Chapter 3:
Biological Psychology
The Brain
Brain--Body Communication Superhighway
Lecture Preview
 Examine how nerve cells communicate
 Review methods for mapping brain functions
 Id
Identify
tif th
the parts
t off th
the nervous system
t
responsible
ibl ffor
sensation, perception, emotion, and motor action
 Examine brain development, growth, plasticity, and
reorganization
 Examine the relationship between the brain the
endocrine system and behavior
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Neural Communication
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
The Human Brain
 Biological Psychology
 branch of psychology concerned with the links
between biology and behavior
 some biological psychologists call themselves
behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists,
behavior geneticists, physiological
psychologists, or biopsychologists
Revision 2006 PSB
Neural Communication
Revision 2006 PSB
Neural Communication
Structure of a Neuron
 __________
 a nerve cell
 the basic _________________ of the nervous system
 Sensory Neurons
 Neurons that send signals from the senses,
skin, muscles, and internal organs to the CNS
 Motor Neurons
 Neurons that transmit commands from the CNS
to the muscles, glands, and organs
Revision 2006 PSB
Revision 2006 PSB
1
Neurons:
The Brain’s Communicators
 Cell body - makes proteins, replenishes
molecules
l
l vital
it l to
t cellll function
f
ti
 Separated from outside by neuronal membrane
Neurons cells specialized for
communication
 ____________ – the process of the neuron
specialized to receive “information” from adjacent
cells (receptor sites, increased surface
area/volume yielding enough area for perhaps
10,000 synapses).
 __________ – the process of the neuron
specialized for the conduction of the nerve
impulse (all or none law), clusters of axons form
nerve bundles.
Revision 2006 PSB
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Neuron with a Myelin Sheath
Neural Communication
 Dendrite
 the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that
______________ messages and conduct impulses
toward the cell body
 Axon
 the extension of a neuron, ending in branching
terminal fibers, through which messages are ______
to other neurons or to muscles or glands
 Myelin [MY-uh-lin] Sheath
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Resting Potential
 All neurons are _________ or charged
cells.
 More _________________ reside inside
the cell relative to the extracellular
fluids.
 The resting potential is -70 mv.
 Neurons defend this resting potential.
Revision 2006 PSB
 a layer of fatty cells segmentally encasing the fibers of
many neurons
 enables vastly greater transmission speed of neutral
impulses
Revision 2006 PSB
Ions
 Like charged molecules ______ each
other.
pp
charged
g ions attract each other.
 Opposite
 Nature's impulse is to distribute the ions
so that they would become balanced on
both sides of the cell membrane.
 If the ion concentrations were balanced
on both sides of the cell membrane the
neuron would noRevision
longer
2006 PSBbe polarized.
2
Nerve cells are metabolically
expensive
 The brain is about 2% of a person's body
weight, but it consumes about 20% of the
calories we consume every day.
 Neurons are continuously in the process
of restoring themselves to their
_______________ (-70 mv), and this
requires the expenditure of calories.
Revision 2006 PSB
Neural Communication
Neural Communication
 __________ Potential
 generated by the movement of positively
charged atoms in and out of channels in the
axon’s membrane
 An electrical impulse that surges
along an axon, caused by an influx of
positive ions in the neuron
Revision 2006 PSB
Voltage Across the Membrane During an
Action Potential
Cell body end
of axon
Direction of neural impulse:
toward
Revision
2006 PSBaxon terminals
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Neural Communication
Nerve Impulse
 The action potential travels in _____
direction
 Starts at the beginning of the axon (axon
hillock)
 Ends at the termination of the axon
Revision 2006 PSB
 Synapse [SIN-aps]
 junction between the axon tip of the sending
neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the
receiving neuron
 tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic
gap or cleft
Revision 2006 PSB
3
Neurons:
The Brain’s Communicators
How neurons communicate
 Axon - sending
portion of neuron
 Axon terminal - end
of axon which
contains synaptic
_________ with
_______________
Revision 2006 PSB
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Synaptic Transmission
PRS
 The flow of activation from one cell to the
next (in most portions of the brain) is in
one direction only, and cannot be
reversed.
