Disturbance Effects Related to OHV Use and Roads References,
last update June 1, 2008
(keywords searched: disturbance, habitat disturbance, human disturbance, proximity,
human proximity, avoidance, habitat degradation, trampling, effect; impact,
human impact)
1184. Abele, G., J. K. Brown, and M. C. Brewer. 1984. Long-term effects of off-road
vehicle traffic on tundra terrain. Journal of Terramechanics 21(3): 283-294.
1244. Adams, J. A., A. S. Endo, L. H. Stolzy, P. G. Rowlands, and H. B. Johnson. 1982.
Controlled experiments on soil compaction produced by off-road vehicles in the
Mojave Desert, California. Journal of Applied Ecology 19: 167-175.
1285. Adams, L. W., and A. D. Geis. 1983. Effects of roads on small mammals. Journal
of Applied Ecology 20: 403-415.
1117. Ahlstrand, G. M., and C. H. Racine. 1993. Response of an Alaska, USA, shrubtussock community to selected all-terrain vehicle use. Arctic and Alpine research
25(2): 142-149.
1137. Albrecht, J., and T. B. Knopp. 1985. Off Road Vehicles - Environmental Impact Management Response: A Bibliography. Miscellaneous Publication No. 35.
Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.
1286. Alexander, S., and N. Waters. 2000. The effects of highway transportation
corridors on wildlife: A case study of Banff National Park. Transportation
Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 8: 307-320.
1026. Allaback, Mark L., and David M. Laabs. 2002/2003. Effectiveness of road tunnels
for the Santa Cruz long-toed salamander. Transactions of the Western Section of
The Wildlife Society 38/39: 5-8.
113. Allan, B. F., F. Keesing, and R. S. Ostfeld. 2003. Effect of forest fragmentation on
Lyme disease risk. Conservation Biology 17(1): 267-272.
707. Allen, C. D., M. Savage, D. A. Falk, K. F. Suckling, T. W. Swetnam, T. Schulke, P.
B. Stacey, P. Morgan, M. Hoffman, and J. T. Klingel. 2002. Ecological restoration
of Southwestern ponderosa pine ecosystems: A broad perspective. Ecological
Applications 12(5): 1418-1433.
1287. Allen, R. E. , and D. R. McCullough. 1976. Deer-car accidents in southern
Michigan. Journal of Wildlife Management 8: 44-49.
496. Amaranthus, M. P., R. M. Rice, N. R. Barr, and R. R. Ziemer. 1985. Logging and
forest roads related to increased debris slides in southwestern Oregon. Journal
of Forestry 83(4): 229-233.
1541. AMEC Americas Limited. 2005. Mackenzie gas project effects of noise on wildlife.
Prepared for Imperial Oil Resources Ventures Limited, 74 p.
1021. American Ornithologists' Union Committee For The Conservation Of The RedCockaded Woodpecker. 1991. The conservation crisis: The red-cockaded
woodpecker: on the road to oblivion? The Auk 108(1): 200-201.
1245. Anders, F. J., and S. P. Leatherman. 1987. Disturbance of beach sediment by offroad vehicles. Environmental Geology and Water Sciences 93: 183-189.
708. Andersen, A. N., and A. Y. Yen. 1992. Canopy Ant Communities in the Semiarid
Mallee Region of North- Western Victoria. Australian Journal of Zoology 40(2):
205-214.
710. Anderson, L. M., D. J. Levi, T. C. Daniel, and J. H. Dieterich. 1982. The esthetic
effects of prescribed burning: a case study. Research Note RM-413. USDA
Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ft.
Collins, CO.
114. Andren, H. 1994. Effects of habitat fragmentation on birds and mammals in
landscapes with different proportions of suitable habitat: a review. Oikos 71:
355-366.
1133. Andrews, A. 1990. Fragmentation of habitat by roads and utility corridors: a
review. Australian Zoologist 26: 130-141.
1412. Andrews, R. N. L., and P. Nowak. 1980. Off-road vehicle use: a management
challenge. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Environmental Quality,
Washington D.C.
431. Anonymous. 1992. The role of wildlife management in conserving biodiversity.
[Position statement.]. The Wildlifer(252): 21 &23.
421. Apps, Clayton D., B. N. McLellan, T. A. Kinley, and J. P. Flaa. 2001. Scaledependent habitat selection by mountain caribou, Columbia Mountains, British
Columbia. Journal of Wildlife Management 65(1): 65-77.
1067. Arens, Paul, Theo van der Sluis, Wendy P. C. van't Westende, Ben Vosman,
Claire C. Vos, and Marinus J. M. Smulders. 2007. Genetic population
differentiation and connectivity among fragmented Moor frog (Rana arvalis)
populations in The Netherlands. Landscape Ecology 22(10): 1489-1500.
534. Aresco, Mathew J. 2005. The effect of sex-specific terrestrial movements and
roads on the sex ratio of freshwater turtles. Biological Conservation 123: 37-44.
99. Ascensao, F., and A. Mira. 2007. Factors affecting culvert use by vertebrates along
two stretches of road in southern Portugal. Ecological Research 22(1): 57-66.
713. Atzet, T. 1996. Fire regimes and restoration needs in southwestern Oregon in The
use of fire in forest restoration: a general session at the annual meeting of the
Society for Ecological Restoration. Pp. 74-76 in: C. C. Hardy and S. F. Arno
(editors). General Technical Report INT-GTR-341. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station, Ogden, UT.
424. Atzet, Thomas, and Robert E. Martin. 1991. Natural disturbance regimes in the
Klamath Province. Pp. 40-48 in: R. Harris, D. C. Erman and H. M. Kerner
(editors), Wildland Resources Center Report 29. Wildland Resources Center,
Santa Rosa, CA.
465. Austen, Madeline J. W., Charles M. Francis, Dawn M. Burke, and Michael S. W.
Bradstreet. 2001. Landscape context and fragmentation effects on forest birds in
southern Ontario. The Condor 103: 701-714.
714. Baker Jr., M. B. 1990. Hydrologic and water quality effects of fire in Effects of Fire
Management of Southwestern Natural Resources: Proceedings of the
Symposium. Pp. 31-42 in: J. S. Krammes (editor). General Technical Report
GTR-RM-191. USDA Forest Service, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and
Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO.
1088. Baker, Philip J., Claire V. Dowding, Susie E. Molony, Piran C. L. White, and
Stephen Harris. 2007. Activity patterns of urban red-foxes (Vulpes vulpes) reduce
the risk of traffic-induced mortality. Behavioral Ecology 18(4): 716-724.
1289. Baker, R. H. 1998. Are man-made barriers influencing mammalian speciations?
Journal of Mammalogy 79: 370-371.
715. Baker, W. L., and D. Ehle. 2001. Uncertainty in surface-fire history: the case of
ponderosa pine forests in the western United States. Canadian Journal of Forest
Research 31(7): 1205-1226.
1526. Baker, W. L., and R. L. Knight. 2000. Roads and forest fragmentation in the
southern Rocky Mountains. Pp. 97-122 in: R. L. Knight, F. W. Smith, S. W.
Buskirk, W. H. Romme and W. L. Baker (editors), Forest fragmentation in the
southern Rocky Mountains. University of Colorado Press, Boulder, CO.
1290. Bakowski, C., and M. Kozakiewicz. 1988. The effect of forest roads on bank vole
and yellow-necked mouse populations. Acta Theriologica 33: 345-353.
1185. Baldwin, M. F., and D. H. Stoddard Jr. 1973. The off-road vehicle and
environmental quality, 2nd edition. The Conservation Foundation, Washington D.
C.
1291. Bangs, E. E. , T. N. Bailey, and M. F. Portner. 1989. Survival rates of adult
female moose on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Management
53: 557-563.
117. Banks, S. C., G. R. Finlayson, S. J. Lawson, D. B. Lindenmayer, D. Paetkau, S.
J. Ward, and A. C. Taylor. 2005. The effects of habitat fragmentation due to
forestry plantation establishment on the demography and genetic variation of a
marsupial carnivore, Antechinus agilis. Biological Conservation 122: 581-597.
1292. Barbour, E. H. 1895. Bird fatality along Nebraska railroads. Auk 12: 187.
1209. Barnum, S. A. 2003. Identifying the best locations along highways to provide safe
crossing opportunities for wildlife. Pp. 246-252 in, Proceedings of the
International Conference on Ecology and Transportation, August 24-29, Lake
Placid, New York.
1247. Barros, F. 2001. Ghost crabs as a tool for rapid assessment of human impacts on
exposed sandy beaches. Biological Conservation 97: 339-404.
1054. Barton, Daniel C., and Aaron L. Holmes. 2007. Off-highway vehicle trail impacts
on breeding songbirds in northeastern California. Journal of Wildlife Management
71(5): 1617-1620.
1293. Bashore, T. L., W. M. Tzilkowski, and E. D. Bellis. 1985. Analysis of deer-vehicle
collision sites in Pennsylvania. Journal of Wildlife Management 49: 769-774.
1294. Baumgartner, F. M. 1934. Bird mortality on the highways. Auk 51: 537-538.
1295. Baur, A., and B. Baur. 1990. Are roads barriers to dispersal in the land snail
Arianta arbustorum? Canadian Journal of Zoology 68: 613-617.
2. Bautista, L. M., J. T. Garcia, R. G. Calmaestra, C. Palacin, C. A. Martin, M. B.
Morales, R. Bonal, and J. Vinuela. 2004. Effect of weekend road traffic on the
use of space by raptors. Conservation Biology 18(3).
1248. Bayfield, N. G. 1986. Penetration of the Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland, by
vehicle tracks and footpaths: impacts and recovery. Pp. 121-128 in, Proceedings
- National Wildlerness Research Conference: Current Research. General
Technical Report GTR-INT-212. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Intermountain Research Station, Fort Collins, CO.
1060. Bee, Mark A., and Eli M. Swanson. 2007. Auditory masking of anuran
advertisement calls by road traffic noise. Animal Behaviour 74(6): 1765-1776.
1449. Behan, J. R., M. T. Richards, and M. E. Lee. 2001. Effects of tour jeeps in a
wildland setting on non-motorized recreationist benefits. Journal of Park and
Recreation Administration 19(2): 1-19.
1297. Beier, P., and S. Loe. 1992. A checklist for evaluating impacts to wildlife
movement corridors. Wildlife Society Bulletin 20: 434-440.
1249. Bellamy, D., J. Radforth, and N. W. Radforth. 1971. Terrain, traffic and tundra.
Nature 231: 429-432.
1299. Bellis, E. D., and H. B. Graves. 1971. Deer mortality on a Pennsylvania interstate
highway. Journal of Wildlife Management 35: 232-237.
1250. Belnap, J. 1995. Surface disturbances: their role in accelerating desertification.
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 37: 39-57.
118. Bender, Darren J., T. A. Contreras, and Lenore Fahrig. 1998. Habitat loss and
population decline: A meta-analysis of the patch size effect. Ecology 79(2): 517533.
569. Bengston, G., J. DuPre, W. Twomey, and R. Hooper. 1993. Longleaf ecosystem
restoration in the wake of Hurricane Hugo. Pp. 339-347 in: S. M. Hermann
(editor), The longleaf pine ecosystem: ecology, restoration and management.
Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference: No. 18. Springer, New York, NY.
718. Bentley, J. R. 1967. Conversion of chaparral areas to grassland: techniques used
in California. Pp. in, Agriculture Handbook. U.S. Department Agriculture,
Washington DC.
1302. Bergerud, A. T. , R. D. Jakimchuk, and D. R. Carruthers. 1984. The buffalo of the
north: Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) and human developments. Arctic 37: 7-22.
1303. Beringer, J. J. , S. G. Seibert, and M. R. Pelton. 1990. Incidence of road crossing
by black bears on Pisgah National Forest, North Carolina. International
Conference on Bear Research and Management 8: 85-92.
1304. Bernardino, F. S., Jr., and G. H. Dalrymple. 1992. Seasonal activity and road
mortality of the snakes of the Pa-hay-okee wetlands of the Everglades National
Park, USA. Biological Conservation 72: 71-75.
1175. Berry, K., S. Busack, S. Byrne, E. Davidson, M. Fox, J. Keefe, and R.
Luckenbach. 1996. The effects of off-road vehicles on animal populations and
habitats: a review of the literature. National Biological Service, Riverside Field
Office, Riverside, CA.
1413. Berry, K. H. 1980. The effects of four-wheel vehicles on biological resources. Pp.
231-233 in: R. N. L. Andrews and P. Nowak (editors), Off-Road Vehicle Use: a
Management Challenge. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of Environmental
Quality, Washington, D.C.
1109. Berry, K. H., T. Y. Bailey, and K. M. Anderson. 2006. Attributes of desert tortoise
populations at the National Training Center, Central Mojave Desert, California,
USA. Journal of Arid Environments 67(Supplement 1): 165-191.
1305. Bertwistle, J. 1999. The effects of reduced speed zones on reducing bighorn
sheep and elk collisions with vehicles on the Yellowhead highway in Jasper
National Park. Pp. 89-97 in: G. L. Evink, P. Garrett and D. Zeigler (editors),
Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Wildlife Ecology and
Transportation. FL-ER-73-99. Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee,
FL.
720. Bildstein, K. L., G. T. Bancroft, P. J. Dugan, D. H. Gordon, R. M. Erwin, E. Nol, L.
X. Payne, and S. E. Senner. 1991. Approaches to the conservation of coastal
wetlands in the western hemisphere. The Wilson Bulletin 103(2): 218-254.
1253. Bissill, L. P. 1970. The social and political impact of snowmobiles. Proceedings of
the 3rd International Snowmobile Congress, Portland, Maine.
