Edge Effects Related to OHV Use and Roads References, last update June 1, 2008
(keyword searched: edge)
1117. Ahlstrand, G. M., and C. H. Racine. 1993. Response of an Alaska, USA, shrubtussock community to selected all-terrain vehicle use. Arctic and Alpine research
25(2): 142-149.
113. Allan, B. F., F. Keesing, and R. S. Ostfeld. 2003. Effect of forest fragmentation on
Lyme disease risk. Conservation Biology 17(1): 267-272.
705. Alldredge, M. W., J. M. Peek, and W. A. Wall. 2001. Shrub community
development and annual productivity trends over a 100-year period on an
industrial forest of Northern Idaho. Forest Ecology and Management 152(1-3):
259-273.
1289. Baker, R. H. 1998. Are man-made barriers influencing mammalian speciations?
Journal of Mammalogy 79: 370-371.
1526. Baker, W. L., and R. L. Knight. 2000. Roads and forest fragmentation in the
southern Rocky Mountains. Pp. 97-122 in: R. L. Knight, F. W. Smith, S. W.
Buskirk, W. H. Romme and W. L. Baker (editors), Forest fragmentation in the
southern Rocky Mountains. University of Colorado Press, Boulder, CO.
1290. Bakowski, C., and M. Kozakiewicz. 1988. The effect of forest roads on bank vole
and yellow-necked mouse populations. Acta Theriologica 33: 345-353.
118. Bender, Darren J., T. A. Contreras, and Lenore Fahrig. 1998. Habitat loss and
population decline: A meta-analysis of the patch size effect. Ecology 79(2): 517533.
124. Bogaert, J., P. Van Hecke, D. Salvador-Van Eysenrode, and I. Impens. 2000.
Landscape fragmentation assessment using a single measure. Wildlife Society
Bulletin 28(4): 875-881.
125. Bolger, D. T., A. C. Alberts, R. M. Sauvajot, P. Potenza, C. McCalvin, D. Tran, S.
Mazzoni, and M. E. Soulé. 1997. Response of rodents to habitat fragmentation in
coastal southern California. Ecological Applications 7(2): 552-563.
574. Branhagen, A. J. 1990. Gravel prairie, sedge meadow and fen restoration
underway at Kieselberg forest preserve. Restoration & Management Notes 8(2):
102-103.
729. Breininger, D. R., M. J. Kehl, R. B. Smith, D. M. Oddy, J. A. Provancha, and V. L.
Larson. 1992. Identification of species considerations for maintenance of
biological diversity along the Atlantic coast of Florida. Bulletin of the Ecological
Society of America 73(2).
130. Bright, P. W. 1993. Habitat fragmentation - problems and predictions for British
mammals. Mammal Review 23(3/4): 101-111.
1213. Brown, Douglas L., James Laird, William D. Sommers, and Amanda Hamilton.
1995. Methods used by the Arizona Department of Transportation to reduce
wildlife mortality and improve highway safety. Arizona Department of
Transportation, Phoenix, AZ. 2.
400. Burkey, T. V. 1989. Extinction in nature reserves: the effect of fragmentation and
the importance of migration between reserve fragments. Oikos 55: 75-81.
135. Calabrese, Justin M., and William F. Fagan. 2004. A comparison-shopper's guide
to connectivity metrics. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2(10): 529-536.
136. Cale, P. 2000. Behavioral mechanisms and habitat use by birds in a fragmented
agricultural landscape. Ecological Applications 10(6): 1749-1762.
1129. Cameron, R. P. 2006. Protected area - working forest interface: ecological
concerns for protected areas management in Canada. Natural Areas Journal
26(4): 403-407.
403. Campbell, Mike, and Mark Jones. 2003. Habitat fragmentation and birds. 2003.
1215. Carr, T., R. Dacanay, K. Drake, C. Everson, A. Sperry, and K. Sullivan. 2003.
Wildlife Crossings: rethinking road design to improve safety and reconnect
habitat, Portland State University Planning Workshop, Metro.