T/F
Revision 2006 PSB
How neurons communicate
 Impulse releases neurotransmitter
from axon terminals.
gap.
 Neurotransmitter enters synaptic gap
 Neurotransmitter _______________ on
the receiving neuron.
Revision 2006 PSB
Revision 2006 PSB
Excitation & Inhibition
 Neurotransmitters are released at the axon
terminals and they disturb the membrane of
the postsynaptic cell so that ions flow across
the cell membrane
membrane.
 _____________ synapse – the net flow of
ions make the cell less negative or
depolarized.
 _____________ synapse – the net flow of
ions make the cell more negative or
hyperpolarized.
Revision 2006 PSB
4
The All or None Law
Number of Synapses?
 For the post-synaptic neuron to produce a
nerve impulse it must become sufficiently
depolarized to reach its ____________
(about - 40 mv).
 A typical neuron may have 10,000
synapses contacting the cell body (soma)
and dendrites.
 Approximately half the synapses are
excitatory, and the other half produce
inhibition.
 The relative activation of these two
contrasting influences determine if the
neuron will fire or
not.
Revision 2006 PSB
 Excitatory synapses cause the neuron to
become depolarized and shift it towards its
threshold.
 Inhibitory synapses cause the neuron to
become hyperpolarized and shift it away from
its threshold. Revision 2006 PSB
Neural networks are dynamic
Drugs & Behavior
 The balance between inhibition and
excitation may shift.
 Neurons may ________ and become
slow to restore the resting potential.
 Neurons may exhaust their supply of
____________________.
 New receptor sites may be developed.
 Some drugs block the release of
neurotransmitters (botox).
 Some drugs bind to receptor sites and
block their activation by
neurotransmitters (Cobra venom).
 Some drugs disturb the re-uptake or
synthesis of neurotransmitters.
Revision 2006 PSB
Revision 2006 PSB
Neural Communication
Neurotransmitter
molecule
Receptor site on
receiving neuron
PRS
 High rates of activation of a pre-synaptic
neuron always result in high rates of
activation in the post-synaptic neuron.
Receiving cell
membrane
T/F
Agonist mimics
neurotransmitter
Antagonist
blocks
neurotransmitter
Revision 2006 PSB
Revision 2006 PSB
5
Speed of Neural Conduction
 The speed of conduction ranges from 0.5
m/sec to about 100 m/sec.
 Thick axons exhibit faster conduction.
 Myelinated axons exhibit faster conduction.
 White matter – myelinated axons, grey
matter is composed of cell bodies and
unmyelinated neurons.
Revision 2006 PSB
Glial Cells: Supporting Roles
 Glia - support cells of the nervous system




Form myelin sheath covering of axons
Form blood-brain barrier to protect the brain
Respond to injury
Remove debris
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Serotonin Pathways
Serotonin pathways are involved with mood regulation. Serotonin Pathways Revision 2006 PSB
Cooperative Learning
 Some portions of the brain do not become
myelinated until a child becomes 5-6
years of age.
 Meet
M t with
ith your study
t d group members
b
and
d
discuss how a child’s behavior may likely
differ due to the presence or absence of
myelin.
 You have 60 seconds.
Revision 2006 PSB
Neurotransmitters
 Different pathways in the brain may use
different _______________.
 Sending neurons “classically” always release the
same neurotransmitter.
 Receiving neurons may have synapses from
different pathways employing different
neurotransmitters.
 Over 100 neurotransmitters have been
discovered in the brain, and it is likely that many
new ones will be discovered.
Revision 2006 PSB
Dopamine Pathways
Dopamine pathways are involved with
are involved with diseases like schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease.
Revision 2006 PSB
Dopamine Pathways
6
PRS
PRS
 All the synaptic pathways in the human
brain use the same neurotransmitter.
 The speed of transmission of a nerve
impulse is dependent upon the presence
(or absence of myelin), and the diameter
of the axon.
T/F
T/F
Revision 2006 PSB
Cooperative Group Challenge
The Rules
 Left Group vs. Right Group
 All the members of each group receive
points for each question
q
the group
g p
bonus p
answers correctly.
 The group (left or right) that answers the
most questions correctly wins additional
bonus points.
