defined “as a set of relative values that rate the intrinsic physical
capacity of any wildland fuelbed to release energy, spread, crown, consume, and smolder under extremely dry conditions.
These potentials are calculated from the loading, heat content, bulk density, and characteristic thickness of fuel elements
without consideration of moisture content or environmental conditions” (Prichard et al. 2008). The surface fire potential is
a relative index based on the potential maximum flame length or rate of spread. Crown fire potential is a relative index
based on a weighted average of the likelihood that a fire will reach the tree crowns, spread through the canopy and, if so,
how fast it will spread. And the available fuel potential represents the relative amount of combustible biomass available
during the flaming, smoldering, and residual combustion stages.
In general, the crown fire potential takes into account the predicted surface fire behavior and whether there is sufficient
energy available to breach the gap between canopy layers carrying the fire into tree crowns, whether there are sufficient
ladder fuels to carry the fire into the crowns, and finally, whether the trees crowns are close enough to carry fire through
the canopy. So fuelbeds with higher than average surface fire behavior and dense canopies with either low live crowns or
ladder fuels are likely to have a high crown fire potential. The surface fire potential considers the loading and arrangement
of surface fuels (shrubs (including needle drape, if applicable), nonwoody fuels, litter and woody fuels <3 inches), and the
species composition of the shrub layer, specifically, whether highly flammable species are present. The available fuel
potential tends to be highest in fuelbeds with high total biomass. However, a fuelbed with higher loading of finer fuels
might have a higher available fuel potential than a fuelbed with higher loading of coarse fuels, because the fine fuels are
more likely to be consumed. These three fire potentials can be used to compare the potential fire behavior among
fuelbeds. For example, as Sandberg et al. (2007b) state, “an FCCS fire potential of 469 would represent a fuelbed with a
modest surface fire potential, above-average crown fire potential, and extreme potential for biomass consumption.”
Comparing this to a fuelbed with a fire potential of 222 would indicate that the second fuelbed is predicted to have lower
surface fire potential, much lower potential for crown fire and also much lower potential for biomass consumption than the
first fuelbed.
Each of the 76 fuelbeds are available from the FERA website for input into the FCCS, allowing additional outputs not
included in the results tables presented here to be calculated. Additional outputs include fuel loading and available carbon
by fuelbed category.
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Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
The vegetation attributes were used to map the LTBMU fuelbeds and it was discovered that there were more vegetation
types than fuelbed types developed for the basin. Additional fuelbeds selected from the FCCS library of fuelbeds, other
pathway projects for the Okanogan-Wenatchee and Deschutes National Forests, and Landfire mapping efforts were
added to this handbook with description, age class, and the management actions or natural change agents associated
with each fuelbed. These additional fuelbeds are „stand-alone‟ types and are not included in specific pathways, therefore
FCCS outputs for these fuelbeds are not included in the pathway output tables.
Representative photos of each fuelbed were not available and acquiring them was out of scope of the study. However, it
was deemed appropriate to find general representative photos for each fuelbed from pre-existing photo library. These
photos are provided in Appendix A. Photos are intended to illustrate general structural features of the fuelbeds only and
in all probability will not represent actual species composition or fuel loadings. If the photos are important, a small study to
photograph and provide more appropriate representative photographs could be completed.
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Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Table 1. Descriptions of harvest types, fuel treatments and natural change agents in the Lake Tahoe Basin Management
Unit fuelbeds.
Harvest / Fuel Treatment
Select Cut
Clearcut
Precommercial Thin (PCT)
Salvage
Pile & burn
Pile (no burn)
Prescribed (Rx) Fire
Mastication
None
Natural Change Agent
Wildfire
Wildfire (ground)
Insects & Disease
Avalanche
None
Description
Thinning harvest in which large trees are removed from a stand. Sometimes termed
“thinning from above.”
Harvest of all or nearly all trees in a forest stand.
Thinning harvest in which small trees are removed throughout a forest stand to increase
growth, decrease ladder fuels, and achieve other management objectives.
Dead and/or live tree removal from an area that has burned by a wildfire.
Concentration of woody fuels into piles and burning.
Concentration of woody fuels into piles that will be burned in the future.
Application of controlled fire to obtain planned objectives for silviculture, wildlife habitat,
grazing, and fire hazard reduction.
Conversion of woody fuels into a small, densely packed layer through mechanical
grinding.
No recent harvest or fuel treatment.
Description
An unplanned wildland fire including unauthorized human-caused fires, escaped
wildland fire use events, escaped prescribed fire projects, and all other wildland fires
where the objective is to put the fire out.
A wildfire confined to surface fuels.
Mortality of trees and other vegetation from insect attacks and disease, leading to
accumulation of dead fuels.
Disturbance to vegetation from snow and/or ice slides.
No recent change agent.
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Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Fuelbed Pathways
The fuelbed pathways, fuelbeds, and calculated fire behavior outputs for a combination of three environmental scenarios
using the FCCS version 2.1 are presented in the following diagrams and tables for each of the 6 fuelbed types. Outputs
for additional fuelbeds developed for improved map coverage are also presented.
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Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
1. Jeffrey pine – white fir pathways
8
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
1. Jeffrey pine – white fir fuelbed descriptions
FuelbedID
Age class Harvest /
(yr)
fuel treatment
Change
agent
LT001
0-7
None
Wildfire
LT002
7-25
None
None
LT003
25-50
None
None
LT004
50-80
None
None
LT005
80-120
None
None
LT006
120+
None
None
LT007
80-120
Select cut, RX fire
Wildfire
(ground)
LT008
80-120
Select cut
None
LT009
80-120
Select cut, pile &
burn
None
LT010
80-120
Select cut, Pile (no
burn)
None
LT011
120+
Select cut, RX fire,
pile burn
None
Fuelbed name / description
Jeffrey pine and white fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations in the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Established following stand-replacement wildfire less than 7 years ago, resulting in a
shrubland with snags and less than 10% live overstory tree cover.
Jeffrey pine and white fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations in the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Established following stand-replacement wildfire 7 to 25 years ago with no subsequent
management. Jeffrey pine and white fir seedlings and saplings have become established
within the thinning shrub cover.
Jeffrey pine and white fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations in the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Established following stand-replacement wildfire 25 to 50 years ago with no subsequent
management. Stands composed of high density poles.
Jeffrey pine and white fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations in the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Established following stand-replacement wildfire 50 to 80 years ago with no subsequent
management. Stands have a single layer, medium density canopy and medium woody fuel
load.
Jeffrey pine and white fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Established following stand-replacement wildfire 80 to 120 years ago with no subsequent
management, resulting in a high density stand.
Jeffrey pine and white fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations in the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Established more than 120 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire with no
subsequent management, resulting in a high density stand.
Jeffrey pine and white fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations in the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Established following stand-replacement wildfire 80 to 120 years ago. Stand structure is the
result of recent select tree harvest and prescribed fire or low intensity wildfire.
Jeffrey pine and white fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Established following stand-replacement wildfire 80 to 120 years ago. Stand structure is the
result of a recent select tree harvest with no woody fuels treatment.
Jeffrey pine and white fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Established 80 to 120 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Stand structure is the
result of a recent select tree harvest with woody fuels reduced by piling and burning.
Jeffrey pine and white fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Established 80 to 120 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Stand structure is the
result of a recent select tree harvest with woody fuels piled but not burned.
Jeffrey pine and white fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Established more than 120 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Stand structure
is the result of a recent select tree harvest with woody fuels reduced by prescribed burning
or piling and burning.
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Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
FuelbedID
Age class Harvest /
(yr)
fuel treatment
Change
agent
LT012
120+
Select cut
None
LT013
0-10
None
Wildfire
LT014
10-25
None
None
LT015
120+
None
None
LT016
120+
Select cut
None
LT017
120+
Select cut, RX fire,
pile burn
None
LT018
120+
Select cut
LT019
120+
Select cut, Pile (no
burn)
None
LT020
120+
Select cut, Pile (no
burn)
None
LT082
0-7
Salvage
Wildfire
LT083
7-25
None
None
None
Fuelbed name / description
Jeffrey pine and white fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Established over 120 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Stand structure is
result of a recent select tree harvest with no woody fuels treatment.
Jeffrey pine and white fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Established following stand-replacement wildfire less than 10 years ago, resulting in a
grassland with snags and less than 10% live overstory tree cover.
Jeffrey pine and white fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Established 10 to 25 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire with no subsequent
management. Dense dry seedlings and saplings have become established.
Jeffrey pine and white fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Established over 120 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Stand has had select
tree harvest followed by prescribed fire in the past but has had no recent management.
Jeffrey pine and white fir forest. Occurs at middle elevation of the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Established over 120 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Stand structure is the
result of two select tree harvests with no woody fuel reduction treatments.
Jeffrey pine and white fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Established over 120 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Recent select tree
harvest with woody fuels reduced by prescribed burning or piling and burning.
Jeffrey pine and white fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Established over 120 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Stand has had a
recent select tree harvest with no woody fuel reduction treatment.
Jeffrey pine and white fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Established over 120 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Stand has had a
recent select tree harvest with woody fuels piled but not burned.
Jeffrey pine and white fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Established over 120 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Stand had a select tree
harvest with woody fuels piled and burned in the past and has had a recent select tree
harvest with woody fuels piled but not burned.
Jeffrey pine and white fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations in the Lake Tahoe basin.
Established following stand-replacement wildfire and salvage harvest less than 7 years ago,
resulting in a shrubland with few snags and less than 10% understory tree cover.
Jeffrey pine and white fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations in the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Established following stand-replacement wildfire and salvage harvest 7 to 25 years ago with
no subsequent management. Jeffrey pine and white fir seedlings and saplings have
become established in the thinning shrub cover.
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Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
FuelbedID
Age class Harvest /
(yr)
fuel treatment
LT084
80-120
LT087
120+
Change
agent
Select cut,
Mastication
None
None
None
Fuelbed name / description
Jeffrey pine and white fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Established following stand-replacement wildfire 80 to 120 years ago. Stand structure is the
result of a recent select tree, cut to length harvest with mastication of logging slash and
small shrubs and trees.
Jeffrey pine and white fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Established over 120 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Stand has had select
tree harvest followed by mastication in the past but has had no subsequent management.
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Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
1. Jeffrey pine – white fir fuelbed FCCS outputs
Jeffrey pine – white fir fuelbed FCCS Outputs
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
Fuelbed LT002
Fuelbed LT001
Windspeed
mph
Slope %
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
0.6
0.7
0.9
1.8
1.8
1.9
3.2
3.2
3.2
1.0
1.1
1.4
3.0
3.0
3.1
5.2
5.2
5.3
1.2
1.4
1.7
3.6
3.6
3.7
6.2
6.2
6.3
0.1
0.2
0.2
1.2
1.2
1.3
3.9
3.9
4.0
0.2
0.3
0.5
2.3
2.4
2.6
7.8
7.8
8.0
0.3
0.4
0.6
3.0
3.1
3.3
10.0
10.1
10.3
213
213
213
313
313
413
623
623
623
213
213
213
313
313
413
623
623
623
213
213
213
313
313
413
623
623
623
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
8
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
10
8
8
8
9
9
9
12
12
12
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL7
TL7
TL7
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL8
TL8
TL8
TU2
TU2
TU2
TL3
TL3
TL7
TL8
TL8
TL8
SB2
SB2
SB3
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
1.5
1.7
2.1
2.3
2.3
2.5
3.9
3.9
4.0
2.1
2.3
2.8
3.8
3.8
4.0
6.4
6.4
6.6
2.5
2.8
3.4
4.7
4.7
5.0
8.0
8.0
8.2
0.9
1.1
1.7
2.1
2.2
2.5
6.7
6.8
7.1
1.2
1.5
2.4
4.4
4.6
5.2
14.1
14.3
14.9
1.6
2.0
3.2
6.2
6.5
7.3
19.8
20.1
21.0
312
312
312
422
422
522
822
822
822
312
312
312
422
422
522
822
822
822
312
312
312
422
422
522
822
822
822
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
9
9
9
9
9
10
12
12
12
9
9
9
10
10
10
12
13
13
TL7
TL7
TL3
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL9
TL9
TU2
TL3
TL5
TL5
TL9
TL9
TU2
SB3
SB3
SB3
TL5
TL5
TL8
TU2
TU2
TU2
SB3
SB2
SB3
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire Potential
and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard FMs = Standard
Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
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Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Jeffrey pine – white fir fuelbed FCCS Outputs
Fuelbed LT004
Fuelbed LT003
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
Windspeed
mph
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
Slope %
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.3
8.3
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.3
10.3
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
2.9
3.2
4.1
6.9
7.0
7.4
11.7
11.8
12.0
3.8
4.3
5.4
9.3
9.5
10.0
15.9
16.0
16.3
4.5
5.0
6.5
11.0
11.2
11.8
18.8
18.9
19.3
1.5
1.8
3.0
9.3
9.7
10.9
29.7
30.1
31.3
2.1
2.7
4.6
14.9
15.5
17.4
47.7
48.2
50.2
2.8
3.5
6.0
19.2
20.0
22.4
61.4
62.2
64.6
423
423
523
833
833
833
953
963
963
423
423
523
833
833
833
953
963
963
423
423
523
833
833
833
953
963
963
9
9
10
12
12
12
13
13
13
9
10
10
13
13
13
13
4
4
10
10
12
13
13
13
4
4
4
TL8
TL8
TU2
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB3
TL9
TU2
TU5
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB4
SH6
SH6
TU2
TU2
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB3
GR8
GR8
GR8
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
5.8
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
7.2
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
Flame
Length (ft)
2.6
2.9
3.7
3.5
3.7
4.4
5.8
5.8
6.0
3.3
3.7
4.7
4.8
5.0
5.6
8.1
8.1
8.3
4.0
4.4
5.7
5.9
6.0
6.8
9.7
9.8
10.1
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
1.6
2.0
3.5
3.2
3.6
5.0
9.2
9.4
9.9
2.2
2.8
4.8
5.1
5.4
6.9
15.4
15.7
16.6
2.9
3.7
6.4
6.8
7.2
9.3
20.5
20.9
22.1
FCCS Fire
Potentials
424
424
424
544
544
544
854
854
854
424
424
424
544
544
544
854
854
854
424
424
424
544
544
544
854
854
854
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
9
9
10
10
10
10
13
13
13
9
10
10
10
10
12
13
13
13
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TU2
TU5
TU5
TU5
TL8
TL8
TU2
TU2
TU2
TU5
SB2
SB3
SB3
TL9
TU2
TU5
TU5
TU5
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB3
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire Potential
and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard FMs = Standard
Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
13
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Jeffrey pine – white fir fuelbed FCCS Outputs
Fuelbed LT006
Fuelbed LT005
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
Windspeed
mph
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
Slope %
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
2.8
3.1
4.0
3.8
4.1
4.8
6.1
6.1
6.3
3.6
4.0
5.1
5.1
5.2
6.0
8.5
8.6