583. Catsadorakis, G., and M. Malakou. 1997. Conservation and management issues of
Prespa National Park. Hydrobiologia 351: 175-196.
139. Chalfoun, A. D., M. J. Ratnaswamy, and F. R. Thompson. 2002. Songbird nest
predators in forest-pasture edge and forest interior in a fragmented landscape.
Ecological Applications 12(3): 858-867.
1162. Chen, Jiquan, Jerry F. Franklin, and Thomas A. Spies. 1992. Vegetation
responses to edge environments in old-growth Douglas-fir forests. Ecological
Applications 2(4): 387-396.
1163. Chen, Jiquan, Jerry F. Franklin, and Thomas A. Spies. 1995. Growing-season
microclimatic gradients from clearcut edges into old-growth Douglas-fir forests.
Ecological Applications 5(1): 74-86.
1217. Clevenger, Anthony P., B. Chruszcz, K. Gunson, and J. Wierzchowski. 2002.
Roads and wildlife in the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks - movements,
mortality and mitigation. Final Report to Parks Canada, Banff, Alberta, Canada.
432 p.
151. Debinski, D. M., and R. D. Holt. 2000. A survey and overview of habitat
fragmentation experiments. Conservation Biology 14(2): 342-355.
425. Dixon, John D. 2000. Effects of nighttime illumination on wildlife. California Coastal
Commission, San Francisco, CA.
778. Dobkin, D. S., A. C. Rich, J. A. Pretare, and W. H. Pyle. 1995. Nest-Site
Relationships among Cavity-Nesting Birds of Riparian and Snowpocket Aspen
Woodlands in the Northwestern Great-Basin. Condor 97(3): 694-707.
782. Edenius, L., and J. Elmberg. 1996. Landscape level effects of modern forestry on
bird communities in North Swedish boreal forests. Landscape Ecology 11(6):
325-338.
1336. Edge, W. D. , and C. L. Marcum. 1985. Movements of elk in relation to logging
disturbances. Journal of Wildlife Management 49: 926-930.
157. Ewers, R. M., and R. K. Didham. 2007. The Effect of Fragment Shape and Species
Sensitivity to Habitat Edges on Animal Population Size. Conservation Biology
21(4): 926-936.
159. Fahrig, L. 1997. Relative effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on population
extinction. Journal of Wildlife Management 61(3): 603-610.
160. Fahrig, L. 2002. Effect of habitat fragmentation on the extinction threshold: a
synthesis. Ecological Applications 12(2): 346-353.
428. Fletcher, Robert J., and R. R. Koford. 2002. Habitat and landscape associations of
breeding birds in native and restored grasslands. Journal of Wildlife Management
66(4): 1011-1022.
541. Forman, Richard T. T., and Robert D. Deblinger. 2000. The ecological road-effect
zone of a Massachusetts (U.S.A.) suburban highway. Conservation Biology
14(1): 36-46.
500. Forman, Richard T. T., Daniel Sperling, John A. Bissonette, Anthony P. Clevenger,
Carol D. Cutshall, Virginia H. Dale, Lenore Fahrig, Robert France, Charles R.
Goldman, Kevin Heanue, Julia A. Jones, Frederick J. Swanson, Thomas
Turrentine, and Thomas C. Winter. 2003. Road Ecology: Science and Solutions.
Island Press, Washington DC.
1165. Frederick, Glenn P. 1991. Effects of forest roads on grizzly bears, elk, and gray
wolves: a literature review. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Kootenai National
Forest, Libby, MT. 41 p.
321. Freilich, J. E., and E. L. LaRue Jr. 1998. Amphibian movements in response to
forest edges, roads, and streambeds in southern New England. Journal of
Wildlife Management 62(2): 590-595.
1091. Frey, S. Nicole, and Michael R. Conover. 2006. Habitat use by meso-predators in
a corridor environment. Journal of Wildlife Management 70(4): 1111-1118.
