PERSP~C'lTV::-*3
ON 'THE v/ORLD FOOD CnISIS
BALL STATE UmVZRSITI
II! 499
lU{S.
SEdlOR HOHOltS 'THESIS
JELi~
\'ITTTIG - ADVISOR
'l'EL1ESA DC)ILLE
SH~DiG
1,2udn'ill 1975
:
Perspectives on the Horld Food Crisis
The struggle to obtain enough food to survive has plagued human
existence throughout history.
Thirty famines have been 1--riclespread and
serious enough to be recorded in ,-Torld history books.
The advances in
agricultural technology and the development of modern commerical farming
in the 19t:1 century gave the hope that the vorld could one day adequately
feed its p,:';ople.l
In recent years, this hope has been dimmed by rapid
overpopulation and onl:'" moderate rates of aGricultural development.
Today
agricult.uralists, nutritionists and economists agree that the current
situation is substanially more ominous than ever before. 2
'Ihe United Nations food experts estimate that 32 countries around
the globe are desperately short of food. 3
In South Asia, in ,rarts of
Africa and in Latin Amf'ri(;:l, food 3l:ort3.t;es and high food prices are
taking a erowing toll Clf human life. LI
PresentlJT ,-re provide adequate
resources ::or only about one-third of the hUlilan family.
It has been
conservatively estimated that almost a half billion people t.hroughout tIle
developing viorld suffer from malnutri tion. 5
One out of every three
children born into the 1-:01'10. ,·rill suffer permanent phySical or mental
damace because of hunger. 6
1:1 some underdeveloped countries 25 to 30
percent of all children die before their fifth birthday. 7 Trronghout the
,\for1d 10,000 people diE; daily from malnutrition.
Last year in the
()
Sahelian countries alone, 100,000 peol!le Here felled by fawine. I,)
\
2
I:c 1967 William Paddock v;rote a book entitled Farnl.:1e 1975.
~'lithin
its pages are found these l-TOrds:
lS75 will be a crucial year in the '!:arld, crucial because the
l:c,rld food shortages Hill then dominate the headlines and the
resul ts Hill be in full vieF • • • • "To dOl:bt for a decade 2.t
least, actual starvation ,\'ill be rare and locali zed and c:i saster
on the grand scale vill be forestalled by modern
1l1.eans of
(;
transportation and by emergency actions . • . . '
Euch of his message is . 10"H being reflecteo in the current statements of
others~
FAO Director-General Addike H. Eoerma feels a turning point has
bee::1 reached in the 1-IOrld af,riculture which bodes ill for millions more
of the poor.l O Peter lAurence states the absurdity of the situation that
in the 20th century, with aLL its technolofical advances, hundreds of
nillioils of human beings could potentially starve due to quirks of 'peather
. of a nm\T strain of pests .11
Yet, individuals such as \hlliar.l Paddock and Georg Borgstrom have
been labeled as alarmists and doomsday prophets.
Congressman Richard T.
Harma of Ca,lifornia stated that the vJOrld has the potential to feed ten
tiNes the present population of the earth or 30 billion people
Colin Clarl<, an Australian economist, estimates that 35 to
people could be supported. 13
stand.
....
12
47 billion
Laurence Simon has taken an even stronger
He says "there is no scarcity • • • foed is plentiful."IL
l,fhether or not the '\·mrld has the potential to provide adequate food
for all, the lnrd cold facts are that for an estimated 700 million people,
hunger is eommonplace and the prospect of aGonized death by starvation is
a (;;rim fact of life .15
"Famine isn It like a satellite count-dmm
it develop, slo'l-Jly; experts ,-Ting their hands and the public pays no
attention .. _- then sudaenly it is headlined, II statesl~illiam Paddock. 1.:::)
.•..,
1973 1-:i tne~3sed a dramatic upsurge in interest in the \vorld food situation.
3
The reason for this interest developed trom media coverage of the
global scarcity of food supplies and rising food prices.
In the past
year tie UrQted States' shortages were reflected in soaring food prices,
up by 20 percent.
This gro'l-rth in farm product demand did not suddenly
appear, but ho.s been f~~roHing steadil:r for a number of years .17
last ten years the ,'lOrld grain conswnption has increased by
L4
In the
percent.
A number of factors have cO'1tributed to today's 1Ifood crisis."
New Republic labels it as a crisis of four fls --- food, fuel, fertilizer,
and fertil:i. ty .18
The term "overpopulation" 'Has totally unfamiliar to the society of
the 19th century.
The 1820's boasted a population of only one billion,
yet by 1960 two billion inhabitants had been added to the "yorld I s population.
O::1ly
15 years later (1975) four billion people are estimated to
be alive; a.nd b7 the year 2000 the population is expected to double again.
Eo
R. Sen in 1967 estimated vTorld food requirements for projected 1-JOrld
population ,·muld necessitate and increase in food supplies of
bet"reen 1965 and 1980 and of
n
34
percent between 1965 and 2000. 19
fessor Carroll 1;·rilson of JvIassachusetts
percent
Pro-
Institute of Technology states
that it is clear that population cannot double as is expected by 2000
and still be fed. 20
If a tlJO percent population gro"rth demand on food resources Hasn I t
enough, a nevI major claimant has been added.
people have ever lived.
VJe are living better than
As soon as people set enough calories in their
diets, they start trying to improve the quality • • • usually this means
protein and demand for livestock products. 21
\';i th the rise in incomes
of areas such as tV-estern l!.:urope, Eastern J:!;.lrope, Soviet Union and Japan,
4\
demand for livestock products has increased.
It is estimated that a one
percent increase in income is approximately equal to a one percent increase
in livestock demand. 22
U~'1fortunately
as
muc~
Three times
resources are required for one pound of chicken than one pound
Beef is estimated to be seven times as resource-expensive.
of cereal.
l~ot
livestock protein is resource-expensive.
only have other countries increased their demand for livestock pro-
ducts, the United States has added significantly to the problem.
'I'he
per capita beef intake alone has doubled since 1.950. 23
In
19~12
Horld food production declined one percent.
In relation to
the population grmvth for that year, the actual decline amounted to three
percent.
As the 1'lOrld output declined, exports (primarily U. S.) increased
30 percent to make up the deficit.
existing s1jockpiles by
L~o
The result has been a depletion of
percent lwrld1;"'ide.
reserves totaled three months plus.