Revised 2006 PSB
Revision 2006 PSB
Cooperative Group Challenge








1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
blood-brain barrier
dendrite
axon
synaptic vesicles
synaptic cleft
cell body
myelin sheath
resting potential
Revision 2006 PSB
Cooperative Group Challenge
Cooperative Group Challenge
 Q1. The central region of the neuron
which manufactures new cell components
is called the _____.
 Q2. The receiving ends of a neuron
extending from the cell body like a tree
branch are called the _____.
Revision 2006 PSB
Revision 2006 PSB
7
Cooperative Group Challenge
Cooperative Group Challenge
 Q3. The space between two connecting
neurons where neurotransmitters are
released is called the _____.
 Q4. _____ are long extensions from the
cell body of the neuron that transmit
messages from one neuron to another.
Revision 2006 PSB
Revision 2006 PSB
Cooperative Group Challenge
Cooperative Group Challenge
 Q5. _____ small spheres within the axon
that contain chemical messages
specialized for communication.
 Q6. The brain’s ability to protect itself
from infection and high hormone levels is
through the _____.
Revision 2006 PSB
Revision 2006 PSB
Cooperative Group Challenge
Cooperative Group Challenge
 Q7. The autoimmune disease multiple
sclerosis is linked to the destruction of the
glial cells wrapped around the axon –
called the _____.
 Q8. The electrical charge difference
measured across the membrane of a
neuron when it is not being stimulated is
called the _____.
Revision 2006 PSB
Revision 2006 PSB
8
Schizophrenia and Neurotransmitters
 Stein and Wise Norepinephrine Theory
 Deficit in ________ directed thinking.
 Deficit in the capacity to experience
_______________.
 A pathological gene leads to the reduction
in the synthesis of a brain enzyme
dopamine-B-hydroxylase (DBH) which
converts dopamine into norepinephrine.
Stein & Wise
 These affected fibers release __________ at
the synapse instead of norepinephrine.
 There is too much dopamine in the brain.
 Some of the excess dopamine is converted
extracellulary into 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA).
 6-OH-DA is a neurotoxin that selectively
destroys adjacent norepinephrine synapses
that are still healthy.
Revision 2006 PSB
Revision 2006 PSB
Schizophrenia
Evidence
 Schizophrenia exhibits a heritable factor.
 Brains of schizophrenics show a reduction in
the level of the DBH enzyme.
 6
6-OH-DA
OH DA abolishes brain ________________.
 6-OH-DA induces _________________.
 6-OH-DA is linked to the production of
unusual body odor.
 6-OH-DA may be converted into a
hallucinogen (2-hydroxy 4,5
dimethoxyphenethanolamine).
Revision 2006 PSB
 Other researchers believe that
schizophrenia is associated with excess
p
, but it mayy not involve the
dopamine,
norepinephrine pathway.
 Schizophrenia is a complicated disorder,
different patients exhibit different
symptoms, and different mechanisms
may account for the variability in
symptoms between
patients.
Revision 2006 PSB
The Nervous System
PRS
 Schizophrenia is believed to be due to an
imbalance in one or more
neurotransmitters.
T/F
Revision 2006 PSB
 Nervous System
 the body’s speedy, electrochemical
communication system
 consists of all the nerve cells of the peripheral
and central nervous systems
Revision 2006 PSB
9
The Nervous System
The Nervous System
 __________ Nervous System(CNS)
 The network of nerves contained
within the brain and spinal
p
cord
 __________ Nervous System(PNS)
 The PNS comprises the somatic and
autonomic nervous systems
Revision 2006 PSB
Revision 2006 PSB
The Nervous System
The Nervous System
 Nerves
 Interneurons
 neural “cables” containing many axons
 part of the peripheral nervous system
 connect the central nervous system with
muscles, glands, and sense organs
 Sensory Neurons
 neurons that carry incoming information from
the sense receptors to the central nervous
system
Revision 2006 PSB
The Autonomic Nervous System
 CNS neurons that internally communicate and
intervene between the sensory inputs and
motor outputs
 Motor Neurons
 carry outgoing information from the CNS to
muscles and glands
 Somatic Nervous System
 the division of the peripheral nervous system
that controls the body’s skeletal muscles
Revision 2006 PSB
The Autonomic Nervous System:
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Branches
 __________ division - active during
emotional arousal; activates fight-or-flight
responses
 _______________ division - active during
rest and digestion
 Work in opposition to each other: when one is
active, the other is passive
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
10
The Brain
PRS
 The CNS is that portion of the nervous
system housed within the skull and spinal
cord.