796. Fulbright, T. E. 1996. Viewpoint: A theoretical basis for planning woody plant
control to maintain species diversity. Journal of Range Management 49(6): 554559.
801. Gascon, C., G. B. Williamson, and G. A. B. daFonseca. 2000. Receding forest
edges and vanishing reserves. Science 288(5470): 1356-1358.
44. Gehrt, S. D., and J. E. Chelsvig. 1999. Patterns of bat use of urban forest preserves
in the Chicago Region. Abstracts of The Wildlife Society 6th annual Conference,
Austin, TX.
1124. Gibbs, J. P. 1998. Amphibians movements in response to forest edges, roads,
and streambeds in southern New England. Journal of Wildlife Management 62(2
Suppl.): 584-589.
1099. Giroux, Wendy, Pierre Blanchette, Claude Bourgeois, and Gilbert Cabana. 2007.
Ruffed grouse brood habitat use in mixed Softwood-Hardwood Nordic-Temperate
forests, Quebec, Canada. Journal of Wildlife Management 71(1): 87-95.
1134. Gutzwiller, Kevin J. 1995. Recreational disturbance and wildlife communities. Pp.
169-182 in: R. L. Knight and K. J. Gutzwiller (editors), Wildlife and Recreationists:
Coexistence through Management and Research. Island Press, Washington D.
C.
1427. Hannah, D. H. 1992. Fragmentation in the Ocala National Forest: a GIS Analysis.
M.S. Thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
175. Harper, K. A., and S. E. Macdonald. 2002. The critical values program for
assessing edge influence. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 83(1): 6162.
176. Harper, Karen A., S. Ellen MacDonald, Philip J. Burton, Jiquan Chen, Kimberley D.
Brosofske, Sari C. Saunders, Eugenie S. Euskirchen, Dar Roberts, Malanding S.
Jaiteh, and Per-Anders Esseen. 2005. Edge influence on forest structure and
composition in fragmented landscapes. Conservation Biology 19(3): 768-782.
1428. Harris, L., and G. Silva-Lopez. 1992. Forest fragmentation and the conservation
of biological diversity. Pp. 197-237 in: P. Fiedler and S. Jain (editors),
Conservation Biology, the Theory and Practice of Nature Conservation.
Chapman and Hall, New York, NY.
179. Haskell, D. G. 1995. A reevaluation of the effects of forest fragmentation on rates
of bird-nest predation. Conservation Biology 9(5): 1316-1318.
833. Hessburg, P. F., B. G. Smith, and R. B. Salter. 1999. Detecting change in forest
spatial patterns from reference conditions. Ecological Applications 9(4): 12321252.
332. Huijser, M. P., and P. J. M. Bergers. 2000. The effect of roads and traffic on
hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) populations. Biological Conservation 95: 111116.
399. Jimerson, Thomas M., and Lisa D. Hoover. 1991. Old growth forest fragmentation:
changes in amount, patch size, and edge as a result of logging. Pp. 168-174 in:
R. R. Harris, D. C. Erman and H. M. Kerner (editors), Wildlife Resource Center
Report No. 29. Santa Rosa, CA.
401. Jules, Erik. S., Evan J. Frost, L. Scott Mills, and David A. Tallmon. 1999.
Ecological consequences of forest fragmentation in the Klamath Region. Natural
Areas Journal 19(4): 368-378.
186. Jules, Erik S., and B. J. Rathcke. 1999. Mechanisms of reduced trillium recruitment
along edges of old-growth forest fragments. Conservation Biology 13(4): 784793.
506. Knapp, Shannon M., Carola A. Haas, Douglas N. Harpole, and Roy L. Kirkpatrick.
2003. Initial effects of clearcutting and alternative silvicultural practices on
terrestrial salamander abundance. Conservation Biology 17(3): 752-762.