In the 1960 I s [';lobal grain
Today the reserves have been literally
eaten away to less than one month's (specifically 27 days).24
There are
no more sill~pluses, yet there must be reserves. 25
The e::fect of the energy crisis has been critical.
"The high oil
prices have shattered the abili.ty of developing countries to purchase
food, fertilizer and other goods," states Henry Kissinger. 26
India
spen'~
In 1971
approximately ·;.. 560 raillion on three basic products: crude
oil, fertilizer and about 2.1 metric tons of food grains.
sarne amoum as purchased in 1971, India today ..;oulo. pay
(five time:3 more). 27
To obtain the
~3.l
billion
The rise in petroleum prices created not only a
vrorldwide shortage of nitrogen fertilizers, but also
~"reat1y
lessened
the atili t;r of farmers in poor countries to ljumP water for irrigation. 28
5
To quote Secretary of the Treasury,
,~'eorGe
Schultz, lithe effect of oil
price changes are likely to be nearly catastrophic for some of the poor
areas of the -,.;or Id. 1129
Some environmentalists think the \:orlci weather patterns are changing
as a
of the cyclic patterns of "mather and the grow'ing pollution
resul·~
of the atmosphere.
This has resulteci. in lower food production in areas
such as th~~ sub-Sahara Africa, South Asia and China. 30
The monsoon
rains in South Asia are spreading farther south, reaching the sea rather
than the r:Lce lands.
The Sahara desert is also kno"m to be moving south-
ward, changing the life patterns of thousands of Africans.
The political and economic policies of nations have also contributed
to the cur::-ent food situation.
policies.
1972 saw a dramatic change in Soviet food
lJuring past poor harvests the Soviets liquidated their cattle
herds, thu:3 decreasing grain demands.
Today the Soviet people are ci.emanding
a higher standard of living, thus making decrease in beef products virtually impossible without "riots at food stores."31
Therefore the Soviet
Union went into the world food markets to purchase additional grain.
Agricultural vulnerability itself is a reflection of the priorities
of political and economic systems.
1.5 percent in the last 25 years.
In India irrigation has
OIllY
increased
Ho"Jever, 57 irrigation schemes, which
could have avoided the disaster of starvation for thousands, have been
stalled fo::- up to eight years for political and economic reasons .3 2
Inflation in the United States and abroad dealt a blo1-J to the world
food crisis.
Increased costs of farm equipment, transportation, land and
labor have influenced food costs.
Some poor countries already are spending
between 70 and 80 percent of their incomes for food and cannot afford to
6
spend more"
Thus, starvation for their populations may become an inevitable
reality.
Becau:3e the components influencing world food problems are complexly
interti-Jineci, so should the solutions and implications be interdependent.
Dr. Jay W. Forrester, professor of management at H.LT., vie..ls the situation
as an inter-relationshj_p.
He states "for the first time, there exists a
very tight interdependence between technology, economics, politics and even
e th.lCS
O
•
•
1133
Increased starvation and dv.T.indling food reserves brought nations
together
j:1
Rome durine November, 197 ~ to discuss the plight of millions.
Although the ,'<iorld Food Conference was not hailed as a triumphant success,
it did briJ1g forth some proposals for action.
The estab..lishnent of the
\<Jorld Food Council under the aegis of the United Nations ;{as cietermined.
It's purpose is to funnel to needy nations both food aid and investment
funds for development of agriculture.
An
international system of grain
reserves, to be held in individual countries, was also set forth. 34
Natio:ls also resolved to pleobe to increase food aid by ten million
tons.
With the establishment of "early-warning system," it was hoped that
inforrr..atio:l concerning the state of Horlcl harvests and hunger could be more
effectivel;r communicated, thus reducing the death to11 for m:Ulions.
These
are only four of the major proposals accepted by the delegates to the
~,vorld
Food Conference; each policy endorsed to a greater or lesser degree by each
nation.
Sayed Harei, Ueneral Secretary of tbe ':lorld rood Conference, stated
at its clo3e that lithe judgement of the success or failure of this conference
is going to Le made b
have sat hS)re. n35
I
the hungry men
~_n
Africa and ASia, not by tl'ose Hho
7
The partic:"pants of the iJ>Jorld Food Conference are not the only
individuals proposing solutions to the current situation.
Experts in all
fields of 8.gricll1ture, economics , politics and nutrition are sUGgesting
various am:vTers to food shorta;;es and increasing hunGer.
Perhaps the most
universally aGreed upon [Jroposal is the need for a ,,:orldwide effort to
stabilize t.he lJOrld I s population.
II"ff vJe continue to alloH the world I s population to climb, it uil1 become
an
increasing struggle for survival, Hith survival of the fittest nore
anc. more clearly emerting as a rule of the ga:J.e.,,36
"Propagatinc the
popula tion explosion Hi 11 speJ..l tradegy for family, insurmountable };,roblems
for nati~~~, and disaster for the 1-1orld. 1t3?
1-:here future
tirths.
populatic.~-:.
Our ch:::ice
ha~
',Te have reached t.he point
grm,:th 'Hill be reduced either by deaths or decli:nint;
finally become very simple --- between famine or
family plarming)8
Becaw,e birth control efforts are often stymied by political: noral
and econonl:.c considerations, population control methods must include
education, nutrition, Cecent
housin~,
productive vJork, and etc.
A package
for populr:tion control must contain the follOidng elements:
1.
Family planning services equally available to all. Such a
program would in£lucc educat.ion to TYJake fer"-, ;l~;ty contr()l
1.ulderstandab:e .3~'
Real th care to reduce i r~ant mortali ty. In many d evelopi ng areas,
larse familier; are prodl'fed just to ensure the surv:i.val
0:: some of the crJlliren. ,0
i<eeting of basic econom:i c and social needs of the poor.
Employment opportunities for beth men and Homen "Till increase
1,c:rsonal security. basic agricultm'al development and concomrni tant la:1L income must be redisLributed to Ci ve the
majori t:r a stake in economic develop:;lent.l il
.....,
L.