1211. Bissonette, J. A., and M. Hammer. 2000. Effectiveness of earthen return ramps in
reducing big game highway mortality in Utah. Utah Cooperative Fish and Wildlife
Research Unit (UTCFWRU) Report Series 2000(1): 1-29.
722. Biswell, H. H. 1963. Research in wildland fire ecology in California. Pp. 63-97 in: E.
V. Komarek Sr. (editor), Proceedings Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference: No.
2. Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, FL.
1166. Blair, Robert B. 1996. Land use and avian species diversity along an urban
gradient. Ecological Applications 6(2): 506-519.
723. Blakely, K. L., J. A. Crawford, R. S. Lutz, and K. M. Kilbride. 1990. Response of
key foods of California quail to habitat manipulations. Wildlife Society Bulletin
18(3): 240-245.
1254. Blom, C. W. P. M. 1976. Effects of trampling and soil compaction on the
occurrence of some Plantago species in coastal sand dunes. Oecologia
Plantarum 11: 225-241.
1255. Bloomfield, H. V. 1969. Snowmobiles - boon or bane? American Forestry 75: 4-5,
48, 50-51.
679. Blumstein, D. T. 2003. Flight-initiation distance in birds is dependent on intruder
starting distance. Journal of Wildlife Management 67(4): 852-857.
3. Blumstein, D. T., E. Fernandez-Juricic, P. A. Zollner, and S. C. Garity. 2005. Interspecific variation in avian responses to human disturbance. Journal of Applied
Ecology 42: 943-953.
497. Bock, Carl E., and Zach F. Jones. 2004. Avian habitat evaluation: should counting
birds count? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2(8): 403-410.
435. Boecklen, William J. 1986. Optimal design of nature reserves: consequences of
genetic drift. Biological Conservation 38: 323-338.
124. Bogaert, J., P. Van Hecke, D. Salvador-Van Eysenrode, and I. Impens. 2000.
Landscape fragmentation assessment using a single measure. Wildlife Society
Bulletin 28(4): 875-881.
1212. Bond, M. 2003. Principles of wildlife corridor design, Center for Biological
Diversity. 2008.
1307. Bonnett, X. , N. Guy, and R. Shine. 1999. The dangers of leaving home: dispersal
and mortality in snakes. Biological Conservation 89: 39-50.
572. Boren, J. C., D. M. Engle, M. W. Palmer, R. E. Masters, and T. Criner. 1999. Land
use change effects on breeding bird community composition. Journal of Range
Management 52(5): 420-430.
573. Bosch, M. L. U.S. Forest Service nongame bird habitat management in the South.
U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service Nongame Migratory
Bird Workshop.
692. Bowman, R. 2001. Demography of Florida scrub-jays in a suburban matrix:
implications for reserve design and spatially-explicit modeling. Pp. 3 in: D. P.
Zattau (editor), Proceedings of the Florida Scrub Symposium 2001. U.S.
Department of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Jacksonville, FL.
693. Bowman, R., and G. E. Woolfenden. 2002. Nest site selection by Florida ScrubJays in natural and human- modified habitats. Wilson Bulletin 114(1): 128-135.
5. Boyle, S. A., and F. B. Samson. 1985. Effects of nonconsumptive recreation on
wildlife: a review. Wildlife Society Bulletin 13: 10-116.
129. Brainerd, S. M. 1990. The pine marten and forest fragmentation: a review and
general hypothesis. Transactions of the 19th Congress of the International Union
of Game Biologists, September 1989, Trondheim, Norway, NINA, Norwegian
Institute for Nature Research.
1309. Brandenburg, D. M. 1996. Effects of roads on behavior and survival of black
bears in coastal North Carolina. Master's Thesis. University of Tennessee,
Knoxville, TN.
1186. Brander, R. B. 1974. Ecological impacts of off-road recreational vehicles. Outdoor
recreation research: applying the results. Papers from a workshop held by the
USDA Forest Service, Marquette, Michigan, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, North Central Experiment Station, U.S. Government Printing
Office.
574. Branhagen, A. J. 1990. Gravel prairie, sedge meadow and fen restoration
underway at Kieselberg forest preserve. Restoration & Management Notes 8(2):
102-103.
1170. Brattstrom, Bayard H., Michael C. Bondello, Robert H. Webb, and Howard G.
Wilshire. 1983. Effects of off-road vehicle noise on desert vertebrates. Pp. 167206 in: R. H. Webb and H. G. Wilshire (editors), Environmental effects of off-road
vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York,
NY.
729. Breininger, D. R., M. J. Kehl, R. B. Smith, D. M. Oddy, J. A. Provancha, and V. L.
Larson. 1992. Identification of species considerations for maintenance of
biological diversity along the Atlantic coast of Florida. Bulletin of the Ecological
Society of America 73(2).
6. Bright, A., G. R. Reynolds, J. Innes, and J. R. Waas. 2003. Effects of motorised boat
passes on the time budgets of New Zealand dabchick, Poliocephalus rufopectus.
Wildlife Research 30: 237-244.
47. Brocke, Rainer H., John P. O'Pezio, and Kent A. Gustafson. 1990. A forest
management scheme mitigating impact of road networks on sensitive wildlife
species. Pp. 13-17 in: R. M. deGraaf and W. M. Healy (compilers), Is forest
fragmentation a management issue in the Northeast? General Technical Report
GTR-NE-140. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeast Forest
Experiment Station, Radnor, PA.
1258. Brodhead, J. M., and P. J. Godfrey. 1977. Off road vehicle impact in Cape Cod
National Seashore: disruption and recovery of dune vegetation. International
Journal of Biometeorology 21: 299-306.
1311. Brody, A. J. , and M. R. Pelton. 1989. Effects of roads on black bear movements
in western North Carolina. Wildlife Society Bulletin 17: 5-10.
131. Brooker, L., M. Brooker, and P. Cale. 1999. Animal dispersal in fragmented habitat:
measuring habitat connectivity, corridor use, and dispersal mortality.
Conservation Ecology 3(1): 4.
1450. Brooks, J. J., and P. A. Champ. 2006. Understanding the wicked nature of
"unmanaged recreation" in Colorado's Front Range. Environmental Management
38: 784-798.
1174. Brooks, Matthew L., and Bridget Lair. 2005. Ecological effects of vehicular routes
in a desert ecosystem. U.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research
Center, Las Vegas Field Station, Henderson, NV.
1259. Brown, A. C., and A. McLachlan. 2002. Sandy shore ecosystems and the threats
facing them: some predictions for the year 2025. Environmental Conservation 29:
62-77.
1213. Brown, Douglas L., James Laird, William D. Sommers, and Amanda Hamilton.
1995. Methods used by the Arizona Department of Transportation to reduce
wildlife mortality and improve highway safety. Arizona Department of
Transportation, Phoenix, AZ. 2.
737. Brown, G. W., and J. T. Krygier. 1971. Clear-cut logging and sediment production
in the Oregon Coast Range. Water Resources Research 7(5): 1189-1198.
1260. Brown, G. W., and N. Schoknecht. 2001. Off-road vehicles and vegetation
patterning in a degraded desert ecosystem in Kuwait. Journal of Arid
Environments 49: 413-427.
1261. Brown Jr., J. M., S. P. Kalisz, and W. R. Wright. 1977. Effects of recreational use
on forest sites. Environmental Geology 1: 425-431.
1262. Brown, K. J. 1994. River-bed sedimentation caused by off-road vehicles at river
fords in the Victorian Highlands, Australia. Water Resources Bulletin 30: 239250.
1214. Brudin III, C. O. 2003. Wildlife use of existing culverts and bridges in north central
Pennsylvania. Pp. 344-352 in, Proceedings from the International Conference of
Ecology and Transportation, August 24-29, Lake Placid, New York.
1086. Bruggeman, Jason E., Robert A. Garrott, P. J. White, Fred G. R. Watson, and
Rick Wallen. 2007. Covariates affecting spatial variability in Bison travel behavior
in Yellowstone National Park. Ecological Applications 17(5): 1411-1423.
1312. Buchanan, B. W. 1993. Effects on enhanced lighting on the behaviour of
nocturnal frogs. Animal Behavior 43: 893-899.
1313. Buchanan, J. B. 1987. Seasonality in the occurrence of long-tailed weasel roadkills. Murrelet 68: 67-68.
1191. Buckley, Ralf. 2003. Environmental impacts of motorized off-highway vehicles.
Pp. 83-97 in: R. Buckley (editor), Environment impacts of ecotourism. CABI
Publishing.
1192. Buckley, Ralf, Catherine Pickering, and David Bruce Weaver. 2003. Environment
impacts of ecotourism. CABI Publishing,
1263. Buckley, R. C. 2003. Ecological indicators of tourist impacts in parks. Journal of
Ecotourism 2: 54-66.
1314. Buhlmann, K. A. 1995. Habitat use, terrestrial movements, and conservation of
the turtle, Deirochelys reticularia, in Virginia. Journal of Herpetology 29: 173-181.
577. Bull, E. L., K. B. Aubry, and B. C. Wales. 2001. Effects of disturbance on forest
carnivores of conservation concern in eastern Oregon and Washington.
Northwest Science 75: 180-184.
694. Bull, E. L., and B. C. Wales. 2001. Effects of disturbance on birds of conservation
concern in eastern Oregon and Washington. Northwest Science 75: 166-173.
743. Bull, E. L., and B. C. Wales. 2001. Effects of disturbance on amphibians of
conservation concern in eastern Oregon and Washington. Northwest Science 75:
174-179.
7. Bunnell, Kevin D., Jerran T. Flinders, and Michael L. Wolfe. 2006. Potential Impacts
of Coyotes and Snowmobiles on Lynx Conservation in the Intermountain West.
Wildlife Society Bulletin 34(3): 828-838.
1315. Bunyan, R. 1990. Monitoring Program of Wildlife Mitigation Measures: TransCanada Highway Twinning - Phase II. Final Report to Parks Canada, Banff
National Park.
400. Burkey, T. V. 1989. Extinction in nature reserves: the effect of fragmentation and
the importance of migration between reserve fragments. Oikos 55: 75-81.
1264. Burnett, S. E. 1992. Effects of a rainforest road on movements of small mammals:
mechanisms and implications. Wildlife Research 19: 95-104.
1416. Bury, R. B. 1980. What we known and do not know about off-road vehicle impacts
on wildlife. Pp. 110-122 in: R. N. L. Andrews and P. Nowak (editors), Off-Road
Vehicle Use: a Management Challenge. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office
of Environmental Quality, Washington D. C.
1069. Bury, R. Bruce, and Roger A. Luckenbach. 1983. Vehicular recreation in arid land
dunes: biotic responses and management alternatives. Pp. 207-221 in: R. H.
Webb and H. G. Wilshire (editors), Environmental effects of off-road vehicles.
Impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York.
62. Bury, R. Bruce, Roger A. Luckenbach, and Stephen D. Busack. 1977. Effects of offroad vehicles on vertebrates in the California desert. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Washington, D.C.
1266. Bury, R. B., and R. W. Marlow. 1973. The desert tortoise: will it survive?
Environmental Journal June: 9-12.
1265. Bury, R. L. 1978. Impacts of snowmobiles on wildlife. Transactions of the North
American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 43: 149-156.
1076. Busack, Stephen D., and R. Bruce Bury. 1974. Some effects of off-road vehicles
and sheep grazing on lizard populations in the Mojave Desert. Biological
Conservation 6(3): 179-183.
579. Butler, W. H. 1987. Management of disturbance in an arid remnant: The Barrow
Island Experience. Pp. 279-285 in: D. A. Saunders, G. W. Arnold, A. A. Burbidge
and J. M. Hopkins (editors), Nature Conservation: The role of remnants of native
vegetation. Surrey Beatty & Sons, New South Wales.
580. Butry, D. R., J. M. Pye, and J. P. Prestemon. 2002. Prescribed fire in the interface:
separating the people from the trees. Pp. 132-136 in: K. W. Outcalt (editor),
Proceedings of the Eleventh Biennial Southern Silvicultural Research
Conference: 2000 March 6-8; Knoxville, TN. General Technical Report GTRSRS-48. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research
Station, Asheville, NC.
68. Cain, A. T., V. R. Tuovila, D. G. Hewitt, and M. E. Tewes. 2003. Effects of a highway
and mitigation projects on bobcats in Southern Texas. Biological Conservation
114: 189-197.
135. Calabrese, Justin M., and William F. Fagan. 2004. A comparison-shopper's guide
to connectivity metrics. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2(10): 529-536.
27. California Department of State Parks. 2002. Taking the high road: the future of
California's off-highway vehicle recreation program. California State Parks, 49.
1318. Cameron, R., D. J. Reed, J. R. Dau, and W. T. Smith. 1992. Redistribution of
calving caribou in response to oil field development on the arctic slope of Alaska.
Arctic 45: 338-342.
1129. Cameron, R. P. 2006. Protected area - working forest interface: ecological
concerns for protected areas management in Canada. Natural Areas Journal
26(4): 403-407.
403. Campbell, Mike, and Mark Jones. 2003. Habitat fragmentation and birds. 2003.
750. Campbell, V. L., and J. Bush. 1997. Cooperative interagency forest recovery
efforts - dealing with the fire's aftermath. Pp. 15-17 in: J. M. Greenlee (editor),
Proceedings: Conference on Fire Effects on Rare and Endangered Species and
Habitats. International Association of Wildland Fire, Fairfield, WA.
1075. Carpenter, C. A., W. N. Busch, D. T. Cleland, J. Gallegos, R. Harris, R. Holm, C.
Topik, and A. Williamson. 1997. A common Reference for Ecosystem
Management. Ecological Stewardship 2: 396-430.
306. Carr, L. W., and Lenore Fahrig. 2001. Effect of road traffic on two amphibian
species of differing vagility. Conservation Biology 15(4): 1071-1078.