8.8
4.4
4.9
6.3
6.3
6.4
7.4
10.4
10.5
10.8
1.8
2.3
4.0
3.5
4.0
5.7
9.6
9.8
10.4
2.5
3.2
5.5
5.4
5.7
7.9
16.4
16.7
17.7
3.4
4.3
7.4
7.4
7.8
10.6
22.3
22.7
24.1
416
416
526
556
556
656
856
856
866
416
416
526
556
556
656
856
856
866
416
416
526
556
556
656
856
856
866
9
9
10
9
10
10
12
12
12
9
9
10
10
10
12
13
13
13
10
10
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
TL5
TL8
TU2
TL9
TU2
TU2
SB2
SB2
SB3
TL8
TL9
TU2
TU2
TU2
SB2
SB3
SB3
SB3
TU2
TU2
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB3
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
Flame
Length (ft)
2.0
2.3
2.9
2.6
2.8
3.3
3.7
3.8
4.2
2.5
2.8
3.6
3.3
3.5
4.1
4.6
4.8
5.2
3.2
3.5
4.5
4.1
4.4
5.2
5.8
6.0
6.6
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
1.8
2.3
4.0
3.2
3.70
5.4
6.8
7.3
8.9
2.5
3.2
5.5
4.4
5.1
7.4
9.4
10.0
12.3
3.4
4.3
7.4
6.0
6.9
10.0
12.6
13.5
16.6
FCCS Fire
Potentials
316
416
516
446
546
546
656
656
756
316
416
516
446
546
546
656
656
756
316
416
516
446
546
546
656
656
756
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
9
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
12
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
TL3
TL5
TL8
TL5
TL6
TL8
TL8
TL9
TU4
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TU2
TU4
TU4
TU4
TL8
TL8
TU2
TU2
TU2
TU4
TU3
TU3
SB3
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire Potential
and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard FMs = Standard
Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
14
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Jeffrey pine – white fir fuelbed FCCS Outputs
Fuelbed LT008
Fuelbed LT007
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
Windspeed
mph
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
Slope %
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
1.1
1.2
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.9
2.2
2.3
2.5
1.6
1.7
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.6
3.1
3.2
3.4
1.9
2.1
2.7
2.6
2.8
3.2
3.8
3.9
4.2
0.7
0.9
1.5
1.4
1.6
2.2
3.2
3.4
4.0
1.0
1.2
2.1
2.0
2.2
3.0
4.5
4.7
5.5
1.3
1.7
2.8
2.6
3.0
4.1
6.0
6.3
7.4
212
312
312
322
322
322
432
432
532
212
312
312
322
322
322
432
432
532
212
312
312
322
322
322
432
432
532
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
TL3
TL4
TL7
TL7
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL5
TL6
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL7
TL3
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL9
TL9
TU2
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.5
Flame
Length (ft)
2.3
2.5
3.2
3.0
3.2
3.7
4.4
4.5
4.9
2.9
3.2
4.1
3.9
4.1
4.8
6.1
6.2
6.4
3.6
4.0
5.0
4.9
5.1
6.0
7.9
8.0
8.2
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
1.3
1.6
2.6
2.5
2.8
3.8
5.5
5.8
6.8
1.8
2.2
3.6
3.4
3.8
5.3
9.0
9.1
9.7
2.4
3.0
4.9
4.6
5.1
7.1
13.0
13.3
14.1
FCCS Fire
Potentials
315
415
415
435
435
535
645
645
645
315
415
415
435
435
535
645
645
645
315
415
415
435
435
535
645
645
645
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
9
9
10
9
10
10
12
12
12
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
13
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL8
TU2
TU2
TU2
TL8
TL8
TU2
TL9
TU2
TU2
SB2
SB2
SB3
TL8
TL9
TU2
TU2
TU2
TU5
SB3
SB3
SB3
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire Potential
and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard FMs = Standard
Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
15
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Jeffrey pine – white fir fuelbed FCCS Outputs
Fuelbed LT010
Fuelbed LT009
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
Windspeed
mph
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
Slope %
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
1.1
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.9
2.3
2.3
2.5
1.6
1.7
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.6
3.1
3.2
3.4
1.9
2.1
2.7
2.6
2.7
3.2
3.8
3.9
4.2
0.5
0.6
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.6
2.3
2.4
2.8
0.7
0.9
1.5
1.4
1.6
2.2
3.2
3.3
3.9
1.0
1.2
2.0
1.9
2.1
2.9
4.3
4.5
5.3
212
312
312
322
322
322
432
432
432
212
312
312
322
322
322
432
432
432
212
312
312
322
322
322
432
432
432
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
TL3
TL3
TL7
TL7
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL3
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL7
TL3
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL9
TL9
TU2
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.8
4.8
Flame
Length (ft)
1.1
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.9
2.3
2.3
2.5
1.5
1.7
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.6
3.1
3.1
3.4
1.9
2.1
2.6
2.6
2.7
3.2
3.8
3.9
4.2
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
0.5
0.7
1.1
1.0
1.2
1.6
2.4
2.5
2.9
0.7
0.9
1.5
1.4
1.6
2.2
3.2
3.4
4.0
1.0
1.2
2.0
1.9
2.2
3.0
4.4
4.6
5.4
FCCS Fire
Potentials
213
313
313
323
323
323
433
433
433
213
313
313
323
323
323
433
433
433
213
313
313
323
323
323
433
433
433
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
TL3
TL3
TL7
TL7
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL3
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL7
TL3
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL9
TL9
TU2
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire Potential
and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard FMs = Standard
Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
16
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Jeffrey pine – white fir fuelbed FCCS Outputs
Fuelbed LT012
Fuelbed LT011
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
Windspeed
mph
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
Slope %
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
0.7
0.8
1.0
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.4
0.9
1.0
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.9
1.1
1.2
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.8
2.0
2.1
2.3
0.4
0.5
0.9
0.7
0.8
1.2
1.5
1.6
1.9
0.5
0.7
1.2
0.9
1.1
1.6
2.0
2.2
2.7
0.7
0.9
1.6
1.3
1.5
2.2
2.7
2.9
3.6
212
212
212
212
212
312
322
322
322
212
212
212
212
212
312
322
322
322
212
212
212
212
212
312
322
322
322
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL4
TL4
TL4
TL3
TL3
TL4
TL4
TL4
TL4
TL7
TL7
TU1
TL3
TL4
TL7
TL4
TL7
TL7
TL3
TL3
TL6
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
Flame
Length (ft)
1.3
1.5
1.9
1.7
1.8
2.2
2.7
2.8
2.9
1.7
1.9
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.8
3.8
3.9
4.0
2.1
2.3
3.0
3.0
3.1
3.4
4.8
4.9
5.0
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
0.8
1.0
1.8
1.4
1.6
2.4
3.9
4.0
4.4
1.1
1.4
2.5
2.4
2.5
3.3
6.7
6.9
7.5
1.5
1.9
3.3
3.2
3.4
4.4
9.1
9.3
10.1
FCCS Fire
Potentials
314
314
314
324
324
424
534
534
534
314
314
314
324
324
424
534
534
534
314
314
314
324
324
424
534
534
534
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
TL3
TL4
TL7
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL6
TL6
TL8
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL9
TL9
TU2
TL3
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL8
TU4
TU4
TU4
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire Potential
and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard FMs = Standard
Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
17
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Jeffrey pine – white fir fuelbed FCCS Outputs
Fuelbed LT014
Fuelbed LT013
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
Windspeed
mph
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
Slope %
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.6
0.7
0.9
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.4
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.7
0.9
0.9
1.1
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.9
1.6
1.6
1.6
0.4
0.5
0.9
0.7
0.8
1.2
2.1
2.1
2.1
211
211
211
211
211
211
311
311
311
211
211
211
211
211
211
311
311
311
211
211
211
211
211
211
311
311
311
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
TL1
TL1
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL4
TL4
TL4
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL4
TL7
TL7
TL7
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
Flame
Length (ft)
1.9
2.1
2.7
2.6
2.8
3.2
3.9
4.0
4.2
2.5
2.8
3.5
3.6
3.6
4.2
6.1
6.1
6.2
3.1
3.4
4.3
4.5
4.5
5.2
7.5
7.6
7.7
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
1.3
1.6
2.7
2.5
2.8
3.9
6.1
6.2
7.1
1.8
2.2
3.7
3.8
4.0
5.4
11.9
12.1
12.6
2.4
3.0
4.9
5.3
5.5
7.2
16.5
16.8
17.5
FCCS Fire
Potentials
313
313
413
423
423
523
723
723
723
313
313
413
423
423
523
723
723
723
313
313
413
423
423
523
723
723
723
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
9
9
9
9
9
10
12
12
12
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
TL7
TL3
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL9
TL9
TU2
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TU2
SB2
SB2
SB3
TL8
TL8
TU2
TU2
TU2
TU2
SB3
SB3
SB3
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire Potential
and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard FMs = Standard
Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
18
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Jeffrey pine – white fir fuelbed FCCS Outputs
Fuelbed LT016
Fuelbed LT015
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
Windspeed
mph
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
Slope %
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
1.5
1.7
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.6
3.0
3.1
3.4
2.1
2.3
2.9
2.8
3.0
3.5
4.1
4.2
4.5
2.6
2.8
3.6
3.5
3.7
4.3
5.1
5.2
5.6
1.2
1.5
2.5
2.4
2.7
3.7
5.4
5.7
6.7
1.7
2.1
3.5
3.3
3.7
5.1
7.4
7.9
9.3
2.3
2.8
4.7
4.5
5.0
6.9
10.0
10.6
12.5
314
314
414
434
434
534
544
644
644
314
314
414
434
434
534
544
644
644
314
314
414
434
434
534
544
644
644
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL3
TL5
TL6
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL3
TL5
TL8
TL5
TL8
TL8
TU2
TU2
TU4
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TU2
TU4
TU4
TU3
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
Flame
Length (ft)
2.2
2.4
3.0
2.9
3.1
3.6
4.2
4.3
4.7
2.8
3.1
3.9
3.7
3.9
4.6
5.4
5.5
6.0
3.4
3.8
4.8
4.6
4.9
5.7
7.0
7.0
7.4
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
1.2
1.5
2.5
2.3
2.6
3.6
5.1
5.4
6.4
1.7
2.1
3.5
3.2
3.6
5.0
7.2
7.5
8.9
2.3
2.8
4.7
4.3
4.9
6.7
10.4
10.6
11.9
FCCS Fire
Potentials
315
415
415
425
425
425
535
535
635
315
415
415
425
425
425
535
535
635
315
415
415
425
425
425
535
535
635
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL8
TU2
TU2
TU2
TL5
TL8
TL9
TL8
TL9
TU2
TU5
TU5
TU5
TL8
TL9
TU2
TU2
TU2
TU5
SB3
SB3
SB3
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire Potential
and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard FMs = Standard
Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
19
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Jeffrey pine – white fir fuelbed FCCS Outputs
Fuelbed LT018
Fuelbed LT017
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
Windspeed
mph
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
Slope %
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
1.0
1.2
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.7
2.1
2.1
2.3
1.4
1.6
2.0
1.9
2.0
2.4
2.8
2.9
3.1
1.7
1.9
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.9
3.5
3.5
3.8
0.5
0.6
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.6
2.3
2.4
2.8
0.7
0.9
1.5
1.4
1.6
2.2
3.1
3.3
3.9
1.0
1.2
2.0
1.9
2.1
2.9
4.2
4.5
5.3
213
313
313
333
333
333
433
433
433
213
313
313
333
333
333
433
433
433
213
313
313
333
333
333
433
433
433
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
TL3
TL3
TL4
TL4
TL4
TL7
TL3
TL3
TL5
TL3
TL7
TL7
TL7
TL3
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL9
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
Flame
Length (ft)
2.3
2.6
3.2
3.1
3.2
3.8
4.4
4.5
4.9
2.9
3.2
4.1
3.9
4.1
4.8
5.7
5.8
6.1
3.6
4.0
5.1
4.8
5.1
5.9
7.4
7.4
7.6
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
1.2
1.5
2.5
2.2
2.5
3.6
4.9
5.2
6.2
1.7
2.1
3.5
3.1
3.5
4.9
7.3
7.5
8.5
2.3
2.8
4.7
4.2
4.7
6.6
10.6
10.8
11.5
FCCS Fire
Potentials
316
416
416
436
446
446
546
546
646
316
416
416
436
446
446
546
546
646
316
416
416
436
446
446
546
546
646
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
9
9
10
9
10
10
10
10
12
9
10
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL9
TU2
TU2
TU2
TL8
TL8
TU2
TL9
TU2
TU2
TU5
TU5
SB2
TL8
TU2
TU2
TU2
TU2
TU5
SB3
SB3
SB3
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire Potential
and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard FMs = Standard
Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
20
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Jeffrey pine – white fir fuelbed FCCS Outputs
Fuelbed LT020
Fuelbed LT019
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
Windspeed
mph
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
Slope %
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
1.0
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.7
2.0
2.1
2.2
1.3
1.5
1.9
1.8
1.9
2.2
2.6
2.7
2.9
1.7
1.8
2.3
2.2
2.4
2.7
3.3
3.3
3.6
0.5
0.6
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.6
2.2
2.4
2.8
0.7
0.9
1.5
1.4
1.6
2.1
3.1
3.3
3.9
1.0
1.2
2.0
1.9
2.1
2.9
4.2
4.4
5.2
213
213
313
333
333
333
433
433
433
213
213
313
333
333
333
433
433
433
213
213
313
333
333
333
433
433
433
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
TL3
TL3
TL4
TL4
TL4
TL7
TL3
TL3
TL5
TL3
TL4
TL7
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.3
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
Flame
Length (ft)
1.0
1.2
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.8
2.0
2.1
2.3
1.3
1.5
1.9
1.8
1.9
2.3
2.9
2.9
3.0
1.6
1.8
2.4
2.2
2.3
2.8
3.4
3.5
3.6
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
0.4
0.5
0.9
0.7
0.8
1.2
1.6
1.7
2.1
0.5
0.7
1.2
1.0
1.2
1.7
2.7
2.8
3.0
0.7
0.9
1.6
1.4
1.6
2.2
3.5
3.6
3.9
FCCS Fire
Potentials
212
212
312
312
312
312
322
322
322
212
212
312
312
312
312
322
322
322
212
212
312
312
312
312
322
322
322
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
TL3
TL3
TL7
TL3
TL4
TL7
TL3
TL3
TL5
TL3
TL7
TL7
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire Potential
and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard FMs = Standard
Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
21
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Jeffrey pine – white fir fuelbed FCCS Outputs
Fuelbed LT083
Fuelbed LT082
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
Windspeed
mph
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
Slope %
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
0.6
0.7
0.9
1.8
1.8
1.9
3.2
3.2
3.2
1.0
1.1
1.4
3.0
3.0
3.1
5.2
5.2
5.3
1.2
1.4
1.7
3.6
3.6
3.7
6.2
6.2
6.3
0.1
0.2
0.2
1.2
1.2
1.3
3.9
3.9
4.0
0.2
0.3
0.5
2.3
2.4
2.6
7.8
7.8
8.0
0.3
0.4
0.6
3.0
3.1
3.3
10.0
10.1
10.3
222
222
222
332
332
432
632
632
632
222
222
222
332
332
432
632
632
632
222
222
222
332
332
432
632
632
632
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
8
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
10
8
8
8
9
9
9
12
12
12
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL7
TL7
TL7
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL8
TL8
TL8
TU2
TU2
TU2
TL3
TL3
TL7
TL8
TL8
TL8
SB2
SB2
SB3
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
Flame
Length (ft)
1.5
1.7
2.1
2.3
2.3
2.5
3.9
3.9
4.0
2.1
2.3
2.8
3.8
3.8
4.0
6.4
6.4
6.6
2.5
2.8
3.4
4.7
4.7
5.0
8.0
8.0
8.2
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
0.9
1.1
1.7
2.1
2.2
2.5
6.7
6.8
7.1
1.2
1.5
2.4
4.4
4.6
5.2
14.1
14.3
14.9
1.6
2.0
3.2
6.2
6.5
7.3
19.8
20.1
21.0
FCCS Fire
Potentials
322
322
332
432
432
532
842
842
842
322
322
332
432
432
532
842
842
842
322
322
332
432
432
532
842
842
842
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
9
9
9
9
9
10
12
12
12
9
9
9
10
10
10
12
13
13
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
TL7
TL7
TL3
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL9
TL9
TU2
TL3
TL5
TL5
TL9
TL9
TU2
SB3
SB3
SB3
TL5
TL5
TL8
TU2
TU2
TU2
SB3
SB2
SB3
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire Potential
and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard FMs = Standard
Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
22
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Jeffrey pine – white fir fuelbed FCCS Outputs
Fuelbed LT087
Fuelbed LT084
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
Windspeed
mph
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
Slope %
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
4.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
6.2
2.4
2.7
3.4
3.2
3.4
3.9
4.7
4.7
5.0
3.0
3.3
4.2
4.0
4.2
4.9
6.5
6.6
6.8
3.8
4.2
5.3
5.1
5.3
6.1
8.5
8.6
8.8
1.3
1.6
2.6
2.3
2.6
3.7
5.4
5.5
6.3
1.8
2.2
3.6
3.2
3.6
5.1
9.5
9.7
10.3
2.4
3.0
4.9
4.7
4.9
6.8
14.0
14.3
15.2
314
414
414
434
434
534
644
644
644
314
414
414
434
434
534
644
644
644
314
414
414
434
434
534
644
644
644
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
9
9
10
9
10
10
12
12
12
9
10
10
10
10
12
13
13
13
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL9
TU2
TU2
TU2
TL8
TL8
TU2
TL9
TU2
TU2
SB3
SB3
SB3
TL9
TU2
TU2
TU2
TU2
SB2
SB3
SB3
SB3
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
Flame
Length (ft)
1.2
1.4
1.7
1.6
1.7
2.0
2.3
2.4
2.6
1.6
1.8
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.6
3.0
3.1
3.4
2.0
2.2
2.8
2.6
2.8
3.2
3.7
3.8
4.2
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
1.2
1.5
2.5
2.2
2.5
3.5
4.8
5.1
6.2
1.7
2.1
3.5
3.1
3.5
4.9
6.7
7.1
8.5
2.3
2.8
4.7
4.2
4.7
6.6
9.0
9.6
11.4
FCCS Fire
Potentials
317
317
417
437
437
437
547
547
647
317
317
417
437
437
437
547
547
647
317
317
417
437
437
437
547
547
647
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
TL4
TL4
TU1
TL7
TU1
TL3
TL6
TL6
TL6
TL7
TL7
TL6
TL3
TL6
TL6
TL8
TL8
TU2
TL7
TL5
TL6
TL6
TL6
TL8
TU2
TL9
TU4
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire Potential
and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard FMs = Standard
Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
23
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
2. Red fir pathways
24
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
2. Red fir fuelbeds
FuelbedID
Age class Harvest /
(yr)
fuel treatment
Change
agent
LT021
0-10
None
Wildfire
LT022
10-25
None
None
LT023
25-50
None
None
LT024
50-80
None
None
LT025
50-80
PCT, pile burn
None
LT026
50-80
PCT, pile (no
burn)
None
LT027
80-120
None
LT028
80-120
LT029
80-120
None
None
LT030
80-120
None
None
Select cut, Rx
fire, pile burn
None
Wildfire
Fuelbed name / description
Dry red fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established less
than 10 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire with no salvage, resulting in a
shrubland with snags and less than 10% cover of live overstory trees.