426. Kruse, William H. 1999. Commercial fuelwood harvesting affects on small mammal
habitats in Central Arizona. Ecology and Management of Pinyon-juniper
communities within the interior West, 15-18 September 1997, Provo, UT, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
1125. Kuitunen, M., E. Rossi, and A. Stenroos. 1998. Do highways influence density of
land birds? Environmental Management 22(2): 297-302.
196. Laurance, W. F., and C. Gascon. 1997. How to creatively fragment a landscape.
Conservation Biology 11(2): 577-579.
655. Laurance, W. F., H. L. Vasconcelos, and T. E. Lovejoy. 2000. Forest loss and
fragmentation in the Amazon: implications for wildlife conservation. Oryx 34(1):
39-45.
407. Laurance, W. F., and E. Yensen. 1991. Predicting the impacts of edge effects in
fragmented habitats. Biological Conservation 55: 77-92.
1460. Leung, Y-F., and J. L. Marion. 1996. Trail degradation as influenced by
environmental factors: a state-of-the-knowledge review. Journal of Soil and
Water Conservation 51(2): 130-136.
877. Lunney, D., L. O'Neill, A. Matthews, and W. B. Sherwin. 2002. Modelling
mammalian extinction and forecasting recovery: koalas at Iluka (NSW, Australia).
Biological Conservation 106(1): 101-113.
1543. Macie, Edward A., and L. Annie Hermansen (editors). 2002. Human influences on
forest ecosystems: the southern wildland-urban influence assessment. General
Technical Report GTR-SRS-55. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Southern Research Station, Asheville, NC.
207. Manolis, J. C., D. E. Andersen, and F. J. Cuthbert. 2000. Patterns in clearcut edge
and fragmentation effect studies in northern hardwood-conifer landscapes:
retrospective power analysis and Minnesota results. Wildlife Society Bulletin
28(4): 1088-1101.
1098. Marsh, David M. 2007. Edge effects of gated and ungated roads on terrestrial
salamanders. Journal of Wildlife Management 71(2): 389-394.
342. Marsh, D. M., and N. G. Beckman. 2004. Effects of forest roads on the abundance
and activity of terrestrial salamanders. Ecological Applications 14(6): 1882-1891.
478. Matlack, G. R. 1993. Microenvironment variation within and among forest edge
sites in the eastern United States. Biological Conservation 66: 185-194.
211. Matlack, Glenn R., and John Monde. 2004. Consequences of low mobility in
spatially and temporally heterogeneous ecosystems. Journal of Ecology 92:
1025-1035.
890. McGarigal, K., W. H. Romme, M. Crist, and E. Roworth. 2001. Cumulative effects
of roads and logging on landscape structure in the San Juan Mountains,
Colorado (USA). Landscape Ecology 16(4): 327-349.
345. Miller, J. R., L. A. Joyce, R. L. Knight, and R. M. King. 1996. Forest roads and
landscape structure in the southern Rocky Mountains. Landscape Ecology 11(2):
115-127.
656. Millions, D. G., and B. J. Swanson. 2007. Impact of natural and artificial barriers to
dispersal on the population structure of bobcats. Journal of Wildlife Management
71(1): 96-102.
216. Mills, L. S. 1995. Edge effects and isolation: red-backed voles on forest remnants.
Conservation Biology 9(2): 395-403.
675. Mills, L. S. 1996. Fragmentation of a natural area: dynamics of isolation for small
mammals on forest remnants. Pp. 199-219 in: R. G. Wright (editor), National
Parks and Protected Areas. Blackwell Science, Cambridge, Mass.
903. Millsap, B. A., J. A. Gore, D. E. Runde, and S. I. Cerulean. 1990. Setting priorities
for the conservation of fish and wildlife species in Florida. Wildlife
Monographs(111): 1-57.
441. Morrison, Michael L., and E. Charles Meslow. 1983. Avifauna associates with early
growth vegetation on clearcuts in the Oregon Coast Ranges. Report PNW-305.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Portland, OR.
