TABLE 1}
TOTAL RESPONSE AND PERCENTAGE DATA ON QUESTION FIVE,
RECORDED BY ITEM AND BY CLASS
Olass
Item
A120
A160a
A160 b
A160 c
A160d
A160e
26
8
7
16
A160 r
Total Responses
5.a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
r.
g.
h.
20
22
9
50
5
2
30
25
i.
1
j.
k.
11
1.
m.
16
3
13
}}
11
6
27
8
;
10
;0
2
14
16
1
10
10
8
6
19
1
1
8
19
0
7
9
2
0
25
7
7
;2
6
2
12
29
2
17
10
2
4
~8
6
;
12
49
0
14
20
2
10
~1
5
16
8
32
8
5
16
25
2
1,
18
6
9
18.;9
3.45
5.75
17.24
0
2.30
4.60
16.09
0
13.79
11.49
1.15
5.75
16.40
8.47
4.23
16.93
4.23
2.64
8.47
1;.2;
1.06
6.88
9·52
3. 1 8
4.76
~
5
15
0
2
4
14
0
12
,
10
Percentages.
5.a.
b.
c.
d.
19.30
6.40
3.50
15.80
4.70
1.70
11.11
e.
f.
g.
9.70
10.60
4.;0
24.20
2.40
1.00
14.50
5.80
h.
12.10
i.
0.50
5.30
7.70
1.50
6.20
17.50
1.20
8.20
9.50
0.60
5·80
8.89
21.11
0
7.78
10.00
2.22
0
j.
k:.
1m.
8.89
6.67
21 .11
1.11
1 .11
16.03
4.49
4.49
20.51
3.85
1.28
7.68
18.59
1.28
10.90
6.41
1.28
,.21
13.33
4.09
;.59
19.49
,.08
1.54
6.15
25.13
0
7.18
10.26
1.03
5.13
*Percentages are determined on the basis of total responses to an
item rather than on the basis or total respondents. In a few
exceptional instances, percentages for a class may equal 99.99
per cent rather than 100.00 per cent.
**TRP=Total-response percentage.
TABLE 1;--Continued
Class
A420
A460
A461
A465
Total or TRP**
Total Responses
5
1
17;
It
2
4
5
8
4
2
11
2
0
0
9
0
1
90
57
2;8
;7
18
102
200
7
91
105
20
58
1
1
;
0
:;
2
0
0
2
0
;
2
;
0
0
5
;
0
2
0
1
0
,
1
:;
2
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
1
Percentages*
4.76
4.7'6
14.29
19.05
9.52
0
14.29
9.52
0
0
9.52
0
"14.29
12.82
20.51
10.26
28.21
0
0
5.1;
7.67
0
5.1;
2.57
2.57
5.1;
15.15
12.12
6.06
27.28
0
0
15.15
9.09
0
,.0;
9.09
0
;.0;
11.11
22.22
0
11.11
11.11
0
0
11 .11
0
0
0
22.22
11. , 1
14.46
7.52
4.77
'9.90
;.09
1.59
8.5;
16.72
0.58
7.61
8.71
1.67
4.85
50
the respondents in regard to the "sciences" and "humanities. 1I
Ane.lysis of the results from question six reveal that
the interest of the sample is almost equally divided between
the
tlsci~mces"
and the "humanities. II
The former hold first,
third, s:Lxth, eighth, tenth, twelfth, and thirteenth places;
the
latt'~r
venth,
ru~d
held second, fourth, fifth, seventh, ninth, elefourteenth places.
In percentage of total
responses, the "humanities" have a slight lead of 52.01 per
cent compared to 47.99 per cent for the I1sciences. It
A scientific field--geology--has a strong hold on first
place, however.
"Geologyll has a TRP of only 19.39 per cent,
but 77.;,5 per cent of all respondents to question six
considered geology to be one of the four fields in which an
archeologist should have training.
averaged 27.63 per class.
Furthermore, responses
In six individual classes,
"geologyll was also the first choice.
Agreement on the
importance of geology was the greatest for any single item on
the ent:lre questionnaire, both numerically and percentage-wise.
O:f' the remaining three fields, two are in the "humani-
ties" and the third is one of the
11
sciences. II
ItHistoryll holds
second place with a TRP of 18.05 per cent and an average of
25.73 responses per class.
"Skeletal anatomy" placed third
with a TRP of 15.18 per cent, and averaged 21.64 responses
per class.
of
20.~~7
In fourth place was
II
geography, " which has an average
responses per class and a TRP of 14.22 per cent.
Two
individ.ual classes had selected IIhistory" as the first choice,
51
and one class had chosen "skeletal anatomy" most often.
Following in fifth and sixth places are 111anguages
and decil,hering" and "surveyingll respectively, one IIsci ence l1
and one
1
1
humanity.11
The former has a TRP of 11.02 per cent
and a per class average of 15.82 responses, and the latter
has a TRP of 7.59 per cent and an average of 10.82 responses
per class.
The much greater agreement on which fields are most
importatlt to an archeologist in training may be seen in the
fact thlit the four most-favored choices garnered, respectively,
77.55 per cent of the respondents, 72.19 per cent, 60.71 per
cent, and 56.89 per cent of the respondents.
instances, there was majority accord.
In all four
Only when one reaches
fifth place does the percentage fall below 50 per cent.
A summary of the numerical results of question six
may be found in table 14.
7. Question Seven.
Question seven constitutes the only attempt
to determine the sources of information on archeology for the
survey sample.
Somewhat surprisingly, magazine articles served as the
chief source of information for over a third of the sample.
This ,"ould indicate a preference for source materials which
provide relatively in-depth information, yet do not require
considerable time to read.
The total-response percentage for
"maga.zine articles" is 55.55 per cent, which is also the per-
52
TABLE 14
TOTAL RESPONSE AND PERCENTAGE DATA ON QUESTION SIX,
RECORDED BY ITEM AND BY CLASS
Class
liem
A120
A160 a
A160 b
A160 c
A160d
A160 e
A160 r
7
4
40
9
2
23
1
20
0
10
4
2
0
12
14
11
0
11
Total Responses
6.a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
1.
m.
n.
8
4
57
3
55
1
26
15
5
3
42
38
38
1
7
4
46
3
54
0
13
13
2
1
,4
,8
20
1
3
0
24
0
26
0
6
8
1
0
19
17
16
0
,
6
,2
2
33
0
17
8
0
1
28
33
24
1
)
44
0
20
11
0
2
42
,6
38
1
c:::
",'
41
6
47
1
17
19
5
1
,0
40
17
0
Percentages*
6.a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
1.
m.
n.
2.80
1.40
19.30
1.00
18.60
0.30
8.80
5.10
1.70
1.00
14.10
12.80
12.80
0.;0
2.90
1.70
19.50
1.20
22.90
0
5.50
5.50
0.80
0.40
14.40
16.10
8.70
0.40
2.50
0
20.00
0
21.67
0
5.00
6.67
0.8;
0
15.8,
14.17
'3.33
0
,.19
1.60
17.02
1.06
17.55
0
9.05
4.26
0
0.5'
14.89
17.55
12.77
0.5;
2.8,
1.61
16.13
1 .21
17.74
0
8.06
4.43
0
0.81
16.94
14.52
15.32
0.40
8."
1.85
21.30
0.93
18.52
0
9.26
,.70
1.85
0
11.11
12.96
10.19
0
*Percentages are determined on the basis of total responses to an
item rather than on the basis of total respondents. In a few
exceptional instances, percentages for a class may equal 99.99
per cent rather than 100.00 per cent.
**TRPsTotal-response percentage.
4.58
2.08
17.08
2.50
19.58
0.42
7.08
7.93
2.08
0.42
12.50
16.67
7.08
0
52a
TABLE 14--00ntinued
Class
A420
A460
A461
A465
Total or TRP**
Total Responses
2
3
3
0
6
1
2
2
0
1
1
5
1
1
2
1
1
2
7
0
6
0
3
6
0
0
7
7
5
0
9
0
'1
0
4
5
0
0
6
7
;;
0
0
0
1
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
2
3
1
2
56
28
283
18
304
3
119
91
15
9
223
238
174
7
Percentages*
7.14
10 .. 71
10.71
0
21.43
3.57
7.14
7.14
0
3.57
3.57
17.88
3.57
3.57
4.17
2.08
18.75
0
22.92
0
8.33
10.42
0
2.27
4.54
15.91
0
13.64
0
6.82
13.64
0
0
0
8.33
0
16.67
0
8.33
0
0
0
0
12.50
14.58
6.25
0
0
15.91
15.91
11.36
0
16.67
25.00
8.33
16.67
3.57
1.78
18.05
1.15
19·39
0.19
7.59
5.80
0.95
0.57
14.22
15.18
11.02
0.44
53
cents.ge of the respondents to question seven who rely chiefly
on this medium for information.
responses is 14.18 per class.
The average number of
Seven individual classes also
consider "magazine articles" as their chief source of information concerning archeology.
Books provide the second major source of material on
archeology.
The percentage of respondents favoring books
and the TRP for this item is 21.42 per cent.
response is
8.55
per class.
The average
"Books" is the first choice for
two individual classes.
Th~,
for
third-place i tern should provide food for thought
prof~'ssional
archeology.