 Lesion
 tissue
destruction
 a brain lesion is
a naturally or
experimentally
caused
destruction of
brain tissue
T/F
Revision 2006 PSB
Revision 2006 PSB
Brain--Mapping Methods
Brain
Electroencephalogram
(EEG)
3. Electrical stimulation and recording of the
nervous system

 an amplified
recording of the
waves of electrical
activity that sweep
across the brain’s
surface
 these waves are
measured by
electrodes placed
on the scalp
EEG
4. Brain scans
a. CT and MRI - structural imaging
b. PET and fMRI - functional imaging
5. Magnetic stimulation and recording
a. Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
b. Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
Revision 2006 PSB
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Tools of Behavioral Neuroscience
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
 An instrument
used to measure
electrical activity
in the brain
through
electrodes placed
on the scalp
Revision 2006 PSB
The Brain
 CT (computed tomography) Scan
 a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles
and combined by computer into a composite representation
of a slice through the body; also called CAT scan
 PET (positron
(
it
emission
i i tomography)
t
h ) Scan
S
 a visual display of brain activity that detects where a
radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a
given task
 MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
 a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to
produce computer-generated images that distinguish among
different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures
within the brain
Revision 2006 PSB
11
PET Scan
MRI Scan
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer‐
generated images that
generated images that distinguish among different types of brain tissue. Top images show ventricular enlargement in a schizophrenic patient. Bottom image shows brain regions when a participants lies.
Radioactive
isotopes (small
amounts) are
placed in the
blood.
Sensors detect
radioactivity.
Different tasks
show distinct
activity
patterns.
Revision 2006 PSB
Central Nervous System
 ______ brains, one on the left and one
on the right.
 Brain structures were named for
familiar objects




Revision 2006 PSB
Regions of the Brain
 Cerebral Cortex
 Limbic System
 Brain Stem
Cortex – tree bark
Cerebellum – little brain
Pons – bridge
Thalamus – inner chamber
Revision 2006 PSB
Revision 2006 PSB
The Four Lobes of the
Cerebral Cortex
Regions
R
i
of the
Brain
Revision 2006 PSB
Revision 2006 PSB
12
The Forebrain (_________ Cortex)
1. Cerebral Cortex outermost covering,
contains:
 Neocortex - most recently
developed cortex
 Cerebral hemispheres left and right
 Corpus callosum connects the two
hemispheres
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
The Forebrain (Cerebral Cortex)
The Forebrain (Cerebral Cortex)
2. ________ Lobe  Motor cortex - sends
signals to muscles
 Prefrontal cortex executive functions
 Injury:
 Broca’s area &
aphasia
 Phineas Gage &
personality change
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Representation of the Body Mapped onto the Motor and Sensory Areas of
the Cerebral Cortex
3. ____________ Lobe perception of space, object
shape and orientation,
actions of others, numbers
– Integrates vision,
vision touch,
touch
motor information
 Somatosensory cortex pressure, temperature,
pain
 Injury: acalculia,
contralateral neglect
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
The Forebrain (Cerebral Cortex)
4. ___________ Lobe hearing, language
comprehension,
autobiographical memories
 Auditory cortex
 Injury:
 Wernicke’s area and
aphasia
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
The Forebrain (Cerebral Cortex)
5. _____________ Lobe vision
 Visual cortex
Sensory Cortical Hierarchies
Association Cortex
(e.g., conscious perception of visual scene)
Sensory cortex
(e.g., visual ctx)
Sensory info
(e.g., light)
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
13
Selected Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
PRS
 The frontal lobe is responsible for visual
perception.
 T/F
Revision 2006 PSB
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
The Limbic System
The Brain and Emotion
 ________ system - emotional center of
the brain
 networked with the autonomic nervous
system to influence blood pressure, heart
and the endocrine system, etc.