219. Mortelliti, A., and L. Boitani. 2008. Interaction of food resources and landscape
structure in determining the probability of patch use by carnivores in fragmented
landscapes. Landscape Ecology 23: 285-298.
915. Nilon, C. 2002. Managing for the wildlife at the urban-wildland interface. The
wildland-urban interface: sustaining forests in a changing landscape, Gainsville,
FL, University of Florida.
423. Noble, Ian R., and R. Dirzo. 1997. Forests as human-dominated ecosystems.
Science 277: 522-525.
1438. Noss, R. F. 1996. The ecological effects of roads. Pp. 2-12 in, Road-Rippers
Handbook. Wildlands Center for Preventing Roads, Missoula, MT.
223. Nupp, T. E., and R. K. Swihart. 1998. Effects of forest fragmentation on population
attributes of white-footed mice and eastern chipmunks. Journal of Mammalogy
79(4): 1234-1243.
224. Nupp, T. E., and R. K. Swihart. 2000. Landscape-level correlates of small-mammal
assemblages in forest fragments of farmland. Journal of Mammalogy 81(2): 512526.
414. Odum, Eugene P. 1985. Trends expected in stressed ecosystems. BioScience
35(2): 419-422.
387. Opdam, P. 1991. Metapopulation theory and habitat fragmentation: a review of
holarctic breeding bird studies. Landscape Ecology 5(2): 93-106.
226. Opdam, P., and Hustings Rijsdijk, F. 1985. Bird communities in small woods in an
agricultural landscape: effects of area and isolation. Biological Conservation 34:
333-352.
660. Ortega, Y. K., and D. E. Capen. 1999. Effects of forest roads on habitat quality for
ovenbirds in a forested landscape. The Auk 116(4): 937-946.
227. Ostfeld, R. S. 1992. Small-mammal herbivores in a patchy environment: individual
strategies and population responses. Pp. 43-74 in: M. D. Hunter, T. Ohgushi and
P. W. Prive (editors), Effects of Resource Distribution on Animal-Plant
Interactions. Academic Press, Inc., New York.
1161. Parker, Timothy H., Brooke M. Stansberry, and C. Dustin Becker. 2005. Edge and
area effects on the occurrence of migrant forest songbirds. Conservation Biology
19(4): 1157-1167.
685. Parks, S. A., and A. H. Harcourt. 2002. Reserve size, local human density, and
mammalian extinctions in U. S. protected areas. Conservation Biology 16(3):
800-808.
230. Penrod, K. 2000. Missing linkages: restoring connectivity to the California
Landscape. California Wilderness Coalition, TNC, USGS, Ca. State Parks, San
Diego, California. 72.
233. Pickett, S. T. A., and John N. Thompson. 1978. Patch dynamics and the design of
nature reserves. Biological Conservation 13(1): 27-37.
234. Quinn, J. F. 2004. Influence of habitat fragmentation and crop system on Columbia
Bain shrubsteppe communities. Ecological Applications 14(6): 1634-1655.
235. Radeloff, Volker C., Roger B. Hammer, and Susan I. Stewart. 2005. Rural and
suburban sprawl in the U.S. Midwest from 1940 to 2000 and its relation to forest
fragmentation. Conservation Biology 19.
1383. Ranney, J. W. , M. C. Bruner, and J. B. Levenson. 1981. The importance of edge
in the structure and dynamics of forest islands. Pp. 67-92 in: R. L. Burgess and
D. M. Sharpe (editor), Forest Island Dynamics in Man-Dominated Landscapes.
Springer-Verlag, New York.
1384. Raty, M. 1979. Effect of highway traffic on tetraonid densities. Ornis Fennica 56:
169-170.
677. Reed, R. A., J. Johnson-Barnard, and W. L. Baker. 1996. Contribution of roads to
forest fragmentation in the Rocky Mountains. Conservation Biology 10(4): 10981106.