IITelevision" served as the
third major source of information for the overall sample,
and as the chief source for two individual classes.
The TRP
and the percentage of respondents selecting this option is
19.36 per cent.
The average number of responses is 7.73
per clasa.
Th(~
percentage of respondents who utilized films as
their major source of information on archeology is 17.;1 per
cent, which is also the TRP.
The average response is 6.91
per class.
The last-placed item is IInewspaper articles," which
would seem to render as somewhat questionable the value of
Clark's analysis of newspaper articles on archeology.
TRP and percentage of respondents selecting 11newspaper
articles" was only 6.;8 per cent.
The average is 2.55
The
responses per class.
Thel increasing influence of the mass media is demonstrated by the degree to which students rely upon these forms
for arch(,ology information.
Newspapers, magazines and
television provide the chief sources for 61.27 per cent of
the resp()ndents.
The results of this question signify the
persuasive power of the media to determine the image of
archeology in the public mind.
Table 15 presents the statistical data derived from
question seven.
8.
Question Eight.
This is the sole question which directly
applies to chronology.
The value of the results of this
question are limited because of two factors.
One, the terms
used in question eight were developed chiefly to define periods
in Old World archeology and their applicability to New World
cultures may not be completely reliable.
Secondly, the
explanatory parenthetical descriptions are very broad and
general attributes of the periods listed and do not accurately
describe the manner in whioh these terms are employed for
various cultures in different parts of the world.
As a result,
some choices may have been made on the basis of faulty use
of the t.erms.
It should also be noted that post-Classical
archeological periods are ignored, but as such "historical ll
archeolcgy is disregarded in the rest of the questionnaire,
the omis:sion is unimportant.
55
TABLE 15
TOTAL RESPONSE AND PERCENTAGE DATA ON QUESTION SEVEN,
RECORDED BY ITEM AND BY CLASS
Class
Item
A120
A160 a
A160 b
A160 c
A160d
A160 e
A160 f
14
16
9
2
14
18
Total Responses
7.a.
12
b.,
10
6
37
24
c.
d.
e.
15
12
4
21
12
3
4
1
14
8
10
9
5
24
10
1
5
3
25
10
6
7
24
9
21.21
24.24
1.52
37.88
15.15
}1.0;
6.90
17.24
20.69
24.14
20.59
26.47
4.41
35·29
13.24
Percentages*
7.a.
b.
c: •
d.
f} •
1;.50
11.20
6.70
41.60
27.00
23.50
18.70
6.;0
32.80
18.70
10.00
13.33
;.;;
46.67
26.66
17.24
15.52
8.62
41.;8
17.24
*Percentages are determined on the basis of total responses to an
item rather than on the basis of total respondents. In a few
exceptional instances, percentages for a class may equal 99.99
per cent rather than 100.00 per cent.
**TRP=Total-response percentage.
o
°o
° 00
,0°-
/~~~
~/ ...
The Paleolithic is the era in which the respondents
believe archeologists would be most interested.
Nine individual
classes also made "Paleolithic" their first choice.
The TRP and
percentage of the sample selecting this item is 42.76 per cent.
The average response per class is 17.19.
The Neolithic is the second major choice, with an average
of 9.18 responses per class.
The TRP and percentage of respon-
dents to question eight in this category is 22.85 per cent.
The third choice was "Bronze Age,1I with a TRP and
respondent percentage of 15.38 per cent, and an average of
6.18 responses per class.
The preclassica1 period would be of the most interest to
archeologists according to 12.22 per cent of the respondents,
which 1s also the TRP.
The responses averaged 4.91 per class.
"Classical period" was the fifth favored choice, although
one class made it their first choice.
percentage is only 8.79 per cent.
The TRP and respondent
The average number of
responses is 2.73 per class.
The results of this questionnaire represent a definite
belief on the part of the respondents that archeology is
primarily concerned with prehistory.
Of the total number
of respondents to question eight, 65.61 per cent thought
that an archeologist would be primarily interested in either
the Paleolithic or Neolithic.
The older tradition in
archeology of concern with technically-advanced cultures
no longer seems viable for a majority of the survey sample,
57
although numerous remnants of the older tradition appear to have
been retained.
The results and other data for question eight are summarized in table 16.
C.
A principal function of this questionnaire was to
determine the views of the survey sample toward archeology in
five comFrehensive areas:
general attitude, geographical region,
chronological period, physical scale, and source of information.
This task was accomplished by placing all responses into one
of the fi.ve categories enumerated above.
It was possible to
classify some question responses into more than a single
division..
From this initial study, a description of the variety
andf'requency of the responses cla.ssified into these categories
was developed for more thorough analysis.
1.
General Attitude.
Question one was the only question which directly
pertains to the general attitude of the respondents toward
archeolo~~.
The choices available in the first question
may be ordered in the degree to which they indicate the
sophistic~ation
of the respondent' s approach to archeology, or
in the degree to which they indicate either a positive or
negative attitude toward archeology.
In degree of sophisti-
cation, "time-consuming, 11 "technical," "exciting," "interesting, It
and "sweaty" are the terms which indicate a more Urealistic"
approach to archeology than "mysterious," "boring," "romantic,"
and "dang;erous. n
The more po si ti ve response s to question one
include "exciting," "interesting," "romantic," "mysterious,"
58
TABLE 16
TOTAL RESPONSE AND PERCENTAGE DATA ON QUESTION EIGHT,
RECORDED BY ITEM AND BY CLASS
Class
Item
A120
A160 a
A160 c
A160b
A160 d
A160 e
A160 f
;4
12
10
9
4
6
2
1
30
18
11
6
2
50.75
14.92
13.43
17.92
2.98
;}.}}
Total Responses
8.a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
35
19
1}
14
9
28
18
11
5
3
12
8
5
2
27
14
10
4
3
}
10
9
Percentages*
B.a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
}9.00
21.10
14.40
15·50
10.00
43.10
27.70
16.90
7.70
4.60
40.00
26.66
16.67
6.67
10.00
46.55
24.14
17.24
6.90
5.17
;0.00
1}.34
20.00
}.3;
44.78
26.86
16.42
8.95
2.99
*Percentages are determined on the basis of total responses to an
item rather than on the basis of total respondents. In a few
exceptional instances, percentages for a class may equal 99.99
per cent rather than 100.00 per cent.
**TRP=Total-response percentage.
58a
TABLE 16--Continued
..
~
:
Class
A420
A1JOO
A461
A465
Total or TRP"'*
Tota.l Responses
3
3
1
5
4
2
0
0
0
2
5
3
1
0
2
2
0
2
0
0
192
104
68
51
27
Percentages *
42.86
42.86
14.28
46.15
30.77
15.38
0
0
0
7.70
41.66
8.33
16.67
16.67
16.67
100.00
0
0
0
0
42.76
22.85
15·38
12.22
8.79
59
and "technical."
The relatively negative terms are "time-
consuming," "da.ngerous, II "sweaty," and "boring."
As mentioned previously (supra, pg.
}5),
accurate inter-
pretatiorl of this first question is not always posd ble because
of the
VILriOUS
meanings which respondents may ha.ve attached to
the words employed in the question, especially "romantic" and
"mysterious."
Other problems involve the writer's classifica-
tion of the descriptive adjectives as either pod tive or negative,
and more sophisticated and less sophisticated.
Because the terms
vary in these characteristics from individual to individual, the
writer employed very broad definitions for each expression, and
the classifications are admittedly subjective in nature.
The
wri ter hIlS avoided labelling any term as definitely positive or
negative, or more "realistic" or less "realistic. 1I
For example,
under mOl3t circumstances, the prospect of danger is almost
nonexistent; however, in some situations, danger is a very real
factor in archeology.
Therefore, to categorize "dangerous ll as
an "unrel!l.listic" term would force the writer to make broad
generalizations about the nature of archeological work.
The general attitudes of the survey sample are very sophisticated.
The terms which were selected as characteristic of an
erudite approach represented 79.12 per cent of all responses to
question one.
For individual classes, the response for these
five terms ranged from 75.97 per cent of the total response to
87.50 per cent. Of the less sophisticated terms, the leading
choice Was "mysterious" with 13.0, per cent of the total response.
60
Even if the term lIexciting" is omitted from the list of "more
sophisticated" adjectives (as it appears to be the most
questionable on the list), 69.16 per cent of the responses
may still be considered representative of a urealistic"
approach.
There is therefore strong evidence that the
respondents are well-informed of the realities of archeological
work.
This implies that either the mass media and popular
literature have become more sophisticated in their approach
to arche·::>logy, or that the respondents have a greater realization of the 11mi ted abil1 ty of mass communications to adequately
educate the public on any subject in depth.
~hile
the latter is
probably true, the former explanation more satisfactorily
resolves the question of the himproved h image of archeology,
at least among the survey sample.
The attitude of the sample also appears to be strongly
positive in substance.
The five adjectives which may be
interpreted as characteristic of an affirmative view of
archeology (supra, pg. 57) represent 70.21 per cent of the
responses to question one.
Individual class percentages
for these five adjectives ranged from 57.16 per cent to
82.70 per cent.
The leading hnegative" term was "time-consuming,"
with 16.67 per cent of the total response.