Dry red fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established 10
to 25 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire with no subsequent management.
Seedlings and saplings have established at low density and there is a minor component
of defoliators but not significant enough to consider a change agent.
Dry red fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established 25
to 50 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire and has had no subsequent
management.
Dry red fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established 50
to 80 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire and has had no subsequent
management. There are defoliating insects present but not enough to consider a
change agent.
Dry red fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations in the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established 50
to 80 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Stand had a recent
precommercial thin with woody fuels reduced by piling and burning.
Dry red fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations in the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established 50
to 80 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Stand has had a recent
precommercial thin with woody fuels piled but not burned.
Dry red fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established 80
to 120 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire and has had no subsequent
management.
Dry red fir forest. Occurs at middle elevation in the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established 80 to
120 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Stand may have had a
precommercial thin during the years 25-50 and has had a recent low intensity wildfire or
prescribed underburn followed by a select tree harvest with woody fuels piled and
burned.
Dry red fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations in the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established 80
to 120 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Stand was precommercially
thinned with woody fuels piled and burned during the years 25 to 50 and has had no
subsequent management.
Dry red fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations in the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established 80
to 120 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Stand was precommercially
thinned with woody fuels piled but not burned in years 25 to 50 and has had no
subsequent management.
25
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
FuelbedID
Age class Harvest /
(yr)
fuel treatment
Change
agent
Select cut, pile
(no burn)
None
None
None
LT031
80-120
LT032
120+
LT033
120+
LT034
120+
Select cut, pile
(no burn)
None
LT035
120+
None
None
LT036
120+
LT086
80-120
LT089
120+
Select cut, Rx
fire, pile burn
Wildfire
None
None
Select cut,
Mastication
None
None
None
Fuelbed name / description
Dry red fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations in the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established 80
to 120 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Stand was precommercially
thinned with woody fuels piled and burned in years 25 to 50. Recent select tree harvest
with woody fuels piled but not burned.
Dry red fir forest. Established over 120 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire
and has had no subsequent management. Stand has some insect damage.
Dry red fir forest. Established over 120 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire.
Stand has dense canopy and medium woody fuel load. Stand was precommercially
thinned and selectively harvested in the past with woody fuels piled and burned. Recent
prescribed underburn or low intensity wildfire followed by select tree harvest with woody
fuels reduced by piling and burning. Some examples have developed relatively dense
understories of red fir and stand-replacement fires are more common.
Dry red fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established
over 120 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Stand had previous select tree
harvest with woody fuels piled and burned. Recent select tree harvest with woody fuels
piled but not burned. Some examples have developed relatively dense understories of
red fir and stand-replacement fires are more common.
Dry red fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established
over 120 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Stand was thinned and
selectively harvested in the past with woody fuels piled but has had no recent
management. Some recent insect damage, but not significant enough to consider a
change agent.
Dry red fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established
over 120 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Stand had select tree harvest
with woody fuels piled and burned in the 50 to 80 year range, but has had no recent
management. Some recent insect damage, but not significant enough to consider a
change agent.
Dry red fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations in the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established 80
to 120 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Stand was precommercially
thinned with woody fuels piled and burned in years 25 to 50. Recent select tree, cut to
length harvest with mastication of logging slash, shrubs and small trees.
Dry red fir forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established
over 120 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Stand was thinned and
selectively harvested in the past with woody fuels masticated but has had no recent
management. Some recent insect damage, but not significant enough to consider a
change agent.
26
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
2. Red fir fuelbed FCCS outputs
Red fir fuelbed FCCS Outputs
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
Fuelbed LT022
Fuelbed LT021
Windspeed
mph
Slope %
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
5.9
5.9
5.9
5.9
5.9
5.9
5.9
5.9
5.9
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
1.5
1.7
2.1
3.0
3.0
3.1
5.2
5.2
5.3
2.1
2.3
2.9
4.9
4.9
5.1
8.5
8.5
8.6
2.5
2.8
3.6
5.9
5.9
6.1
10.2
10.2
10.3
0.8
1.0
1.7
3.6
3.7
3.9
11.9
11.9
12.2
1.1
1.4
2.4
7.1
7.3
7.7
23.6
23.7
24.2
1.5
1.9
3.2
9.5
9.7
10.3
31.5
31.7
32.3
315
315
315
515
515
625
935
935
935
315
315
315
515
515
625
935
935
935
315
315
315
515
515
625
935
935
935
8
8
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
9
9
9
10
10
10
13
13
13
9
9
9
10
10
12
5
5
5
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TU4
TU4
TU4
TL3
TL5
TL8
TU2
TU2
TU2
SB3
SB3
SB3
TL5
TL5
TL8
TU5
TU5
SB2
SH7
SH7
SH7
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
0.5
0.5
0.7
1.3
1.4
1.4
2.3
2.3
2.4
0.8
0.8
1.0
2.3
2.3
2.3
3.9
3.9
3.9
0.9
1.0
1.2
2.7
2.7
2.7
4.6
4.6
4.7
0.2
0.2
0.4
1.8
1.8
1.9
6.0
6.1
6.1
0.4
0.4
0.6
3.7
3.7
3.9
12.2
12.2
12.3
0.5
0.5
0.8
4.8
4.8
5.0
15.7
15.8
16.0
229
229
229
439
439
439
759
759
759
229
229
229
439
439
439
759
759
759
229
229
229
439
439
439
759
759
759
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
8
8
8
9
9
9
6
6
6
8
8
8
9
9
9
6
6
6
TL1
TL3
TL3
TL4
TL4
TL4
TL6
TL6
TL6
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL6
TL6
TL6
SH2
SH2
SH2
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL6
TL6
TL6
SH4
SH4
SH4
2
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire
Potential and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard
FMs = Standard Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
27
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Red fir fuelbed FCCS Outputs
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
Fuelbed LT024
Fuelbed LT023
Windspeed
mph
Slope %
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
1.6
1.8
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.6
3.6
3.6
3.7
2.0
2.2
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.2
4.9
4.9
5.0
2.4
2.7
3.5
3.7
3.8
4.0
6.2
6.3
6.4
1.1
1.4
2.4
2.1
2.2
3.2
6.6
6.7
7.0
1.5
1.9
3.3
3.5
3.7
4.4
10.9
11.0
11.6
2.0
2.6
4.4
5.0
5.3
6.0
15.6
15.8
16.6
329
329
439
479
479
479
799
799
799
329
329
439
479
479
479
799
799
799
329
329
439
479
479
479
799
799
799
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
8
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
9
9
9
9
9
10
12
12
12
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL7
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TU4
TU4
TU4
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL9
TU2
SB3
SB3
SB3
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
1.5
1.7
2.1
1.9
2.1
2.4
3.2
3.2
3.3
1.9
2.1
2.7
2.6
2.7
3.1
4.4
4.4
4.5
2.3
2.6
3.3
3.3
3.4
3.8
5.5
5.6
5.7
1.1
1.4
2.4
1.9
2.2
3.2
5.9
6.0
6.3
1.5
1.9
3.3
3.1
3.3
4.4
9.6
9.8
10.3
2.0
2.6
4.4
4.4
4.6
6.0
13.5
13.7
14.4
317
317
417
457
457
457
667
667
667
317
317
417
457
457
457
667
667
667
317
317
417
457
457
457
667
667
667
8
8
9
8
9
9
9
9
9
8
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
TL4
TL7
TL5
TL7
TL3
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL7
TL3
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL8
TU4
TU4
TU4
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL9
TU3
TU3
TU3
2
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire
Potential and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard
FMs = Standard Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
28
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Red fir fuelbed FCCS Outputs
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
Fuelbed LT026
Fuelbed LT025
Windspeed
mph
Slope %
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.0
1.1
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.6
2.0
2.0
2.1
0.3
0.4
0.7
0.6
0.7
1.0
1.4
1.5
1.8
0.5
0.6
1.0
0.9
1.0
1.4
2.5
2.5
2.6
0.6
0.8
1.4
1.2
1.4
1.9
3.2
3.2
3.4
225
225
225
245
245
245
355
355
355
225
225
225
245
245
245
355
355
355
225
225
225
245
245
245
355
355
355
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL4
TL4
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL4
TU1
TU1
TU1
TL3
TL3
TL4
TL4
TL4
TL7
TL3
TL3
TL3
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
2.3
2.6
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.8
5.3
5.4
5.5
2.9
3.2
4.2
4.4
4.4
4.8
7.3
7.4
7.5
3.6
4.0
5.2
5.5
5.6
6.0
9.2
9.3
9.5
1.4
1.8
3.0
2.8
2.9
4.1
8.5
8.6
9.1
1.9
2.4
4.2
4.6
4.8
5.6
14.1
14.3
15.0
2.6
3.3
5.6
6.4
6.6
7.6
19.5
19.8
20.7
319
419
419
459
459
559
869
869
869
319
419
419
459
459
559
869
869
869
319
419
419
459
459
559
869
869
869
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
9
10
10
10
10
10
13
13
13
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL9
TU2
TU4
TU5
TL8
TL8
TU2
TU2
TU2
TU2
SB3
SB3
SB3
TL8
TU2
TU2
TU5
TU5
TU5
SB3
SB3
SB3
2
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire
Potential and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard
FMs = Standard Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
29
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Red fir fuelbed FCCS Outputs
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
Fuelbed LT028
Fuelbed LT027
Windspeed
mph
Slope %
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
1.5
1.7
2.3
2.2
2.3
2.6
3.8
3.8
3.9
1.9
2.2
2.9
3.2
3.2
3.4
5.4
5.4
5.5
2.4
2.7
3.6
4.0
4.1
4.4
6.9
6.9
7.0
1.1
1.5
2.8
2.7
2.9
3.7
8.7
8.8
9.2
1.6
2.1
3.9
4.8
5.0
5.6
15.1
15.3
16.0
2.1
2.8
5.2
6.8
7.1
8.1
21.7
21.9
22.9
319
319
419
459
459
559
869
869
869
319
319
419
459
459
559
869
869
869
319
319
419
459
459
559
869
869
869
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
8
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
9
9
9
10
10
10
5
5
5
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL6
TL9
TL9
TL9
TL7
TL5
TL6
TL8
TL8
TL8
TU4
TU4
TU3
TL5
TL5
TL8
TU2
TU2
TU2
TU5
TU5
TU5
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.5
0.6
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.9
1.3
1.3
1.3
0.7
0.8
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.3
2.0
2.0
2.1
0.9
1.0
1.3
1.5
1.5
1.6
2.4
2.5
2.5
0.4
0.5
0.9
0.8
0.9
1.3
2.5
2.6
2.7
0.5
0.7
1.2
1.6
1.6
1.8
4.9
5.0
5.2
0.7
0.9
1.7
2.1
2.2
2.5
6.6
6.6
6.9
214
214
214
334
334
334
444
444
544
214
214
214
334
334
334
444
444
544
214
214
214
334
334
334
444
444
544
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL4
TL4
TL4
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL4
TL4
TL4
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL4
TL4
TL4
TL7
TL6
TL6
TL6
2
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire
Potential and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard
FMs = Standard Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
30
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Red fir fuelbed FCCS Outputs
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
Fuelbed LT030
Fuelbed LT029
Windspeed
mph
Slope %
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
1.3
1.5
2.0
1.7
1.8
2.2
2.7
2.8
2.8
1.7
1.9
2.5
2.2
2.3
2.8
3.7
3.7
3.8
2.1
2.4
3.1
2.8
2.9
3.5
4.6
4.6
4.8
0.9
1.1
2.1
1.5
1.7
2.7
4.1
4.2
4.5
1.2
1.6
2.9
2.2
2.4
3.7
6.6
6.7
7.1
1.6
2.1
3.9
3.0
3.2
5.0
9.1
9.2
9.8
318
328
328
358
358
458
568
568
568
318
328
328
358
358
458
568
568
568
318
328
328
358
358
458
568
568
568
8
8
9
8
8
9
9
9
9
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
TL4
TL7
TL3
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL6
TL6
TL6
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL6
TL8
TL8
TL9
TL3
TL5
TL8
TL5
TL5
TL8
TU4
TU4
TU4
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
2.3
2.6
3.4
3.1
3.1
3.8
5.1
5.1
5.3
2.8
3.2
4.2
4.0
4.1
4.8
6.7
6.8
7.0
3.5
4.0
5.3
5.1
5.3
6.0
8.6
8.6
8.8
1.4
1.9
3.5
2.8
2.9
4.5
8.5
8.6
9.0
2.0
2.6
4.9
4.4
4.6
6.3
13.3
13.5
14.2
2.7
3.6
6.6
6.1
6.4
8.5
18.7
19.0
20.0
319
419
429
449
449
559
769
769
869
319
419
429
449
449
559
769
769
869
319
419
429
449
449
559
769
769
869
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
9
10
10
10
10
10
13
13
13
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL9
TU2
TU2
TU4
TL5
TL8
TU2
TU2
TU2
TU2
SB3
SB3
SB3
TL8
TU2
TU2
TU2
TU2
TU5
SB3
SB3
SB3
2
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire
Potential and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard
FMs = Standard Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
31
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Red fir fuelbed FCCS Outputs
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
Fuelbed LT032
Fuelbed LT031
Windspeed
mph
Slope %
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
1.2
1.4
1.8
1.7
1.7
2.0
2.8
2.9
2.9
1.5
1.7
2.2
2.4
2.5
2.6
4.0
4.0
4.1
1.9
2.1
2.8
3.0
3.1
3.3
5.0
5.1
5.2
0.7
0.8
1.5
1.4
1.4
2.0
4.1
4.2
4.5
0.9
1.2
2.0
2.4
2.5
2.9
7.2
7.3
7.7
1.2
1.6
2.7
3.3
3.5
4.0
10.0
10.2
10.8
217
317
317
337
337
337
547
547
647
217
317
317
337
337
337
547
547
647
217
317
317
337
337
337
547
547
647
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
8
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
TL3
TL4
TL7
TL7
TL7
TL3
TL6
TL6
TL8
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL9
TU2
TU2
TL7
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TU4
TU4
TU4
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
2.2
2.5
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.8
5.4
5.4
5.5
2.7
3.1
4.2
4.3
4.3
4.7
7.2
7.2
7.4
3.4
3.9
5.2
5.4
5.5
5.9
9.2
9.3
9.4
1.5
2.0
3.8
3.4
3.5
4.9
10.6
10.7
11.2
2.1
2.8
5.2
5.5
5.7
6.7
17.1
17.3
18.1
2.9
3.8
7.0
7.8
8.1
9.2
24.4
24.7
25.8
319
419
519
559
559
559
869
869
969
319
419
519
559
559
559
869
869
969
319
419
519