1320. Carr, L. W., L. Fahrig, and S. E. Pope. 2002. Impacts of landscape transformation
by roads. Pp. 225-243 in: K. J. Gutzwiller (editor), Applying Landscape Ecology
in Biological Conservation. Springer, New York.
1215. Carr, T., R. Dacanay, K. Drake, C. Everson, A. Sperry, and K. Sullivan. 2003.
Wildlife Crossings: rethinking road design to improve safety and reconnect
habitat, Portland State University Planning Workshop, Metro.
1321. Case, R. M. 1978. Interstate highway road-killed animals: A data source for
biologists. Wildlife Society Bulletin 6: 8-13.
753. Catling, P. C., R. J. Burt, and R. I. Forrester. 1998. Models of the distribution and
abundance of ground-dwelling mammals in the eucalypt forests of south-eastern
New South Wales. Wildlife Research 25(5): 449-466.
583. Catsadorakis, G., and M. Malakou. 1997. Conservation and management issues of
Prespa National Park. Hydrobiologia 351: 175-196.
755. Caufield, Catherine. 1990. The ancient forest. New Yorker: 46-84.
489. Chan-McLeod, A. C. A. 2003. Factors affecting the permeability of clearcuts to redlegged frogs. Journal of Wildlife Management 67(4): 663-671.
1267. Chappell, H. G., J. F. Ainsworth, R. A. D. Cameron, and M. Redfern. 1971. The
effect of trampling on a chalk grassland ecosystem. Journal of Applied Ecology 8:
869-882.
1044. Charnley, Susan. 2006. The Northwest Forest Plan as a Model for Broad-Scale
Ecosystem Management: a Social Perspective. Conservation Biology 20(2): 330340.
1162. Chen, Jiquan, Jerry F. Franklin, and Thomas A. Spies. 1992. Vegetation
responses to edge environments in old-growth Douglas-fir forests. Ecological
Applications 2(4): 387-396.
1163. Chen, Jiquan, Jerry F. Franklin, and Thomas A. Spies. 1995. Growing-season
microclimatic gradients from clearcut edges into old-growth Douglas-fir forests.
Ecological Applications 5(1): 74-86.
1118. Chin, A., D. M. Rohrer, D. A. Marion, and J. A. Clingenpeel. 2004. Effects of allterrain vehicles on stream dynamics. Pp. 292-296 in: J. M. Guldin (editor),
Ouachita and Ozark Mountains Symposium: Ecosystem Management Research.
General Technical Report GTR-SRS-74. USDA Forest Service, Southern
Research Station, Asheville, NC.
309. Chruszcz, B, A. P. Clevenger, K Gunson, and M. L. Gibeau. 2003. Relationships
among grizzly bears, highways, and habitat in the Banff-Bow Valley, Alberta,
Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology 81: 1378-1391.
1089. Ciarniello, Lana M., Mark S. Boyce, Douglas C. Heard, and Dale R. Seip. 2007.
Components of grizzly bear habitat selection: density, habitats, roads, and
mortality risk. Journal of Wildlife Management 71(5): 1446-1457.
759. Cissel, John H., Frederick J. Swanson, Gordon E. Grant, Deanna H. Olson,
Gregory V. Stanley, Steven L. Garman, Linda R. Ashkenas, Matthew G. Hunter,
Jane A. Kertis, James H. Mayo, Michelle D. McSwain, Sam G. Swetland, Keith A.
Swindle, and David O. Wallin. 1998. A landscape plan based on historical fire
regimes for a managed forest ecosystem: the Augusta Creek study. General
Technical Report PNW-GTR-422. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest
Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR.
1322. Clark, W. D. , and J. R. Karr. 1979. Effects on highways on red-winged blackbird
and horned lark populations. Wilson Bulletin 91: 143-145.
310. Clarke, G. P., P. C. L. White, and S. Harris. 1998. Effects of roads on badger
Meles meles populations in south-west England. Biological Conservation 86:
117-124.
1323. Clarke, H. 1930. Birds killed by automobiles. Bird-Banding 32: 271.
1324. Clevenger, A. P. 1998. Permeability of the Trans-Canada Highway to wildlife in
Banff National Park: Importance of crossing structures and factors influencing
their effectiveness. Proceedings of the International Conference on Wildlife
Ecology and Transportation, Tallahassee, FL, Florida Department of
Transportation.
1218. Clevenger, Anthony P., B. Chruszcz, and K. Gunson. 2001. Drainage culverts as
habitat and factors affecting passage by mammals. Journal of Applied Ecology
38: 1340-1349.
1217. Clevenger, Anthony P., B. Chruszcz, K. Gunson, and J. Wierzchowski. 2002.
Roads and wildlife in the Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks - movements,
mortality and mitigation. Final Report to Parks Canada, Banff, Alberta, Canada.
432 p.
1219. Clevenger, Anthony P., and N. Waltho. 1999. Dry drainage culvert use and
design considerations for small and medium sized mammal movement across a
major transportation corridor. Pp. 263-277 in: G. L. Evink, P. Garrett and D.
Ziegler (editors), Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Wildlife
Ecology and Transportation. FL-ER-73-99. Florida Department of Transportation,
Tallahassee, FL.
490. Clevenger, Anthony P., and Nigel Waltho. 2000. Factors influencing the
effectiveness of wildlife underpasses in Banff National Park, Alberta, Canada.
Conservation Biology 14(1): 47-56.
1216. Clevenger, Anthony P., and N. Waltho. 2005. Performance indices to identify
attributes of highway crossing structures facilitating movement of large
mammals. Biological Conservation 121(3): 453-464.
1268. Clifford, H. T. 1959. Seed dispersal by motor vehicles. Journal of Ecology 47:
311-315.
1200. Cole, David N. 1986. Resource impacts caused by recreation. INT4901
Publication # 165. The Commission, Washington D.C.
1269. Cole, D. N. 1993. Trampling effects on Mountain vegetation in Washington,
Colorado, New Hampshire and North Carolina. Research Paper INT-464. U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station,
Ogden, UT.
1453. Cole, D. N. 1993. Minimizing conflict between recreation and nature conservation.
Pp. 105-122 in: D. S. Smith and P. C. Hellmund (editors), Ecology of Greenways:
Design and Function of Linear Conservation Areas. University of Minnesota
Press, Minneapolis, MN.
1270. Cole, D. N. 1995. Experimental trampling of vegetation. 1. Relationship between
trampling intensity and vegetation response. Journal of Applied Ecology 32: 203214.
1271. Cole, D. N. 1995. Experimental trampling of vegetation. II. Predictors of
resistance and resilience. Journal of Applied Ecology 32: 215-224.
9. Cole, David N., and Peter B. Landres. 1995. Indirect effects of recreation on wildlife.
Chapter 11. Island Press., Washington D. C.
760. Cole, E. C., W. C. McComb, M. Newton, C. L. Chambers, and J. P. Leeming. 1997.
Response of amphibians to clearcutting, burning, and glyphosate application in
the Oregon coast range. Journal of Wildlife Management 61(3): 656-664.
761. Cole, E. C., W. C. McComb, M. Newton, J. P. Leeming, and C. L. Chambers. 1998.
Response of small mammals to clearcutting, burning, and glyphosate application
in the Oregon Coast Range. Journal of Wildlife Management 62(4): 1207-1216.
142. Collingham, W. C., and B. Huntley. 2000. Impacts of habitat fragmentation and
patch size upon migration rates. Ecological Applications 10(1): 131-144.
466. Cook, W. M., K. T. Land, B. L. Foster, and R. D. Holt. 2002. Island theory, matrix
effects and species richness patterns in habitat fragments. Ecology Letters 5:
619-623.
1081. Copeland, Jeffrey P., James M. Peek, Craig R. Groves, Wayne E. Melquist, Kevin
S. McKelvey, Gregory W. McDaniel, Clinton D. Long, and Charles E. Harris.
2007. Seasonal habitat associations of the wolverine in central Idaho. Journal of
Wildlife Management 71(7): 2201-2212.
1417. Cordell, H. K., C. J. Betz, G. T. Green, S. H. Mou, V. R. Leeworthy, P. C. Wiley, J.
J. Barry, and D. Hellerstein. 2004. Outdoor recreation for the 21st Century
America, a report to the nation: the national survey on recreation and the
environment. Venture Publishing, Inc., State College, PA.
1074. Corn, Paul Stephen. 1993. What we know and don't know about amphibian
declines in the West. Pp. 59-67 in: W. W. Covington and L. F. DeBano (editors),
Sustainable Ecological Systems: Implementing an Ecological Approach to Land
Management. General Technical Report GTR-RM-247. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment
Station, Flagstaff, AZ.
1348. Council, National Research. 2005. Assessing and managing the ecological
impacts of paved roads. Committee on Ecological Impacts of Road Density,
Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Division on Earth and Life
Studies, Transportation Research Board, National Research Council of the
National Academies. The National Academies Press, Washington D. C.
764. Cowling, R. M., I. A. W. Macdonald, and M. T. Simmons. 1996. The Cape
Peninsula, South Africa: Physiographical, biological and historical background to
an extraordinary hot-spot of biodiversity. Biodiversity and Conservation 5(5): 527550.
11. Creel, S., J. E. Fox, A. Hardy, H. Sands, B. Garrott, and R. O. Peterson. 2002.
Snowmobile activity and glucocortoid stress responses in wolves and elk.
Conservation Biology 16(3): 809-814.
1328. Cronin, M. A. , S. C. Amstrup, G. M. Durner, L. E. Noel, T. L. McDonald, and
W. B. Ballard. 1998. Caribou distribution during the post-calving period in relation
to infrastructure in the Prudhoe Bay oil field, Alaska. Arctic 51: 85-93.
402. Crooks, Kevin R. 2002. Relative sensitivities of mammalian carnivores to habitat
fragmentation. Conservation Biology 16(2): 488-502.
418. Crow, Thomas R. 1989. Landscape Ecology: an eclectic science for the times.
Hardwood Forest Conference, Carbondale,IL, U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, North Central Station.
1329. Curatolo, J. A., and S. M. Murphy. 1986. The effects of pipelines, roads, and
traffic on the movements of caribou, Rangifer tarandus. Canadian Field Naturalist
100: 218-224.
767. Cushman, S. A., and D. O. Wallin. 2000. Rates and patterns of landscape change
in the Central Sikhote- alin Mountains, Russian Far East. Landscape Ecology
15(7): 643-659.
1193. Dale, Virginia H., Daniel L. Druckenbrod, Latha Baskaran, Matthew Aldridge,
Michael Berry, Chuck Garten, Lisa Olsen, and Rebecca Efroymson. 2005.
Vehicle impacts on the environment at different spatial scales: observations in
west central Georgia, USA. Journal of Terramechanics 42(3-4): 383-402.
1106. D'Angelo, Gino J., Joseph G. D'Angelo, George R. Gallagher, David A. Osborn,
Karl V. Miller, and Robert J. Warren. 2006. Evaluation of wildlife warning
reflectors for altering white-tailed deer behavior along roadways. Wildlife Society
Bulletin 34(4): 1175-1183.
1418. Davenport, J., and T. A. Switalksi. 2006. Environmental impacts of transport
related to tourism and leisure activities. Pp. 333-360 in: J. Davenport and J.
Davenport (editors), The Ecology of Transportation: Managing Mobility for the
Environment. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Netherlands.
1272. Davidson, E., and M. Fox. 1974. Effects of off-road motorcycle activity on Mojave
Desert vegetation and soil. Madrono 22: 381-412.
438. Davis, Russell, and Christopher Dunford. 1987. An example of contemporary
colonization of montane islands by small, nonflying mammals in the American
Southwest. American Naturalist 129(3): 398-406.
1330. Davis, W. H. 1934. The automobile as a destroyer of wild life. Science 79: 504505.
151. Debinski, D. M., and R. D. Holt. 2000. A survey and overview of habitat
fragmentation experiments. Conservation Biology 14(2): 342-355.
768. DeByle, Norbert V. 1981. Clearcutting and fire in the Larch/Douglas-fir forests of
western Montana - a multifaceted research summary. Pp. 73 p. in. General
Technical Report GTR-INT-99. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, UT.
1419. Defenders of Wildlife. 2002. Out of control: the impacts of off-road vehicles and
roads on wildlife habitat in Florida's National Forests. Defenders of Wildlife,
Washington D. C.
12. Delaney, D. K., and T. G. Grubb. 2003. Effects of off-highway vehicle noise on the
northern spotted owls: 2002 results. State of California Department of Parks and
Recreation, Sacramento, CA. 38 p.
13. Delaney, D. K., T. G. Grubb, P. Beier, L. L. Pater, and M. H. Reiser. 1999. Effects
of helicopter noise on Mexican spotted owls. Journal of Wildlife Management
63(1): 60-76.
1151. Delaney, D. K., L. L. Pater, R. J. Dooling, B. Lohr, B. F. Brittan-Powell, L. L.
Swindell, T. A. Beaty, L. D. Carlile, E. W. Spadgeske, B. A. MacAllister, and R. H.
Melton. 2002. Assessment of training noise impacts on the red-cockaded
woodpecker: 1998-2000. Technical Report TR 02-32. ERDC/CERL,
773. DeStefano, S. 2002. Regional and national issues for forest wildlife research and
management. Forest Science 48(2): 181-189.
316. Devlin, S. 1999. Biologists: humans paving the road to species extinction,
Missoula, MT.
1331. Dickerson, L. M. 1939. The problem of wildlife destruction by automobile traffic.
Journal of Wildlife Management 2: 104-116.
669. Dickman, C. R. 1987. Habitat fragmentation and vertebrate species richness in an
urban environment. Journal of Applied Ecology 24: 337-351.