 Information about our internal state
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
The Brain and Emotion:
Limbic Circuits
1. Hypothalamus - maintains internal bodily
states by overseeing the endocrine and
autonomic nervous systems
(e.g., releases hormones to influence hunger,
sexual motivation)
2. Amygdala - excitement,
arousal, fear, social signals
related to emotion
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Hypothalamus
 neural structure lying
below (hypo) the
thalamus; directs several
maintenance activities
 eating
 drinking
 body temperature
 helps govern the
endocrine system via the
__________ gland
 is linked to emotion
14
The Brain and Emotion:
Limbic Circuits
The Limbic System
3. Cingulate Cortex - active during emotional
expression
– knowledge of socially appropriate behavior
– regulates autonomic nervous system
 Electrode
implanted in
reward
center
4. Hippocampus - spatial memory
(e.g., place cells), fear conditioning
Injury: problem forming new
memories
Revision 2006 PSB
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Brainstem
PRS
 The limbic system is involved in regulation
of affect and emotion.
 T/F
Revision 2006 PSB
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Cerebellum
The Brainstem
 Medulla
 Vital involuntary
functions
 Pons
 Sleep and arousal
 Reticular formation
 Sleep, arousal,
attention
 Cerebellum
 Motor coordination
 Cerebellum
 [sehr-uh-BELL-um]
 the “little brain”
attached to the rear of
the brainstem
 it helps coordinate
voluntary movement
and balance
Revision 2006 PSB
15
The Brain
The Cerebral Cortex
 Brainstem
 the oldest part and central core of the brain,
beginning
g
g where the spinal
p
cord swells as it
enters the skull
 responsible for ________________ functions
 Medulla [muh-DUL-uh]
 base of the brainstem
 controls heartbeat and breathing
 Neocortex regulates reading, talking, problem
solving.
 Subcortical regions regulate sleep,
thermoregulation
g
and other vegetative
g
processes.
 Paradox: the functions of the neocortex
which define us as unique individuals are
____________, during a trauma, such as lack
of oxygen, blood flow is shunted away from
the neocortex to preserve subcortical
structures.
Revision 2006 PSB
Revision 2006 PSB
PRS
Specialization and Integration
 The brainstem is responsible for high level
cognitive processes.
 Brain activity when hearing, seeing, and speaking
words
T/F
Revision 2006 PSB
Language Processing
 _______ Area
 Located in the
left hemisphere,
directs the
muscle
movements
t in
i
speech
production
 Wernicke’s Area
 Located in the
left hemisphere,
involved in the
comprehension
of language
Revision 2006 PSB
Revision 2006 PSB
The Cerebral Cortex
 Broca’s Area
 an area of the left frontal lobe that directs the
muscle movements involved in speech
 ___________ Area
 an area of the left temporal lobe involved in
language comprehension and expression
Revision 2006 PSB
16
The Cerebral Cortex
 Aphasia
 impairment of language, usually caused by left
hemisphere damage either to Broca’s area
(impairing speaking) or to Wernicke
Wernicke’ss area
(impairing understanding)
PRS
 For most individuals the left hemisphere is
dominant for language processing.
 T/F
Revision 2006 PSB
Revision 2006 PSB
Textbook Assignment 3-3.
Brain Reorganization
 Complete the assess your knowledge
assignment on page 146.
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
 __________________________________
Revision 2006 PSB
 _________
Brain Changes During Development
and Experience
 the brain’s capacity for
modification,
difi ti
as evident
id t in
i brain
b i
reorganization following damage
(especially in children) and in
experiments on the effects of
experience on brain development
Revision 2006 PSB
Neural Plasticity
 Neural plasticity - the nervous system’s
ability to ___________:
1. Before birth and until maturation is complete
(early adulthood)
adulthood). Cell division,
division migration,
migration
connections:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Growth of dendrites and axons
Synaptogenesis
Pruning
Myelination
Early Brain Development
2. During learning: Long-Term Potentiation (LTP),
enriched environments
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Increased branching of
dendrites with enrichment
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
17
Neural Plasticity
(cont’d)
3. Following Injury and Degeneration
4. Stem Cells: cells that have potential to
b
become
a variety
i t off specialized
i li d cells
ll
5. Neurogenesis: production of new
neurons in the adult brain
Plasticity
 Richer environments lead to heavier,
thicker brains, more synapses, and better
learning.