559
559
559
869
869
969
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
9
9
10
10
10
10
13
13
13
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL9
TU4
TU4
TU5
TL5
TL8
TU2
TU2
TU2
TU2
SB3
SB3
SB3
TL8
TL9
TU2
TU5
TU5
TU5
SB3
SB3
SB3
2
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire
Potential and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard
FMs = Standard Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
32
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Red fir fuelbed FCCS Outputs
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
Fuelbed LT034
Fuelbed LT033
Windspeed
mph
Slope %
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.5
0.6
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.9
1.3
1.3
1.3
0.6
0.7
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.1
1.6
1.6
1.6
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.2
0.3
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.7
1.7
1.8
1.8
0.3
0.4
0.7
0.7
0.7
1.0
2.3
2.3
2.3
105
215
215
225
225
225
335
335
335
105
215
215
225
225
225
335
335
335
105
215
215
225
225
225
335
335
335
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
TL1
TL1
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL4
TL4
TL4
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL7
TL7
TL7
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
1.5
1.7
2.2
2.0
2.1
2.5
3.0
3.0
3.2
1.9
2.1
2.7
2.5
2.7
3.1
4.2
4.2
4.4
2.4
2.6
3.4
3.2
3.3
3.9
5.3
5.4
5.5
1.0
1.2
2.1
1.7
2.0
2.9
4.4
4.4
4.9
1.3
1.7
2.9
2.5
2.8
4.0
7.5
7.6
8.1
1.8
2.3
3.9
3.5
3.7
5.4
10.5
10.7
11.3
319
319
319
339
339
439
559
659
659
319
319
319
339
339
439
559
659
659
319
319
319
339
339
439
559
659
659
8
8
9
8
9
9
9
9
9
8
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL7
TL3
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL7
TL3
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL8
TU2
TU2
TU2
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL9
TU4
TU4
TU3
2
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire
Potential and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard
FMs = Standard Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
33
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Red fir fuelbed FCCS Outputs
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
Fuelbed LT036
Fuelbed LT035
Windspeed
mph
Slope %
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
1.6
1.8
2.3
2.1
2.3
2.7
3.0
3.1
3.4
2.1
2.3
2.9
2.7
2.8
3.4
3.9
3.9
4.3
2.6
2.9
3.7
3.3
3.5
4.2
4.9
4.9
5.3
1.2
1.5
2.6
2.1
2.4
3.5
4.4
4.7
5.8
1.6
2.1
3.6
2.9
3.3
4.8
6.6
6.7
8.0
2.2
2.8
4.8
3.9
4.5
6.5
9.0
9.2
10.8
319
319
419
349
449
459
559
559
669
319
319
419
349
449
459
559
559
669
319
319
419
349
449
459
559
559
669
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL3
TL5
TL6
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL3
TL5
TL8
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL9
TL9
TU2
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TU2
TU4
TU4
TU4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
1.9
2.1
2.7
2.5
2.6
3.1
3.5
3.6
4.0
2.4
2.7
3.4
3.1
3.3
3.9
4.4
4.6
5.0
3.0
3.3
4.2
3.9
4.1
4.9
5.5
5.7
6.2
1.5
1.9
3.3
2.8
3.2
4.6
5.9
6.3
7.7
2.1
2.7
4.6
3.8
4.4
6.3
8.1
8.7
10.6
2.9
3.6
6.2
5.1
5.9
8.5
11.0
11.7
14.3
316
316
416
456
456
556
666
666
766
316
316
416
456
456
556
666
666
766
316
316
416
456
456
556
666
666
766
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
9
9
10
9
10
10
10
10
12
TL7
TL3
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL9
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL9
TU2
TU4
TU4
TL8
TL8
TU2
TL9
TU2
TU2
TU5
TU3
SB3
2
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire
Potential and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard
FMs = Standard Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
34
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Red fir fuelbed FCCS Outputs
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
Fuelbed LT089
Fuelbed LT086
Windspeed
mph
Slope %
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
4.7
1.6
1.8
2.4
3.3
3.3
3.6
5.5
5.5
5.7
2.0
2.3
3.0
4.4
4.5
4.8
7.4
7.4
7.6
2.6
2.9
3.7
5.6
5.7
6.1
9.5
9.5
9.7
0.7
0.8
1.5
2.9
3.1
3.5
9.1
9.2
9.7
0.9
1.2
2.0
4.7
5.0
5.7
14.7
14.9
15.6
1.3
1.6
2.7
6.8
7.1
8.2
21.0
21.3
22.4
317
317
317
447
447
547
857
857
857
317
317
317
447
447
547
857
857
857
317
317
317
447
447
547
857
857
857
8
8
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
9
9
9
10
10
10
12
12
12
9
9
9
10
10
12
13
13
13
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TU5
TU5
TU5
TL3
TL5
TL8
TU2
TU2
TU2
SB3
SB3
SB3
TL5
TL5
TL8
TU5
TU5
SB2
SB3
SB3
SB3
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
5.2
2.3
2.5
3.3
3.5
3.6
3.9
5.9
5.9
6.1
2.8
3.2
4.0
4.6
4.7
5.0
7.7
7.8
7.9
3.5
3.9
5.1
5.8
6.0
6.4
9.8
9.8
10.1
1.2
1.5
2.6
3.1
3.2
3.8
9.5
9.6
10.1
1.6
2.1
3.6
4.7
5.0
5.7
14.5
14.7
15.5
2.2
2.8
4.8
6.6
6.9
8.0
20.2
20.5
21.6
318
418
428
458
458
558
868
868
868
318
418
428
458
458
558
868
868
868
318
418
428
458
458
558
868
868
868
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
12
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
9
9
10
10
10
12
13
13
13
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL9
TU5
TU5
SB2
TL5
TL8
TU2
TU2
TU2
TU2
SB3
SB3
SB3
TL8
TL9
TU2
TU5
TU5
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB3
2
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire
Potential and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard
FMs = Standard Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
35
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
3. Wet lodgepole pine pathways
36
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
3. Wet lodgepole pine fuelbeds
Age class Harvest /
FuelbedID (yr)
fuel treatment
LT037
0-10
LT038
0-10
LT039
10-20
LT040
20-40
LT041
20-40
LT042
40-80
LT043
40-80
LT044
80+
Change
agent
Fuelbed name / description
Moist lodgepole pine forest. Occurs on moist sites, often in topographic depressions, at
all elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established less than 10 years ago following
None
Wildfire
stand-replacement wildfire with no subsequent management.
Moist lodgepole pine forest. Occurs on moist sites, often in topographic depressions, at
all elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established less than 10 years ago following
Clearcut, Rx fire None
clearcut harvest and prescribed fire to reduce woody fuel loads.
Moist lodgepole pine forest. Occurs on moist sites, often in topographic depressions, at
all elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established 10 to 20 years ago following a
None
None
stand-replacement wildfire and has had no subsequent management.
Moist lodgepole pine forest. Occurs on moist sites, often in topographic depressions, at
all elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established 20 to 40 years ago following a
None
None
stand-replacement wildfire and has had no subsequent management.
Moist lodgepole pine forest. Occurs on moist sites, often in topographic depressions, at
all elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established 20 to 40 years ago following
clearcut harvest and prescribed fire. Stand was recently precommercially thinned with
PCT
None
no woody fuel reduction treatment.
Moist lodgepole pine forest. Occurs on moist sites, often in topographic depressions, at
all elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established 40 to 80 years ago following
None
None
stand-replacement wildfire and has had no subsequent management.
Moist lodgepole pine forest. Occurs on moist sites, often in topographic depressions, at
all elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established 40 to 80 years ago following
clearcut harvest and was precommercially thinned in the past, but has had no recent
None
None
management.
Moist lodgepole pine forest. Occurs on moist sites, often in topographic depressions, at
all elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established over 80 years ago following standreplacement wildfire and has had no subsequent management. Stand attacked by pine
Insects and bark beetles in the last 10 years. Many standing snags are present and are beginning
None
Disease
to fall, adding to woody fuel accumulations.
37
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
3. Wet lodgepole pine fuelbed FCCS outputs
Wet lodgepole pine fuelbed FCCS Outputs
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
Fuelbed LT038
Fuelbed LT037
Windspeed
mph
Slope %
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
0.7
0.8
1.1
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.5
0.9
1.0
1.3
1.1
1.2
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.9
1.1
1.3
1.7
1.4
1.5
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.3
0.4
0.6
1.1
0.8
0.9
1.4
1.6
1.7
2.2
0.6
0.8
1.5
1.0
1.3
1.9
2.2
2.4
3.1
0.8
1.1
2.0
1.4
1.7
2.6
3.1
3.2
4.1
222
222
222
232
232
332
342
342
342
222
222
222
232
232
332
342
342
342
222
222
222
232
232
332
342
342
342
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL4
TL4
TL4
TL4
TL3
TL3
TL4
TL3
TL4
TL7
TL7
TL7
TU1
TL3
TL4
TL7
TL4
TL7
TU1
TL3
TL3
TL6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.5
0.6
0.8
0.7
0.7
0.9
0.9
1.0
1.1
0.6
0.7
1.0
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.4
0.4
0.6
1.1
0.8
0.9
1.4
1.7
1.8
2.3
0.6
0.8
1.5
1.1
1.3
2.0
2.3
2.5
3.2
0.8
1.1
2.0
1.5
1.8
2.7
3.2
3.4
4.4
211
211
211
231
231
331
331
331
431
211
211
211
231
231
331
331
331
431
211
211
211
231
231
331
331
331
431
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
TL1
TL1
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL4
TL4
TL4
2
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire
Potential and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard
FMs = Standard Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
38
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Wet lodgepole pine fuelbed FCCS Outputs
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
Fuelbed LT040
Fuelbed LT039
Windspeed
mph
Slope %
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
0.9
1.1
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.9
1.1
1.3
1.7
1.5
1.6
2.0
2.0
2.1
2.4
1.4
1.6
2.2
1.8
2.0
2.4
2.6
2.7
3.0
0.6
0.8
1.5
1.1
1.3
2.0
2.2
2.4
3.1
0.9
1.1
2.1
1.5
1.8
2.7
3.0
3.3
4.3
1.2
1.5
2.9
2.0
2.4
3.7
4.1
4.5
5.8
223
223
323
243
343
343
343
443
443
223
223
323
243
343
343
343
443
443
223
223
323
243
343
343
343
443
443
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
8
8
9
8
8
9
9
9
9
TL3
TL3
TL4
TL4
TL4
TL7
TL7
TL7
TU1
TL3
TL4
TL7
TL4
TL7
TU1
TL3
TL5
TL6
TL4
TL7
TL5
TL7
TL7
TL6
TL6
TL6
TL8
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.2
1.5
1.3
1.4
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.1
1.3
1.5
1.9
1.6
1.8
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.7
1.6
1.8
2.4
2.0
2.2
2.7
2.8
3.0
3.3
1.0
1.3
2.4
1.6
2.0
3.0
3.4
3.7
4.8
1.3
1.8
3.2
2.3
2.7
4.2
4.6
5.1
6.6
1.8
2.4
4.4
3.0
3.6
5.6
6.3
6.9
8.9
224
324
424
344
344
444
454
554
554
224
324
424
344
344
444
454
554
554
224
324
424
344
344
444
454
554
554
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
TL3
TL4
TL7
TL4
TL4
TU1
TL5
TL5
TL6
TL4
TL4
TU1
TL7
TU1
TL6
TL6
TL6
TL6
TL7
TL7
TL6
TL3
TL6
TL6
TL6
TL8
TU2
2
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire
Potential and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard
FMs = Standard Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
39
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Wet lodgepole pine fuelbed FCCS Outputs
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
Fuelbed LT042
Fuelbed LT041
Windspeed
mph
Slope %
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
1.6
1.9
2.5
2.3
2.4
2.8
3.9
3.9
4.0
2.0
2.3
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.5
5.2
5.3
5.4
2.5
2.9
3.8
4.2
4.3
4.6
6.9
7.0
7.2
0.6
0.8
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.9
4.1
4.2
4.5
0.9
1.1
2.1
2.2
2.4
2.8
6.8
7.0
7.4
1.2
1.5
2.9
3.4
3.6
4.4
10.5
10.7
11.4
323
323
333
433
433
443
553
553
553
323
323
333
433
433
443
553
553
553
323
323
333
433
433
443
553
553
553
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
9
9
9
10
10
10
12
12
12
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL9
TL9
TU2
TL3
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL8
TU2
TU2
TU5
TL5
TL8
TL9
TU2
TU2
TU2
SB3
SB3
SB3
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.6
0.6
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.4
1.4
1.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.5
0.5
1.7
1.7
1.7
105
105
105
235
235
235
245
245
245
105
105
105
235
235
235
245
245
245
105
105
105
235
235
235
245
245
245
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
TL1
TL1
TL1
TL1
TL1
TL1
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL1
TL1
TL1
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL1
TL1
TL1
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL4
TL4
TL4
2
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire
Potential and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard
FMs = Standard Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
40
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Wet lodgepole pine fuelbed FCCS Outputs
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
Fuelbed LT044
Fuelbed LT043
Windspeed
mph
Slope %
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.1
1.2
1.6
1.4
1.5
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.3
1.3
1.5
2.0
1.7
1.9
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.8
1.7
1.9
2.5
2.1
2.3
2.8
3.0
3.1
3.5
0.9
1.1
2.1
1.5
1.8
2.7
3.0
3.3
4.3
1.2
1.6
2.9
2.0
2.4
3.7
4.2
4.6
5.9
1.6
2.1
3.9
2.7
3.3
5.1
5.7
6.2
8.0
214
314
314
334
334
434
444
444
544
214
314
314
334
334
434
444
444
544
214
314
314
334
334
434
444
444
544
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
8
8
9
8
8
9
9
9
9
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
TL3
TL4
TL7
TL4
TL4
TU1
TU1
TL3
TL6
TL4
TL7
TL3
TL7
TL7
TL6
TL6
TL6
TL6
TL7
TL7
TL6
TL5
TL5
TL6
TL8
TL8
TU2
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.2
1.6
1.3
1.4
1.8
1.8
1.9
2.2
1.3
1.5
1.9
1.6
1.8
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.7
1.6
1.8
2.4
2.0
2.2
2.7
2.8
3.0
3.3
1.1
1.4
2.6
1.8
2.1
3.3
3.7
4.0
5.2
1.5
1.9
3.6
2.5
2.9
4.6
5.0
5.5
7.2
2.0
2.6
4.8
3.3
4.0
6.2
6.8
7.5
9.7
218
318
418
338
338
438
438
538
538
218
318
418
338
338
438
438
538
538
218
318
418
338
338
438
438
538
538
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
TL3
TL4
TU1
TL4
TL4
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL6
TL4
TL4
TL5
TL7
TU1
TL6
TL6
TL6
TL6
TL7
TU1
TL6
TL3
TL6
TL6
TL6
TL8
TU2
2
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire
Potential and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard
FMs = Standard Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
41
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
4. Whitebark pine – Lodgepole pine pathways
42
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
4. Whitebark pine – Lodgepole pine fuelbeds
FuelbedID
Age class Harvest /
(yr)
fuel treatment
Change
agent
LT045
0-10
None
Wildfire
LT046
10-40
None
None
LT047
40-90
None
None
LT048
90-120
None
None
LT049
120+
None
None
LT050
120+
None
None
LT051
Dry site
None
None
None
Avalanche
LT052
Fuelbed name / description
Whitebark pine and lodgepole pine forest. Occurs at high elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Established following stand-replacement wildfire less than 10 years ago. Dominated by tree
regeneration including lodgepole pine and whitebark pine. Snags are present.