776. Diemer, J. E. 1992. Home range and movements of the tortoise Gopherus
polyphemus in northern Florida. Journal of Herpetology 26(2): 158-165.
498. Diffendorfer, Jay E., Genie M. Fleming, Jennifer M. Duggan, Robert E. Chapman,
Matthew E. Rahn, Milan J. Mitrovich, and Robert N. Fisher. 2007. Developing
terrestrial, multi-taxon indices of biological integrity: an example from coastal
sage scrub. Biological Conservation: 130-141.
425. Dixon, John D. 2000. Effects of nighttime illumination on wildlife. California Coastal
Commission, San Francisco, CA.
1343. Doak, D. F., P. Kareiva, and B. Klepetka. 1994. Modeling population viability for
the desert tortoise in the western Mojave Desert. Ecological Applications 4(3):
446-460.
317. Dodd Jr., C. K., W. J. Barichivich, and L. L. Smith. 2004. Effectiveness of a barrier
wall and culverts in reducing wildlife mortality on a heavily traveled highway in
Florida. Biological Conservation 118: 619-631.
1274. Dodd Jr., C. K., K. M. Enge, and J. N. Stuart. 1989. Reptiles on highways in
North-Central Alabama, USA. Journal of Herpetology 23: 197-200.
1220. Donaldson, B. M. 2005. Use of highway underpasses by large mammals and
other wildlife in Virginia and factors influencing their effectiveness. Final Report
for the Virginia Department of Transportation,
153. Donovan, T. M., and R. H. Lamberson. 2001. Area-sensitive distributions
counteract negative effects of habitat fragmentation on breeding birds. Ecology
82(4): 1170-1179.
14. Dorrance, M. J., P. J. Savage, and D. E. Huff. 1975. Effects of snowmobiles on
white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 39(3): 563-569.
1420. Dregne, H. E. 1983. Soil and soil formation in arid regions. Pp. 15-30 in: R. H.
Webb and H. G. Wilshire (editors), Environmental Effects of Off-Road Vehicles:
Impacts and Management in Arid Regions. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY.
1332. Dreyer, W. A. 1935. The question of wildlife destruction by the automobile.
Science 82: 439-440.
780. Duck, T. A., T. C. Esque, and T. J. Hughes. 1997. Fighting wildfire in desert
tortoise habitat: considerations for land managers. Pp. 7-13 in: J. M. Greenlee
(editor), Conference on Fire Effects on Rare and Endangered Species and
Habitats. International Association of Wildland Fire, Fairfield, WA.
437. Dueser, Raymond, D., and John H. Porter. 1986. Habitat use by insular small
mammals: relative effects of competition and habitat structure. Ecology 67(1):
195-201.
1275. Duevers, L. 2002. Out of control: the impacts of off-road vehicles and roads on
wildlife and habitat in Florida's National Forests, Defenders of Wildlife,
Washington D.C.
1276. Duffey, E. 1975. The effects of human trampling on the fauna of grassland litter.
Biological Conservation 7(255-274).
1407. Duffus, D. A., and P. Dearden. 1990. Non-consumptive wildlife-oriented
recreation: a conceptual framework. Biological Conservation 53(3): 213-231.
1080. Dunn, Robert R., and James A. Danoff-Burg. 2007. Road size and carrion beetle
assemblages in a New York forest. Journal of Insect Conservation 11(4): 325332.
1333. Dunning, J. B. , B. J. Danielson, and H. R. Pulliam. 1992. Ecological processes
that affect populations in complex landscapes. Oikos 65: 169-175.
1334. Dyer, S. J. , J. P. O'Neill, S. M. Wasel, and S. Boutin. 2001. Avoidance of
industrial development by woodland caribou. Journal of Wildlife Management 65:
531-542.
1335. Eaglin, G. S. , and W. A. Hubert. 1993. Effects of logging and roads on substrate
and trout in streams of the Medicine Bow National Forest, Wyoming. North
American Journal of Fisheries Management 13: 844-846.
155. Earn, D. J., S. A. Levin, and P. Rohani. 2000. Coherence and conservation.
Science 290: 1360-1364.
1277. Eckert Jr., R. E., M. K. Wood, W. H. Blackburn, and F. F. Petersen. 1979.
Impacts of off-road vehicles on infiltration and sediment production of two desert
soils. Journal of Range Management 32: 394-397.
1278. Eckstein, R. G., T. F. O'Brien, and O. J. Rongstad. 1979. Snowmobile effects on
movements of white-tailed deer: a case study. Environmental Conservation 6:
45-51.
782. Edenius, L., and J. Elmberg. 1996. Landscape level effects of modern forestry on
bird communities in North Swedish boreal forests. Landscape Ecology 11(6):
325-338.
1336. Edge, W. D. , and C. L. Marcum. 1985. Movements of elk in relation to logging
disturbances. Journal of Wildlife Management 49: 926-930.
1221. Ehinger, W., P. Garvey-Darda, R. Gersib, K. Halupka, P. McQueary, W. Meyer,
R. Schanz, and P. Wagner. 2006. Interstate 90 Snoqualmie Pass East Mitigation
Development Team: Recommendation Package. Submitted to: U. S. Department
of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration and Washington State
Department of Transportation,
467. Eigenbrod, Felix, Stephen J. Hecnar, and Lenore Fahrig. 2008. The relative effects
of road traffic and forest cover on anuran populations. Biological Conservation
141: 35-46.
1030. Eigenbrod, Felix, Stephen J. Hecnar, and Lenore Fahrig. 2008. An improved
measure of the effects of habitat loss and roads on wildlife populations.
Landscape Ecology 23(2): 159-168.
1063. Eliasson, Lars, and Iwan Wasterlund. 2007. Effects of slash reinforcement of strip
roads on rutting and soil compaction on a moist fine-grained soil. Forest Ecology
and Management 252(1-3): 118-123.
1338. Evink, G. L. 1996. Florida Department of Transportation initiatives related to
wildlife mortality. Pp. 278-286 in: G. L. Evink, P. Garrett, D. Zeigler and J. Berry
(editors), Trends in addressing transportation related wildlife mortality. Report
No. FL-ER-58-96. Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee, FL.
1340. Evink, G. L. 1998. Proceedings of the International Conference on Wildlife
Ecology and Transportation. Publication FL-ER-69-98. Florida Department of
Transportation, Tallahassee, FL.
1222. Evink, G. L. 2002. Interaction between roadways and wildlife ecology. National
cooperative highway research program synthesis 305. Transportation Research
Board,
1339. Evink, G. L., P. Garrett, and D. Zeigler (editors). 1999. Proceedings of the Third
International Conference on Wildlife Ecology and Transportation. FL-ER-73-99.
Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee, FL.
1279. Evink, G. L., P. Garrett, D. Zeigler, and J. Berry (editors). 1996. Trends in
addressing transportation related wildlife mortality. Report No. FL-ER-58-96.
Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee, FL.
157. Ewers, R. M., and R. K. Didham. 2007. The Effect of Fragment Shape and Species
Sensitivity to Habitat Edges on Animal Population Size. Conservation Biology
21(4): 926-936.
1421. Executive Order no. 11644 February 8, 1972. 43 - Public Lands. 1972. Use of offroad vehicles on the public lands, Federal Register.
1422. Executive Order no. 11989 (Amendment to EO 11644), May 24, 1977. 1977. Use
of off-road vehicles on the public lands, Federal Register.
159. Fahrig, L. 1997. Relative effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on population
extinction. Journal of Wildlife Management 61(3): 603-610.
160. Fahrig, L. 2002. Effect of habitat fragmentation on the extinction threshold: a
synthesis. Ecological Applications 12(2): 346-353.
1031. Fahrig, Lenore, John H. Pedlar, Sealagh E. Pope, Philip D. Taylor, and John F.
Wegner. 1995. Effect of road traffic on amphibian density. Biological
Conservation 73: 177-182.
1223. Falk, N. W., H. B. Graves, and E. D. Bellis. 1978. Highway right-of-way fences as
deer deterrents. Journal of Wildlife Management 42(3): 646-650.
1172. Fang, Shoufan, Stephen Wente, George Z. Gertner, Guangxing Wang, and Alan
Anderson. 2002. Uncertainty analysis of predicted disturbance from off-road
vehicular traffic in complex landscapes at Fort Hood. Environmental
Management 30(2): 199-208.
1337. Federal Highway Administration. 1995. Highway Traffic Noise Analysis and
Abatement Policy and Guidance. Federal Highway Administration, Office of
Environment and Planning, Washington, D.C.
1168. Fernandez-Juricic, Esteban, Raul Vaca, and Natalia Schroeder. 2004. Spatial and
temporal responses of forest birds to human approaches in a protected area and
implications for two management strategies. Biological Conservation 117(4): 407416.
537. Findlay, C. Scott, and Josee Bourdages. 2000. Response time of wetland
biodiversity to road construction on adjacent lands. Conservation Biology 14(1):
86-94.
792. Findley, A. J., M. S. Carroll, and K. A. Blatner. 2001. Social complexity and the
management of small-diameter stands. Journal of Forestry 99(12): 18-27.
793. Fischer, A., M. Lindner, C. Abs, and P. Lasch. 2002. Vegetation dynamics in
central European forest ecosystems (near-natural as well as managed) after
storm events. Folia Geobotanica 37(1): 17-32.
428. Fletcher, Robert J., and R. R. Koford. 2002. Habitat and landscape associations of
breeding birds in native and restored grasslands. Journal of Wildlife Management
66(4): 1011-1022.
668. Fletcher, R. J., S. T. McKinney, and C. E. Bock. 1999. Effects of recreational trails
on wintering diurnal raptors along riparian corridors in a Colorado grassland. The
Journal of Raptor Research 33(3): 233-239.
1280. Forbes, B. C. 1992. Tundra disturbance studies, I: long-term effects of vehicles
on species richness and biomass. Environmental Conservation 19: 48-58.
1072. Fore, Leska, and James R. Karr. 1996. Assessing invertebrate responses to
human activities: evaluating alternative approaches. Journal of the North
American Benthological Society 15(2): 212-231.
1281. Foreman, D. 1979. ORVs threaten a wild canyon. The Wilderness Society 43: 1418.
1224. Foresman, K. R. 2004. The effects of highways on fragmentation of small
mammal populations and modifications of crossing structures to mitigate such
impacts. Final Report to the Federal Highways Administration FHWA/MT-04005/8161,
542. Forman, Richard T. T. 2000. Estimate of the area affected ecologically by the road
system in the United States. Conservation Biology 14(1): 31-35.
539. Forman, Richard T. T., and Lauren E. Alexander. 1998. Roads and their major
ecological effects. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 29: 207-231.
541. Forman, Richard T. T., and Robert D. Deblinger. 2000. The ecological road-effect
zone of a Massachusetts (U.S.A.) suburban highway. Conservation Biology
14(1): 36-46.
538. Forman, Richard T. T., Debra S. Friedman, David Fitzhenry, Jay D. Martin, Allen S.
Chen, and Lauren E. Alexander. 1996. Ecological effects of roads: toward three
summary indices and an overview for North America. Pp. in: K. C. (editor),
Habitat Fragmentation and Infrastructure. Ministry of Transport, Public Works
and Water Management, Delft, Netherlands.
544. Forman, Richard T. T., Bjorn Reineking, and Anna M. Hersperger. 2002. Road
traffic and nearby grassland bird patterns in a suburbanizing landscape.
Environmental Management 29(6): 782-800.
500. Forman, Richard T. T., Daniel Sperling, John A. Bissonette, Anthony P. Clevenger,
Carol D. Cutshall, Virginia H. Dale, Lenore Fahrig, Robert France, Charles R.
Goldman, Kevin Heanue, Julia A. Jones, Frederick J. Swanson, Thomas
Turrentine, and Thomas C. Winter. 2003. Road Ecology: Science and Solutions.
Island Press, Washington DC.
1225. Foster, L. R., and S. R. Humphrey. 1995. Use of highway underpasses by Florida
panther and other wildlife. Wildlife Society Bulletin 23(1): 95-100.
409. Franklin, Alan B., David R. Anderson, R. J. Guitierrez, and Kenneth P. Burnham.
2000. Climate, habitat quality, and fitness in northern spotted owl populations in
Northwestern California. Ecological Monographs 70(4): 539-590.
795. Franklin, S. E. 1997. Chaparral management techniques for development: public
and governmental perceptions. Pp. 145-148 in: J. M. Greenlee (editor),
Conference on Fire Effects on Rare and Endangered Species and Habitats.
International Association of Wildland Fire, Fairfield, WA.
1152. Fraser, J. D., L. D. Frenzel, and J. E. Mathisen. 1985. The impact of human
activities on breeding bald eagles in north-central Minnesota. Journal of Wildlife
Management 49: 585-592.
1165. Frederick, Glenn P. 1991. Effects of forest roads on grizzly bears, elk, and gray
wolves: a literature review. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Kootenai National
Forest, Libby, MT. 41 p.
546. Frelich, Jerome E., John M. Emlen, Jeffrey J. Duda, D. Carl Freeman, and Philip J.
Cafaro. 2003. Ecological effects of ranching: a six-point critique. BioScience
53(8): 759-765.
796. Fulbright, T. E. 1996. Viewpoint: A theoretical basis for planning woody plant
control to maintain species diversity. Journal of Range Management 49(6): 554559.
797. Fule, P. Z., W. W. Covington, M. M. Moore, T. A. Heinlein, and A. E. M. Waltz.
2002. Natural variability in forests of the Grand Canyon, USA. Journal of
Biogeography 29(1): 31-47.