'1']le development of Y!En; roles for Homen, malting it 1,ossible for
t:1eir achievenent of social status and s(;)lf-fulfillment thrO:J.()l
a,~tivities ot.hel' than bearing and rearing offspril1::".L;2
r'
.> •
~Jational
economic and social Dolicies must te devised that
encouraGe and promote 1m! fertility.Li3
1.1 thoup;h no o:,e ca.n doubt the need for pc!,ul2.tion rec.uction as a
solution to the food crisis, its effect
ma~r
not bs realized for a quarter
:;';r. Do H.. Sen (Lirector of FAO during 1967) states, "EYen
of a century.
if birth control measu:res were adopted on a ,dde seal,,,, popula ti on Hould
still increase substanially because of the large number C)f cl ilrlren '"ho
Hill be forr:li:ig their O~l1 families ten, 20, or 30 years from nOi'!. IJLih
;::ecretar;'{ of Stat ,:), Henry !issi:1e;er has stated "that our minimui11
objective juring the next quarter century must be to more than double
the 1'Jorld food production and to improve its quality ."LS
Creater pro-
ductb:i ty nust include increasin;:; productio:1 in developed nations as 'Hell
as acc:elen,ting product:Lon in developing countries. LIb
It has been estimated
that yieJ d s on currently producing acres in develo!>ing countries could be
doubled or tripled if ;'i1odern technolo;:::y '.ms employed. Ln
more :i l1vestment capi ta l _
these countries •
---
much of uhich must come from sources outsj.de
Incentives for iJ'1.i'usion of capital into agriculture
of develof,Lng countries must tl18refore be
hmv tc
ar~ply
fj'his requires
sou~·;ht.
He must determille, also,
creative J_endb.e; [)ractices in extending production and equip-
ment credit. liB
C'rville
~;'reeman,
oecretary of Agriculture during 1960 t s, SUst;ests
the establ:Lstm1ent of an array of major international agricultural firr,s
't-.rhich could suy:ply the necessary ex-pedence, technolozy and
mana~;erj
al
information to fJut idle acres and ineffectively cultivated acres to use.L9
'l'o provide the incentives for increased :;roducU_o:1, the Lenefi ts received
from selling crops must Ge increased. 50
The i-roduction of inexpensive
fertilizer (perhaps making use of gas flared off at 't-iellheads) must also
o
/
be explored.
Yet Creori';
:~orl::strom
cautions
Eoder:l. agricultural techniques are so capi tal- and energydemanding that they cannot be copied by poor nations. ilajor
attention needs to be devote<i to,1:ess costly and presrunbly
more labor-intensive approaches.
An even greater effort must be placed on agricultural research and
better r;ro,.:ing and han"esting techniques.
also depend upon research --- develoring
52
Increased production l·rill
disease resistant crops,
neVI
increasine: efficiency of water use, and finding i.,;ays to combat soil
deteriorat:_on and erosion. 53
A host of projects are
Y"lOH
being developed
deaJing vi ~:h .srOTrith ane improveci quality of various forms of r;lant life.
These include the acceleration of photosynthesis, production of hybrid
strains vTithout conventional bisexual pollination, attaining plant grO'l-Jth
in saline
~;oils,
and e;rovring plants hydroponically (in liquid nutrients). Sh
Lauerence Aayer, v:hile sUIJPorting vigorously these research measures,
admits that some of these in time might
•
•
•
*
:;5
The problem is that time
is runninG short for millions of people facing starvation.
\iilliam Paddock
states
• • • nor will research produce in time new seeds, nevI techniques
or nevf plants for farmers to sow-and reap.>6 This brings us back
to impasse of trying to feed nevi millions from today's land
with todayfs seeds and today's agricultural techniques and
prefer'ably feeding 1-.rL th foods already lmmm.) 7
If time shortage ,·,asn't detrimentally enough, nevI "food ecologists"
are adding to the problem.
1,"'nile the vIOrld is looking to science for
nel-; food production technology, scientists must spend their time defending
already proven technology.;,8
A case in point is the current controverS;l
over 1/:;5, diethystilbestrol, used to fatten cattle.
It has been concluded
that only ene case of vaginal cancer in the entire United States l'opulatjon
in 5,000 years Fill result from its us "'.
Hi thout LZ5, another three to
10
fi ve million acres of corn .-rill be needed yearly to produce the same
amount of beef.~9
l.estel:' ErNm points out that there are now some important constraints
in the effort to expand global food production. 60
has been
i~creased
Traditionally production
by increasing the acreage under cultivation.
future, this vJill be limited in scope.
the United States alone is dwindling.
were brought back into production.
In the
The amount of idle crop lands in
In 1966 and 1967,
50 ml.llion acres
By 1973 the United States Department
of Agriculture had perrri.tted two-thirds of the idle acres to come back
into produetion. bl
Competing uses (eg: industry, recreation, transportation,
residental development) are also reducing the amount of land available for
agricultural use. 62
Earl butz, Secretary of Agriculture, is calling for greater emphasis
on tropica:. agriculture.
He describes tropical forest lands as "one of
the greate~;t untapped agricultural areas of the vlOrld." 63
are cautiolnng about the delicate
ecolo~ical
Some scientistS
balance of such regions.
'l'herefore, widespread and intense conversion of tropical lands to food
production does not, in the present state of our knowledge, appear to be
an acceptable answer to world hunger problems. 64
Brown also sees water availability as a limiting factor in increasing
production.
Host of the rivers that lend themselves to damming and irri-
gation haVE' already been developed.
j
rivers,
[\fe ..J techniques, such as division of
aesal~}nization and manipulation of rainfall pattern, must be
developed.
Today, desalinization is only valid for such limited use as
drinking .later and some limited normal household consumption, but not for
irrigation of agricultural lands. b6
Again the technology is available but
has not yet progressed to be econom.h:ally feasible for public use in the
11
near future.
Another aspect of the food crisis solution is continued financing
of exploration of additional food sources and improvement of present
sourc€:s.
Barbara Eest predicts that Vie Hill "see more fabricated
protein fo·)ds as a result of difficulty and expense in obtaining ravJ commodities. 67
Host of the ,",orld is no,v familiar 1-Jith textured vecetable
protein in some form.