Whitebark pine and lodgepole pine forest. Occurs at high elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Dominated by dense lodgepole pine and whitebark pine seedlings and saplings. Established
following stand-replacement wildfire 10 to 40 years ago with no recent disturbance or
management.
Whitebark pine and lodgepole pine forest. Occurs at high elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Established 40 to 90 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire with no subsequent
disturbance or management. Lodgepole pine and whitebark pine poles dominate the canopy and
regeneration is continuing to establish. Natural woody fuel loadings with large woody debris
decomposing.
Whitebark pine and lodgepole pine forest. Occurs at high elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Established 90 to 120 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire with no subsequent
management or disturbance.
Whitebark pine and lodgepole pine forest. Occurs at high elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Established over 120 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire with no subsequent
disturbance or management. This fuelbed represents a medium density,mature stand.
Whitebark pine and lodgepole pine forest. Occurs at high elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Established over 120 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire with no subsequent
disturbance or management. This fuelbed represents a high density, mature stand.
Dry whitebark pine and lodgepole pine forest. Occurs at high elevations of the Lake Tahoe
Basin. Low density stands with natural woody fuel loads and no history of management.
Trembling aspen forest established following avalanche in the subalpine zone. Occurs at high
elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin.
43
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
4. Whitebark pine - Lodgepole pine fuelbed FCCS outputs
Whitebark pine - Lodgepole pine fuelbed FCCS Outputs
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
Fuelbed LT046
Fuelbed LT045
Windspeed
mph
Slope %
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
0.3
0.3
0.5
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.5
1.6
1.6
0.5
0.6
0.7
1.5
1.5
1.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
0.6
0.7
0.9
1.8
1.8
1.9
3.2
3.2
3.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.7
0.7
0.8
2.4
2.4
2.5
0.1
0.2
0.3
1.5
1.6
1.7
5.1
5.2
5.3
0.2
0.2
0.5
2.0
2.1
2.3
6.8
6.8
7.0
111
111
211
221
321
321
531
531
531
111
111
211
221
321
321
531
531
531
111
111
211
221
321
321
531
531
531
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
TL1
TL1
TL1
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL7
TL7
TL7
TL1
TL3
TL3
TL4
TL7
TL7
TL6
TL6
TL6
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL7
TL7
TL7
TL8
TL8
TL8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
1.2
1.4
1.9
1.7
1.8
2.1
2.7
2.7
2.8
1.6
1.8
2.4
2.4
2.5
2.8
4.2
4.2
4.3
2.0
2.3
3.0
3.0
3.1
3.5
5.2
5.2
5.3
0.8
1.1
2.0
1.5
1.8
2.7
4.6
4.6
4.8
1.1
1.5
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.7
8.9
9.0
9.4
1.5
2.0
3.7
3.7
3.9
5.0
12.1
12.2
12.7
325
325
325
345
345
445
655
655
655
325
325
325
345
345
445
655
655
655
325
325
325
345
345
445
655
655
655
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
8
8
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
8
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
TL3
TL4
TL7
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL6
TL6
TL6
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL6
TU4
TU4
TU4
TL7
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL8
TU4
TU4
TU4
2
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire
Potential and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard
FMs = Standard Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
44
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Whitebark pine - Lodgepole pine fuelbed FCCS Outputs
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
Fuelbed LT048
Fuelbed LT047
Windspeed
mph
Slope %
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
1.3
1.5
2.0
1.8
1.9
2.3
2.9
2.9
3.0
1.8
2.0
2.7
2.6
2.6
3.1
4.4
4.5
4.5
2.2
2.5
3.3
3.2
3.3
3.8
5.5
5.5
5.6
1.0
1.3
2.4
1.8
2.2
3.3
5.1
5.1
5.5
1.3
1.8
3.3
3.1
3.2
4.5
10.0
10.1
10.5
1.8
2.4
4.5
4.2
4.4
6.1
13.6
13.8
14.3
324
324
424
444
444
444
654
654
654
324
324
424
444
444
444
654
654
654
324
324
424
444
444
444
654
654
654
8
8
9
8
8
9
9
9
9
8
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
TL4
TL7
TL3
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL6
TL8
TL8
TL7
TL3
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL8
TU4
TU4
TU4
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL9
TU3
TU3
TU3
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
1.3
1.5
2.0
1.8
1.9
2.3
2.9
2.9
3.0
1.7
2.0
2.6
2.7
2.7
3.0
4.5
4.6
4.7
2.2
2.5
3.3
3.4
3.4
3.7
5.7
5.8
5.9
1.1
1.4
2.7
2.0
2.4
3.6
5.9
6.0
6.3
1.5
2.0
3.7
3.8
4.0
5.0
12.2
12.3
12.9
2.0
2.7
5.0
5.3
5.5
6.7
16.9
17.2
17.9
316
326
426
456
456
456
766
766
766
316
326
426
456
456
456
766
766
766
316
326
426
456
456
456
766
766
766
8
8
9
8
8
9
9
9
9
8
8
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
6
TL4
TL7
TL3
TL7
TL7
TL6
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL7
TL7
TL6
TL6
TL6
TL8
TU4
TU4
TU4
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL8
TU3
TU3
SH4
2
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire
Potential and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard
FMs = Standard Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
45
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Whitebark pine - Lodgepole pine fuelbed FCCS Outputs
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
Fuelbed LT050
Fuelbed LT049
Windspeed
mph
Slope %
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
1.1
1.3
1.7
1.5
1.7
2.0
2.6
2.6
2.6
1.6
1.8
2.4
2.8
2.9
3.0
4.8
4.9
4.9
1.9
2.2
2.9
3.6
3.6
3.8
6.2
6.2
6.3
1.2
1.6
3.0
2.4
2.8
4.2
7.2
7.3
7.6
1.7
2.3
4.2
6.0
6.2
6.9
19.5
19.7
20.4
2.3
3.1
5.7
8.8
9.1
10.1
28.5
28.8
29.8
317
317
427
557
557
557
967
967
967
317
317
427
557
557
557
967
967
967
317
317
427
557
557
557
967
967
967
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
8
8
9
9
9
9
6
6
6
8
9
9
9
9
9
5
5
5
TL3
TL4
TU1
TL7
TU1
TL5
TL6
TL6
TL6
TL7
TL7
TL6
TL6
TL6
TL8
SH4
SH4
SH4
TL7
TL5
TL8
TU2
TU2
TL9
TU5
TU5
TU5
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
1.4
1.6
2.2
2.1
2.1
2.5
3.6
3.6
3.7
1.9
2.2
2.9
3.4
3.5
3.7
5.9
5.9
6.0
2.3
2.7
3.6
4.3
4.4
4.6
7.4
7.4
7.5
1.2
1.6
3.0
2.9
3.0
4.1
9.2
9.3
9.7
1.7
2.3
4.2
6.3
6.5
7.2
20.2
20.4
21.1
2.3
3.1
5.7
8.6
8.9
9.9
27.7
28.0
29.0
328
328
428
558
558
558
968
968
968
328
328
428
558
558
558
968
968
968
328
328
428
558
558
558
968
968
968
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
8
9
9
9
9
9
6
6
5
9
9
9
10
10
10
5
5
5
TL4
TL7
TL5
TL3
TL5
TL6
TU2
TU2
TU2
TL7
TL5
TL6
TL8
TL8
TL8
SH4
SH4
TU5
TL5
TL5
TL8
TU2
TU4
TU4
TU5
TU5
TU5
2
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire
Potential and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard
FMs = Standard Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
46
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Whitebark pine - Lodgepole pine fuelbed FCCS Outputs
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
Fuelbed LT052
Fuelbed LT051
Windspeed
mph
Slope %
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
1.3
1.5
1.9
1.8
1.9
2.3
2.5
2.6
2.9
1.8
2.1
2.7
2.4
2.6
3.1
3.7
3.7
4.0
2.3
2.6
3.3
3.0
3.2
3.9
4.7
4.7
4.9
1.3
1.6
3.0
2.4
2.8
4.1
5.2
5.6
6.9
1.7
2.3
4.1
3.3
3.8
5.6
8.3
8.4
9.6
2.3
3.1
5.5
4.4
5.1
7.6
11.4
11.5
12.9
323
323
433
453
453
553
663
663
663
323
323
433
453
453
553
663
663
663
323
323
433
453
453
553
663
663
663
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
TL4
TL4
TU1
TL7
TU1
TL6
TL6
TL6
TL8
TL7
TL3
TL6
TL5
TL6
TL8
TU2
TU2
TL9
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL9
TU4
TU4
TU4
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
0.7
0.8
1.0
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.5
1.0
1.2
1.5
1.3
1.5
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.2
1.3
1.4
1.9
1.7
1.8
2.2
2.4
2.5
2.8
0.8
1.0
1.9
1.4
1.7
2.5
3.0
3.3
4.1
1.1
1.4
2.6
1.9
2.3
3.5
4.2
4.5
5.7
1.4
1.9
3.5
2.6
3.1
4.7
5.6
6.1
7.7
212
212
322
312
322
422
422
422
522
212
212
322
312
322
422
422
422
522
212
212
322
312
322
422
422
422
522
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL4
TL4
TL4
TL4
TL3
TL4
TU1
TL4
TL4
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL6
TL4
TL4
TL5
TU1
TU1
TL6
TL6
TL6
TL6
2
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire
Potential and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard
FMs = Standard Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
47
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
5. Mountain hemlock pathways
48
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
5. Mountain hemlock fuelbeds
FuelbedID
Age class Harvest /
(yr)
fuel treatment
Change
agent
LT054
0-10
None
Wildfire
LT055
10-40
None
None
LT056
40-90
None
None
LT057
90-120
None
None
LT058
120+
None
None
LT059
120+
None
None
Fuelbed name / description
Mountain hemlock subalpine forest. Occurs at high elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Established less than 10 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Stands are dominated by
tree regeneration (may include lodgepole pine, western white pine, red fir), shrubs and scattered
snags.
Mountain hemlock subalpine forest. Occurs at high elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Established 10 to 40 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire with no subsequent
management. Dominated by pine and mountain hemlock seedlings and saplings.
Mountain hemlock subalpine forest. Occurs at high elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Established 40 to 90 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Lodgepole pine and
mountain hemlock dominate the canopy and regeneration is continuing to establish. Natural
woody fuel loadings with large woody debris decomposing.
Mountain hemlock subalpine forest. Occurs at high elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin.
Established 90 to 120 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire and has had no subsequent
management.
Mountain hemlock subalpine forest. Occurs at high elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Medium
density stand established over 120 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire with no
subsequent management.
Mountain hemlock subalpine forest. Occurs at high elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. High
density stand established over 120 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire with no
subsequent management.