1226. Gagnon, J. W., N. L. Dodd, and A. L. Manzo. 2005. Use of video surveillance to
assess wildlife behavior and use of wildlife underpasses in Arizona. Pp. 534-544
in: C. L. Irwin, P. Garrett and K. P. McDermott (editors), 2005 Proceedings of the
International Conference on Ecology and Transportation. Center for
Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh,
NC.
16. Gaines, W. L., P. H. Singleton, and R. C. Ross. 2003. Assessing the cumulative
effects of linear recreation routes on wildlife habitats of the Okanogan and
Wenatchee National Forests. USDA Forest Service PNRS, 1-80.
472. Garber, Steven D., and Joanna Burger. 1995. A 20-yr study documenting the
relationship between turtle decline and human recreation. Ecological Applications
5(4): 1151-1162.
1102. Gavin, S. D., and P. E. Komers. 2006. Do pronghorn (Antilocapra americana)
perceive roads as a predation risk? Canadian Journal of Zoology 84(12): 17751780.
44. Gehrt, S. D., and J. E. Chelsvig. 1999. Patterns of bat use of urban forest preserves
in the Chicago Region. Abstracts of The Wildlife Society 6th annual Conference,
Austin, TX.
1052. Gelbard, J. L., and S. Harrison. 2003. Roadless habitats as refuges for native
grasslands: interactions with soil, aspect and grazing. Ecological Applications
13(2): 404-415.
82. Gibbs, J. P., and W. G. Shriver. 2002. Estimating the effects of road mortality on
turtle populations. Conservation Biology 16(6): 1647-1652.
1344. Gibbs, J. P., and W. G. Shriver. 2005. Can road mortality limit populations of
pool-breeding amphibians? Wetlands Ecology and Management 13(3): 281-289.
323. Gill, J. A., K. Norris, and W. J. Sutherland. 2001. Why behavioral responses may
not reflect the population consequences of human disturbance. Biological
Conservation 97: 265-268.
670. Gilliam, J. F., and D. F. Fraser. 2001. Movement in corridors: enhancement by
predation threat, disturbance, and habitat structure. Ecology 82(1): 258-273.
1227. Gloyne, C. C., and A. P. Clevenger. 2001. Cougar use of wildlife crossing
structures on the Trans-Canada Highway in Banff National Park, Alberta. Wildlife
Biology 7: 117-124.
1100. Goszczynski, Jacek, Maciej Posluszny, Malgorzata Pilot, and Barbara Gralak.
2007. Patterns of winter locomotion and foraging in two sympatric marten
species: Martes martes and Martes foina. Canadian Journal of Zoology 85(2):
239-249.
805. Grafe, T. U., S. Dobler, and K. E. Linsenmair. 2002. Frogs flee from the sound of
fire. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological Sciences
269(1495): 999-1003.
1445. Grant, Tyler J. 2005. Flat-tailed horned lizards (Phrynosoma mcallii): population
size estimation, effects of off-highway vehicles, and natural history. M.S. Thesis.
Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO. 97 p.
598. Grasch, C., B. Clark, J. Sole, and M. Morton. 1999. Managing rights of way for
wildlife in Kentucky. Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources,
Frankfort, KY.
1424. Graves, T. 2002. Spatial and temporal response of grizzly bears to recreational
use of trails. M.S. Thesis. University of Montana, Missoula, MT.
19. Graves, T., and V. Reams. 2001. Record of the snowmobile effects on wildlife:
monitoring protocols workshop. Volume 1. Biological Resources Management
Division and National Park Service, Denver, Colarado. 110 pg.
20. Graves, T., and V. Reams. 2001. Record of the snowmobile effects on wildlife:
monitoring protocols workshop. Volume 2. Biological Resources Management
Division and National Park Service., Denver, Colorado. 28 pg.
810. Greenberg, C. H., S. H. Crownowver, and D. R. Gordon. 1997. Roadside soils: a
corridor for invasion of xeric scrub by nonindigenous plants. Natural Areas
Journal 17(2): 99-109.
807. Greenberg, C. H., D. G. Neary, and L. D. Harris. 1994. Effect of high-intensity
wildfire and silvicultural treatments on reptile communities in sand-pine scrub.
Conservation Biology 8(4): 1047-1057.
809. Greenberg, C. H., and M. C. Thomas. 1995. Effects of Forest ManagementPractices on Terrestrial Coleopteran Assemblages in Sand Pine Scrub. Florida
Entomologist 78(2): 271-285.
1231. Griffin, K., and D. H. Pletscher. 2006. Potential effects of highway mortality and
habitat fragmentation of painted turtles in Montana. Draft Final Report. Montana
Department of Transportation Research Bureau, Helena, MT. 47 p.
1189. Griggs, Gary B., and Barbara L. Walsh. 1981. The impact, control, and mitigation
of off-road activity in Hungry Valley, California. Environmental Geology 3(4): 229243.
1055. Groom, Jeremiah D., Lloyd B. McKinney, Lianne C. Ball, and Clark S. Winchell.
2007. Quantifying off-highway vehicle impacts on density and survival of a
threatened dune-endemic plant. Biological Conservation 135(1): 119-134.
1232. Groot Bruinerink, G. W. T. A., and E. Hazebroek. 1996. Ungulate traffic collisions
in Europe. Conservation Biology 10(4): 1059-1067.
813. Groves, C., T. Frederick, G. Frederick, E. Atkinson, M. Atkinson, J. Shepherd, and
G. Servheen. 1997. Density, distribution, and habitat of Flammulated Owls in
Idaho. Great Basin Naturalist 57(2): 116-123.
109. Grubb, T. G., P. Beier, L. L. Pater, and M. H. Reiser. 1999. Effects of helicopter
noise on Mexican spotted owls. Journal of Wildlife Management 63(1): 60-76.
1154. Grubb, T. G., and W. W. Bowerrnan. 1997. Variations in breeding bald eagle
response to jets, light planes, and helicopters. Journal of Raptor Research 31:
213-222.
1153. Grubb, T. G., and R. M. King. 1991. Assessing human disturbance of breeding
bald eagles with classification tree models. Journal of Wildlife Management 55:
501-512.
814. Gruell, G. E. 1979. Wildlife habitat investigations and management implications on
the Bridger-Teton National Forest. Pp. 63-74 in: M. S. Boyce and L. D. HaydenWing, North American Elk, Ecology, Behavior and Management. University of
Wyoming, Laramie, WY.
327. Gucinski, Hermann, Michael J. Furniss, Robert R. Ziemer, and Martha H. Brookes.
2001. Forest roads: a synthesis of scientific information. General Technical
Report PNW-GTR-509. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station, Portland, Oregon.
21. Gutzwiller, K. J. 1991. Assessing recreation impacts on wildlife: the value and
design of experiments. Transactions of the 56th North American Wildlife and
Natural Resources Conference: 249-255.
22. Gutzwiller, K. J. 1993. Serial management experiments: an adaptive management
approach to reduce recreational impacts on wildlife. Transactions of the 58th NA
Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference: 528-536.
1134. Gutzwiller, Kevin J. 1995. Recreational disturbance and wildlife communities. Pp.
169-182 in: R. L. Knight and K. J. Gutzwiller (editors), Wildlife and Recreationists:
Coexistence through Management and Research. Island Press, Washington D.
C.
168. Hagan, J. M., W. M. Vander Haegen, and P. S. Mckinley. 1996. The Early
Development of Forest Fragmentation Effects on Birds. Conservation Biology
10(4): 188-202.
170. Hale, M. L., P. W. W. Lurz, M. D. F. Shirley, S. Rushton, R. M. Fuller, and K. Wolff.
2001. Impact of landscape management on the genetic structure of red squirrel
populations. Science 293: 2246-2248.
1425. Hall, J. A. 1980. Direct impacts of off-road vehicles on vegetation. Pp. 63-74 in: P.
G. Rowlands (editor), The Effects of Disturbance on Desert Soils, Vegetation and
Community Processes with Emphasis on Off-Road Vehicles: a Critical Review.
U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, Riverside, CA.
1073. Halliday, T. R. 1993. Declining amphibians in Europe, with particular emphasis
on the situation in Britain. Environmental Reviews 1: 21-25.
817. Halpern, C. B. 1988. Early successional pathways and the resistance and
resilience of forest communities. Ecology 69(6): 1703-1715.
1426. Hammitt, W. E., and D. N. Cole. 1987. Wildland Recreation: Ecology and
Management. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
600. Hann, W. J. 1992. Management for landscape and ecosystem diversity. Pp. 63-71
in: A. G. Evenden and R. L. DeVelice (editors), Proceedings: Northern Region
Biodiversity Workshop, Missoula, MT, September 11-13, 1990. U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Region; Intermountain Research Station,
Missoula, MT.
1427. Hannah, D. H. 1992. Fragmentation in the Ocala National Forest: a GIS Analysis.
M.S. Thesis. University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
176. Harper, Karen A., S. Ellen MacDonald, Philip J. Burton, Jiquan Chen, Kimberley D.
Brosofske, Sari C. Saunders, Eugenie S. Euskirchen, Dar Roberts, Malanding S.
Jaiteh, and Per-Anders Esseen. 2005. Edge influence on forest structure and
composition in fragmented landscapes. Conservation Biology 19(3): 768-782.
1428. Harris, L., and G. Silva-Lopez. 1992. Forest fragmentation and the conservation
of biological diversity. Pp. 197-237 in: P. Fiedler and S. Jain (editors),
Conservation Biology, the Theory and Practice of Nature Conservation.
Chapman and Hall, New York, NY.
415. Harris, Larry D., and Patrick Kangas. 1988. Reconsideration of the Habitat
Concept. Transactions of the North American Natural Resource Conference 53:
137-144.
1430. Harrison, R. 1976. Environmental Effects of Off-Road Vehicles. Engineering
Technology Information System, San Dimas Equipment Development Center,
San Dimas, CA.
1199. Harrison, R. T. 1979. Predicting off-road vehicle acoustic impact on forest
recreation: a simplified method. Pp. 120-137 in, Recreational impact on
wildlands: conference proceedings, October 27-29, 1978, Seattle, Washington.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Region,
Portland, OR.
179. Haskell, D. G. 1995. A reevaluation of the effects of forest fragmentation on rates
of bird-nest predation. Conservation Biology 9(5): 1316-1318.
552. Haskell, David G. 2000. Effects of forest roads on macroinvertebrate soil fauna of
the southern Appalachian Mountains. Conservation Biology 14(1): 57-63.
1429. Havlick, D. G. 2002. No Place Distant: Roads and Motorized Recreation on
America's Public Lands. Island Press, Washington D.C.
1132. Hawbaker, Todd J., Volker C. Radeloff, Murray K. Clayton, Roger B. Hammer,
and Charlotte E. Gonzalez-Abraham. 2006. Road development, housing
development, and landscape fragmentation in Northern Wisconsin: 1937-1999.
Ecological Applications 16(3): 1222-1237.
1432. Heede, B. H. 1983. Control of rills and gullies in off-road vehicle traffic areas. Pp.
in: R. H. Webb and H. G. Wilshire (editors), Environmental Effects of Off-Road
Vehicles: Impacts and Management in Arid Regions. Springer-Verlag, New York,
NY.
829. Hellgren, E. C., M. R. Vaughan, and D. F. Stauffer. 1991. Macrohabitat use by
black bears in a southeastern wetlands. The Journal of Wildlife Management
55(3): 442-448.
828. Hellgren, E. C., and M. R. Vaughn. 1988. Seasonal food habits of black bears in
Great Dismal Swamp, Virginia-North Carolina. Proceedings of the Annual
Conference of Southeastern Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies 42: 295305.
833. Hessburg, P. F., B. G. Smith, and R. B. Salter. 1999. Detecting change in forest
spatial patterns from reference conditions. Ecological Applications 9(4): 12321252.
1433. Hinckley, B. S., R. M. Iverson, and B. Hallet. 1983. Accelerated water erosion in
ORV-use areas. Pp. 83-96 in: R. H. Webb and H. G. Wilshire (editors),
Environmental Effects of Off-Road Vehicles: Impacts and Management in Arid
Regions. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY.
1169. Hosier, P. E., M. Kochhar, and V. Thayer. 1981. Off-road vehicle and pedestrian
track effects on the sea-approach of hatchling loggerhead turtles. Environmental
Conservation 8(2): 158-161.
553. Hourdequin, Marion. 2000. Special Section: Ecological effects of roads.
Conservation Biology 14(1): 16-17.
332. Huijser, M. P., and P. J. M. Bergers. 2000. The effect of roads and traffic on
hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) populations. Biological Conservation 95: 111116.
1341. Huijser, M. P., P. McGowen, J. Fuller, A. Hardy, A. Kociolek, A. P. Clevenger, D.
Smith, and R. Ament. 2007. Wildlife-vehicle collision reduction study: report to
congress. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration,
Washington D. C. 260 p.
1206. Huijser, M. P., and K. J. S. Paul. 2008. A Literature Review for Parks Canada,
Kootenay National Park. Prepared by the Western Transportation Institute,
College of Engineering, Montana State University, for Parks Canada, Lake
Louise, Yoho and Kootenay, Radium Hot Springs, B. C. 119 p.
333. Inbar, M., and R. T. Mayer. 1999. Spatio-temporal trends in armadillo diurnal
activity and road-kills in central Florida. Wildlife Society Bulletin 27(3): 865-872.
1235. Iuell, B., G. J. Bekker, R. Cuperus, J. Dufek, G. Fry, C. Hicks, V. Hlavac, V.
Keller, B. Le Maire Wandall, C. Rosell, T. Sangwine, and N. Torslov. 2003.