So"me difficulty was encountered in the interpretation of
the adjective "interesting. II
This phrase was initially placed
in the list of adjectives for question one in order to provide
a choice of relatively neutral value.
The adjective "interesting"
61
furnishes an option for those respondents who are neither
nega.tive nor pod tive in their attitudes toward archeology.
Archeology is admittedly a subject which does not arouse an
emotional reaction for most of the public, either positively
or negatively.
"Interesting" was intended for those respondents
who fall into this category.
Not surprisingly, this was the
most popl.llar option for the first question.
Therefore, it would probably improve the viability of
the questionnaire to consider "interesting" as a neutral term,
leaving :t'our positive terms and four negative terms.
Using
this scheme, 4,.10 per cent of the responses are "positive,"
29. 79
pe:~
cent are "negative, nand 27.11 per cent are "neutral."
Although the percentage is reduced, the sample remains basically
positive in its approach to archeology.
2.
Geographical Region
The analysis of the geographical extent of the
archeolol;ical knowledge of the respondents utilized responses
to three questions--two, three and four.
Seven regions were
delimited, two in the New World and five in the Old World.
In
the New iforld are North America, defined as the continental
United States and Canada, and South America and Mesoamerica.
Archeologically, the Old World is divided into the northern
Mediterranean region, the Middle East, England and the
Continent, Africa, and Asia.
Interest in the New World is evinced in only 20.58 per
cent of the total responses to the three questions upon which
62
this part of the study is based.
Despite considerable
publicity devoted to local sites in the United states, the
more spe'ctacular remains which are characteristic of technicallyadve.nced civilizations in South and Middle America continue to
have greater attraction for the survey sample.
cent of
19.11
Only 8.15 per
responses indicate an interest in North American
sites, a.9 compared to 12.43 per cent for South American and
Mesoamerican archeology.
On individual questions, the percentage
of total response for North American archeology varied from
2.1; per cent (question four:
(questio:1 two:
fIFo 1 som man") to 7 .18 per cent
"arrowheads and tomahawks").
For Mesoamerican
and Sout::1 American archeology the percentages varied from 1.42
per cent (question four:
(questio:1 three:
"Chichen Itza") to
"Thor Heyerdahl" ,.
17.33 per cent
Average responses for
North Am,erica ranged from 0.82 per class to 4.1'5 per class.
For the :rest of the New World, responses averaged from 0.55
per clas9 to
13.55 per class.
In the Old World, Asia and Africa (except North Africa)
have suf:rered from the proportionate paucity of archeological
research in those areas.
It is only in recent years that
extensive archeological excavations have been conducted in
these two continents and received publicity in Europe and
America.
Presently, only two sites in Africa and Asia are
generally known to the public.
Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania owes
most of :Lts reputation to Leakey, and to the comprehensive and
continuous coverage which National Geographic has given to the
excavations conducted in the region.
Angkor Wat has the
advantage of consisting of large spectacular remains with
the added romantic mystery of the "lost-ci ty-in-the- jungle. 'I
Although actual archeological research in this area has not
been extensively noted by the mass media, the recent threats
to the remains by the war activity being carried out in the
vicinity of the ruins received substantial publicity in the
American press.
Due to the popularity of Leakey and Olduvai
Gorge, African archeology received 17.28 per cent of the total
responses in the two questions which listed choices in this
region.
Asian archeology has only a single response in one
question which received only 0.71 per cent of the total response
for question four.
Leakey was, of course, the most well-known
archeologist of those listed in question three, and Olduvai
Gorge ranked fourth among individual sites and discoveries.
The once-popular Classical archeology has undergone a
decline in recent years as may be witnessed by the interest
expressed by the survey sample in the northern Mediterranean
region which includes Greece, Italy, and the various Mediterranean islands.
For all three questions, only 13.96 per cent
of the responses were received by north Mediterranean
archeology.
Responses for individual items in this area varied
from 0.47 per cent (question four: "Knossos of Crete") to
25.53 per cent (question four:
"Pompeii").
Sir Arthur Evans,
the only archeologist who worked primarily in the Classical
region, ranked fifth in question three although he received
64
only
6.6.~
per cent of the responses to that question.
The
average number of responses for northern l<'ledi terranean items
varied f:rom 0.18 per class to 9.82 per class.
It is
interesting to note that in question four IIPompeU" led the
other choices in first place.
However, the other north
Mediterranean site, IIKnossos of Crete," received the
smallest number of responses.
Thus, it would appear that
except for a few monumental sites such as Pompeii, the
ColosseUln, and the Acropolis of Athens, northern Mediterranean
archeolo,gy no longer has the ability 1 t once had to attract
public attention.
Th';J fourth region in the Old World includes all of
Europe e:lCcept Italy and Greece.
The degree of interest appears
to resemble the interest in the northern !-!edi terranean region.
There is a distinct difference between these two sections,
however.
While the popularity of the north Mediterranean is
declining;, interest in England and the Continent seems to be
increasing.
For many years, this region was the center of the
development of prehistoric archeology.
If the trend in
popular archeology toward a greater emphasis upon prehistoric
archeology is a genuine trend, and if it continues to develop,
the interest in the archeology of England and the Continent
should increase.
This region received 14.62 per cent of all responses to
questionf~
two, three and four.
Individual item responses varied
from 0.96 per cent (question four:
"Swiss lake dwellings") to
26.16 per cent (question two:
'Icavemen and stone axes").
Responses per class ranged from 0.;6 to 10.27.
The fifth region--the Middle East including Egypt--is so
well populated with famous sites, discoveries and archeologists
that it :is extremely difficult to select three or four of each
as repre:3entative of the entire range available.
The Near East
and Egypt served as the region for the first real development of
archeolo~~
as a legitimate discipline, and continues as a center
of extensive archeologioal activity.
Because of this, this
region continues to produce results which attract considerable
publicity.
Few other sites can compete with the excitement
generated. by the discovery of Troy, with the deposition of
several dties upon eaoh other; the finding of such legendary
ci ties ae; Babylon, Nineveh and Un and the discovery of the
tomb of lutankhamen.
Intermixed with these is the popular
belief in this region as the birthplace of civilization, as
well as the intimate association of the area with the Bible.
It is not surprising, therefore, that ;2.85 per cent of
all responses to the pertinent questions are assigned to the
Middle Eastern region.
Individual percentages ranged from
1.6; per cent (question three:
per cent (question two:
1FHoward Carter h) to 28.24
"Egyptian mummies and pyramids I! ) .
Responses averaged from 1.27 per class to 11.09 per class.
Despite this dominance, a Middle East item has gained first
place in only one question:
mummies and pyramids."
question two with "Egyptian
It is also significant in regard to
66
the archeologists named that the highest rank attained by an
archeologist working chiefly in the Middle East was fourth
place.
\/hether these facts signify a decline in the interest
in the Middle East as in the northern Mediterranean area
cannot
b«~
definitely determined from the ana1ysi s of these
questions ,alone.
3. Chronological Period.
Three questions served as the bases for the
development of an outline of the chronological interests of
the survElY sample.
Five divisions were employed to which
responses were assigned:
Paleolithic, Neolithic, Bronze Age,
preclassical, and Classical.
The general characteristics of
each are presented in question eight.
In a few instances,
responses were designated as both Bronze Age and preclassical.
This was due to the general difficulty of assigning particular
sites or discoveries to a particular age.
Some designations
are questionable but some arbitrary decisions were made to
aid with the interpretation.
The Classical period proved to be the least popular
although on question two, the Classical choice ranked fourth,
and on question four the Classical item was the most popular
selection.
In question eight, in which the chronological
nature of the choices was explicit, the Classical period is
in last place.
The percentage of total responses received
by the Classical period was 14.52 per cent.
Because of the difficulty of exactly designating items
as preelassieal in age, only one item was definitely assigned
to this category.
However, all those sites and/or discoveries
assigned to both the Bronze Age and the preelassical period will
be enume:rated for each division.
For question two, "Egyptian
mummies and pyramids," which was designated both preclassical
and Bronz,e Age, ranked f'irst, the only item associated with the
preelassical to do so.
On question eight, "preclassical
period ll ranked fourth.
This period received 18.16 per cent
of all responses to questions two, four and eight.
Individual
percentages varied from 0.71 per cent to 28.24 per cent.
Average responses ranged from 0.27 per class to 11.09 per class.
Br<lflze Age sites and other discoveries were relatively
well-represented in the question cho ices, and is e quall ed
only by the Neolithic in the number of choices available.
A
Bronze Age-preelassical item ranked first for question two,
and a Bronze Age selection ranked second in question four.
The IIBronze Age l1 was third in question eight.
The large number
of options in the Bronze Age period probably accounts for the
fact that although the Paleolithic was the primary choice in
question eight, the overall analysis of chronological interests
revealed that the Bronze Age is the most popular period.
There
are more than twice as many Bronze Age items as Paleolithic
options.
However, a widespread genuine interest in the Bronze
Age is indicated as the Neoli thie, which has as many items as
the Bronz,e Age, ranked third after the Paleolithic in the
overall study of the chronological periods.
68
Th., Bronze Age received 30.65 per cent of al1 responses
to the chronological items.
Individual percentages ranged from
0.47 per cent (question four:
"Knossos of Crete") to 28.24 per
cent ("Egyptian mummies and pyramids ll ) .