49
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
5. Mountain hemlock fuelbed FCCS outputs
Mountain hemlock fuelbed FCCS Outputs
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
Fuelbed LT055
Fuelbed LT054
Windspeed
mph
Slope %
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.7
0.7
0.8
1.3
1.3
1.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
1.2
1.2
1.2
2.0
2.0
2.0
0.5
0.6
0.7
1.4
1.5
1.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.5
0.6
1.7
1.8
1.8
0.1
0.1
0.2
1.1
1.1
1.2
3.6
3.6
3.7
0.1
0.2
0.3
1.5
1.5
1.7
4.9
4.9
5.0
112
112
212
222
222
222
432
432
432
112
112
212
222
222
222
432
432
432
112
112
212
222
222
222
432
432
432
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
TL1
TL1
TL1
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL4
TL4
TL4
TL1
TL1
TL3
TL4
TL4
TL4
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL4
TL4
TL7
TL6
TL6
TL6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
1.2
1.3
1.7
1.6
1.7
2.0
2.5
2.6
2.6
1.5
1.7
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.5
3.7
3.7
3.8
1.9
2.1
2.7
2.7
2.8
3.1
4.7
4.7
4.8
0.8
1.0
1.6
1.5
1.7
2.3
4.1
4.1
4.3
1.1
1.4
2.3
2.4
2.4
3.2
7.5
7.6
7.9
1.5
1.8
3.1
3.3
3.4
4.3
10.4
10.5
10.9
219
319
319
349
349
449
559
659
659
219
319
319
349
349
449
559
659
659
219
319
319
349
349
449
559
659
659
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
8
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
TL3
TL4
TL7
TL7
TL7
TL7
TL6
TL6
TL6
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL9
TL7
TL3
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL8
TU4
TU4
TU4
2
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire
Potential and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard
FMs = Standard Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
50
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Mountain hemlock fuelbed FCCS Outputs
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
Fuelbed LT057
Fuelbed LT056
Windspeed
mph
Slope %
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
1.3
1.4
1.8
1.7
1.8
2.1
2.6
2.6
2.7
1.6
1.8
2.3
2.2
2.3
2.6
3.8
3.8
3.9
2.0
2.2
2.8
2.8
2.9
3.3
4.8
4.9
4.9
1.0
1.2
2.0
1.8
2.1
2.8
4.6
4.6
5.0
1.4
1.7
2.8
2.7
2.8
3.9
8.7
8.8
9.1
1.8
2.3
3.7
3.8
3.9
5.3
12.1
12.2
12.7
319
319
319
359
359
459
669
669
669
319
319
319
359
359
459
669
669
669
319
319
319
359
359
459
669
669
669
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
TL4
TL4
TL7
TL7
TL7
TL3
TL6
TL6
TL6
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL6
TL9
TL9
TL9
TL3
TL5
TL6
TL6
TL8
TL8
TU4
TU4
TU4
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.1
1.3
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.9
2.2
2.2
2.4
1.5
1.6
2.0
2.0
2.1
2.4
3.5
3.5
3.6
1.8
2.0
2.6
2.6
2.7
3.0
4.4
4.5
4.6
1.1
1.4
2.2
2.0
2.3
3.2
4.6
4.7
5.5
1.5
1.9
3.1
3.1
3.2
4.4
9.8
10.0
10.4
2.0
2.5
4.2
4.4
4.5
5.9
13.9
14.0
14.6
218
318
418
458
458
458
668
668
668
218
318
418
458
458
458
668
668
668
218
318
418
458
458
458
668
668
668
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
8
9
9
9
9
9
6
6
6
TL3
TL4
TL7
TL7
TL7
TU1
TL6
TL6
TL6
TL4
TL7
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL6
TU2
TU2
TU2
TL7
TL3
TL6
TL6
TL6
TL8
SH2
SH2
SH2
2
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire
Potential and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard
FMs = Standard Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
51
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Mountain hemlock fuelbed FCCS Outputs
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
Fuelbed LT059
Fuelbed LT058
Windspeed
mph
Slope %
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
0.9
1.0
1.3
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.8
2.0
1.2
1.3
1.7
1.6
1.7
2.0
2.7
2.8
2.8
1.5
1.6
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.5
3.5
3.5
3.6
1.2
1.6
2.7
2.3
2.6
3.7
4.9
5.2
6.4
1.7
2.2
3.7
3.4
3.6
5.1
10.6
10.8
11.3
2.3
2.9
5.0
4.9
5.1
6.9
15.3
15.5
16.3
319
319
419
459
459
559
779
779
779
319
319
419
459
459
559
779
779
779
319
319
419
459
459
559
779
779
779
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
11
11
11
8
8
9
9
9
9
6
6
6
TL3
TL3
TL4
TL4
TL4
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL4
TL4
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL5
SB1
SB1
SB1
TL4
TU1
TL3
TL3
TL6
TL6
SH2
SH2
SH2
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.6
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.3
1.4
1.8
1.7
1.8
2.1
2.9
2.9
3.0
1.6
1.8
2.3
2.5
2.5
2.7
4.2
4.2
4.3
2.0
2.2
2.9
3.2
3.2
3.4
5.4
5.4
5.5
1.2
1.6
2.7
2.4
2.5
3.6
7.6
7.7
8.1
1.7
2.2
3.7
4.4
4.5
5.1
13.7
13.9
14.5
2.3
2.9
5.0
6.2
6.5
7.4
19.6
19.9
20.7
319
319
419
459
459
559
769
769
869
319
319
419
459
459
559
769
769
869
319
319
419
459
459
559
769
769
869
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
8
8
9
9
9
9
6
6
6
8
9
9
9
9
9
6
6
6
TL4
TL4
TU1
TL7
TU1
TL3
TL8
TL8
TU2
TL7
TL7
TL6
TL6
TL6
TL6
SH2
SH2
SH2
TL7
TL5
TL6
TL8
TL8
TL8
SH4
SH4
SH4
2
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire
Potential and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard
FMs = Standard Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
52
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
6. Mixed conifer pathways
53
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
6. Mixed conifer fuelbeds
FuelbedID
Age class Harvest /
Change
(yr)
fuel treatment agent
LT060
0-7
None
Wildfire
LT061
7-25
None
None
LT062
25-50
None
None
LT063
50-80
None
None
LT064
80-120
None
None
LT065
120+
None
None
LT066
80-120
Select cut, RX Wildfire
fire
(ground)
LT067
80-120
Select cut
LT068
80-120
Select cut, pile
& burn
None
LT069
80-120
Select cut, Pile
(no burn)
None
LT070
120+
Select cut, RX
fire, pile burn None
LT071
120+
Select cut
None
None
Fuelbed name / description
Mixed conifer forest. Occurs at middle elevations in the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established less than
7 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire with no salvage harvest. Stand is currently
dominated by shrubs with 10% cover of trees.
Mixed conifer forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established 7 to 25
years ago following stand-replacement wildfire with no subsequent management. Stand is
dominated by shrubs with seedlings and saplings in the canopy.
Mixed conifer forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established 25 to 50
years ago following stand-replacement wildfire with no subsequent management. High density
stand of sapling and pole-sized mixed conifers.
Mixed conifer forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established 50 to 80
years ago following stand-replacement wildfire with no subsequent management. Medium
density stand with moderate woody fuel loads.
Mixed conifer forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established 80 to
120 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire with no subsequent management. High
density stand.
Mixed conifer forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established over 120
years ago following stand-replacement wildfire with no subsequent management. High density
stand.
Mixed conifer forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established 80 to
120 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire with no salvage harvest. Recent select tree
harvest followed by prescribed fire or low intensity wildfire.
Mixed conifer forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established 80 to
120 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Recent select tree harvest with no fuel
reduction treatment.
Mixed conifer forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established 80 to
120 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Recent select tree harvest with the logging
slash piled and burned.
Mixed conifer forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established 80 to
120 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Recent select tree harvest with logging
slash piled but not burned.
Mixed conifer forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established over 120
years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Recent select tree harvest with logging slash
piled and burned or treated with prescribed fire.
Mixed conifer forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established over 120
years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Recent select tree harvest with no logging slash
treatment.
54
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
FuelbedID
Age class Harvest /
Change
(yr)
fuel treatment agent
LT072
0-10
None
Wildfire
LT073
10-25
None
None
LT074
120+
None
None
LT075
120+
Select cut
None
LT076
120+
Select cut, RX
fire, pile burn None
LT077
120+
Select cut
LT078
120+
Select cut, Pile
(no burn)
None
LT079
120+
Select cut, Pile
(no burn)
None
LT080
0-7
Salvage
Wildfire
LT081
7-25
None
None
LT085
80-120
Select cut,
Mastication
None
LT088
120+
None
None
None
Fuelbed name / description
Mixed conifer forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established less than
10 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire with no salvage harvest. Stand is dominated
by herbaceous vegetation with 10% cover of canopy trees.
Mixed conifer forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established 10 to 25
years ago following stand-replacement wildfire with no salvage harvest and no subsequent
management. Stand is composed of seedlings and saplings.
Mixed conifer forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established over 120
years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Stands have had past select tree harvests but no
recent management.
Mixed conifer forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established over 120
years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Stands have had two select tree harvests with
no treatment of logging slash.
Mixed conifer forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established over 120
years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Recent select tree harvest with logging slash
piled and burned or treated with prescribed fire.
Mixed conifer forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established over 120
years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Recent select tree harvest with no treatment of
logging slash.
Mixed conifer forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established over 120
years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Stands have no history of management until a
recent select tree harvest with logging slash piled but not burned.
Mixed conifer forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established over 120
years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Recent select tree harvest with logging slash
piled but not burned.
Mixed conifer forest. Occurs at middle elevations in the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established less than
7 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire with salvage harvest. Stand is currently
dominated by shrubs with 10% cover of trees.
Mixed conifer forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established 7 to 25
years ago following stand-replacement wildfire with salvage harvest and no subsequent
management. Stand is dominated by shrubs with seedlings and saplings in the canopy.
Mixed conifer forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established 80 to
120 years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Recent select tree, cut to length harvest with
mastication of logging slash, shrubs and small trees.
Mixed conifer forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Lake Tahoe Basin. Established over 120
years ago following stand-replacement wildfire. Stands have had past select tree harvest with
mastication but no recent management.
55
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
6. Mixed conifer fuelbed FCCS outputs
Mixed conifer fuelbed FCCS Outputs
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
Fuelbed LT061
Fuelbed LT060
Windspeed
mph
Slope %
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.4
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
1.2
1.3
1.7
3.3
3.3
3.5
5.7
5.7
5.8
2.0
2.2
2.8
5.4
5.5
5.7
9.4
9.4
9.6
2.4
2.6
3.3
6.5
6.6
6.8
11.2
11.2
11.4
0.3
0.3
0.5
2.3
2.3
2.5
7.4
7.4
7.7
0.5
0.6
1.1
4.5
4.6
5.1
14.8
14.9
15.3
0.7
0.8
1.4
5.9
6.1
6.6
19.4
19.5
20.1
313
313
313
523
523
523
823
823
823
313
313
313
523
523
523
823
823
823
313
313
313
523
523
523
823
823
823
8
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
10
8
9
9
10
10
10
13
13
13
9
9
9
12
12
12
13
13
13
TL3
TL3
TL7
TL8
TL8
TL8
TU5
TU5
TU5
TL7
TL5
TL5
TU5
TU5
TU5
SB3
SB3
SB3
TL5
TL5
TL8
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
2.1
2.3
2.9
4.2
4.3
4.5
7.1
7.2
7.3
2.9
3.2
4.2
7.0
7.2
7.6
12.0
12.1
12.4
3.5
4.0
5.2
8.7
8.9
9.4
14.9
15.0
15.3
0.9
1.1
1.7
3.9
4.0
4.6
12.3
12.5
13.1
1.2
1.5
2.7
8.2
8.6
9.8
26.3
26.7
27.9
1.6
2.1
3.8
11.6
12.1
13.8
37.2
37.7
39.4
318
418
418
628
628
628
938
938
938
318
418
418
628
628
628
938
938
938
318
418
418
628
628
628
938
938
938
9
9
9
10
10
10
12
12
12
9
9
10
12
12
12
13
13
13
9
10
10
13
13
13
13
13
13
TL3
TL5
TL8
TU2
TU2
TU2
SB3
SB3
SB3
TL8
TL8
TU2
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB3
TL8
TU2
TU2
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB3
2
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire
Potential and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard
FMs = Standard Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
56
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Mixed conifer fuelbed FCCS Outputs
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
Fuelbed LT063
Fuelbed LT062
Windspeed
mph
Slope %
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
11.7
11.7
11.7
11.7
11.7
11.7
11.7
11.7
11.7
14.5
14.5
14.5
14.5
14.5
14.5
14.5
14.5
14.5
16.1
16.1
16.1
16.1
16.1
16.1
16.1
16.1
16.1
3.7
4.1
5.3
8.8
8.9
9.5
14.9
15.0
15.3
5.1
5.7
7.3
12.2
12.4
13.1
20.7
20.9
21.3
6.1
6.8
8.7
14.5
14.8
15.6
24.7
24.8
25.3
1.7
2.2
3.7
11.2
11.6
13.2
35.5
35.9
37.5
2.8
3.5
6.1
18.5
19.2
21.8
58.7
59.4
62.0
3.7
4.7
8.0
24.3
25.3
28.6
77.0
78.0
81.4
526
526
526
946
946
946
966
966
966
526
526
526
946
946
946
966
966
966
526
526
526
946
946
946
966
966
966
9
10
10
13
13
13
13
13
13
10
10
12
13
13
13
13
13
13
12
12
13
13
13
13
4
4
4
TL8
TU2
TU2
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB3
TU2
TU5
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB4
SB4
SB4
SB2
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB3
GR8
GR8
GR8
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
1.5
1.7
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.6
3.1
3.1
3.4
1.9
2.2
2.8
2.6
2.8
3.3
3.8
3.9
4.3
2.4
2.7
3.5
3.3
3.5
4.1
4.8
4.9
5.3
1.5
1.9
3.3
2.9
3.3
4.7
6.5
6.9
8.3
2.1
2.6
4.5
4.0
4.6
6.4
9.0
9.6
11.4
2.8
3.5
6.1
5.4
6.2
8.7
12.2
12.9
15.4
313
313
423
443
443
543
643
643
743
313
313
423
443
443
543
643
643
743
313
313
423
443
443
543
643
643
743
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL3
TL5
TL6
TL8
TL8
TU2
TL7
TL5
TL6
TL6
TL6
TL8
TL9
TL9
TU4
TL5
TL6
TL8
TL8
TL8
TU4
TU4
TU4
TU4
2
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire
Potential and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard
FMs = Standard Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
57
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Mixed conifer fuelbed FCCS Outputs
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
Fuelbed LT065
Fuelbed LT064
Windspeed
mph
Slope %
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
1.7
1.9
2.5
2.3
2.4
2.9
3.2
3.3
3.7
2.2
2.4
3.1
2.9
3.0
3.6
4.1
4.2
4.6
2.7
3.0
3.9
3.6
3.8
4.5
5.1
5.2
5.7
1.5
1.9
3.2
2.7
3.1
4.4
5.8
6.2
7.6
2.0
2.6
4.5
3.7
4.3
6.1
8.0
8.6
10.4
2.8
3.5
6.0
5.0
5.8
8.3
10.8
11.6
14.1
316
316
416
446
446
546
656
656
656
316
316
416
446
446
546
656
656
656
316
316
416
446
446
546
656
656
656
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL6
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL6
TL8
TL8
TU2
TU2
TU4
TL5
TL8
TL9
TL8
TL9
TU2
TU4
TU4
TU3
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.7
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
1.6
1.8
2.3
2.0
2.2
2.6
3.2
3.3
3.4
2.0
2.2
2.8
2.6
2.7
3.2
4.4
4.4
4.6
2.5
2.8
3.5
3.4
3.5
4.0
5.6
5.7
5.8
1.3
1.7
2.9
2.3
2.7
3.9
6.4
6.5
6.9
1.9
2.4
4.1
3.5
3.7
5.4
10.6
10.8
11.4
2.5
3.2
5.5
4.9
5.2
7.3
14.9
15.1
16.1
316
316
416
446
446
546
756
756
756
316
316
416
446
446
546
756
756
756
316
316
416
446
446
546
756
756
756
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
8
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL3
TL5
TL6
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL7
TL5
TL6