444. Richards, William H., D. O. Wallin, and N. H. Schumaker. 2002. An analysis of late
seral forest connectivity in western Oregon, USA. Conservation Biology 16(5):
1409-1421.
353. Richardson, J. H., R. F. Shore, and J. R. Treweek. 1997. Are major roads a barrier
to small mammals? Journal of Zoology, London 243: 840-846.
355. Riley, S. P. D., R. M. Sauvajot, T. K. Fuller, E. C. York, D. A. Kamradt, C. Bromley,
and R. K. Wayne. 2003. Effects of Urbanization and Habitat Fragmentation on
Bobcats and Coyotes in Southern California. Conservation Biology 17(2): 566576.
356. Ritters, K. H., and J. D. Wickhamand. 2003. How far to the nearest road? Frontiers
in Ecology and the Environment 1(3): 125-129.
1167. Robinson, Scott K., Frank R. Thompson III, Therese M. Donovan, Donald R.
Whitehead, and John Faaborg. 1995. Regional forest fragmentation and the
nesting success of migratory birds. Science 267(5206): 1987-1990.
357. Robitaille, J., and K. Aubry. 2000. Occurrence and activity of American martens
Martes americana in relation to roads and other routes. Acta Theriologica 45:
137-143.
664. Rodewald, Amanda D. 2002. Nest predation in forested regions: landscape and
edge effects. Journal of Wildlife Management 66(3): 634-640.
954. Roessler, J. S., and E. C. Packee. 2000. Disturbance history of the Tanana River
basin in Alaska: management implications. Pp. 46-57 in: W. K. Moser and C. F.
Moser (editors), Proceedings of the Twenty-first Tall Timbers Fire Ecology
Conference: 1998 April 14-16; Tallahassee, FL No. 21. Tall Timbers Research
Station, Tallahassee, FL.
242. Rondinini, Carlo, and Luigi Boitani. 2002. Habitat use by beech martens in a
fragmented landscape. Ecography.
1148. Rondinini, C., and C. P. Doncaster. 2002. Roads as barriers to movement for
hedgehogs. Functional Ecology 16(4): 504-509.
243. Rosenberg, K. V., J.D. Lowe, and A. A. Dhondt. 1999. Effects of forest
fragmentation on breeding tanagers: a continental perspective. Conservation
Biology 13(3): 568-583.
394. Rosenberg, Kenneth V., and Martin G. Raphael. 1986. Effects of forest
fragmentation on vertebrates in Douglas fir forests. Pp. 263-272 in: J. Verner, M.
L. Morrison and C. J. Ralph (editors), Wildlife 2000: Modeling Habitat
Relationships of Terrestrial Vertebrates. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison,
WI.
1471. Ruediger, B., J. Claar, and J. Gore. 1999. Restoration of carnivore habitat
connectivity in the Northern Rockies. Pp. 5-20 in: G. L. Evink, P. Garrett and D.
Zeigler (editors), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Wildlife
Ecology and Transportation. Publication FL-ER-73-99. Florida Department of
Transportation, Tallahassee.
246. Sanchez-Cordero, Victor, Patricia Illoldi-Rangel, Miguel Linaje, Sahotra Sarkar,
and A. Townsend Peterson. 2005. Deforestation and extant distributions of
Mexican endemic mammals. Biological Conservation 126: 465-473.
1085. Santos, X., G. A. Llorente, A. Montori, M. A. Carretero, M. Franch, N. Garriga,
and A. Richter-Boix. 2007. Evaluating factors affecting amphibian mortality on
roads: the case of the common toad Bufo bufo, near a breeding place. Animal
Biodiversity and Conservation 30.1: 97-104.
1539. Sauvajot, Raymond M., Marybeth Buechner, Denise A. Kamradt, and Christine M.
Schonewald. 1998. Patterns of human disturbance and response by small
mammals and birds in chaparral near urban development. Urban Ecosystems
2(4): 279-297.