The average per class
response ranged from 0.18 to 11.09.
ThE' Neolithic ranked third for the overall survey of
chronology, but ranked second in question eight.
This indicates
that although many respondents believe the NeoH thic to be of
cons1derELbl e concern for archeologists, significant activity
in this Fteriod has not been outstanding.
This period received
23.81 per cent of all responses to questions two, four and eight.
The individual percentages fluctuated from 0.96 per cent
(question four:
(question eight:
"Swiss lake dwellings") to 22.85 per cent
"Neolithic").
The average number of
responses varied from 0.36 per class to 9.18 per class.
Although the Paleolithic ranked first on question eight
and the item associated with the Paleolithic ranked second on
question two, the Paleolithic was only second for the comprehensive analysis of chronological interests.
This is
largely due to the lack of Paleolithic-associated choices
for the individual questions.
was
a.ssig:~ed
Nevertheless, the Paleolithic
26.68 per cent of all responses in chronology.
Individual percentages ranged from 2.13 per cent (question four:
"Folsom manU) to 42.76 per cent (question eight:
"Paleolithic").
Responses averaged from 0.82 per class to 17.18 per class.
4. Physical Scale.
Only one question was utilized to determine whether
the respondents believed that archeological excavation techniques
were either microscopic or macroscopic in nature.
"Microscopic"
was interpreted to connote small-scale removal of overburden,
the recovery of small- to moderate-sized material, and detailed
examination and analysis of finds.
"Macroscopic" infers massive
removal of 80il t the recovery ot moderate- and large-sized
material·--even imposing remains of buildings--and a large, even
number of finds.
excessiv'~
The writer established rather narrow
restrict:lons upon the uses of' tools listed in order to classify
the
impl'~ments
as follows:
"microscopic"--trowel, brush, dental
pick, hand shovel, plumb-line, magnifying glass, and measuring
tape; and "macroscopic"--pick, spade, power equipment, sledgehammer, and wheelbarrow.
Th!, microscopic tools easily dominated the responses
to quest:Lon five.
The five leading choices included four
microscopic implements, and "microscopic lt responses received
71.67 per cent of all responses to question five.
"l-lacroscopic"
responSeEl held third, seventh, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth
places.
Fortunately for archeology, "sledge-hammer lt ranked
twelfth, with only 1.59 per cent of the total responses,
although it is disturbing that even 18 of 399 respondents
consider a sledge-hammer essential to archeological work in
the field.
In last place was the plumb-line with only 0.58
per cent of the responses.
Individual percentages for microscopic items ranged
70
from 0.53 per cent to 19.90 per cent, and the average number
of
resp~nses
ranged from 0.64 per class to 21.64 per class.
The perc,entage of total respondents selecting microscopic items
varied from 59.65 per cent to 1.75 per cent.
Fo:r "macroscopic" responses, individual percentages
ranged from 1.59 per cent to 14.46 per cent, responses
averaged from 1.64 per class to 15.7; per class, and the
percentage of total respondents selecting "macroscopic"
options ranged from 4.51 per cent to 4;.;6 per cent.
5.
Source of Information.
Question seven was the only question from which
the chief' sources of archeological information for the survey
sample mELy be determined.
The three sources which represent the basic mass media
dominate the respondents' sources by 61.27 per cent to ;8.7;
per cent.
These three sources (magazines, television and
newspapers) Were represented by a range from 2.55 responses
per class to 14.18 responses per class.
Individual
percentages for the mass media representatives ranged from
6.;8 per cent to ;5.5; per cent.
average responses of
respectively.
8.55
"Books" and "films" have
per class and 6.91 per class
The individual percentages were 21.42 per
cent for "books" and 17.;1 per cent for "films."
These results provide confirmation for the theory that
the mass media provide the chief source of information for
the sample, if not for the public at large.
71
From this general analysis it can be determined that
the survey sample is basically positive in its attitude toward
archeology and has a relatively erudite approach to the field.
The resp·::mdents placed emphasis upon the Old World, especially
the Middle East, and expressed the most interest in prehistoric
archeology, especially that of the Bronze Age and the Paleolithic.
In regard to excavation techniques, the sample is definitely
oriented toward small-scale removal of soil and detailed
analysis of finds.
The various forms of the mass media--
magazinef3 t television, newspapers--served as the chief sources
of inforraation on archeology.
D.
Comparative analyses were conducted for various
sub-groups within the survey sample to determine whether
signific~mt
differences existed in the responses given by
these various groups.
Groups which were compared are:
males
and females; anthropology majors and anthropology minors;
anthropology majors and minors, and non-anthropology majors
and minor'S; and respondents who had previously taken ANTH 120
("Introdu.ction to Archaeology") and those who had not taken
this course.
In addition, the initial responses of those
students enrolled in ANTH 120 during Winter Quarter 1971 were
compared to their responses at the end of the same quarter.
The writer developed his own method to determine whether
differences of a significant nature existed between two figures
which are being compared.
The two numbers were averaged, then
outer ranges were established through addition and subtraction
72
from the average of 10 per cent of the average.
If the two
numbers 'being compared are outside of the range established,
a significant difference is considered to exist between the
two figures.
For example, the two percentages 16.83 and 10.31
would be averaged to 1;.57 per cent.
to
1;.57
This would be transcribed
+ 1.;6 per cent, establishing a range of 12.21 to
14.9; per cent.
Since 16.8; and 10.;1 do not fall within the
allowable range, a significant difference exists between the
two percentages.
In those instances in which significant differences did
occur, the margin of preference was recorded.
This margin
represents the amount, expressed in terms of percentage, by
which one figure is significantly greater than the figure
against which it was being compared.
The process of deter-
mining the margin involves the subtraction of the smaller
percentage from the larger, with the remainder being the margin.
1.
Male and Female.
The responses of 227 females were compared to
the responses of 176 males.
The degree of. disparity between
male and female respondents varied from question to question.
The least difference occurred in question six, the greatest
variation was in question four.
In the first question, significant differences are noted
only for items "b", I'd" and "gil.
Females responded to
II
exciting"
with 10.71 per cent of total responses to question one, and
males responded with 8.27 per cent.
Therefore, by 2.44 per
T;
cent, more females than males oonsider aroheology to be
flexoiting."
To the ohoice "dangerous,11 females responded
with 1.96 per oent of all responses, and males with 4.65 per
cent of all responses.
By a margin of 2.69 per oent, more
males than females believe archeology is I1dangerous."
Among
males, 5.68 per cent of all responses were given to "boring, II
compared with 4.46 per cent of the total female response.
More males than females believe archeology is "boring" by a
margin of 1.22 per oent.
Male-female variations in question one indicate that
females are slightly more sophisticated and more positive
in their attitudes toward aroheology than males.
The notioeable
male preference for the terms "dangerous" and "boring" demonstrates a slight trend among males toward a less sophistioated
and more negative approaoh to archeology.
In question two, significant female preferenoes were
discovered for three terms:
"Hebrew cities and temples, 11
"Greek and Roman ruins," and
II
arrowhead s and tomahawks. 11
More
females than males responded to these choices by 3.29 per cent,
;.83 per cent, and 5.24 per cent respectively. Male preferences are indicated for "1-iidwestern mound-builders," and
"Egyptian mummies and pyramids,1I by margins of 4.59 per cent
for the former and 7.66 per cent for the latter.
There appears
to be nc rational pattern to these deviations and they probably
represent peculiarities on the part of the survey sample.
Male selections were significantly greater for four
74
choices in question three.
Preferred by more males than
females were "Sir Arthur Evans," "Lord Carnarvon, I! "General
Pitt-Rivers," and "others.1!
The percentage degree of
variation is 4.21 per cent (Evans), 1.12 per cent (Carnarvon), 1.14 per cent (Pitt-Rivers), and 2.14 per cent ("others").
Among females, preferences of importance were demonstrated
for Sir 1,yi1l1am Flinders Petrie, Heinri ch Schl1emann, Howard
Carter, l3.nd "none of the above."
Percentage margins for these
categories are 1.02 per cent (Petrie), 1.78 per cent (Schliemann), 1.09 per cent (Carter), and
above").
7.95 per cent ("none of the
These results indicate a lack of knOWledge among
females in regard to individual archeologists.
However, for
those archeologists who are known to females, there is a
decided Clrientation toward archeologists who have worked in
the Middle East.
Of five Middle Eastern archeologists listed,
three are preferred by significantly more females than males.
Qu~'stion
four contains more male-female significant
differences than any other question.
Important preferences
among females are noted for "Stonehenge,11 "Rosetta stone,"
"Chichen Itza," "Troy," "Pompeii," and "Folsom man."
These
choices were selected by females by margins of 4.17 per cent
(Stoneher..ge), 2.16 per cent (Rosetta Stone), 1.23 per cent
(Chichen Itza), 2.32 per cent (Troy), 7.40 per cent (Pompeii),
and 0.47 per cent (Folsom man).
For males, noticeable
preferences were discovered for IIAngkor Wat," "Olduvai Gorge, II
"Babylon and Nineveh, II "Knossos of Crete," and "Swiss lake
75
dwellings."
The percentages of preference are 0.61 per cent
(Angkorl'i'at), 7.36 per cent (Olduvai Gorge), 3.67 per cent
(Babylon and Nineveh), 1.23 per cent (Knossos of Crete), and
1.38 per cent (Swiss lake dwellings).