It can be processed to have essentially the S::lme
flavor, ap:::>earance and texture of ground beef, diced chicken, ham or
seafood.::arl Butz sugzests that by 1980 so:rbeans Hill stretch all pork
and beef consumed in tl:e United States by 8 to 10 percent. 68
A. S. Clausi,
of General Foods Corporation, adds "textured vegetable protein l.Jill, no
doubt, ope:1 the door to foods that don't resemble anything ue're presentlJ
T
familiar 'l-r.L th. 1I69
Conti:1ued development of other oilseeds (including cottonseed, safflower, su~1flo1-Jer, peanut and sesame) is also expected.
appears to be the most promising.
The cottonseed
There is still some problem
In. th
the
seed's piGment (gossypol) being detrimental to humans, Lut seemingly nelI
technical developments have, for the :ilOSt 1art, eliminated this problem.
Production of cottonseed flour is now becinning in southern Texas. 70
Scien~~ists
sources.
are broadening their studies to include other potential
Hesearchers are nOH exploriYlg the human food potential of non-
toxic green leaves particularly alfalfa. 71
As a nutritious powder, there
are still problems Hi tr-. taste, piGmentation cmd protein quality.
Single
cell protein, produced Ly fermentinG yeasts and a variety of materials,
is als:) being investigated.
Pm-lever, it Hi.ll be at least ten years before
the process •.Jill be perfecteci for human consumption.
Predictions for the
future include protein synthesized by such a manner from crude oil, sewage,
12
old tires, nelJspapers and even COH manure. 72
The oceans have long been an anticipated source for additional
protein.
F'ish protein concentrate, made from fish not generally consumed
by humans, offers another source of protein.
H01Jever, at the present
time cost, taste and difficulty irl t(;xturizing are limiting factors to
com.3umption. 73
Scientists are n01J voicing concern that the global catch
of ta'ble-p'ade fish is at a near maximum.
Since lS:6> the annual catch
j has been fh{;}tuating rather unpredictably. 7)1
Lester Brown feels that
there is an urgent need to evolve a cooperative global approach to
ment of oceanic fish.
manaE.~e-
He states that failure to do so may result in con-
tinued depletion of stocks, reduction jn catch and soarinc seafood prices. 75
If the fish catch does not continue to increase, pressure on land-based
protein can ce expected to increase substanially.76
Impro"tfement of l::resent sources of food must also be pursued.
The
General rOJds Corporation has estab1ished the follOl,rin::; criteria for
developinr neH hifh-protein products:
1.
':::':.1e product nw:::t fit m.turally :into existing dietary and
other social }latterns.
2.
It certainly C3:IDOt be ;nore expensive and preferably be less
expensive than the conve:1tional 9roduct.
1
'l":c product must c~mtrjbute siGnificantly hicher quality
p::-otein than the c:)nvent:i.onal product.
..-'
It. must be produced from reaolJ.Y obtainable ra"; materials,
have; D. Ion;:;: shelf life at ambient conditions. and be easily
1:~elJared.. 7 {
FOv-Te 'l '3r, the7
I)O~.nt
, <
out "[,hat "developL'!ent and establishment of a
lOH-cost nutritiot:.3 .foud is a lonp:-terl'l, hich-risk activity
of
dev81o:~!:L.ng
c~n(i df:Ci.cl_~lty
71'
the rroduct is 0nJy one f.J.rt of the rTob1p;r.• II··
"S.nc their exprorience vj th such a rroj'3ct, v8neral i"oods t J...
~;.
In descri.tClaus;.
13
reports
Over ei~Lt years azo, ,,;e identified l-Jhat vJe believed to be
a 'lia"::;le af-Ilroach to "Lhe problem • • • and have made our hiC;hrrotein pasta technology available on a non-profi t basi~; to
those 1vho can usc it. Droae. efforts Here under~~aken to promo"te
a:1 interest i:1 and use of technology and the product . . . the
1~rogr8ss, thus far, has been slov! and difficult.79
It is a fallacy to believe that governments of developing
countries, local orr;nlTIzations and/or target populations are
Kaiti::1E; uith open c:rms for 2cceptatle products \·;ith superior
Lc;.trition. ,0 The trut:t is that ;~overn.r:lents and :i nterested
organLzations must be educated and convinced that these products are hiEhly nutritious 2.nd at the same time, nre at
least as acceptable as U;e c~'nventi-::mal products • • • Continua1 contact and cornmunication 1.'i th the jnvolvcG. t;rou1Js
arc e;~sential
if';:le rrop:ram
is to advnnce tOi-;ard planned
o
.
goals.l. l
f'erha::Js equally as i:nportar..t is research and development of iml roved
mati-ods fa::, food storace and r:::rocessing.
that rr:.a.jor food losses (betitTeen 30 t.o
prior to consumption. 52
~J.sed
c~)Untries.
Research is presently bein[ conducted
on protot;ypes of casserole t;;rpe };roducts.
irm!ledia"~e
Intermediate moisture,
in pet foods (eg: Gaines tuq;ers) is l.Jeing investi,;;ateu as
a possible method of preservation.
of
percent) occm' after harvest, but
Freeze-drying is already a reality, but unfortunate-
ly is too expensive to te used ir, r;oor
presently
50
It is finally becoming obvious
'lechnologists visualize the llse
moisture in preparing future meats and dairy products, ;.lms
elir.:i'1ati!lg the need for refrigeration and increasing storage for extended
periods of time. S3
According to the United :'Jat:i ons, the I'otential solut:.om:: exist, but
the problem of necessary technology and the creation of socia.l and insti tutional conditions conducive to rapid aGricultural develo;r:.m.ent is prohibiting constructive prol=ress.SL
In ef'fect, Global cOrL"litment of indus-
trialized nations, oil states and developing countries is necessar;r to
J
necessary
to
prevent lPxi;e scale famine. 5~
All this brings us to looking
critically at the policies of both the developed and the developing Horla.
,!;;,.: S. l'feviS and '.forld
Repor_~
asserts that famine-ricden countries must
be pressed to do more for themselves.[,6
The present crisis in India has
been aggra"lated by the videspread hoardinG and offical mismanagement.
The
refusal of military rulers to atolish feudal systems of land ovrnership,
ri(~hts
,-rater
and food ci.istrioution has reduced Northeastern brazil to a
hunger zone. 87
and money
-:'0
If the hungry nations 'tJere to give total time and attention
the single problem of increClsinf local food production "phile,
at the so.nw time, strivinE to 10i,er
pOl)ulati~m
growth, then hope for escape
from starvation could ie realized.e,G
Yet, =_f one is hungr;;r it is difficult to find a way out of an unproC:.ucti ve situation. 29
haler Anderson reminds us th~:t hunger enslaves entire
popula tiom; b;r depri vir~g them of their energies, Senses and cigni ty )'0
He
Thus,
seem trapped between the wages of hunger and the cri tism of the develol::ed
1mrld.