Wildlife and traffic- a European handbook identifying conflicts and designing
solutions. COST 341 - Habitat Fragmentation due to transportation infrastructure,
1171. Iverson, Richard M., Bern S. Hinckley, Robert M. Webb, and Bernard Hallett.
1981. Physical effects of vehicular disturbance on arid landscapes. Science
212(4497): 915-917.
1065. Jaarsma, C. F., F. van Langevelde, J. M. Baveco, M. van Eupen, and J. Arisz.
2007. Model for rural transportation planning considering simulating mobility and
traffic kills in the badger Meles meles. Ecological Informatics 2(2): 73-82.
1237. Jackson, S. D. 1996. Underpass systems for amphibians. Pp. 1-4 in: G. L. Evink,
P. Garrett, D. Zeigler and J. Berry (editors), Trends in addressing transportation
related wildlife mortality. Proceedings of the transportation related wildlife
mortality seminar (June 1996). Florida Department of Transportation,
Tallahassee, FL.
1236. Jackson, S. D., and C. R. Griffin. 2000. A strategy for mitigating highway impacts
on wildlife. Pp. 143-159 in: T. A. Messmer and B. West (editors), Wildlife and
highways: seeking solutions to an ecological and socio-economic dilemma. The
Wildlife Society, Bethesda, MD.
1110. Jaeger, Jochen A. G., Jeff Bowman, Julie Brennan, Lenore Fahrig, Dan Bert,
Julie Bouchard, Neil Charbonneau, Karin Frank, Bernd Gruber, and Katharina
Tluk von Toschanowitz. 2005. Predicting when animal populations are at risk
from roads: an interactive model of road avoidance behavior. Ecological
Modelling 185(2-4): 329-348.
334. Jaeger, Jochen A. G., and L Fahrig. 2004. Effects of Road Fencing on Population
Persistence. Conservation Biology 18(6): 1651-1657.
183. Jager, H. I., E. A. Carr, and R. A. Efroymson. 2006. Simulated effects of habitat
loss and fragmentation on a solitary mustelid predator. Ecological Modelling 191:
416-430.
1434. Janis, M. W., and J. D. Clark. 2002. Responses of Florida panthers to
recreational deer and hog hunting. Journal of Wildlife Management 66(3): 839848.
1239. Jaren, V., R. Andersen, M. Ulleberg, P. H. Pedersen, and B. Wiseth. 1991.
Moose-train collisions: the effects of vegetation removal with a cost-benefit
analysis. Alces 27: 93-99.
1046. Johnson, Barry L. 1999. The role of adaptive management as an operational
approach for resource management agencies. Conservation Ecology 3(2): 8.
554. Jones, J. A., and Gordon E. Grant. 1996. Peak flow responses to clear-cutting and
roads in small and large basins, western Cascades, Oregon. Water Resources
Research 32(4): 959-974.
502. Jones, Julia A., Frederick J. Swanson, Beverley C. Wemple, and Kai U. Snyder.
2000. Effects of roads on hydrology, geomorphology, and disturbance patches in
stream networks. Conservation Biology 14(1): 76-85.
23. Joslin, G., and J. Youmans (editors). 1999. Effects of recreation on Rocky Mountain
wildlife: a review for Montana. Committee on Effects of Recreation on Wildlife,
Montana Chapter of the Willdife Society, Helena, MT.
401. Jules, Erik. S., Evan J. Frost, L. Scott Mills, and David A. Tallmon. 1999.
Ecological consequences of forest fragmentation in the Klamath Region. Natural
Areas Journal 19(4): 368-378.
1229. Kaseloo, Paul A. 2006. Synthesis of noise effects on wildlife populations. Pp. 3335 in: C. L. Irwin, P. Garrett and K. P. McDermott (editors), Proceedings of the
2005 International Conference on Ecology and Transportation. Center for
Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh,
NC.
503. Kauffman, J. Boone, Robert L. Beschta, Nick Otting, and Danna Lytjen. 1997. An
ecological perspective of riparian and stream restoration in the western United
States. Fisheries 22(5): 12-24.
504. Kaufmann, Merrill R., W. H. Moir, and W. W. Covington. 1992. Old-growth forests:
what do we know about their ecology and management in the Southwest and
Rocky Mountain Regions? Pp. 1-11 in: M. R. Kaufmann, W. H. Moir and R. L.
Bassett (technical coordinators), Old-growth forests in the Southwest and Rocky
Mountain Regions: Proceedings of a workshop. General Technical Report RM213. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and
Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO.
1196. Kay, Jeanne. 1981. Evaluating environmental impacts of off-road vehicles.
Journal of Geography 80(1): 10-18.
1228. Kaye, Delia R. J., Kevin M. Walsh, Eric L. Rulison, and Christopher C. Ross.
2006. Spotted turtle use of a culvert under relocated Route 44 in Carver,
Massachusetts. Pp. 426-441 in: C. L. Irwin, P. Garrett and K. P. McDermott
(editors), Proceedings of the 2005 International Conference on Ecology and
Transportation. Center for Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, NC.
420. Keller, Jeffrey K., and Charles R. Smith. 1983. Birds in a patchwork landscape.
Living Bird Quarterly 2(4): 20-23.
505. Klein, Mary L., Stephen R. Humphrey, and H. Franklin Percival. 1995. Effects of
ecotourism on distribution of waterbirds in a wildlife refuge. Conservation Biology
9(6): 1454-1465.
1062. Kleist, Andrea M., Richard A. Lancia, and Phillip D. Doerr. 2007. Using video
surveillance to estimate wildlife use of a highway underpass. Journal of Wildlife
Management 71(8): 2792-2800.
858. Klenner, W., W. Kurz, and S. Beukema. 2000. Habitat patterns in forested
landscapes: management practices and the uncertainty associated with natural
disturbances. Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 27(1-3): 243-262.
1240. Knapp, K. K., X. Yi, T. Oakasa, W. Thimm, E. Hudson, and C. Rathmann. 2004.
Deer-vehicle crash countermeasure toolbox: a decision and choice resource.
Final Report. Midwest Regional University Transportation Center, University of
Madison, Wisconsin, created for the Wisconsin Department of Transportation,
Madison, WS.
506. Knapp, Shannon M., Carola A. Haas, Douglas N. Harpole, and Roy L. Kirkpatrick.
2003. Initial effects of clearcutting and alternative silvicultural practices on
terrestrial salamander abundance. Conservation Biology 17(3): 752-762.
1141. Knight, R. L., and D. N. Cole. 1995. Wildlife responses to recreationalists. Pp. 5169 in: R. Knight and K. Gutzwiller (editors), Wildlife and Recreationists:
Coexistence Through Management and Research. Island Press, Washington,
D.C.
1142. Knight, R. L., and K. J. Gutzwiller. 1995. Wildlife and Recreationists: Coexistence
Through Management and Research. Island Press, Washington, D.C.
191. Knutson, M. G., J. R. Sauer, D. A. Olsen, M. J. Mossman, L. M. Hemesath, and M.
J. Lannoo. 1999. Effects of landscape composition and wetland fragmentation on
frog and toad abundance and species richness in Iowa and Wisconsin, U.S.A.
Conservation Biology 13(6): 1437-1446.
474. Koivula, Matti J., and Hendrik J. W. Vermeulen. 2005. Highways and forest
fragmentation - effects on carabid beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae). Landscape
Ecology 20: 911-926.
1090. Kolbe, Jay A., John R. Squires, Daniel H. Pletscher, and Leonard F. Ruggiero.
2007. The effect of snowmobile trails on coyote movements within lynx home
ranges. Journal of Wildlife Management 71(5): 1409-1418.
861. Kraaijeveld-Smit, F. J. L., D. B. Lindenmayer, and A. C. Taylor. 2002. Dispersal
patterns and population structure in a small marsupial, Antechinus agilis, from
two forests analysed using microsatellite markers. Australian Journal of Zoology
50(4): 325-338.
862. Kreutzwiser, R. D., and C. S. Wright. 1990. Factors influencing integrated forest
management on private industrial forest land. Journal of Environmental
Management 30(1): 31-46.
1068. Kristan III, William B., and William I. Boarman. 2007. Effects of anthropogenic
developments on common raven nesting biology in the west Mojave Desert.
Ecological Applications 17(6): 1703-1713.
426. Kruse, William H. 1999. Commercial fuelwood harvesting affects on small mammal
habitats in Central Arizona. Ecology and Management of Pinyon-juniper
communities within the interior West, 15-18 September 1997, Provo, UT, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station.
1125. Kuitunen, M., E. Rossi, and A. Stenroos. 1998. Do highways influence density of
land birds? Environmental Management 22(2): 297-302.
863. Kurczewski, F. E. 1998. Distribution, status, evaluation, and recommendations for
the protection of Tachysphex pechumani Krombein, the antennal- waving wasp.
Natural Areas Journal 18(3): 242-254.
864. Kurczewski, F. E. 2000. History of white pine (Pinus strobus)/oak (Quercus spp.)
savanna in southern Ontario, with particular reference to the biogeography and
status of the antenna-waving wasp, Tachysphex pechumani (Hymenoptera :
Sphecidae). Canadian Field Naturalist 114(1): 1-20.
1435. Kuss, F. R., A. R. Graefe, and J. J. Vaske. 1984. Recreation Impacts and
Carrying Capacity: a Review and Synthesis of Ecological and Social Research,
Draft Review Report Edition. University of Maryland, College Park, MD.
1459. Kutiel, P., E. Eden, and Y. Zhevelev. 2000. Effect of experimental trampling and
off-road motorcycle traffic on soil and vegetation of stabilized coastal dunes,
Israel. Environmental Conservation 27(1): 14-23.
195. Lacy, R. C. 1987. Loss of genetic diversity from managed populations: interacting
effects of drift, mutation, immigration, selection, and population subdivision.
Conservation Biology 1(2): 143-158.
1160. Lampila, Petri, Mikko Monkkonen, and Andre Desrochers. 2005. Demographic
responses by birds to forest fragmentation. Conservation Biology 19(5): 15371546.
1242. Land, D., and M. Lotz. 1996. Wildlife crossing designs and use by Florida
panthers and other wildlife in southwest Florida. Pp. 217-222 in: G. L. Evink, D.
Ziegler, P. Garrett and J. Berry (editors), Trends in addressing transportation
related wildlife mortality. FL-ER-58-96, Volume 71. Florida Department of
Transportation.
1107. Langley, Ricky Lee, Sheila Ann Higgins, and Kitty Brown Herrin. 2006. Risk
factors associated with fatal animal-vehicle collisions in the United States.
Wilderness and Environmental Medicine 17(4): 229-239.
1436. Larkin, R. P. 1996. Effects of military noise on wildlife: a literature review.
USACERL Technical Report 96/21. Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign,
IL.
1176. Lathrop, E. W. 1983. The effect of vehicle use on desert vegetation. Pp. 153-165
in: R. H. Webb and H. G. Wilshire (editors), Environmental effects of off-road
vehicles: impacts and management in arid regions. Springer-Verlag, New York,
NY.
507. Laudenslayer, W. F., and C. N. Skinner. 1995. Past climates, forests, and
disturbances of the Sierra Nevada, California: understanding the past to manage
for the future. Transactions of the Western Section of The Wildlife Society 31: 1926.
339. Laurance, S. G. W., P. C. Stouffer, and W. F. Laurance. 2004. Effects of road
clearings on movement patterns of understory rainforest birds in Central
Amazonia. Conservation Biology 18(4): 1099-1109.
868. Laurance, W. F. 2001. Tropical logging and human invasions. Conservation
Biology 15(1): 4-5.
869. Laurance, W. F., A. K. M. Albernaz, G. Schroth, P. M. Fearnside, S. Bergen, E. M.
Venticinque, and C. Da Costa. 2002. Predictors of deforestation in the Brazilian
Amazon. Journal of Biogeography 29(5-6): 737-748.
199. Laurance, W. F., and M. A. Cochrane. 2001. Special section: synergistic effects in
fragmented landscapes - Introduction. Conservation Biology 15(6): 1488-1489.
196. Laurance, W. F., and C. Gascon. 1997. How to creatively fragment a landscape.
Conservation Biology 11(2): 577-579.
655. Laurance, W. F., H. L. Vasconcelos, and T. E. Lovejoy. 2000. Forest loss and
fragmentation in the Amazon: implications for wildlife conservation. Oryx 34(1):
39-45.
407. Laurance, W. F., and E. Yensen. 1991. Predicting the impacts of edge effects in
fragmented habitats. Biological Conservation 55: 77-92.
1087. Leblond, Mathieu, Christian Dussault, Jean-Pierre Ouellet, Marius Poulin,
Rehaume Courtois, and Jacques Fortin. 2007. Electric fencing as a measure to
reduce moose-vehicle collisions. Journal of Wildlife Management 71(5): 16951703.
870. Lehmkuhl, J. F., J. G. Kie, L. C. Bender, G. Servheen, and H. Nyberg. 2001.
Evaluating the effects of ecosystem management alternatives on elk, mule deer,
and white-tailed deer in the interior Columbia River basin, USA. Forest Ecology
and Management 153(1-3): 89-104.
340. Lehnert, M. E., and J. A. Bissonette. 1997. Effectiveness of highway crosswalk
structures at reducing deer-vehicle collisions. Wildlife Society Bulletin 25(4): 809818.
1177. Lei, S. A. 2004. Soil compaction from human trampling, biking, and off-road motor
vehicle activity in a blackbrush (Coleogyne ramosissima) shrubland. Western
North American Naturalist 64: 125-130.
1460. Leung, Y-F., and J. L. Marion. 1996. Trail degradation as influenced by
environmental factors: a state-of-the-knowledge review. Journal of Soil and
Water Conservation 51(2): 130-136.
1346. Levy, A. 2005. Where the wildlife meets the road: Public Roads, U.S. Department
of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration.