Because of the small number of responses to some choices,
significant differences between the responses of males and
females
,~an
be disregarded for "Ohichen Itza,"
n Angkor
'dat,"
"Folsom man," "Knossos of Orete," and "Swiss lake dwellings,"
all of which received less than ten responses.
If these items
are omitted from consideration, female interests appear to tend
toward extensive ruins and remains (with the exception of the
Rosetta Stone), and toward historic sites and discoveries in
the Mediterranean region (with the exception of Stonehenge).
This trend is emphasized by the comparatively high margin of
preferen()e for females for "Pompeii."
Male interests are
indicated by the high margin for "Olduvai Gorge, II which appears
to reprefJent a preference for prehistoric sites.
The latter
hypothesls, however, would require more evidence for real proof
than the results from a single item.
No explanation is offered
for the male preference for "Babylon and Nineveh."
Oonsiderable divergence of interests was also
in the results from question five.
bserved
Female preferences are
noted for "pick," "sledge-hammer," flplumb-line,"
"magnifying glass."
0
Il
chisel," and
Margin percentages for these items are
5.04 per cent (pick), 0.66 per cent (sledge-hammer), 0.59
per cent (plumb-line), 4.43 per cent (chisel), and 3.14 per
cent (magnifying glass).
Males expressed preferences for
"spade," "trowel," "brush," and "dental pick."
Percentages
for these choices were 2.61 per cent (spade), 5.02 per cent
(trowel), 5.08 per cent (brush), and 5.61 per cent (dental pick).
Even if one disregards those selections to which there
are too Cew responses to provide reliable percentages
("sledge·-hammer" and "plumb-line"), it is still impossible to
develop a.ny explanation for the particular interests expressed
in the r·esul ts.
Both sexes definitely believe that archeologists
utilize microscopic tools much more than macroscopic implements.
Yet a "macroscopic" choice was among other selections preferred
by either sex.
If the choice which received too few responses to provide
reliable data for analysis are eliminated from consideration,
there is complete agreement between males and females on
question six.
Significant differences occurred only for
I1personnel and financial administration" and "statistics
and computer programming," which together received only ten
responseel.
Both of these items are preferred by more males
than females, with margins of 0.22 per cent for the former
and 0.74 per cent for the latter.
Apparently, there are no
differenc:es between the sexes as to what they consider the
importance to archeology of the various fields listed.
From question seven it was determined that females relied
more heavily than males upon television for obtaining information
on archeology, and that males preferred magazine articles and
77
films as information sources.
The margin of female preference
for television is 8.99 per cent, and male preference percentages
are 4.3C per cent (films) and 7.85 per cent (magazines).
The
size of the margins indicates a heavy reliance upon television
and magazine articles by the appropriate sex.
This writer
can offer no explanation for the preferences.
Female preferences for the Neolithic and the preclassical
periods were expressed in question eight.
The "Neolithic"
margin is 5.02 per cent, and 5.61 per cent for the "preclassical" margin.
The latter interest is supported by the results
from questions three and four, which demonstrate female
preferences for historic Mediterranean sites and discoveries.
There is no previous evidence to support a female interest in
the Neolithic period.
Data from the analysis of the male-female comparison is
summarized in table 17.
TABLE 17
DATA ON COi'4PARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MALE AND FEMALE RESPONDENTS
Question
and
item
1
.0..
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
Females
Number Percent.
1.25
7
60
10.71
12.86
72
11
1.96
101
18.04
27.68
155
4.46
25
92
16.43
6.61
37
Males
Number Percent.
1.29
5
8.27
32
44
11.37
18
4.65
20.15
78
102
26.36
22
5.68
62
16.02
24
6.21
Si~nif.
Dif.a
NSD
2.44F
NSD
2.69M
NSD
NSD
1.22M
NSD
NSD
78
TABLE 17--Continued
Question
and
item
2.a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
;.a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
1.
m.
4.a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
1.
m.
n.
5. a •
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
Females
Number Percent.
Males
Number Percent.
27.27
45
1.21
2
8
4.85
9.09
15
33.3;
55
12.12
20
7.88
13
4.25
7
53
10
13
10
57
32
26
21
23.87
4.50
5·85
4.50
25.67
14.41
11 .71
9. 49
20
9
67
10
20
24
38
20
9
10
10;
7
7;
4.88
2.19
16.;4
2.44
4.88
5.85
9.27
4.88
2.19
2.44
25.12
1.72
17.80
;;
;;
14
4
0
17
12
64
5
49
8
0
6
4
15.21
6.45
1.84
0
7.84
5.52
29.49
2.31
22.58
3.69
0
2.77
1.84
0.46
18
7
1
1
9
21
;6
100
;6
20
110
19
11
38
16.10
5.80
;.22
17.71
3.06
1. 77
6.12
Sis;nif. Dif.a
NSD
3·29F
NSD
4.59),1
7.66M
NSD
3·8;F
5.24F
9.09
3.31
18.74
2.76
;.86
6.06
7.49
4.96
1.10
;.58
25.;4
3.86
9.85
4.21M
1.12M
NSD
NSD
1.02F
NSD
1.78F
NSD
1.09F
1.14};I
HSD
2.141-1
7.95F
42
12
2
5
3
3
11.04
4.29
0.61
0.61
5.52
12.88
22.09
1.84
25.77
7.36
1.23
3.08
1.84
1.84
4.17F
2.16F
1.2;F
0.61M
2.;2F
7 .;6~i
7.40F
0.47F
NSD
3.67M
1.23M
NSD
NSD
1.;8M
50
;8
;1
10;
15
5
5;
11.06
8.41
6.86
22.79
;.;2
1 .11
11.73
5.04F
2.61lvi
5.031
12
68
10
14
22
27
18
4
1;
92
14
;6
;
5.0BM
!lSD
0.66F
5.61M
79
TABLE 17--Continued
Question
and
item
Females
Number Percent.
18.20
113
0.81
5
9.53
59
66
10.63
11
1.77
5.38
33
5·h.
i.
j.
k.
1.
m.
Males
Number Percent.
Si2;nif'. Dif. a
70
1
23
34
7
22
15.49
0.22
5.10
7.49
1.55
4.87
NSD
0.59F
4.43F
3.14F
NSD
NSD
24
10
105
7
118
2
47
36
4
4
80
83
69
5
4.04
1.68
17.68
1.18
19.86
0.34
7.91
6.06
0.67
0.67
13.47
13.97
11.61
0.86
NSD
NSD
NSD
NSD
NSD
0.22M
NSD
NSD
NSD
NSD
NSD
NSD
NSD
0.74M
6.a.
28
b.
11
c.
d.
149
10
156
1
61
43
5
5
121
129
89
1
3.46
1.36
18.42
1.24
19.28
0.12
7.54
5.31
0.62
0.62
14.96
15.95
11.00
0.12
52
34
16
71
52
23.11
15.11
7.11
3 1 .56
23.11
24
33
11
67
35
14.12
19.41
6.47
39.41
20.59
8.99F
4.30M
NSD
7.85M
NSD
90
54
34
34
15
39.69
23.73
14.97
14.97
6.64
83
32
27
16
13
48.54
18.71
15.79
9.36
7.60
NSD
5.02F
NSD
5.61F
NSD
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
1.
m.
n.
7.a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
8.a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
aSignificant Difference: the letter following the percentages
listed in this column indicate that the difference either
favors females (F) or males (M). NSD=No Significant
Dif1'erence.
2.
Anthropology Hajors and Minors.
This analysis compared the responses of twenty-eight
80
anthropology majors to the responses of twenty-three anthropology
minors.
Noticeable differences occurred in all questions, the
least variation occurring on question one and the most variation
occurring on questions four, five and six.
On question one, anthropology majors expressed significant
preferences for the adjectives "exciting" (by a margin of 4.45
per cent) and "mysterious!! (by a margin of 3.65 per cent).
Attitudes of minors were represented by an 8.61 per cent
preference for the term "sweaty.w
Thus, minors have a more
negative but a slightly more sophisticated approach to archeology
than the majors in the survey sample.
Majors exhibited greater interest in "Midwestern moundbul1ders,1I "Egyptian mummies and pyramids," I1the Aztecs, Hayans
and Incas," and "Greek and Roman ruins" in question two.
Percentage margins are 4.22 per cent (Midwest), 10.39 per cent
(Eg~Tt),
16.89 per cent (Aztecs), and 2.60 per cent (Greece).
The interests of minors are represented by "cavemen and stone
axes," "the ruins of Troy,
I!
and "arrowheads and tomahawks."
Margins for these items are 10.40 per cent (cavemen), 5.52
per cent (Troy), and 18.18 per cent (arrowheads),
These
percentages seem to indicate a definite orientation among
majors toward historic and protohistoric cultures, with the
possible exception of the Midwestern mound-builders.
On the
other hand, minors appear to prefer prehistoric studies, with
the exception of the Trojan ruins.
On the third question, anthropology majors expressed major
81
preferences for Lord Carnarvon, Edward Thompson, Howard Carter,
and the categories "others" and "none of the above."