On the other hand, the policies of the developed l:orld must also be
re-exa:nined.
Georg lorgstrom points out that ':Ie have come to the star'e
'Hhere tvm-tr,irds to three-fourths of the l'Jorld I s agriculture and fisheries
products cc~nnot be consumed only by a pri vil eged minority. 91
',\e have
reached the point '-;here the llore fortunate ,\o;orld is either going to aid
other1.::Jtions even at the expense of higher food costs at] lome, or turn
its back on the hungry of the Hor Id. 92
'lhe developed 'IJor Id mus t begin to
realize tha.t there is something profoundly ;JTong with present policies; only
then can a building tOi.;'ard a more so['histificated putl' c consciommess of
the probler:: oo~in.93
In fact, it may '\"ell be in the self-:lnterest of af-
fluent societies to comLine a cou.rse of noble f;urpose with elements of
'\ 15
of)',self-interest to launch an attack on global poverty.
Pope Paul expounds
'This ::1.emands great generosity, much sacrifice and unceasi;>g
effort o~ the part of the rich • • • Is he ready to pay higher
prices fOE j,mported goods so th2.t the producer may be ju:.::tl~r
rewar::led?/4
Perh2.ps the most r::ontroversial cor::tponent of food crisis solutions is
'the 1'!orld food bank.
Proposed by several' e~~rts and endorsed ty the FAO,
the world food bank l<roulcL frovide SOr1e means of maintaining a senblance
of orC,2r and stability in the Korld food economy.95
Those proposing its
establishITl,mt vie." the bank as being composed of the follov,'ing elements:
1.
storage for cereals and legumes, providing assurance against,
f:amine in densely populated countries after poor crop years 90
2.
storage of fertilizer to enable crop production to te quickly
expanded
_'.
reserves of land ,",r'-ich can be cultivated in emergencies
L.
h3.nk of information and technology to be used for increasi.ng
crop yields
-' .
c:'
stores of crop ge~ that could produce new strains ..Then old
va.rieties are sttikeq by pests or plant disease97
Propo:nents for the Horld food bank include Senator George l-icGovern
and Penns:/lvania' s Secretary of Agriculture, James IvicHale.
Senator
EcGovErn f'3els that grain in the hands of private traders 1-klo are in business to tu:rn investment into :crofit as raridly as possible, is thus really
no reserve at al1. 98
,Tames 1"]cB.ale' s support of the 'Torld food bank stems
from the charges that 5)5 perce'it of all grain reserves in the ,.;orld 2.re
under the
I~ontrol
of six mul tin3tional af:Tibusiness corporations (C3rgill
Grain Company, Continental ,1rain
CO!;lpa~y,
Cook Industries Incorporated,
Lreyfus, umge Company and Archer-lianiel i'lidland) --- all of them P..merican
based.99
16
Those who oppose its creation state that. economic and political
manaE~ement
of
~nternational
eranaries of food reserves would be more
burdensome than national reserves.
directly from
exportin~
The grain itself instead of moving
to importing country, would be detoured into the
hands of int~rnational middlemen at considerable cost. 100
T:!1ere 'TtJOuld
also be countries who Hould constantly constune, but never contribute grain
to the bank.
Garrett Hardin, a proponent of lifeboat ethics, views the
world food bank as a system where "the less provident and less able ld.ll
multiply at the expense of the abler and more provident. 1I101
As a result
of such solutions, Hardin foresees that the poor countries 'Hill not learn
to mend th31.r ways and will suffer progressively greater emergencies as
the population grows. 102
Wayne H. Lavis, professor of zoology at the
University of Kentucky, agrees.
hungry people," he states .103
"You can't solve hunger problems by feeding
The ultimate result of this greater inter-
dependence wiD. be eventual ruin upon all. 104
To what point does this bring us?
States'?
1,\~)at
lilJl1at is the position of the United
about individual implicati'::ns?
Hhat fate a..wits the world?
To quote Hartin hcLaughlin, "at this point the United States does
not have a definite 'Tt:arld food pO.Licy. ,,105
Since 1962 under Public Law 480
(Food for Peace Program), the Gniteu States has provided billions of dollars
in grain and other commodities to the poor nations either free or at cut-rate
prices.
In the mj.d-sixi ties the United otates Has shippinG 15 million tons
yearly.l°6
Today, ..,hen food prices are rising at home, Americans are nore
and more reluctant to share whatever farm reserves are available "lith the
poor natioLs. I07
million tor.s. 108
by mid-1974 food aid had dropped to a bit more :than three
17
B.aymond F. 'J-ood, president of Heinz,
u.S.A.,
contends that the
situation is as follO'l'7s:
The problem of food prices and s~ortages can only be solved on
a. '/JorldvIide basis. This country must take a leading rOJ..e.
'1'he first step should be the development of a national food
polic:y that gives equal consi.deration to solving our donestic
food .:)roblems ana to feeaing the s-c,arving people of tho 1'lOrld. 109
Rovert W•.,Jietsch emphasizes that the United States agricultural policy is
cri tical.
nations'?
Hovl i·Jill the 1im::ted reserves be apportioned among the starving
"/ho will come first --- the highest biaeier" --- those 'Ifl th pm·mr',
Or should ::ood be used as an economic or political ..leapon?110
\ij.lliam Paddock in 1967 proposed the policy of triage for the United
States.
S:_nce the United States id.ll not have enough foodstuffs to dis-
tribute to all, the decision must be made as to prich countries vTill receive and ''';lich 'I,'ill not.
This hypothesis of triage classifies the huni'l'Y
na tions into three groups:
A.
those whose pcpulation gr01,rth has already passed africultural potential, and ti'ose who have inadequate leadership
and other divisive falt~rs to make catastrophy inevitable.
'1.'he f1canlt be saved.1t 1
Eo
those ~aving necessary agricultural resources and/or foreign
eJ<:chan:;e for purchase of food and aLle to cope vTi 1.h their
population grm"th.l 12
c.
those having an imbalance betvieen food and population, but
m8.nageatle in time \on th ei'fecti ve birth control methods,
a2:ricul tural rese,::.rch and other develotJments.