1183. Li, Q., P. D. Ayers, and A. B. Anderson. 2007. Prediction of impacts of wheeled
vehicles on terrain. Journal of Terramechanics 44(2): 205-215.
1243. Little, S. J., R. G. Harcourt, and A. P. Clevenger. 2002. Do wildlife passages act
as prey traps? Biological Conservation 107: 135-145.
872. Litvaitis, J. A. 2001. Importance of early successional habitats to mammals in
eastern forests. Wildlife Society Bulletin 29(2): 466-473.
673. Lomolino, M. V., and D. R. Perault. 2000. Assembly and disassembly of mammal
communities in a fragmented temperate rain forest. Ecology 81(6): 1517-1532.
453. Lovich, Jeffrey E., and David Bainbridge. 1999. Anthropogenic degradation of the
southern California desert ecosystem and prospects for natural recovery and
restoration. Environmental Management 24(3): 309-326.
1077. Luckenbach, Roger A., and R. Bruce Bury. 1983. Effects of off-road vehicles on
the biota of the Algodones Dunes, Imperial County, California. Journal of Applied
Ecology 20: 265-286.
877. Lunney, D., L. O'Neill, A. Matthews, and W. B. Sherwin. 2002. Modelling
mammalian extinction and forecasting recovery: koalas at Iluka (NSW, Australia).
Biological Conservation 106(1): 101-113.
878. Lyon, L. J., and J. V. Basile. Influences of timber harvesting and residue
management on big game. Environmental Consequences of Timber Harvesting
in Rocky Mountain Coniferous Forests, Ogden, UT, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.
1461. Mace, B. A., P. A. Bell, and R. J. Loomis. 1999. Aesthetic, affective, and cognitive
effects of noise on natural landscape assessment. Society and Natural
Resources 12: 225-242.
1543. Macie, Edward A., and L. Annie Hermansen (editors). 2002. Human influences on
forest ecosystems: the southern wildland-urban influence assessment. General
Technical Report GTR-SRS-55. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Southern Research Station, Asheville, NC.
879. MacPhee, D. T. 1991. Prescribed burning and managed grazing restores tobasa
grassland, antelope populations (Arizona). Restoration & Management Notes
9(1): 35-36.
1349. Mader, H. -J. 1984. Animal habitat isolation by roads and agricultural fields.
Biological Conservation 29: 81-96.
1350. Mader, H. -J., C. Schell, and P. Kornacker. 1990. Linear barriers to arthropod
movements in the landscape. Biological Conservation 54: 209-222.
206. Mahan, C. G., and R. H. Yahner. 1999. Effects of forest fragmentation on
behaviour patterns in the eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus). Canadian Journal
of Zoology 77: 1991-1997.
681. Mann, S. L., R. J. Steidl, and V. M. Dalton. 2002. Effects of cave tours on breeding
Myotis velifer. Journal of Wildlife Management 66(3): 618-625.
207. Manolis, J. C., D. E. Andersen, and F. J. Cuthbert. 2000. Patterns in clearcut edge
and fragmentation effect studies in northern hardwood-conifer landscapes:
retrospective power analysis and Minnesota results. Wildlife Society Bulletin
28(4): 1088-1101.
682. Manor, R., and D. Saltz. 2003. Impact of human nuisance disturbance on vigilance
and group size of a social ungulate. Ecological Applications 13(6): 1830-1834.
1352. Mansergh, I. M., and D. J. Scotts. 1989. Habitat-continuity and social organization
of the mountain pygmy-possum restored by tunnel. Journal of Wildlife
Management 53: 701-707.
1353. Mansfield, T. M. , and B. D. Miller. 1975. Highway Deer-Kill District 02 Regional
Study. Internal report. California Department of Transportation, Sacramento.
1059. Markovchick-Nicholls, Lisa, Helen M. Regan, Douglas H. Deutschman, Astrid
Widyanata, Barry Martin, Lani Noreke, and Timothy Ann Hunt. 2008.
Relationships between human disturbance and wildlife land use in urban habitat
fragments. Conservation Biology 22(1): 1523-1739.
1098. Marsh, David M. 2007. Edge effects of gated and ungated roads on terrestrial
salamanders. Journal of Wildlife Management 71(2): 389-394.
342. Marsh, D. M., and N. G. Beckman. 2004. Effects of forest roads on the abundance
and activity of terrestrial salamanders. Ecological Applications 14(6): 1882-1891.
1126. Marsh, D. M., G. S. Milam, N. P. Gorham, and N. G. Beckman. 2005. Forest
roads as partial barriers to terrestrial salamander movement. Conservation
Biology 19(6): 2004-2008.
1108. Marshal, Jason P., Vernon C. Bleich, Paul R. Krausman, Mickey Lynn Reed, and
Nancy G. Adrew. 2006. Factors affecting habitat use and distribution of desert
mule deer in an arid environment. Wildlife Society Bulletin 34(3): 609-619.
1354. Martin, R. J. 1939. Highway toll. Michigan Conservation 9: 2.
343. Matchett, John R., Leila Gass, Matthew L. Brooks, Amy M. Mathie, Robert D.
Vitales, Michael W. Campagna, David M. Miller, and James F. Weigand. 2004.
Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Off-Highway Vehicle Use at the Dove Springs
OHV Open Area, California. U.S. Geologic Survey, Sacramento. 17.
478. Matlack, G. R. 1993. Microenvironment variation within and among forest edge
sites in the eastern United States. Biological Conservation 66: 185-194.
211. Matlack, Glenn R., and John Monde. 2004. Consequences of low mobility in
spatially and temporally heterogeneous ecosystems. Journal of Ecology 92:
1025-1035.
1121. Mazerolle, Marc J. 2005. Drainage ditches facilitate frog movements in a hostile
landscape. Landscape Ecology 20(5): 579-590.
1122. Mazerolle, Marc J., and A. Desrochers. 2005. Landscape resistance to frog
movements. Canadian Journal of Zoology 83(3): 455-464.
1035. Mazerolle, Marc J., Mattieu Huot, and Mireille Gravel. 2005. Behavior of
amphibians on the road in response to car traffic. Herpetologica 61(4): 380-388.
1355. McClure, H. L. 1951. An analysis of animal victims on Nebraska's highways.
Journal of Wildlife Management 15: 410-420.
509. McCorquodale, S. M. 2003. Sex-specific movements and habitat use by elk in the
Cascade Range of Washington. Journal of Wildlife Management 67(4): 729-741.
1542. McCown, Walter, Paul Kubilis, Thomas Eason, and Brian Scheick. 2004. Black
Bear Movements and Habitat Use Relative to Roads in Ocala National Forest.
Final Report Contract BD-016. Florida Department of Transportation and Florida
Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, 131 p.
205. McGarigal, K., and S. A. Cushman. 2002. Comparative evaluation of experimental
approaches to the study of habitat fragmentation effects. Ecological Applications
12(2): 335-345.
890. McGarigal, K., W. H. Romme, M. Crist, and E. Roworth. 2001. Cumulative effects
of roads and logging on landscape structure in the San Juan Mountains,
Colorado (USA). Landscape Ecology 16(4): 327-349.
1056. McGowan, Conor P., and Theodore R. Simons. 2006. Effects of human
recreation on the incubation behaviour of American Oystercatchers. The Wilson
Journal of Ornithology 118(4): 485-493.
1112. McGrann, A. M., M. C. McGrann, and R. J. Dial. 2005. Off-highway vehicle impact
on Astragulus magdalenae var. Piersonii, and other critical plant species of the
Algodones Dunes, California. California Fish and Game 91(2): 61-82.
1111. McGrann, M. C., G. R. Wright, R. J. Dial, and A. M. McGrann. 2006. Off-highway
vehicle impact on the flat-tailed horned lizard, Phyrnosoma Mcallii, in the
Colorado desert of southern California. California Fish and Game 92(2): 67-80.
1058. McGregor, Rachelle L., Darren J. Bender, and Lenore Fahrig. 2008. Do small
mammals avoid roads because of the traffic? Journal of Applied Ecology 45(1):
117-123.
683. McIntyre, S., and R. Hobbs. 1999. A framework for conceptualizing human effects
on landscapes and its relevance to management and research models.
Conservation Biology 13(6): 1282-1292.
1357. McLellan, B. N. , and D. M. Shackleton. 1988. Grizzly bears and resourceextraction industries: Effects of roads on behavior, habitat use and demography.
Journal of Applied Ecology 25: 451-460.
1359. Mech, L. D., S. H. Fritts, G. L. Raddle, and W. J. Paul. 1988. Wolf distribution
and road density in Minnesota. Wildlife Society Bulletin 16: 85-87.
213. Mech, S. G., and J. G. Hallett. 2001. Evaluating the effectiveness of corridors: a
genetic approach. Conservation Biology 15(2): 467-474.
1411. Melvin, S. M., A. Hecht, and C. R. Griffin. 1994. Piping plover mortalities caused
by off-road vehicles on Atlantic Coast beaches. Wildlife Society Bulletin 22(3):
409-414.
108. Merrill, Samuel B., and Craig R. Erickson. 2003. A GPS-based method to examine
wolf response to loud noise. Wildlife Society Bulletin 31(3): 769-773.
1462. Meyer, K. G. 2002. Managing degraded off-highway vehicle trails in wet,
unstable, and sensitive environments. Report 0223-2821-MTDC. U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Technology and Development
Program, Missoula, MT.
1463. Miller, N. P. 2002. Transportation noise and recreational lands. 2002 International
Congress on Noise Control Engineering, Dearborn, MI.
460. Miller, Nicholas P. 2004. Transportation noise and the value of natural quiet. Pp.
128-134 in: D. Harmon, B. M. Kilgore and G. E. Vietzke (editors), Protecting Our
Diverse Heritage: The Role of Parks, Protected Areas, and Cultural Sites.
Proceedings of the 2003 George Wright Society / National Park Service Joint
Conference. The George Wright Society, Hancock, MI.
656. Millions, D. G., and B. J. Swanson. 2007. Impact of natural and artificial barriers to
dispersal on the population structure of bobcats. Journal of Wildlife Management
71(1): 96-102.
216. Mills, L. S. 1995. Edge effects and isolation: red-backed voles on forest remnants.
Conservation Biology 9(2): 395-403.
675. Mills, L. S. 1996. Fragmentation of a natural area: dynamics of isolation for small
mammals on forest remnants. Pp. 199-219 in: R. G. Wright (editor), National
Parks and Protected Areas. Blackwell Science, Cambridge, Mass.
217. Mills, L. Scott, and D. A. Tallmon. 1999. The role of genetics in understanding
forest fragmentation. Pp. 171-186 in: J. A. Rochelle, L. A. Lehmann and J.
Wisniewski (editors), Forest Fragmentation: Wildlife and Management
Implications. Brill, Boston, Mass.
904. Mitchell, R. J., W. L. Neel, J. K. Hiers, F. T. Cole, and J. B. Atkinson Jr. 2000. A
model management plan for conservation easements in longleaf-dominated
landscapes. Pp. in. Joseph W. Jones Research Center, Newton, GA.
218. Moilanen, A., and B. A. Wintle. 2007. The Boundary-Quality Penalty: a Quantitative
Method for Approximating Species Responses to Fragmentation in Reserve
Selection. Conservation Biology 21(2): 355-364.
416. Monthey, Roger W. 1984. Wildlife considerations in the management of
fragmented older forests: The coast ranges of Northwest Oregon. Pp. 367-371 in:
W. R. Meehan, T. R. Merrell Jr. and T. A. Hanley (editors), Fish and Wildlife
Relationships in Old-Growth Forests. American Institute of Fisheries Research
and Biology, Juneau, Alaska.
1437. Morgantini, L. E., and R. J. Hudson. 1979. Human disturbance and habitat
selection in elk. Pp. 132-139 in: M. S. Boyce and L. D. Hayden-Wing (editors),
North American Elk: Ecology, Behavior and Management. University of
Wyoming, Laramie, WY.
441. Morrison, Michael L., and E. Charles Meslow. 1983. Avifauna associates with early
growth vegetation on clearcuts in the Oregon Coast Ranges. Report PNW-305.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Portland, OR.
346. Mumme, R. L., S. J. Schoech, G. E. Woolfenden, and J. W. Fitzpatrick. 2000. Life
and death in the fast lane: demographic consequences of road mortality in the
Florida scrub-jay. Conservation Biology 14(2): 501-512.
1464. Munger, J. C., B. R. Barnett, S. J. Novak, and A. A. Ames. 2003. Impacts of offhighway motorized vehicles on the reptiles and vegetation of the Owyhee Front.
Idaho Bureau of Land Management Technical Bulletin 03-3.
1367. Munguira, M. L. , and J. A. Thomas. 1992. Use of road verges by butterfly and
burnet populations, and the effect of roads on adult dispersal and mortality.
Journal of Applied Ecology 29: 316-329.
1368. Murphy, S. M., and J. A. Curatolo. 1987. Activity budgets and movement rates of
caribou encountering pipelines, roads and traffic in northern Alaska. Canadian
Journal of Zoology 65: 2483-2490.
1178. National Research Council. 1997. Toward a sustainable future: addressing the
long-term effects of motor vehicle transportation on climate and ecology. National
Academy Press, Washington D. C.
1369. Nellemann, C. , and R. D. Cameron. 1996. Effects of petroleum development on
terrain preferences of calving caribou. Arctic 49: 23-28.
1370. Nellemann, C., and R. D. Cameron. 1998. Cumulative impacts of an evolving oilfield complex on the distribution of calving caribou. Canadian Journal of Zoology
76: 1425-1430.
1371. Nellemann, C., I. Vistnes, P. Jordhoey, and O. Strand. 2001. Winter distribution
of wild reindeer in relation to power lines, roads and resorts. Biological
Conservation 101: 351-360.