Margins
for these items are 4.69 per cent (Carnarvon), 0.85 per cent
(Thompson), '.91 per cent (Carter), ,."
per cent ("others"),
and 0.78 per cent (ll none of the above").
The apparent interest
in Thompson and the margin for "none of the above" may be dismissed because of the small number of respondents upon which
these "preferences ll are based.
Among majors, only three
students responded to "Edward Thompson," and only one student
replied "none of the above."
Minors preferred "Thor Heyerdahl" and "L.S.B. Leakey"
by margins of 2.57 per cent for the former and 5.'9 per cent
for the latter.
kno~ledge
Majors therefore appear to have greater
of the Carter-Carnarvon team, as
~ell
archeologists not listed in the third question.
as other
Minors have
greater :Lnterest in the popular archeologists than do the
majors.
The results of the fourth question demonstrate a greater
interest among majors than minors for "Angkor ','fat, II tlOlduvai
Gorge," uPompeii,1I "Hopewell mounds,11 and tlMachu Picchu."
Percentage margins are ,.85 per cent (Angkor '!lat), 12.29 per
cent (Olduvai Gorge), 6.54 per cent (Pompeii), 11.54 per cent
(Hopewell mounds), and ,.85 per cent (Machu Picchu).
However,
in the instances of three of' these selections ..-IIAngkor Wat,"
tlHopewell mounds," and "Machu Picchu"--the greater preference
among majors is the result of a complete lack of response to
82
these items by minors.
The minors expressed the most interest
in "Stonehenge," "Rosetta Stone," ItTroy," and "Babylon and
Nineveh."
The margins of preference on these choices are
16.15 per cent (Stonehenge),
7.31 per cent (Rosetta stone),
11.15 per cent (Troy), and 5.00 per cent (Babylon).
In the
case of "Babylon and Nineveh, II there was no response to this
option by majors.
The responses in question four indicate that anthropology
majors have a more extensive knowledge of archeological sites,
with no particular affiliation with any single area.
Preferences
among majors are associated with both well-known sites such as
Olduvai aorge and Pompeii, and with less popular sites such as
Angkor '.vat and Machu Picchu.
Although the results of the
second question indicate a preference among minors for prehistoric archeology, the results of question four demonstrate
a trend toward historic Mediterranean archeology, with the
exception of Stonehenge.
In question five, responses for minors are significantly
greater than those of majors for "spade," Itsledge-hammer,tt
"hand shovel," Itchisel," and "magnifying glass. 1t
to
It
The response
s l e d.;e-hammer ll may be considered as non-representative as
it is ba:3ed on a single response, and there was no response to
this item by majors.
items ar{~
Percentage margins for the remaining four
4.45 per cent (spade), 3.89 per cent (hand shovel),
2.22 per cent (chisel), and 2.50 per cent (magnifying glass).
Majors demonstrated preferences for lIbrush,n tlpower equipment,tI
85
"dental pick, 11 and IImeasuring tape."
Percentages for these
preferences are 7.78 per cent (brush), 1.11 per cent (power
equipment),
5.55
per cent (dental pick), and 1.94 per cent
(measuring tape).
For both majors and minors there is a definite tendency
toward selection of microscopic tools, with each group indicating a preference for a single macroscopic implement.
Particular preferences among these tools within each group
are probably peculiarities of the survey sample.
The results from question six exhi bi ted the follo\dng
preferences and percentage margins for anthropology majors:
II chemistry," 2.66 per cent; II photography," 1.47 per cent;
"personnel and financial administration,1I 0.96 per cent;
"drafting," 0.75 per cent; IIlanguages and deciphering,"
2.25 per cent; and "statistics and computer programming,n
5.85
per cent.
"Personnel and financial administration ll
may be eliminated from consideration as it is based on a
single response, and received no response from the minors.
In the instance of "statistics and computer programming," no
response was given by the minors.
The minors expressed the most interest for "history, 11
IIcoin types," and "geography."
The percentage margins for
these selections are 2.98 per cent (history), 1.42 per cent
(coln types), and 5.41 per cent (geography).
iii th the exception of t'languages and deciphering,"
there is a definite orientation among the majors toward the
84
"sciences. 1I
Apparently, the technological aspects of archeology
are of the greatest interest for anthropology majors.
minors, however, preferred the "humanities.1t
The
Their interest in
such subjects as history and numismatology suggests an association
with the more traditional Olassical archeology than with prehistoric archeology.
Significant differences were recorded for every item on
question seven.
The minors are conspicuously reliant upon the
various forms of the mass media for information on archeology.
Preferences are manifested among minors for magazines, films,
television, and newspapers, with margins of 25.00 per cent, 10.00
per cent, 1.4) per cent, and 1.4) per cent respectively.
A
distinct preference of majors was noted only for books.
The
preference margin is
37.86
per cent.
Obviously, minors rely
very heavily upon the mass media, while books provide the chief
source of information on archeology for majors.
A contradiction exists in the responses of both majors and
miners i::1 question eight.
Majors displayed preferences for the
Paleolithic, the Bronze Age and the Olassical period.
Percentage
marginsror these selections are 10.07 per cent (Paleolithic),
4.22 per cent (Bronze Age), and 2.59 per cent (Olassical).
The
minors preferred the Neolithic and the preclassical period by
margins of 14.9) per cent and 1.95 per cent respectively.
From
this data, interests are divided among both majors and minors
concerning the orientation of archeology either toward the more
traditional, historic periods of archeology, or toward the more
85
contemporary, prehistoric orientations of archeology.
The statistical results of the comparison between majors
and minors are recorded in table 18.
TABLE 18
DATA ON COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF
ANTHROPOLOGY Y~JORS AND MINORS
Question
and
item
1 .a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
2.a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
3· a •
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
1.
m.
Majors
Number Percent.
1
1.4,
10
14.29
6
8.57
0
0
18
25.71
20
28.57
2.86
2
11
15.71
2.86
2
6
0
1
5
8
6
2
0
21.43
0
3.57
12
6
12
3
12
6
16
8
5
14
23
10
Minors
Number Percent.
1.64
1
6
9.84
4.92
3
0
0
15
24.59
18
29.51
2
3.28
14.75
9
11.47
7
S"19n1.
of D"-!"
1... a
NSD
4.45Ma
3.65Ma
NSD
NSD
NSD
NSD
NSD
8.61lvli
28.57
21.43
7.14
0
7
0
2
3
4
1
1
4
31.83
0
9.09
13.64
18.18
4.54
4.54
18.18
10.4mu
NSD
5.52Mi
4.22Ma
10.39Ma
16.89Ma
2.60Ma
18.18Mi
9.37
4.69
9·37
2.3 4
9.37
4.69
12.50
6.25
3.91
10.94
17.98
7.81
0.78
7
0
8
1
7
3
9
4
0
8
17
3
0
10.45
0
11.94
1.49
10.45
4.48
13.43
5.97
0
11.94
23.37
4.48
0
NSD
4.69Ma
2. 57Mi
0.85Ivla
HSD
HSD
NSD
NSD
3.91Ma
HSD
5.39Mi
'.33Ma
O.781·1a
17.86
86
.~&
~lleition
",nQ
item
4.a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
1.
m.
n.
5.a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
1.
m.
6.a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
au
"T·-R!"···. •
II ,II!! -,,".
..
*lW)SE
M!!,~p!
MInors
Sis;nif. Dif. a
16.15Mi
7.,1Mi
NSD
,.85Ma
11.15Mi
12. 29Ma
6. 54Ma
NSD
NSD
5.00Mi
NSD
11.54Ma
,.85Ma
NSD
1
8
9
1
3
4
1
3
8.3,
10.00
10.00
20.00
1.67
1.67
13.,2
15.00
1.67
5.00
6.67
1.67
5.00
NSD
4. 45Mi
NSD
7. 78Ma
1.11Ma
1.67Mi
3.35Ma
3.891-1i
NSD
2.22Mi
2.50Mi
NSD
1.94Ma
1
2
13
0
19
0
7
1.19
2.38
15.48
0
22.62
0
8.33
2.66Ma
1.47Ma
2.98Mi
NSD
NSD
0.96Ma
NSD
Percent.
1
2
0
1
1
11
0
3
0
0
3
1
0
,.85
7.69
0
3.85
,.85
42.29
11.54
0
11.54
0
0
11.54
,.85
0
5
4
9
20
2
0
12
8
1
2
3
1
5
6.94
5.55
12.50
27.78
2.78
0
16.67
11 .11
1.39
2.78
4.17
1.39
6.94
5
6
6
12
4
4
13
0
21
1
8
11
3.85
3.85
12.50
0
20.19
0.96
7.69
1().f')P,
ffI,_LlI_
=
Percent.
20.00
15.00
0
0
15.00
30.00
5.00
0
10.00
5.00
0
0
0
0
Number
,
..
...
_
Ii'
III
.,
"._"
H'.:;; Ii
Number
,
4
0
0
3
6
1
0
2
1
0
0
0
0
1
A
/"'\
1";')
1I.T~1"'\
87
TABLE 18--Continued
Question
and
item
Majors
Number Percent.
,.57
0
7.a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
0
1
7
19
25.00
67.86
8.a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
13
6
5
2
2
21.4,
17.86
7.14
7.14
1
~.57
Minors
Number Percent.