Those countries falling into Class C 1·.rill Le the recipients of American
foods and ether types of assistance. llJ
How will hungry nations be classified as 1.;ho ,dll receive and \orho
1dll Lot?
Paddock offers t:!-1e folloHine: consicierations:
a.
iE;nore the prospect that if food is v;i tl'L~eld from a cClr:.ntry
it "Till go IICo:nrnunist.. rt A nation in t:!-1e chaos 0: f?mine
I,oses ne threat of disaster to the United States .111+
b.
ignore the short-range poJitica1 changes b. these cou.ntries ll )
c.
take into consideration the quality of local leadershipl16
18
c.•
',:i.ve ma~vj_ffiU1l1 non-food aid to those nations
short-range po~itical advantages l17
e.
f:l.Vor nations Vihici': have rau r1.iftorials required oJ "the
Aneri can and the ,·;ror Ie Elconorn;y-,-lt
....
f,:lITOr ~~i:Jns Hbich have military value to the eni tee.
States
f'
Forer1.ost a:on€;
~:hese
~JllCTe He
'.:j_s1l
considerations shcmld be Khether the recej pent has an
effective progran of t:;_rth control in operation, adds Scie:lce Nevrs .120
Such
?
r:olicy is destined to cren.te tremendous
~ontroversy.
"f-J.t
Fhethcr iri1umane or lot, Science He,·es reports that lithe United States h::.s
alreacy be::-un a ro1icy or triage --- deciding '\-,hich people shall Jive and
which shall st~r've on --.he basis of political considerations. 11121
n,,"Ur.S1.;.f
fe.:;ls that the Al'"'8r:i.can rutlLc !'lust be relent] essly confronted (tiT
the human ·::onsequences o.f Horle. poverty.122
5ho1' Lai-,::es, a country uLich has between
5
In these times of ~;ro,:""i :12;
and 6 percent of the world's
population, cann8t be allot[ed to continue to consume more than
Lo percent
of t.he l·rorld I s total food and nen-food resources .123
An aQ'Tertiseme:1t 2.:1 '2:'i('le m.af,azirle, sh01,:i.ng a picture of a s:nall girl,
carries tb3 caption "Ar: ordinary
do,-~
in America eats better than she cioe::::! lIt
The aCi con-:,inues "Chrh;ti.na eats '\-;hatever she can find in [2-X'Lage
far less tl:an some pro'ding dog would find 2.11 your garbage
a~1d
th2,t is
C:;':-1.1I.-J0 (~re
Y'eminclecl thc:t every 60 seconds five cr six c~:ildren rill die from star"atiCln.
That is fi'Te or six clJildren ever::,'
;;ri
nute of the day and
ni;~ht ,
seven
d!J\rr
c.'~f
a Heek, four 1·;eeks, a r1onth, --- a rather sobering VWUf;ht. J.2 L!
It
11,8.1;
boe:1 pr:oposed that one less quarter pour.d of hamburger end:
",;eek for eyery Anerican Fould mean a savinz;s in srain (both in beef and
V-Theat.) equ:_valent to more than ten rnillion tons.
This alllount of 7rain is
u
19
just about,;Lat I:1cia l-r":'ll need during this :rear to stave off malnutrition
or outri=ht starvatbn of millions of its people. 12 $
ltarl jU~Z feels that
such actj.on is "nonsense" since reduction here does not mecm -0hat the rest
of the ,'arId. ldll necessarily benefit.
!:ut there are those lJho
Ho;;.Ld
indivjdual self-denial may not save
quickly counter th::-ct
~.:,he
Hh~
le such acts of
Horld, they are needed to illustrate
dramatically the extent of the rroLlern. and our ovm personal relationspip to
the catastrophe. 126
Today's Health informs us that presently about one acre
of arable land exists for each person iCJ. the "IOrld.
Eeat eaters are
CO::1-
sumi::1S more than their fair share by usine 1.63 acres .127
Richard bpilman' s)oem
I1Thank~3gi ving
Prayerll helps to remind us of
the basic Froblem of hunger and our responsibility.
Today, 0 Lord as we belly
before tr,y table, secure in the lardlined abundance of fowl and family,
ma;'l He, sometime betv,een the sl-Jill and celch,
lift uncertain snouts and in our mind's lean eye
look dmm to our lazari dying
_ ,
and up through their eyes to our slavery.128
P8rhaps it is time that Americans realize that they no longer live in a world
of abundance, but in a ,Torld of vanishing resources that must be sh31'ed. 129
':Jhat therefore awaits the developing ,wrld?
Paddock implies that un-
less agricu.l turul production is sharply increased, mass famine ifill soon
occur.
Ilore li yes are therefore hanc:ing in "uhe balance in the race betHeen
food and people than have been lost in all the wars of r,istory.13 0
Hassive
death is only one of the spectors looming ahead for the 1-;arld.
EraloV'e reminds us that hungry people are angry people • • • anery
that they must eat scraps of cereals and
:~:rains
leftover after the affluent
'V..arld feed:: its livestock; al1Cry that rich countries become tightfisted in
times of shrinl:inc supplies .13 1
lIeorc borgs "Grom Harns that t.he rich ,:orld
20
is on a direct collisio:1 CGurse HiJ;1 the r;oor of the world.
The Horld at
large could be faced 17ith riots, famine and pestilence. 132
A fallacy of dcomsday prophets you conclude!
!'Iewspapers in ilovember,
196L: carried the follo,;ing story:
Storming mobs of angry Indians brought southern state of Kerala
to brink of anarchy last week. Driven by hunger and proGued by the
COIT'Ji1u:rists crowdf33oot6d shops and Harehouses in frantic search
for food • • • •
:i;ut you arEue that Has 196L(, not 1975.
0aturd<~
REvie
T
"
In the January, 1975 issue of the
!;Iorld, I'Iormn Cousins rerorted about marchers walking in
protest in jew lJelhi, carr;ying signs "Thich read IIHungry People are Human,
Too! II and fils India Going to be Thrown on the Rubbish Heap'llt
The reason
for this action was increasing discussion in the Indian press over reports
that Western nations feel that no amount of aid can prevent mass famine
L3.urence Simon cornments that the impoverished world is politically
volatile and civil unrest may soon folloH spreading fanrine. 13 5 Robert
Heilbroner, in An Inquiry into the Human Prospect offers an even more
./
dis~rib~ting
thought.