 The cost of plasticity is the case of the
phantom limb.
Revision 2006 PSB
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Living life to the full, the girl
with only half a brain takes her
first steps.
 She was suffering from an incurable
genetic condition for which the only
possible hope was to have half her brain
removed.
d
 Doctors warned her parents that their
daughter would never walk, talk, cry or
smile like a normal child - even if she
survived.
Revision 2006 PSB
Revision 2006 PSB
Cooperative Learning
Answer
 In some cases enormous amounts of brain
tissue may be removed with “acceptable” or
minimal negative consequences, in other
instances a modest amount of brain damage
produces enormous effects.
 Meet with your group and discuss why the
outcomes are so different in these cases.
 You have 60 seconds.








Revision 2006 PSB
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
__________________________________
Revision 2006 PSB
18
Splitting the Brain
Corpus Callosum
A procedure in which the two hemispheres of
the brain are isolated by cutting the _________
__________ (mainly those of the corpus
callosum) between them.
 A bundle of nerve
fibers that connects
the left and right
h
hemispheres
i h
Martin M. Rother
C
Courtesy
of Terence Williams, University of Iowa
Corpus Callosum
 If surgically severed for
treatment of epilepsy,
hemispheres cannot
communicate directly.
Revision 2006 PSB
Split Brain Patients
Textbook Assignment 3-3. Which object would you perceive when
these two words are flashed to different hemispheres? Which
object would a split-brain subject perceive? Submit your answers
to your TA.
 The information
highway from the
eye to the brain
 With the corpus
callosum severed,
objects (apple)
presented in the
right visual field can
be named. Objects
(pencil) in the left
visual field cannot.
Revision 2006 PSB
Sperry’s Split Brain Experiment
Brain
Functioning
 Split-brain subjects could not name objects shown
only to the right hemisphere.
 If asked to select these objects with their left
hand, they succeeded.
 The left hemisphere controls speech, the right
does not.
Revision 2006 PSB
Revision 2006 PSB
19
The Endocrine System:
Hormonal Regulation
PRS
 Surgically isolation of the left and right
hemispheres is sometimes performed to
reduce the severity of epileptic seizures.
 T/F
Revision 2006 PSB
Hierarchy of Control over the Endocrine
System
1. Pituitary gland “master gland”
controls other bodily
glands and is under
control of the
___________
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
The Endocrine System
2. Adrenal glands - release adrenaline
and cortisol during physical and
psychological stress
– activated by the sympathetic nervous
system
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
The Endocrine System
3. Sexual reproductive glands
Testes in males produce testosterone
Ovaries in females produce estrogen
However, both sexes release some sex
hormone associated with the opposite
sex
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2008
Endocrine System
 Hormones are like a neurotransmitter
that are distributed to receptor sites via
the __________ supply.
 Hormones orchestrate and coordinate
responses in
i a diverse
di
number
b off
structures.
 _______ delay between release of the
hormone and the response, and a ____
return to baseline.
Revision 2006 PSB
20
PRS
Stress Responses
 The neurotransmitter and endocrine
system work together to coordinate
behavioral responses.
 T/F
 The sympathetic branch of the autonomic
nervous system innervates the adrenal
gland and causes the release of
adrenalin.
 Neurons from the hypothalamus
innervate the pituitary gland and cause
the release of ACTH, and this hormone
causes the adrenal gland to release three
additional hormones involved in the
body’s stress response.
Revision 2006 PSB
Stress Responses
 Pupils dilate, blood pressure increases, heart
rate increases, muscles tense, digestion is
terminated, catabolic processes required for
the _____ __________ of energy are
activated.
ti ted
 Because the endocrine system is sluggish
(slower to start and stop) emotions and
feeling’s of the body’s response continue after
the emergence is resolved.
Revision 2006 PSB
Revision 2006 PSB
PRS
 Behavioral responses strongly influenced
by the endocrine system are relatively
slow to start and to return to baseline.
 T/F
Revision 2006 PSB
21