249. Schlaepfer, M. A., and T. A. Gavin. 2001. Edge effects on lizards and frogs in
tropical forest fragments. Conservation Biology 15(4): 1079-1090.
1474. Schonewald-Cox, C. , and M. Buechner. 1992. Park protection and public roads.
Pp. 373-396 in: P. L. Fieldler and S. L. Jain (editors), Conservation Biology: The
Theory and Practice of Nature Conservation, Preservation and Management.
373-395. Chapman and Hall, New York.
293. Schumaker, N. H. 1996. Using landscape indices to predict habitat connectivity.
Ecology 77(4): 1210-1225.
1480. Semlitsch, R. D. 2000. Principles for management of aquatic-breeding
amphibians. Journal of Wildlife Management 64: 615-631.
1105. Semlitsch, Raymond D., Travis J. Ryan, Kevin Hamed, Matt Chatfield, Bethany
Drehman, Nicole Pakarek, Mike Spath, and Angie Watland. 2007. Salamander
abundance along road edges and within abandoned logging roads in
Appalachian forests. Conservation Biology 21(1): 159-167.
397. Simberloff, Daniel. 1993. How forest fragmentation hurts species and what to do
about it. Pp. 85-90 in: W. W. Covington and L. F. DeBano (editors), Sustainable
Ecological Systems: Implementing an Ecological Approach to Land
Management. General Technical Report GTR-RM-247. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins,CO.
974. Simberloff, D. 2001. Management of boreal forest biodiversity - A view from the
outside. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research: 105-118.
251. Sisk, T. D., N. M. Haddad, and P. R. Ehrlich. 1997. Bird assemblages in patchy
woodlands: modeling the effects of edge and matrix habitats. Ecological
Applications 7(4): 1170-1180.
483. Sitonen, P., A. Lehtinen, and M. Sitonen. 2005. Effects of forest edges on the
distribution, abundance, and regional persistence of wood-rotting fungi.
Conservation Biology 19(1): 250-260.
484. Spies, Thomas A., William J. Ripple, and G. A. Bradshaw. 1994. Dynamics and
pattern of a managed coniferous forest landscape in Oregon. Ecological
Applications 4(3): 555-568.
1535. Springfield, H. W. 1976. Characteristics and management of southwestern
pinyon-juniper ranges: the status of our knowledge. Research paper. U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range
Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO.
362. Stanley Jr., T. R., and J. Bart. 1991. Effects of roadside habitat and fox density on
a snow track survey for foxes in Ohio. Ohio Journal of Science 91(5): 186-190.
363. Steen, D. A., and J. P. Gibbs. 2004. Effects of roads on the structure of freshwater
turtle populations. Conservation Biology 18(4): 1143-1148.
1095. Steen, David A., Lora L. Smith, L. Mike Conner, Jean C. Brock, and Shannon K.
Hoss. 2007. Habitat use of sympatric rattlesnake species within the Gulf Coastal
Plain. Journal of Wildlife Management 71(3): 759-764.
253. Stephens, S. E., D. N. Koons, J. J. Rotella, and D. W. Willey. 2003. Effects of
habitat fragmentation on avian nesting success: a review of the evidence at
multiple spatial scales. Biological Conservation 115: 101-110.
398. Suarez, A. V., D. T. Bolger, and T. J. Case. 1998. Effects of fragmentation and
invasion on native ant communities on coastal southern California. Ecology 79:
2041-2056.
422. Suarez, A. V., K. S Pfennig, and S. K. Robinson. 1997. Nesting success of a
disturbance-dependent songbird on different kinds of edges. Conservation
Biology 11: 928-935.
1127. Svobodova, J., M. Salek, and T. Albrecht. 2007. Roads do not increase predation
on experimental nests in a highly fragmented forest landscape. Folia Zoologica
56(1): 84-89.