TL6
TL6
TL8
TU4
TU4
TU4
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TU2
TU3
TU3
TU3
2
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire
Potential and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard
FMs = Standard Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
58
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Mixed conifer fuelbed FCCS Outputs
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
Fuelbed LT067
Fuelbed LT066
Windspeed
mph
Slope %
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
1.1
1.2
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.8
2.2
2.3
2.4
1.5
1.7
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.5
3.0
3.1
3.4
1.9
2.1
2.6
2.6
2.7
3.1
3.7
3.8
4.1
0.7
0.9
1.5
1.5
1.6
2.2
3.3
3.5
4.1
1.0
1.3
2.1
2.0
2.2
3.1
4.5
4.8
5.6
1.4
1.7
2.8
2.7
3.0
4.2
6.1
6.5
7.6
212
312
312
322
322
422
432
432
532
212
312
312
322
322
422
432
432
532
212
312
312
322
322
422
432
432
532
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
TL3
TL4
TL7
TL7
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL6
TL6
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL3
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL7
TL3
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL9
TU2
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
5.4
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
2.3
2.5
3.2
3.1
3.2
3.8
4.4
4.6
4.9
2.9
3.2
4.1
4.0
4.2
4.9
6.1
6.1
6.4
3.6
4.0
5.1
4.9
5.2
6.0
7.8
7.9
8.1
1.3
1.6
2.7
2.5
2.8
3.9
5.6
5.9
7.0
1.8
2.3
3.8
3.5
3.9
5.4
8.8
9.0
9.7
2.4
3.0
5.1
4.7
5.3
7.3
12.8
13.0
13.9
315
415
415
435
435
535
645
645
645
315
415
415
435
435
535
645
645
645
315
415
415
435
435
535
645
645
645
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
9
9
10
9
10
10
12
12
12
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
13
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL9
TU2
TU2
TU2
TL8
TL8
TU2
TL9
TU2
TU2
SB2
SB2
SB3
TL8
TU2
TU2
TU2
TU2
SB2
SB3
SB3
SB3
2
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire
Potential and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard
FMs = Standard Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
59
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Mixed conifer fuelbed FCCS Outputs
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
Fuelbed LT069
Fuelbed LT068
Windspeed
mph
Slope %
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
4.6
1.1
1.2
1.6
1.5
1.6
1.9
2.2
2.3
2.5
1.5
1.7
2.1
2.1
2.2
2.5
3.0
3.1
3.3
1.9
2.1
2.6
2.6
2.7
3.1
3.7
3.8
4.1
0.5
0.7
1.1
1.0
1.2
1.6
2.3
2.5
2.9
0.7
0.9
1.5
1.4
1.6
2.2
3.2
3.4
4.0
1.0
1.2
2.0
1.9
2.2
3.0
4.3
4.6
5.4
213
313
313
323
323
323
433
433
433
213
313
313
323
323
323
433
433
433
213
313
313
323
323
323
433
433
433
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
TL3
TL3
TL7
TL7
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL3
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL7
TL3
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL9
TU2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
1.0
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.7
2.0
2.1
2.3
1.4
1.5
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.3
2.8
2.8
3.1
1.7
1.9
2.4
2.3
2.5
2.8
3.4
3.5
3.7
0.5
0.7
1.1
1.0
1.2
1.6
2.4
2.5
2.9
0.7
0.9
1.5
1.4
1.6
2.2
3.3
3.4
4.1
1.0
1.2
2.0
1.9
2.2
3.0
4.4
4.7
5.5
213
213
313
323
323
323
433
433
433
213
213
313
323
323
323
433
433
433
213
213
313
323
323
323
433
433
433
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
TL3
TL3
TL4
TL4
TL4
TL7
TL3
TL3
TL5
TL3
TL7
TL7
TL7
TL3
TL5
TL5
TL6
TL8
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
2
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire
Potential and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard
FMs = Standard Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
60
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Mixed conifer fuelbed FCCS Outputs
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
Fuelbed LT071
Fuelbed LT070
Windspeed
mph
Slope %
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.9
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
0.8
0.9
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.1
1.2
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.7
2.0
2.0
2.2
1.3
1.5
1.9
1.8
1.9
2.2
2.5
2.6
2.8
0.5
0.6
1.0
0.9
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.1
2.5
0.7
0.9
1.4
1.3
1.4
2.0
2.7
2.9
3.4
0.9
1.2
1.9
1.7
1.9
2.7
3.6
3.9
4.7
212
212
212
212
212
312
322
322
422
212
212
212
212
212
312
322
322
422
212
212
212
212
212
312
322
322
422
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
TL3
TL3
TL4
TL3
TL4
TL4
TL7
TL7
TU1
TL3
TL4
TL4
TL4
TL4
TL7
TU1
TL3
TL6
TL4
TL4
TL7
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL6
TL6
TL6
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
1.6
1.8
2.3
2.1
2.2
2.6
3.3
3.4
3.4
2.0
2.2
2.8
2.7
2.8
3.3
4.6
4.6
4.7
2.5
2.8
3.6
3.4
3.5
4.1
5.7
5.8
5.9
1.1
1.4
2.3
2.0
2.2
3.2
5.4
5.5
5.9
1.6
1.9
3.2
3.0
3.1
4.4
9.1
9.2
9.7
2.1
2.6
4.3
4.0
4.2
5.9
12.3
12.5
13.2
314
314
414
324
424
424
634
634
634
314
314
414
324
424
424
634
634
634
314
314
414
324
424
424
634
634
634
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL3
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL3
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL8
TU4
TU4
TU4
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TU2
TU3
TU3
TU3
2
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire
Potential and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard
FMs = Standard Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
61
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Mixed conifer fuelbed FCCS Outputs
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
Fuelbed LT073
Fuelbed LT072
Windspeed
mph
Slope %
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.1
0.8
0.9
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.9
1.9
1.9
0.9
1.0
1.3
1.3
1.3
1.6
2.2
2.2
2.3
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.9
0.9
1.1
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.9
1.9
1.9
2.0
0.4
0.5
0.8
0.8
0.8
1.2
2.5
2.5
2.6
211
211
211
211
211
211
311
311
311
211
211
211
211
211
211
311
311
311
211
211
211
211
211
211
311
311
311
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL4
TL7
TL7
TL7
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL3
TL4
TL7
TL5
TL5
TL5
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.8
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
1.2
1.3
1.6
2.3
2.3
2.4
3.9
3.9
3.9
1.6
1.7
2.2
3.7
3.7
3.9
6.3
6.3
6.4
1.9
2.1
2.7
4.6
4.7
4.9
7.8
7.9
8.0
0.5
0.6
1.0
2.1
2.1
2.4
6.6
6.7
6.9
0.7
0.8
1.4
4.3
4.4
5.0
13.7
13.8
14.4
0.9
1.1
1.9
6.1
6.3
7.1
19.6
19.8
20.6
218
318
318
428
428
428
728
728
828
218
318
318
428
428
428
728
728
828
218
318
318
428
428
428
728
728
828
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
8
8
9
9
9
9
12
12
12
8
9
9
10
10
10
12
12
13
TL3
TL3
TL7
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL9
TL9
TL9
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL9
SB3
SB3
SB3
TL7
TL3
TL5
TU2
TU2
TU2
SB3
SB3
SB2
2
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire
Potential and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard
FMs = Standard Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
62
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Mixed conifer fuelbed FCCS Outputs
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
Fuelbed LT075
Fuelbed LT074
Windspeed
mph
Slope %
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.2
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.5
1.5
1.7
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.6
3.1
3.1
3.4
2.0
2.3
2.8
2.8
2.9
3.4
4.0
4.1
4.5
2.5
2.8
3.5
3.4
3.6
4.2
5.0
5.1
5.5
1.3
1.6
2.6
2.5
2.8
3.8
5.5
5.8
6.9
1.7
2.2
3.6
3.4
3.8
5.3
7.6
8.1
9.5
2.3
2.9
4.9
4.6
5.1
7.1
10.3
10.9
12.8
316
316
416
436
436
546
646
646
646
316
316
416
436
436
546
646
646
646
316
316
416
436
436
546
646
646
646
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL3
TL5
TL6
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL3
TL5
TL6
TL5
TL8
TL8
TU2
TU2
TU4
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TU2
TU4
TU4
TU3
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
3.7
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
4.9
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
5.7
2.1
2.3
2.9
2.8
2.9
3.4
4.0
4.1
4.4
2.7
2.9
3.7
3.6
3.8
4.4
5.4
5.4
5.7
3.3
3.6
4.6
4.4
4.7
5.4
6.9
6.9
7.1
1.1
1.4
2.3
2.1
2.4
3.3
4.7
5.0
5.9
1.6
1.9
3.2
2.9
3.3
4.6
7.1
7.2
8.1
2.1
2.6
4.3
4.0
4.5
6.2
10.3
10.5
11.1
315
315
415
425
425
425
545
545
645
315
315
415
425
425
425
545
545
645
315
315
415
425
425
425
545
545
645
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
TL3
TL5
TL8
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL9
TU2
TU2
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL9
TU2
TU2
TU2
TU5
TL8
TL8
TU2
TU2
TU2
TU5
SB3
SB3
SB3
2
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire
Potential and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard
FMs = Standard Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
63
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Mixed conifer fuelbed FCCS Outputs
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
Fuelbed LT077
Fuelbed LT076
Windspeed
mph
Slope %
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
3.8
1.0
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.7
2.0
2.0
2.2
1.4
1.5
1.9
1.9
2.0
2.3
2.7
2.8
3.0
1.7
1.9
2.4
2.3
2.4
2.8
3.3
3.4
3.7
0.5
0.6
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.6
2.3
2.4
2.8
0.7
0.9
1.5
1.4
1.6
2.2
3.1
3.3
3.9
1.0
1.2
2.0
1.9
2.1
2.9
4.2
4.4
5.2
214
214
314
334
334
334
444
444
444
214
214
314
334
334
334
444
444
444
214
214
314
334
334
334
444
444
444
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
TL3
TL3
TL4
TL4
TL4
TL7
TL7
TL3
TL5
TL3
TL7
TL7
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
5.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
6.0
2.2
2.4
3.1
2.9
3.1
3.6
4.2
4.3
4.6
2.8
3.1
3.9
3.7
3.9
4.6
5.7
5.7
5.9
3.5
3.8
4.9
4.6
4.9
5.7
7.3
7.4
7.6
1.1
1.4
2.3
2.1
2.3
3.3
4.5
4.7
5.7
1.6
1.9
3.2
2.8
3.2
4.5
7.2
7.4
7.8
2.1
2.6
4.3
3.8
4.3
6.1
10.5
10.7
11.4
316
416
416
446
446
446
556
556
656
316
416
416
446
446
446
556
556
656
316
416
416
446
446
446
556
556
656
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL8
TU2
TU2
TU2
TL5
TL8
TL9
TL8
TL9
TU2
TU5
TU5
TU5
TL8
TL9
TU2
TU2
TU2
TU5
SB3
SB3
SB3
2
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire
Potential and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard
FMs = Standard Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
64
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Mixed conifer fuelbed FCCS Outputs
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
Fuelbed LT079
Fuelbed LT078
Windspeed
mph
Slope %
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
2.9
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
3.4
1.0
1.1
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.7
2.0
2.0
2.2
1.3
1.5
1.9
1.8
1.9
2.2
2.6
2.7
2.9
1.6
1.8
2.3
2.2
2.4
2.7
3.2
3.3
3.6
0.5
0.6
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.6
2.2
2.4
2.8
0.7
0.9
1.5
1.4
1.6
2.1
3.1
3.3
3.9
1.0
1.2
2.0
1.9
2.1
2.9
4.2
4.4
5.2
214
214
314
334
334
334
444
444
444
214
214
314
334
334
334
444
444
444
214
214
314
334
334
334
444
444
444
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
TL3
TL3
TL4
TL4
TL4
TL7
TL7
TL3
TL5
TL3
TL4
TL7
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
2.7
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.2
1.0
1.1
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.9
2.0
2.1
1.3
1.4
1.8
1.7
1.8
2.1
2.5
2.6
2.8
1.6
1.8
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.6
3.1
3.2
3.5
0.5
0.6
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.5
2.2
2.3
2.8
0.7
0.9
1.5
1.4
1.5
2.1
3.1
3.2
3.8
1.0
1.2
2.0
1.8
2.1
2.9
4.1
4.4
5.2
212
212
312
312
312
312
322
432
432
212
212
312
312
312
312
322
432
432
212
212
312
312
312
312
322
432
432
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
9
8
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
8
8
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
TL3
TL3
TL4
TL4
TL4
TL7
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL3
TL4
TL7
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL6
TL7
TL7
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
2
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire
Potential and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard
FMs = Standard Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
65
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Mixed conifer fuelbed FCCS Outputs
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
Fuelbed LT081
Fuelbed LT080
Windspeed
mph
Slope %
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.4
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
9.8
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
10.9
1.2
1.3
1.7
3.3
3.3
3.5
5.7
5.7
5.8
2.0
2.2
2.8
5.4
5.5
5.7
9.4
9.4
9.6
2.4
2.6
3.3
6.5
6.6
6.8
11.2
11.2
11.4
0.3
0.3
0.5
2.3
2.3
2.5
7.4
7.4
7.7
0.5
0.6
1.1
4.5
4.6
5.1
14.8
14.9
15.3
0.7
0.8
1.4
5.9
6.1
6.6
19.4
19.5
20.1
322
322
332
542
542
542
842
842
842
322
322
332
542
542
542
842
842
842
322
322
332
542
542
542
842
842
842
8
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
10
8
9
9
10
10
10
13
13
13
9
9
9
12
12
12
13
13
13
TL3
TL3
TL7
TL8
TL8
TL8
TU5
TU5
TU5
TL7
TL5
TL5
TU5
TU5
TU5
SB3
SB3
SB3
TL5
TL5
TL8
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
6.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
9.3
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
10.4
2.1
2.3
2.9
4.2
4.3
4.5
7.1
7.2
7.3
2.9
3.2
4.2
7.0
7.2
7.6
12.0
12.1
12.4
3.5
4.0
5.2
8.7
8.9
9.4
14.9
15.0
15.3
0.9
1.1
1.7
3.9
4.0
4.6
12.3
12.5
13.1
1.2
1.5
2.7
8.2
8.6
9.8
26.3
26.7
27.9
1.6
2.1
3.8
11.6
12.1
13.8
37.2
37.7
39.4
332
432
432
642
642
642
962
962
962
332
432
432
642
642
642
962
962
962
332
432
432
642
642
642
962
962
962
9
9
9
10
10
10
12
12
12
9
9
10
12
12
12
13
13
13
9
10
10
13
13
13
13
13
13
TL3
TL5
TL8
TU2
TU2
TU2
SB3
SB3
SB3
TL8
TL8
TU2
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB3
TL8
TU2
TU2
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB3
2
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire
Potential and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard
FMs = Standard Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
66
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Mixed conifer fuelbed FCCS Outputs
D4L4C1 Moisture Scenario
Fuelbed LT088
Fuelbed LT085
Windspeed
mph
Slope %
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
Reaction
Intensity
(1,000
btu/ft2/min)
Flame
Length (ft)
Rate of
Spread
(ft/min)
FCCS Fire
Potentials
Crosswalk –
FBPS FMs
Crosswalk –
Standard
FMs
D2L2C3 Moisture Scenario
D1L1C4 Moisture Scenario
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
0
0
0
3
3
3
7
7
7
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
00
30
70
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
5.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
6.1
2.4
2.7
3.4
3.2
3.4
3.9
4.6
4.7
5.1
3.0
3.4
4.3
4.0
4.2
5.0
6.5
6.5
6.7
3.8
4.2
5.3
5.1
5.3
6.2
8.4
8.5
8.8
1.3
1.6
2.7
2.4
2.7
3.8
5.4
5.5
6.5
1.8
2.3
3.8
3.3
3.7
5.2
9.4
9.6
10.2
2.4
3.0
5.1
4.6
5.0
7.1
13.9
14.2
15.0
315
415
415
435
435
535
645
645
645
315
415
415
435
435
535
645
645
645
315
415
415
435
435
535
645
645
645
9
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
9
9
10
9
10
10
12
12
12
9
10
10
10
10
12
13
13
13
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TL9
TU2
TU2
TU2
TL8
TL8
TU2
TL9
TU2
TU2
SB3
SB3
SB3
TL9
TU2
TU2
TU2
TU2
SB2
SB3
SB3
SB3
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
4.4
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
5.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
2.5
2.7
3.4
3.2
3.4
4.0
4.9
4.9
5.2
3.1
3.4
4.3
4.2
4.3
5.1
6.9
7.0
7.2
3.9
4.3
5.4
5.4
5.5
6.3
8.9
9.0
9.3
1.3
1.6
2.6
2.3
2.6
3.7
5.6
5.7
6.4
1.7
2.2
3.6
3.3
3.6
5.0
9.9
10.1
10.7
2.3
2.9
4.9
4.8
5.1
6.8
14.5
14.8
15.7
417
417
417
447
447
547
657
657
757
417
417
417
447
447
547
657
657
757
417
417
417
447
447
547
657
657
757
9
9
9
9
9
10
10
10
10
9
9
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
9
10
10
10
10
12
13
13
13
TL5
TL5
TL8
TL8
TL8
TU2
TU2
TU2
TU2
TL8
TL8
TU2
TU2
TU2
TU2
SB3
SB3
SB3
TL9
TU2
TU2
TU2
TU5
SB3
SB3
SB3
SB3
2
Notes:
FCCS Fire Potentials = 3 digit code representing Fuel Characteristic Classification System Surface Fire Behavior Potential, Crown Fire Potential
and Available Fuel Potential; FBPS FMs = Fire Behavior Prediction System Fuel Models (Rothermel 1972, Albini1976); Standard FMs = Standard
Fuel Models (Scott and Burgan 2005). To convert Rate of Spread to ch/hr multiply ft/min by 0.9090909.