1
5.00
2
10.00
1
5.00
10
50.00
6
30.00
46.4~
8
8
,
2
1
Signi:f'. Di:f'.&
1 .4~Mi
10.00r.a
1.4~Mi
25.00Mi
;7.86Ma
10.071-1a
14.93Mi
4.22Ma
1.95Mi
2.59Ma
36.36
36.36
13.64
9.09
4.55
aSignificant Difference: the letter following the percentages
listed in this column indicate that the difference either
favors majors (Wa) or minors (Mi). NSD=No Significant
Difference.
,.
Anthropology majors and minors, and non-anthropology
majors and minors.
A comparative analysis was conducted with the combined
responses of anthropology majors and minors, and the responses of
non-anthropology majors and minors.
There were 51 majors and minors,
and 397 non-majors and minors, the former group thus constituting
11.6 per cent of the total survey sample.
The degree of significant
differenGe for each question varied from question two
\~i th
the least
to question four vii th the most.
The responses of anthropology majors and minors to question
one favored tlromantic," "exciting, II and !Itechnical. II
The margins
on these items are 0.33 per cent (romantic), 2.57 per cent
(excitinE;), and 7.23 per cent (technical).
Non-majors and minors
preferred. IImysterious, II IIdangerous, ft and ftboring. 11
Preference
88
margins are 5.50 per cent (mysterious), ;.18 per cent (dangerous),
and 2.45 per cent (boring).
These responses reveal an unmistakable tendency among majors
and minors toward adjectives which represent both a relatively
positive and a sophisticated approach to archeology.
The non-
majors and minors, however, display a somewhat simple and
negative attitude toward archeology.
A :3alient orientation is found among the non-majors and
minors i:1 question t\-.1O in their preference for "Hebrew cities
and temples, II and JiGreek and Roman ruins. 1I
This interest in
extensive historic I-ledi terranean sites was supported by
moderate margins of 3.14 per cent (Hebrew cities) and ;.94
per cent (Greece and Rome).
A significant preference for
majors and minors was noted only for
1I~!idwestern
mound-builders, 11
but with a relatively high margin of 11.05 per cent.
This would
indicate a possible preference among majors and minors for
North American prehistoric archeology.
Seven items listed in question three were preferred by
more anthropology majors and minors than non-majors and minors:
IISir Arthur Evans," t1Lord Carnarvon, II "Sir iiilliam Flinders
Petrie, II IIHeinrich Schliemann, II "Sir Leonard Wooley, II 11General
Pitt-RivE:rs,11 and "others."
Percentage margins for these items
are 4.04 per cent (Evans), 0.67 per cent (Carnarvon), 6.89 per
cent (Pet.rie), 5.;0 per cent (Schliemann), 2.86 per cent (Wooley),
10.68 per cent (Pitt-Rivers), and 5.;2 per cent (l1 others").
Non-majors and minors expressed the greatest interest in
89
Thor Heyerdahl, Warren K. Moorehead, L.S.B. Leakey, and the
category
ll
none of the above. ll
Margins are 9.15 per cent (Heyer-
dahl), 1.86 per cent (Moorehead), 6.56 per cent (Leakey), and
17.83 per cent ("none of the above").
The results
de~onstrate
that anthropology majors and minors
have a very extensive knowledge of archeologists, especially the
more noted workers in the Classical and Mediterranean fields.
Non-majors and minors prefer the more currently popular
archeologists such as Heyerdahl and Leakey.
It is remarkable to observe that despite the small percentage (11.6 per cent) of the total sample which anthropology majors
and minors represent, to a considerable extent they dominate the
responses to question three.
These majors and minors are
responsible for over 25 per cent of the responses for Evans,
Carnarvon, Schliemann, Wooley, Carter and Petrie, and for over
80 per cent of the responses to Pitt-Rivers.
Only for the
choice Il none of the above" does the major-minor percentage of
total responses fall below 10 per cent.
The preferences of the non-majors and minors dominated in
question four.
These interests and the margins are:
Ilstone-
henge," ,.18 per cent; "Chichen Itza," 1.59 per cent; "Pompeii,1l
18.89 per cent; "Folsom man,1l 2.38 per cent; "King Tut's tomb,"
14.85 per cent; "Babylon and Nineveh," 3.39 per cent; "Knossos
of Crete," 0.53 per cent; and "Swiss lake dwellings, II 1 .06 per
cent.
A::1thropology major-minor preferences are indicated by
"Rosetta Stone,11 "Angkor ':lat," "Troy,
II
"0lduvai Gorge," and
90
I1Hopewell mounds. 1I
Percentages are 6.10 per cent (Rosetta
stone), 1.65 per cent (Angkor 'iiat), 2.06 per cent (Troy), 31.38
per cent (Olduvai Gorge), and 4.40 per cent (Hopewell mounds).
The responses of both groups represent a cluttered admixture of sites from all geographical areas and all chronological
periods, without any apparent explanation.
If one merely con-
siders the items which received the greatest margins, the
non-majors and minors appear to be chiefly interested in the
classical Old World sitesj anthropology majors and minors express
the greatest interest for prehistoric Old World sites.
NO::1-majors and minors preferred the following tools in
question five:
pick, power equipment, sledge-hammer, hand shovel,
chisel, and magnifying glass.
Margins are, respectively,
per cent, 0.92 per cent, 0.84 per cent,
cent, and
3.91 per cent.
7.73
4.31 per cent, 4.29 per
The interests of the majors and minors
are expressed in their preferences for "trowel," "brush,"
"dental pick," "plumb-line," and "measuring tape."
percentages are
The preferenoe
7.42 per cent (trowel), 4.88 per cent (brush),
7.45 per cent (dental pick), 1.06 per cent (plumb-line), and
1.29 per cent (measuring tape).
The non-majors and minors produced preferences which are
evenly divided between microscopic and macroscopic tools.
i/ith
the exce:ption of the pick, the higher margins are for the
"microscopic ll choices,
hov~ever.
Among the majors and minors,
the responses demonstrate a definite preference for microscopic
implements in excavation.
91
In question six, more anthropology majors and minors believed
that photography, personnel and financial administration, pottery
types, coin types, drafting, and statistics and computer programming were important to an archeologist than did non-majors and
minors.
Percentage margins for these preferences are 1.60 per
cent (photography), 0.39 per cent (personnel and financial administration), 4.89 per cent (pottery types), 0.72 per cent (coin types),
1.16 per cent (drafting), and 1.90 per cent (statistics).
and minor preferences and the percentage margins are:
Non-major
chemistry,
1.04 per cent; history, 4.79 per centi physics, 1.30 per cent;
and geography, 4.67 per cent.
As in question four, the responses of both groups represent
dichotomous results:
11
both groups express a preference for both
scienceEl f1 and "humanities. f1
Such a fact might indicate a belief
of both najors and minors, and non-majors and minors, that both
the sciences and humanities can contribute to archeology,
and
that the disciplines of either area may dominate in the training
of an archeologist.
The importance of books as a source of information to
those more closely associated vii th archeology continues to be
substant:.ated.
The major-minor preference for books is indicated
by a margin of 34.43 per cent.
The non-major and minor depen-
dence upon the mass media is represented by the margins of
17.06 per cent for "television," 14.76 per cent for "films, II
and 2.48 per cent for Hnewspaper articles."
Anthropology majors and minors associate the archeologist
92
with the Neolithic by a margin of 5.81 per cent.
Non-majors and
minors, however, associate archeology more closely vii th the
preclassical period than did the majors and the minors, by a
margin of 4.76 per cent.
Once again, a slightly greater
preference among anthropology students exists for the prehistoric period, whereas non-anthropology students generally prefer
more historic periods.
Table 19 summarizes the results of the comparative analysis
of the responses for anthropology majors and minors, and nonanthropology majors and minors.
TABLE 19
DATA
O:~
Question
and
item
1.a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
2.a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
OOMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ANTHROPOLOGY MAJORS AND MINORS,
AND NON-ANTHROPOLOGY MAJORS AND MINORS
Majors
Number Percent.
Non-majors
Number Percent.
Simif • Dif.a
2
16
9
0
33
38
4
20
9
1.53
12.21
6.88
0
25.19
29.00
3.05
15.26
6.88
11
88
113
29
164
245
50
154
59
1.20
9.64
12.38
3.18
17.96
26.83
5.48
16.87
6.46
0.33AM
2.57AM
5.50NM
3.18NM
13
0
3
8
12
7
3
4
26.00
0
6.00
16.00
24.00
14.00
6.00
8.00
100
12
21
19
110
55
38
27
26.17
3.14
5.49
4.97
28.79
14.39
9.94
7.11
NSD
3.14NM
NSD
11.03Alv1
NSD
NSD
3.94NM
NSD
7.23AM
NSD
2. 43NM
NSD
NSD
9;
TABLE 19--0ontinued
Question
and
item
;.a.
b.
c.
Majors
Number Percent.
Non-majors
Number Percent.