He foresees the possibility of atoIr'i c blackmail by
the hungry nations in possessio!1 of nuclear secrets.
he
predict~;,
"Such countries,"
n. . rHl not hesitate to risk a holocaust if they do not receive
a larger share C)f the . . rorld's vital resources.,,136
(nemember India's de-
velopment of the atomic bomb';')
Is the 1mrld thus doomed to increa<:::ing famine, pestilence and I"lar?
One cannot deny the scale and severity of the world food crisis.
The
living millions of people on the brinlc of starvation as well as our
dlvindling grain reserves point to one conclusion:
v;orldHide food crisis.
there is
~
type of
W'nether it is t.he result of overpopulation, growing
21
affluence, declining production, econor:.:Lc and pO..Li tical poJicies of nations
or a combination of all these factors, the shadow of famine is growing
lart:er.
Eecamle of the tightly interHoven elements of its cre:: tion, solutions
to the wor=_d food crisis Hill neither be expedient nor simple.
Orville
Freeman te=_ls us not to be disconcerted by the mar:ni tude of the problem.
He feels that solutions do exist. 13 ?
The amount of accomplishment toward
this end 1,:Lll be directly coorelated to the priori ties of the lJorld.
h81U'y
Kissinger reminds us
The pOJ..itical challenge is straishtfor"Iard: will the nations of
the 'World cooperate to confront a crisis \Thich is both selfevident and global in nature? Or Hill each nation or region or
bloc :3ee its personal advantages as a 'reapon instead of as a
contr:Lbution1 131J
Time is a definite factor.
One must seriously consider Georg borgstrom's
hypothesis that lithe supreme test currently facing us is not how to feed
the antici)ated six to eight billion by the year 2000, but hOH to manage to
1
~o
get through the next ten years. 11-- -'
As for 1!Tilliam Paddock's prediction
of Famine, 197::0 --- only midnif,ht December 31, 1975 1r:_ll be able to sa;r! 1
22
Ipeter L. Lawrence, "Food and Population," Society, 12 (November/
December, 157Lf), 12.
21,;:a.rv :E:ralove, tiThe Food Crisis," The Hall Street Journal, (October 3,
1974).
"
-3
, "As Famine Spreads --- "'mat's to be Done't ll U. s. ~JevJs
and ~vorld Report, 77 (dovember 16, 1974), 87.
- -- - 1
LlOrville l?reeman, "I have a Plan," Saturday Heview \\'orld, 2 (December 14,
1974), 13.
5_ _ _ _ _ _ , "Food," Science News, 106 (i{ovember 16, 1974), 312.
6
, "'What's 30 Hours of Fasting • • • Compared to a Lifetime't"
Crop }'ublication, (October, 1974).
7
, "Future Steak: Science Serves Up the Soybean, Lledium
Rare,1I ~}ener-a""l-F-o-ods ~, (Septe::1ber, 1973).
8
"Hil.l the \'Iorld go Hungry'!11 Senior Scholastic, 104
(February 22, 197h), 219"'Jilliam and Paul Paddock, Famine --- 1975! Boston: Little, Brmm, and
Comrany, 1967, p. 13.
lOJ:lobert ~{. Dietsch, "Famine,fI The New Republic, 170 (April 6, 1974), 12.
llLawrer..ce, p. 14.
12Paddock, p. 63.
1 -'':IT.
.u.:1.vlTence, p. lr2.
14Laurer:.ce Simon, "The 1thics of Triae:;e," The Christian Century,
(January 8, 1975), p. 12.
15Eralove.
16..i;'add OC,
k p. 60 •
17 Carroll G. Erunthaver, "'I"Jhat I s Happening to Demand," Vi tal Speeches of
the La;r, ho C.tarch 1, 197L,), 308.
le
, "TRE from l;;ashington: G'il and Starvation, II The New
Republic, 170 (?ebruary 2, 1974), L
-- --
23
19 LavJrence, p. 12.
20 1l \':ill the Horld go nunt,Ty';:t p. 20.
21brunthaver, p. 308.
22 lbicl •
23 lbicl •
24
'Georg Eorgstrom, "The Food-Population Lilema, II Ai-lElO, 3 (l97h), 109.
2.3hart,in H. EcLau[hlin, "Feeding the unfed," Conunonweal, 100 (July 12,
197LI), 379.,
26
- - - - , 111';ords for Thought," i-Jevrsweek, 81" (l;ovember 18, 197h),
2711As ?ar:ri.ne Spre'ds," p.
be.
2;3.rloger Revelle, it~'!i11 There Le 3nouf,h Food? II Science, ISh (June 11:,
1974), llY::.
291ietsch, p. 12.
30lbicl.
31 Lai.;r·ence A. Eayer, "".':e CarL' t Take Food for Granted Anynore, II
Fortune, 85 1 (February, 1974), 86.
32Frances 1'-1oore Lappe, liThe Horld Food Problem," Commom;real, 99
(February
t:, 1974), 458.
33Simon, p. 15.
34
----,
"A
~'lere Hors el, II ~~evIS1Jeek, 84 (November
25,
197 L) ,
35John H. Douglas, liThe GreOJ.t Ci-rain Game," Science i'Jews, 106
(Uoven".Jer 30, 1974), 3L9.
3(~;]iniam 2berly,
13.
37v~ reerr..an, p. 14 •
0
3uTbi
.
~;., p. 13.
3°lb'
.
p. 11:.
/~;.,
L,o
, Lappe, p. h58.
Ll lb10.
, ~
"'1'00 Hany People':'11 hessenger, 122 (?ecruary
15,
1971),
),?F' reeman, p.
'-+ -
L;'~Paddock, p. 20.
I
J
~)I·icLaughli n,
Day,
p. 37 S•
hOHenry A. 1\is:3inger lI'ihe Threat of Famine, II Vital Speeches of the
L~l (Lecember 1, lS'7d, 99.
L:'7Freeman, p. 14.
1
~.
"J?,0;::er3. Anderson, liThe 'l'r~ra::m:r of E1:nger, II \Ti tal Speeches of the
Lay, tu (April 15, 197L(), L08.