254. Swihart, R. K., T. M. Gehring, M. B. Kolozsvary, and T. E. Nupp. 2003.
Responses of 'resistant' vertebrates to habitat loss and fragmentation: the
importance of niche breadth and range boundaries. Diversity and Distributions 9:
1-18.
257. Tallmon, D. A., and L. S. Mills. 2004. Edge Effects and Isolation: Red-Backed
Voles Revisited. Conservation Biology 18(6): 1658-1664.
1145. Taylor, Audrey R., and Richard L. Knight. 2003. Wildlife responses to recreation
and associated visitor perceptions. Ecological Applications 13(4): 951-963.
260. Trzcinski, M. K., L. Fahrig, and G. Merriam. 1999. Independent effects of forest
cover and fragmentation on the distribution of forest breeding birds. Ecological
Applications 9(2): 586-593.
1499. Underhill, J. E. , and P. G. Angold. 2000. Effects of roads on wildlife in an
intensively modified landscape. Environmental Review 8: 21-39.
1505. Venier, L. , and L. Fahrig. 1996. Habitat availability causes the species
abundance-distribution relationship. Oikos 76: 564-570.
265. Villard, M., M. K. Trzcinski, and G. Merriam. 1999. Fragmentation effects on forest
birds: relative influence of woodland cover and configuration on landscape
occupancy. Conservation Biology 13(4): 774-783.
268. Virgos, E., J. L. Telleria, and T. Santos. 2002. A comparison on the response to
forest fragmentation by medium-sized Iberian carnivores in central Spain.
Biodiversity and Conservation 11: 1063-1079.
1508. Vos, C. C., and J. P. Chardon. 1998. Effects of habitat fragmentation and road
density on the distribution pattern of the moor frog Rana arvalis. Journal of
Applied Ecology 35: 44-56.
1512. Warren, E. R. 1936. Casualties among animals on mountain roads. Science 83:
14.
269. Wauters, L. A., Y. Hutchinson, D. T. Parkin, and A. A. Dhondt. 1994. The effects of
habitat fragmentation on demography and on the loss of genetic variation in the
red squirrel. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological
Sciences.
1514. Weathers, K. C. , M. L. Cadenasso, and S. T. A. Pickett. 2001. Forest edges as
nutrient and pollutant concentrations: potential synergisms between
fragmentation, forest canopies, and the atmosphere. Conservation Biology 15:
1506-1514.
1520. Wiens, J. A. 1996. Wildlife in patchy environments: metapopulations, mosaics,
and managment. Pp. 53-84 in: D. R. McCullough (editor), Metapopulations and
Wildlife Conservation. Island Press, Washington, D. C.
1208. Wisdom, M. J., R. S. Holthausen, B. K. Wales, C. D. Hargis, V. A. Saab, D. C.
Lee, W. J. Hann, T. D. Rich, M. M. Rowland, W. J. Murphy, and M. R. Eames.
2000. Source habitats for terrestrial vertebrates of focus in the interior Columbia
Basin: broad-scale trends and management implications. General Technical
Report PNW-GTR-485. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR.
274. Wolff, J. O., E. M. Schauber, and W. D. Edge. 1997. Effects of habitat loss and
fragmentation on the behavior and demography of grey-tailed voles.
Conservation Biology 11(4): 945-956.
276. Yaacobi, G., Yaron Ziv, and C Rosenzweig. 2007. Habitat fragmentation may not
matter to species diversity. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B:
Biological Sciences 274: 2409-2412.
277. Yahner, Richard H. 1996. Forest fragmentation, artificial nest studies, and predator
abundance. Conservation Biology 10(2): 672-673.
371. Yahner, Richard H., and C. G. Nahan. 1997. Effects of logging roads on
depredation of artificial ground nests in a forested landscape. Wildlife Society
Bulletin 25(1): 158-162.
1041. Young, A. , and N. Mitchell. 1994. Microclimate and vegetation edge effects in a
fragmented podocarp-broadleaf forest in New Zealand. Biological Conservation
67: 63-72.