;8
5.71
16
2.41
19.40
129
16
2.41
2.86
19
4,
6.47
7.52
50
4.51
;0
1.;5
9
4
0.60
180
27.07
1.;5
9
122
18.;4
Sis;nlf. Dit. a
4.04AM
0.67AM
9. 15NM
NSD
6.89AM
1.86NM
5.;OAM
2.86AM
NSD
10.68Alvi
6. 56NM
5.;2AK
17.8,NM
19
6
20
4
19
9
25
12
5
22
40
1;
1
9.75
;.08
10.25
2.06
9.75
4.61
12.82
6.15
2.56
11.28
20.51
6.67
0.5 1
5
5
0
1
4
17
4
0
5
1
0
3
1
0
10.87
10.87
0
2.18
8.69
36.95
8.69
0
10.87
2.18
0
6.52
2.18
0
53
18
6
2
25
21
104
9
97
21
2
8
7
4
14.05
4.77
1.59
0.5;
6.6;
5.57
27.58
2.38
25.72
5.57
0.53
2.12
1.90
1.06
;.18Nl-l
6.10AM
1.59NM
1.65AM
2.06AM
;1.38AM
18.89NM
2.;8NM
14.85NM
3.39NM
0.53NM
4.40AM
NSD
1.06NM
g.
10
10
15
;2
3
1
20
h.
17
7.58
7.58
11.,6
24.24
2.27
0.75
15.15
12.88
1.52
3·79
5.30
1.52
6.06
16;
80
42
206
34
17
82
18,
5
86
98
18
50
15·;1
7.51
;.9 4
19.36
3.19
1.59
7.70
17.19
0.46
8.08
9.21
1.69
4.77
7.7;NM
NSD
7.42AM
4.88MI
0.921llvl
0.84NM
7.45AM
4.3 1NM
1.06AM
4. 29m!
3.91N1ol
NSD
1.29Al-!
d.
e.
t.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
1.
m.
4.a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
k.
1.
m.
n.
5·a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
i.
j.
k.
1.
m.
2
5
7
2
8
94
TABLE 19--Continued
Question
and
item
6.a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
Majors
Number Percent.
2.66
5
6
3.19
26
13.83
0
0
40
21.28
1
0.53
7.98
15
10.11
19
1.59
3
1.59
3
10.11
19
15.43
29
18
9.57
4
2.13
i.
j.
k.
1.
m.
n.
Non-majors
Number Percent.
3.70
51
22
1.59
18.62
257
18
1.30
264
19.13
0.14
2
104
7.54
5.22
72
12
0.87
6
0.43
204
14.78
209
15.15
156
11·30
0.23
3
Signif. Dif. a
1.04NM
1.60AM
4.79NM
1.30NM
NSD
0.39AM
NSD
4.89A}.!
0.72AM
1.16AM
4.67NM
NSD
NSD
1.90AM
e.
2
2
2
17
25
4.17
4.17
4.17
35.41
52.08
83
74
26
139
69
21.23
18.93
6.65
35.54
17.65
17 .06NM
14.76NN
2.48NM
NSD
34.43AM
8.a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
21
14
8
4
3
42.00
28.00
16.00
8.00
6.00
168
87
60
50
27
42.86
22.19
15·31
12.76
6.88
NSD
5.81AM
NSD
4.76NM
NSD
7·a.
b.
c.
d.
aSignificant Difference: the letters following the percentages
listed in this column indicate that the difference either
favors majors and minors (M4) or non-majors and minors (NM).
NSJ)::No Significant Difference.
4.
Respondents who have taken the ANTH 120 course and
those who have not taken the course.
In this analysis, the responses of 28 students who
had taken the introductory archeology course previously were
compared to the responses of 420 students who had not taken the
course.
Significant differences are numerous throughout the
95
results but varied from question one with the fewest number of
differencE!s to question four with the greatest number of differences.
The responses of those who had previously taken the
archeolo~r
course revealed a significant preference for
!ltechnical,f! by a margin of
by a marg:i.n of
9.98 per cent, and for "sweaty,1t
3.59 per cent.
Those who had not taken the
ANTH 120 course preferred the term IImysterious ll significantly
more than the former ANTH 120 students.
is 7.94 per cent.
The percentage margin
These responses constitute only slight
tendencies among former
A1~H
120 students toward a more
sophisticated but less positive approach; those who had not
taken the course are slightly more positive and more naive in
their attitudes toward archeology.
Noticeable preferences are demonstrated in question two
for the students who had not taken the archeology course for
II
cavemen and stone axes,
II
"Hebrew c1 ties and temples," "the
ruins of Troy, II and !lGreek and Roman ruins."
The margins of
preference are 5.06 per cent (cavemen), 2.97 per cent (Hebrew
cities), 2.12 per cent (Troy), and
6.33 per cent (Greece). The
only itenl which was chosen by a much greater percentage of
former ANTH 120 students than the other respondents is
"l-iidweste:rn mound-builders. II
The percentage margin is 20.05
per cent.
These figures indicate that among those students who have
taken the archeology course there is a stress upon prehistoric
sites.
Those respondents who have little or no course background
in archeology appear to place emphasis primarily upon historic
Old 'l'iorld sites, with the chronological exception of Ilcavemen
and stone axes."
The most heavily selected choices in question three among
students who had taken ANTH 120 are "Sir Arthur Evans," "Sir
iiilliam Flinders Petrie, \I "Heinrich Schliemann,
~i'iooley,"
\I
I1Sir Leonard
"Howard Carter," IIGeneral Pitt-Rivers," and "others. II
Margins a.re 5.69 per cent (Evans), 5.59 per cent (Petrie),
6.82 per cent (Schliemann), 2.34 per cent (Wooley), 0.78 per
cent (Carter), 14.45 per cent (Pitt-Rivers), and 4.19 per cent
(ll others").
indicatec~
The students who had not taken archeology courses
extensive support for IIThor Heyerdahl, II
lIi~arren
Moorehead,1I "L.S.B. Leakey," and IInone of the above."
preference margins are 13.2, per cent (Heyerdahl),
K.
The
3.53 per
cent (Moorehead), 7.68 per cent (Leakey), and '5.96 per cent
("none oj' the above").
The responses of both groups to question three almost
exactly duplicate the responses of the groups tlanthropology
majors and minors" and "non-anthropology majors and minors"
on the same question.
inclusion of
!I
The sole difference involved the
Lord Carnarvon 11 among the chief preferences of
the anthropology majors and minors, and the omission of "Howard
Carter" :E'rom the list.
the
arch~ology
Among students who had previously taken
course, !lHoward Carter" was included but "Lord
Carnarvon" was omitted.
97
strong evidence is thus presented which indicates that
students with closer associations with archeology have more
extensive knowledge of archeologists, particularly those who
have worked in the Middle East.
The students who have little
or no background in archeology generally know only those
archeologists who have been subject to considerable publicity.
Sig~ificant
wi thout
E.
question.
differences favoring selections by the students
background in ANTH 120 predominated in the fourth
Items, and their percentage margins, which were
chosen more by the "non-archeologyll students than by the
lIarcheologyll students are:
"Stonehenge," 6.73 per cent;
"Rosetta Stone," 1.86 per cent; "Chichen Itza," 1.51 per cent;
II
Angkor Hat, IT 0.76 per cent; f'Pompeii,
IIBabylon and Nineveh,
IT
rt
20.80 per cent;
5.56 per cent; "Knossos of Crete,"
0.50 per cent; "Machu Picchu,1I 2.02 per cent; and IlSwiss
lake dwellings," 1.01 per cent.
The items more heavily
selected by the former AJ."ITH 120 students are
Gorge,1I 11Folsom man,1I and IlHopewell mounds."
If
Troy,
fI
trOlduvai
Margins for these
choices are, respectively, 8.50 per cent, 18.10 per cent, 1.68
per cent, and 9.09 per cent.
The basic divisions in the chronological interests between
respondents who are rather directly affiliated with archeology
and those whose interests are more peripheral are again obvious
in this question.
The former group is generally concerned with
prehistoric archeology; the latter group finds the most interest
in protohistoric and historic archeology, especially that of the
98
soi-disan'l Fertile Crescent.
Choices in question five upon which those who had taken
ANTH 120 placed greater emphasis than those who had not taken
the course are "spade," "trowel," "dental pick," "plumb-line,"
"wheelbarrow,1I and "measuring tape."
The preference margins
are 5.18 per cent (spade), 5.49 per cent (trowel), 2.77 per
cent (dental pick), 0.69 per cent (plumb-line), 0.86 per cent
(Wheelbarrow), and 1.42 per cent (measuring tape).
Significant
differences favoring the respondents who had not taken the archeology
course occurred for "pick," "povler equipment,1I "sledge-hammer,"
lI
chisel," and IImagnifying glass. 1I
(pick),
~!.OO
Percentages are 4.60 per cent
per cent (power equipment), 1.61 per cent (sledge-
hammer), 2.86 per cent (chisel), and 6.77 per cent (magnifying
glass).
Th~:se
results echo earlier comparative studies.
The group
with grenter knowledge of archeology places greater emphasis
upon mic}'oscopic tools; the second group places slightly greater
stress on macroscopic tools.
In this particular analysis,
however, it is noteworthy that both groups have stressed
macrosco]Jic tools more heavily than in previous comparisons.
This is !,specially true of the "archeology-associated" group
which, unlike
in the past when it has avoided macroscopic
implements, selected the spade and the wheelbarrow.
Significant preferences for the former archeology course
students were noted in the sixth question for "photography,"
"personn,l and financial administration," "pottery types,"