67
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
7. Additional Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit Fuelbeds
Age class Harvest /
Change
FuelbedID (yr)
fuel treatment agent
LT090
None
None
LT091
None
None
LT092
None
None
LT093
None
None
LT094
None
None
FCCS001
None
None
FCCS046
None
None
Fire
exclusion,
Grazing,
Introduction
of Exotic
Species
FCCS056
None
FCCS069
None
Fuelbed name / description
Huckleberry oak shrublands occur in the mountains of Oregon and California typically on thin,
rocky soils along ridges and upper slopes in the subalpine and montane zones from 2,300 to
over 10,000 feet. This fuelbed is a mature huckleberry oak shrubland type over 40 years old.
Greenleaf manzanita shrublands occur from the eastern Sierra Nevada east to Colorado and
Arizona in summer-dry sites generally on rocky soils from 2,600 to 9,800 feet in elevation. This
fuelbed is a mature greenleaf manzanita shrubland over 40 years old.
Alpine and subalpine meadows dominated by shorthair reedgrass and threadleaf sedge occur
between 4,200 and 12,500 feet in the Sierra Nevada. Many forb species occur in the meadows
and shrubs such as dwarf bilberry and willows may be present. These meadows are typically
cold and wet, and have a short growing season.
Young quaking aspen forest. Occurs following disturbance, especially near riparian areas,
throughout the Lake Tahoe basin.
Quaking aspen forest. Aspen forests develop following disturbance, especially near riparian
areas, throughout the Lake Tahoe basin. This fuelbed is dominated by pole-sized aspen over a
rich herbaceous layer.
Mixed forests such as these are composed of black cottonwood with other conifer and
hardwood species, found along rivers and floodplains throughout the Pacific Northwest.
Conifers can include Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, grand fir, Engelmann spruce, and other
species. Hardwoods can consist of various species of cottonwood, aspen, alder, maple, or
birch.
This chaparral type is mostly restricted to coastal mountain areas south from San Diego County
north to interior Mendocino County in California, covering more than 1.5 million acres. At lower
elevations, chamise (Adenostoma fasciculatum) is found with coastal sage shrubs. At higher
elevations, chamise is codominant with arctostaphylos or ceanothus or both.
Sagebrush steppe occurs throughout the Great Basin. Sagebrush densities have increased and
native bunchgrass densities have decreased due to fire exclusion. In this sagebrush steppe in
eastern Oregon, overgrazing and cultivation have also facilitated establishment of nonnative
annual grasses. This fuelbed was developed based on data from John Day Fossil Beds
National Monument.
This eastern Oregon site has a mix of sagebrush (Artemesia spp.) and bitterbrush (Purshia
tridentata) with scattered western juniper. Fire exclusion has resulted in western juniper
encroachment into the sagebrush assemblage. Sagebrush shrublands are widespread
throughout the Great Basin, with juniper woodlands above them in elevation and grasslands
Fire exclusionbelow.
68
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Age class Harvest /
Change
FuelbedID (yr)
fuel treatment agent
FCCS095
FCCS224
LF308
LF313
OW072
OW140
CO005
CO114
CO208
CO216
CO228
Fuelbed name / description
Willow and alder shrubland. Found on floodplains and along streams and beaches throughout
Alaska, and at transitions from forested to non-forested areas. This fuelbed is comparable to
None
None
the closed tall alder -- willow shrub community of Viereck et al. (1992).
Quaking aspen forests are found throughout the intermountain West. This fuelbed was
developed based on data from Zion National Park and is dominated by quaking aspen with a
None
Fire exclusionsmall component of gambel oak, ponderosa pine, and white fir.
Low sagebrush steppe found in Wyoming, western, Montana, southern Idaho, eastern oregon,
northern Nevada, and Utah, northwestern Colorado and northeastern California. This fuelbed
was partially developed based on data from Zion NP and SWSB 03 from photo series volume
None
None
IV.
Mountain mahogany are often in small tree or shrub form that reach heights between 6 and 27
feet and commonly occur in the drier sites of the Western United Sates. It is often associated
with service berry, big and black sagebrush, bitterbrush, and rabbit brush along with wheat
grass, idaho fescue, and cheat grasses. The Most sites have been disturbed fire and or
None
None
grazing.
None
Avalanche Subalpine forest disturbed by avalanche. Current canopy is composed of trembling aspen.
Ponderosa pine forest. Occurs at low to middle elevations of the eastern Cascade Range.
Established 80 to 150 years ago following wildfire or clearcut harvest. High density stand with
None
None
no history of management.
Dry Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine forest. Occurs at middle elevations of the Cascade Range.
Clearcut,
Established less than 15 years ago by clearcut harvest and prescribed burning, or wildfire and
Salvage, Rx fire Wildfire
salvage logging, resulting in a shrubland with less than 10% overstory present.
Ponderosa pine forest. Occurs at low to mid elevations of the eastern Cascades. Established
Clearcut, Pile
less than 15 years ago after clearcut harvest and prescribed burn, or wildfire and salvage
burn, Rx fire,
logging. Shrubland with less than 10% overstory present. Understory of high density planted
Salvage
Wildfire
pines (over 200 tpa).
Bitterbrush and rabbitbrush shrubland. Occurs throughout central Oregon and the Great Basin,
with juniper woodlands above in elevation and grasslands below. Established 10 to 20 years
None
None
ago after prescribed fire or wildfire with no subsequent management.
Western juniper, bitterbrush and bunchgrass savanna. Occurs as transitional ecosystem
between ponderosa pine forests and sagebrush steppe in eastern Oregon and throughout the
None
None
Great Basin. Established 20 to 40 years ago after prescribed fire or wildfire.
Sagebrush shrubland. Occurs in central Oregon and throughout the Great Basin. Sagebrush
densities have increased and native bunchgrass densities have decreased with fire exclusion.
None
None
This fuelbed represents sagebrush shrublands 20 to 40 years after prescribed fire or wildfire.
FCCS= Fuel Characteristic Classification System standard fuelbeds
OW= Fuelbeds developed for the Okanogan-Wenatchee National Forest
CO= Fuelbeds developed for the central Oregon region
LF= Fuelbeds developed for the LANDFIRE project
69
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
List of references
Albini, F.A. 1976. Estimating wildfire behavior and effects. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 92 p.
Fites, Jo Ann. 1993. Ecological Guide to Mixed Conifer Plant Associations. Northern Sierra Nevada and Southern
Cascades: Lassen, Plumas, Tahoe, and El Dorado National Forests. R5-ECOL-TP-001.
Fites-Kaufman, J.A., et al. 2007. Montane and Subalpine Vegetation of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Ranges. In
Barbour, M.G., T. Keeler-Wolf, A.A. Schoenherr (Eds.), Terrestrial Vegetation of California, Third Edition (pp. 456-501).
Berkeley: University of California Press.
Ottmar, R.D.; Sandberg, D.V.; Riccardi, C.L.; Prichard, S.J. 2007. An overview of the Fuel Characteristic Classification
System – quantifying, classifying, and creating fuelbeds for resource planning. Canadian Journal of Forest Research.
37(12): 2383-2393.
Potter, Donald A. 1994. Guide to Forested Communities of the Upper Montane in the Central and Southern Sierra
Nevada. R5-ECOL-TP-003.
Prichard, S.J., Sandberg, D.V.; Ottmar, R.D., Campbell, P.W. 2008. FCCS user‟s guide, version 2.0.U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Riccardi, Cynthia L.; Ottmar, Roger D.; Sandberg, David V., Andreu, Anne; Elman, Ella; Kopper, Karen; Long, Jennifer.
2007. The fuelbed: a key element of the Fuel Characteristic Classification System. Canadian Journal of Forest Research.
37(12): 2394-2412.
Rothermel, R.C. 1972. A mathematical model for predicting fire spread in wildland fuels. Res. Pap. INT-115. Ogden, UT:
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 40 p p.Albini 1976
Sandberg, D.V.; Riccardi, C.L.; Schaaf, Mark D. 2007a. Reformulation of Rothermel‟s wildland fire behavior model for
heterogeneous fuelbeds. 37(12): 2438-2455.
70
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Sandberg, D.V.; Riccardi, C.L.; Schaaf, Mark D. 2007b. Fire potential rating for wildland fuelbeds using the Fuel
Characteristic Classification System. 37(12): 2456-2463.
Scott, Joe H.; Burgan, Robert E. 2005. Standard fire behavior fuel models: a comprehensive set for use with Rothermel's
surface fire spread model. Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-153. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. 72 p.
Smith, Sydney. 1994. Ecological Guide to Eastside Pine Plant Associations. Northeastern California: Modoc, Lassen,
Klamath, Shasta-Trinity, Plumas, and Tahoe National Forests. R5-ECOL-TP-004.
Stephens, Scott L. and Jason.J. Moghaddas. 2005. Experimental fuel treatment impacts on forest structure, potential fire
behavior, and predicted tree mortality in a California mixed conifer stand. Forest Ecology and Management (215) 21-36.
71
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
Appendix A. Fuelbed Pathway Photos
1. Jeffrey pine – white fir
LT001: 0-7 years after wildfire; no other disturbance or
management.
LT004: 50-80 years after wildfire; no other disturbance or
management.
72
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
LT005: 80-120 years after wildfire; no other disturbance or
management.
LT006: more than 120 years after wildfire; no other
disturbance or management.
73
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
LT007: 80-120 years after wildfire; recent select tree
harvest with prescribed fire to reduce post-harvest
woody fuels.
LT009: 80-120 years after wildfire; recent select tree
harvest with post-harvest woody fuels piled and burned.
74
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
LT010: 80-120 years after wildfire; recent select tree
harvest with post-harvest woody fuels piled but not
burned.
LT011: more than 120 years after wildfire; recent select
tree harvest with prescribed fire to reduce post-harvest
woody fuels.
75
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
LT013: less than 10 years after wildfire; no other
disturbance or management.
LT015: more than 120 years after wildfire; previously select
cut and burned; no recent disturbance or management.
76
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
LT017: more than 120 years after wildfire; recent select tree
harvest with post-harvest woody fuels piled and burned.
77
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
2. Red fir
LT021: 10 years after wildfire with no salvage; shrubland
with less than 10% cover of live overstory trees.
LT024: 50-80 years after wildfire; no other disturbance or
management.
78
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
LT025: 50-80 years after wildfire; thin from below, pile and
burn.
LT027: 80-120 years after wildfire; no other disturbance or
management.
79
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
LT028: 80-120 years after wildfire; select cut, pile and burn.
LT029: 80-120 years after wildfire; previously thinned, piled
and burned; no recent management.
LT031: 80-120 years after wildfire; previously thinned, piled
and burned; recently select cut and piled.
LT032: over 120 years after wildfire; no other disturbance
or management.
80
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
LT033: over 120 years after wildfire; previously select cut
and piled; recently select cut, piled and burned.
LT036: over 120 years after wildfire; previously select cut,
piled and burned; no recent management.
81
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
82
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
3. Wet lodgepole pine
LT037: 0-10 years after wildfire.
LT042: 40-80 years after wildfire; no other disturbance or
management.
83
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
LT044: over 80 years after wildfire; insects have begun to
attack trees.
84
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
4. Whitebark pine – Lodgepole pine
LT047: 40-90 years after wildfire; no other disturbance or
management.
LT048: 90-120 years after wildfire; no other disturbance or
management.
85
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
LT049: over 120 years after wildfire; no other disturbance
or management.
86
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
5. Mountain hemlock forest
LT054: 0-10 years after wildfire.
LT057: 90-120 years after wildfire; no other disturbance or
management.
87
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
6. Mixed conifer
LT060: 0-7 years after wildfire.
LT061: 7-25 years after wildfire; no other disturbance or
management.
88
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
LT064:80-120 years after wildfire; no other disturbance or
management.
LT065: over 120 years after wildfire; no other disturbance
or management.
89
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
LT066: 80-120 years after wildfire; recently select cut and
burned.
LT067: 80-120 years after wildfire; recently select cut.
90
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
LT068: 80-120 years after wildfire; recently select cut, piled
and burned.
LT069: 80-120 years after wildfire; recently select cut and
piled.
91
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
LT070: over 120 years after wildfire; recently select cut and
burned.
LT072: 0-7 years after wildfire.
92
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
LT074: over 120 years after wildfire; previously select cut,
piled and burned; no recent management.
LT076: over 120 years after wildfire; no other disturbance
or management until recent select cut and burn.
93
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
LT080: 0-7 years after wildfire and salvage harvest.
94
Lake Tahoe Fuelbed Handbook
95