--In
L~)'Freeman,
p.
co
-' Revelle, p. 1135.
51 1:;ors:s trom, Il. 111.
5:27""K.ayrloncL~ i_'.
'
Good, Conference on :1orld E'.ll1cer, LJni versi ty of n
(October, 197L) p. 3-
ttsburf~h,
r'3
;)l:{evel1e,
p. 1135.
L I.
",,'-i-I'layer, p. 132.
56}addock, p. 230.
57Ibi(~.,
p. 72.
5':'PhiJ.ip u. Cormell, Jr., I1Radicalism in Food Production," Vital
Speech'3s oi: the Day, ~!l (;,jovember 15, 1974), 72.
--
',-,
5j -l'b' ,.'1
~:.,
p. 71.
COle ster "c.
" r~.rmm, II ])ealing 'crith the'Jor
'
ld' s Food
154 ~Septer;iter, 1973), s5-
6Lj l JJ..c;.,
·,
6:)"-1' .
-~:.,
I~ ':l., '
-' ,.J
1-'12.;,."" ::~r ,
n
l"'-
f
....t:;o
-'~
.
. 55.
p. 132.
t.Ll ~nQerson,
t,
p.
"T
6S;',ro"TC'l
.t..:
'~.J.
p
1;6 •
.. , . . . . -
~07.
:)carcit~-,II
Current,
66
bedock, p. ()[:.
67T~arbara "test, "A Look <?t tbe Futuro 81' the Fooe. lncust.rv , " :}eor;:::ia
~"utritiona=- C')un62. Anr.'J3.1 :;eetir.~;,:,riffin, ':,;eor::::;ia, C'ebruary li.;, 1?75),
I='.
a..
I!~~oods
of -:1::8 Future,1I General Foods :T8'HS
(197~),
p. 3.
73=--...:::.,
TL--i
p. 6.
r :
74:roTm
p. 57.
lv.,
75 Io " ,
~~.,
76.-, . ,
~~.,
~,n
p. 60.
r·
1:;'7
-' {
.
77A. S. CIR.usi, u/cn Industry ;to1e in Tech1-101ogy Transfer,1I 1FT ileetinr,
:!:iniature, (January 21, 1975;, p. l.
7
C
'~Ibic~.,
F. 11
C:')
U'-'Borgstrom, p. 12.
81Clausi, "An Indl:str:r ~~ole,tI p. 13.
8i:orGst,rotl,
2-.
p. 1~'-.
0~
'-"C:lau3i, 11£'oods of the 'Fut'J.re," p.
4.
f7T'
. '
" -,-taco
('
j
c':Pack.ock, p. Si 6.
(', )' --1--------'
~,l.
"Lretrll'en and Horld Huncor," I'lessencer, 123 (September,
1'/7~),
<'0
/ AndE,rson, f'. LOS.
26
co
('"'
-
'.eve11 e, p. 11"["
)_).
('J
, cL.
/ ~H::m, p. 11:.
100Anderson,
1"
LiCY?
lC1l';<J.rrett Earuin, liThe '~ase A;ainst Ho1rj:Lng the fool', II :C:J/choLs,;,=
';.'oday, 7 t .september, 197 L!), 12Li.
12.3.
103
, l1"oocl and ijol'ub.tion:
'l'hLJJdng the
Science Je~JS, 106 C;ov0mber 30, 1971+), p. 3L O.
12L
106
amine Spreads,l1 p. [9.
liAs
10 7.; t
.Li.c.o sen, p. 12 •
1
108!!.A S ',
.
c,
'II
('
arllne
0preao.s,
p. ():109 n
,
u':)o:t,
1JO~.
p.
4.
" J.JlC t seD, p. 12.
1
206.
1J.3Ibi~., p. 207.
p. 211.
11- . .)c .LTb''; d
-
.
:jnt':1~"nl{ab1e,11
27
116
Ibid.
117
'Tb'"
~:.,
p. 212.
11e~1"
.
1. LJ1G.
11°/..LtlU.
r ."
121~. , .
~ L;lu...
1 2 5uBrotbre:1 and Harld • L:.n[er, lip. 11.
127
, "Sl1 i:::t [.reeded'i It Lancaster Intellizencer, (l;8c8uber 11,
.t'ra7er, II The Christian Century, S'l
130 ~0 a d C1OCl;:,
.
1).
16.
131,.Lra ... OV8.
132~, , ,
1. ClU.
133Pacidock, p. 16.
13L:1Jornan ~ousins,
~~carch C, =-~75) p. 4.
lie: Life 9.nCl lifet.0<J."!:.s, 11 Saturc.a;r l~eviel: ~;orld, 2
135,,"
vl::on, p. lS' •
136C;ou.~lins, p. 4.
137,t re mila n, p. 17 •
13G.. ,
,
l\lSlYlGer,
>«
p. 0".
139'J-eo1'g Lor:.'str;)m, IToVJ (;,Jill 'de ?eed
Econo!:'lics, 3L (Janu2ry u, IS '1!J), JS.
the~'Jorld?1t 1,';hat I s
lim: in Eome
2f.
BIELIOGRAPHY
Andersc.n, R::>ger i. !1The r;:~.-ranny of Hunfer, It Vi tal Speeches of the Lay.
Lo: L!05-408, (April 15, 1971~).
"As Famiae Srreads --- v';}}at I s to be !Jone', II
horld R.eport. 77:,P)7-t~5+, (.iovember 12, 197L).
r:est, iarbara.
1j.
:3 •.\lew"5 and
Look at the Future of the Food Industry, II Georgia
~'lutrition Council Annual .;eeting; C~riffin, Georeia. U'ebruary HI, 1975).
flA
3:109-113, (1974).
Wi'be }:"ood-iolulati::>!1 iJilema," JU-fLJ:O.
borgstrom, Ueor[:.
IIEo\-! '~'iill :1Ie Feed the \';o1'ld'l lI l.<Ihat's iJe'H
3L: 3>, (January 6, 1975).
Eorgstrom,
l~eor~>
i:~
Home J.:.:conomics.
liThe ='ood Crisis," The "'lall Street Journal. (October J, 1971..;.).
}ralove, hary.
IIErethren and Horld Hunger," Lessenger.
(September, 19(4).
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