222. Newmark, W. D. 1995. Extinction of mammal populations in western North
American national parks. Conservation Biology 9(3): 512-526.
915. Nilon, C. 2002. Managing for the wildlife at the urban-wildland interface. The
wildland-urban interface: sustaining forests in a changing landscape, Gainsville,
FL, University of Florida.
439. Nilsson, Sven G. 1986. Are bird communities in small biotope patches random
samples from communities in large patches? Biological Conservation 38: 179204.
423. Noble, Ian R., and R. Dirzo. 1997. Forests as human-dominated ecosystems.
Science 277: 522-525.
1096. Noel, Sarah, Martin Ouellet, Patrick Galois, and Francois-Joseph Lapointe. 2007.
Impact of urban fragmentation on the genetic structure of the eastern red-backed
salamander. Conservation Genetics 8(3).
676. Norse, E. A. 1986. Consequences of habitat fragmentation. Pp. 29-36 in,
Conserving biological diversity in our national forests. Chapter 4. The Wilderness
Society.
919. Noss, Reed F. 1993. A conservation plan for the Oregon Coast Range: some
preliminary suggestions. Natural Areas Journal 13(4): 276-290.
1438. Noss, R. F. 1996. The ecological effects of roads. Pp. 2-12 in, Road-Rippers
Handbook. Wildlands Center for Preventing Roads, Missoula, MT.
920. Noss, Reed F. 1999. Assessing and monitoring forest biodiversity: A suggested
framework and indicators. Forest Ecology and Management 115(2-3): 135-146.
918. Noss, Reed F., and L. D. Harris. 1990. Habitat connectivity and the conservation of
biological diversity: Florida as a case history. Proceedings of the Society of
American Foresters National Convention 1989: Forestry on the Frontier,
Bethesda, MD, The Society.
921. Noss, R. F., J. R. Strittholt, K. Vance-Borland, C. Carroll, and P. Frost. 1999. A
conservation plan for the Klamath-Siskiyou ecoregion. Natural Areas Journal
19(4): 392-411.
223. Nupp, T. E., and R. K. Swihart. 1998. Effects of forest fragmentation on population
attributes of white-footed mice and eastern chipmunks. Journal of Mammalogy
79(4): 1234-1243.
224. Nupp, T. E., and R. K. Swihart. 2000. Landscape-level correlates of small-mammal
assemblages in forest fragments of farmland. Journal of Mammalogy 81(2): 512526.
414. Odum, Eugene P. 1985. Trends expected in stressed ecosystems. BioScience
35(2): 419-422.
1374. Oetting, R. B. , and J. F. Cassel. 1971. Waterfowl nesting on interstate highway
right-of-way in North Dakota. Journal of Wildlife Management 35: 774-781.
225. Ohman, Karin, and Tomas Lamas. 2005. Reducing forest fragmentation in longterm forest planning by using the shape index. Forest Ecology and Management
212: 346-357.
1410. Oliff, T., K. Legg, and K. Baeding (editors). 1999. Effects of winter recreation on
wildlife of the Greater Yellowstone Area: a literature review and assessment.
Report to the Greater Yellowstone Coordinating Committee, Yellowstone
National Park, WY.
387. Opdam, P. 1991. Metapopulation theory and habitat fragmentation: a review of
holarctic breeding bird studies. Landscape Ecology 5(2): 93-106.
226. Opdam, P., and Hustings Rijsdijk, F. 1985. Bird communities in small woods in an
agricultural landscape: effects of area and isolation. Biological Conservation 34:
333-352.
660. Ortega, Y. K., and D. E. Capen. 1999. Effects of forest roads on habitat quality for
ovenbirds in a forested landscape. The Auk 116(4): 937-946.
227. Ostfeld, R. S. 1992. Small-mammal herbivores in a patchy environment: individual
strategies and population responses. Pp. 43-74 in: M. D. Hunter, T. Ohgushi and
P. W. Prive (editors), Effects of Resource Distribution on Animal-Plant
Interactions. Academic Press, Inc., New York.
924. Oswald, B. P., and W. W. Covington. 1983. Changes in understory production
following a wildfire in southwestern Ponderosa pine. Journal of Range
Management 36(4): 507-509.
1375. Oxley, D. J. , M. B. Fenton, and G. R. Carmody. 1974. The effects of roads on
populations of small mammals. Journal of Applied Ecology 11: 51-59.
26. Palmer, A. G., D. L. Nordmeyer, and D. D. Roby. 2003. Effects of jet aircraft
overflights on parental care of peregrine falcons. Wildlife Society Bulletin 31(2):
499-509.
559. Palomino, D., and L. M. Carrascal. 2007. Threshold distances to nearby cities and
roads influence the bird community of a mosaic landscape. Biological
Conservation 140: 100-109.
560. Parendes, Laurie A., and Julia A. Jones. 2000. Role of light availability and
dispersal in exotic plant invasion along roads and streams in the H.J. Andrews
Experimental Forest, Oregon. Conservation Biology 14(1): 64-75.
1376. Parker, G. R. 1981. Winter habitat use and hunting activities for lynx (Lynx
canadensis) on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Pp. 221-248 in: J. A. Chapman
and D. Pursley, Worldwide Furbearer Conference Proceedings. University of
Maryland, Frostburg.
1161. Parker, Timothy H., Brooke M. Stansberry, and C. Dustin Becker. 2005. Edge and
area effects on the occurrence of migrant forest songbirds. Conservation Biology
19(4): 1157-1167.
685. Parks, S. A., and A. H. Harcourt. 2002. Reserve size, local human density, and
mammalian extinctions in U. S. protected areas. Conservation Biology 16(3):
800-808.
1190. Payne, Gene F., John W. Foster, and Wayne C. Leininger. 1983. Vehicle impacts
on northern Great Plains range vegetation. Journal of Range Management 36(3):
327-331.
1071. Pechmann, H. M., and H. M. Wilbur. 1994. Putting declining amphibian
populations in perspective: natural fluctuations and human impacts.
Herpetologica 50: 65-84.
28. Pepper, C. B., M. A. Nascarella, and R. J. Kendall. 2003. A review of the effects of
aircraft noise on wildlife and humans, current control mechanisms, and the need
for further study. Environmental Management 32(4): 418-432.
232. Peres, C. A. 2001. Synergistic effects of subsistence hunting and habitat
fragmentation on Amazonian forest vertebrates. Conservation Biology 15(6):
1490-1505.
1057. Perez-Espona, S., F. J. Perez-Barberia, J. E. McLeod, C. D. Jiggins, I. J. Gordon,
and J. M. Pemberton. 2008. Landscape features affect gene flow of Scottish
Highland red deer (Cervus elaphus). Molecular Ecology 17(4): 981-986.
1115. Petel, T. D. V. P., J. M. Terhune, M. A. Hindell, and M. A. Giese. 2006. An
assessment of the audibility of sound from human transport by breeding Weddell
seals (Leptnychotes weddellii). Wildlife Research 33(4): 275-291.
513. Petraitis, P. S., R. E. Latham, and R. A. Niesenbaum. 1989. The maintenance of
species diversity by disturbance. The Quarterly Review of Biology 64(4): 393418.
350. Petram, W., F. Knauer, and P. Kaczensky. 2004. Human influence on the choice of
winter dens by European brown bears in Slovenia. Biological Conservation 119:
129-136.
1377. Pfister, H. P., V. Keller, H. Reck, and B. Georgii. 1997. Bio-okologische
Wirksamkeit von Grunbrucken uber Verkehrswege (Bio-ecological effectiveness
of wildlife overpasses or "green bridges" over roads and railway lines).
Herausgegeben vom Bundesministerium fur Verkehr Abeteilung Strassenbau,
Bonn-Bad Godesberg, Germany.
1064. Pickering, Catherine Marina, and Wendy Hill. 2007. Impacts of recreation and
tourism on plant biodiversity and vegetation in protected areas in Australia.
Journal of Environmental Management 85(4): 791-800.
233. Pickett, S. T. A., and John N. Thompson. 1978. Patch dynamics and the design of
nature reserves. Biological Conservation 13(1): 27-37.
1378. Piepers (editor), A. A. G. 2002. Infrastructure and nature: fragmentation and
defragmentation. Dutch State of Art Report for COST Activity 341. Report PDWW-2000-41. Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management,
Delft, Netherlands.
936. Pinchot, G. 1947. Breaking new ground. Pp. in. Harcourt, Brace, New York.
1156. Platt, J. B. 1977. The breeding behavior of wild and captive gyrfalcons in relation
to their environment and human disturbance. Ph.D. dissertation. Cornell
University, Ithaca, NY.
1408. Pomerantz, Gerri A., Daniel J. Decker, Gary R. Goff, and Ken G. Purdy. 1988.
Assessing impact of recreation on wildlife: a classification scheme. Wildlife
Society Bulletin 16(1): 58-62.
1123. Potocnik, I. 2003. Forest road formation width as an indicator of human impact on
forest environment. Ekologia-Bratislava 22(3): 298-304.
514. Pough, F. Harvey, Ellen M. Smith, Donald H. Rhodes, and Andres Collazo. 1987.
The abundance of salamanders in forest stands with different histories of
disturbance. Forest Ecology and Management 20(1): 1-9.
419. Poulin, V.A. 1982. An approach to solving conflicts related to fish and old-growth
logging on the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Fish and Wildlife
Relationships in Old-Growth forests, Juneau, Alaska, The Wildlife Society,
Northwest section.
515. Pounds, J. Alan, and Martha L. Crump. 1994. Amphibian declines and climate
disturbance: the case of the golden toad and the harlequin frog. Conservation
Biology 8(1): 72-85.
698. Pouyat, R. V., and W. C. Zipperer. 2002. Managing forests in urbanizing
landscapes. The wildland-urban interface: sustaining forests in a changing
landscape, Gainsville, FL, University of Florida.
29. Preisler, Haiganoush K., Alan A. Ager, and Michael J. Wisdom. 2006. Statistical
methods for analysing responses of wildlife to human disturbance. Journal of
Applied Ecology 43: 164-172.
1327. Prince George's County. 1999. Low-Impact Development Design Strategies: An
Integrated Design Approach. Prince George's County Department of
Environmental Resources, Prince George's County, MD.
1465. Priskin, J. 2003. Physical impacts of four-wheel drive related tourism and
recreation in a semi-arid, -natural coastal environment. Ocean and Coastal
Management 46: 127-155.
937. Puckett, K. M., W. E. Palmer, P. T. Bromley, J. R. Anderson Jr., and T. L. Sharpe.
2000. Effects of filter strips on habitat use and home range of northern bobwhites
on Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge in. Quail IV: Proceedings of the
Fourth National Quail Symposium, Tallahassee, FL, Tall Timbers Research
Station, 6-9 May 1997.
1379. Puglisi, M. J. , J. S. Lindzey, and E. D. Bellis. 1974. Factors associated with highway mortality of white-tailed deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 38: 799-807.
1238. Putman, R. J. 1997. Deer and road traffic accidents: options for management.
Journal of Environmental Management 51: 43-57.
1381. Quarles, H. D. , R. B. Hanawalt, and W. E. Odum. 1974. Lead in small mammals,
plants, and soil at varying distances from a highway. Journal of Applied Ecology
11: 937-949.
234. Quinn, J. F. 2004. Influence of habitat fragmentation and crop system on Columbia
Bain shrubsteppe communities. Ecological Applications 14(6): 1634-1655.
235. Radeloff, Volker C., Roger B. Hammer, and Susan I. Stewart. 2005. Rural and
suburban sprawl in the U.S. Midwest from 1940 to 2000 and its relation to forest
fragmentation. Conservation Biology 19.
351. Radle, Autumn Lyn. 2003. The effects of noise on wildlife: a literature review,
University of Oregon. 2003.
561. Ramp, Daniel, Vanessa K. Wilson, and David B. Croft. 2006. Assessing the
impacts of roads in peri-urban reserves: road-based fatalities and road usage by
wildlife in the Royal National Park, New South Wales, Australia. Biological
Conservation 129: 348-359.
1383. Ranney, J. W. , M. C. Bruner, and J. B. Levenson. 1981. The importance of edge
in the structure and dynamics of forest islands. Pp. 67-92 in: R. L. Burgess and
D. M. Sharpe (editor), Forest Island Dynamics in Man-Dominated Landscapes.
Springer-Verlag, New York.
1384. Raty, M. 1979. Effect of highway traffic on tetraonid densities. Ornis Fennica 56:
169-170.
517. Rebertus, Alan J., Thomas T. Veblen, Lynn M. Roovers, and Joy Nystrom Mast.
1992. Structure and dynamics of old-growth Engelmann Spruce-subalpine fir in
Colorado. Pp. 139-153 in: M. R. Kaufmann, W. H. Moir and R. L. B. t.
coordinators), Old-growth forests in the Southwest and Rocky Mountain Regions:
Proceedings of a workshop. General Technical Report RM-213. U. S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range
Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO.
699. Rechel, J. L. 1992. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) modelling of wildlife
movements across fire and urban disturbed landscapes. Bulletin of the
Ecological Society of America 73(2): 316.
1385. Reed, D. F. 1981. Effectiveness of highway lighting in reducing deer-vehicle
collisions. Journal of Wildlife Management 45: 721-726.
1386. Reed, D. F., T. M. Pojar, and T. N. Woodard. 1974. Use of one-way gates by
mule deer. Journal of Wildlife Management 38: 9-15.
1387. Reed, D. F., and A. L. Ward. 1985. Efficacy of methods advocated to reduce
deer-vehicle accidents: Research and rationale in the USA. Pp. 285-293 in,
Routes et faune sauvage. Service d'Etudes Techniques des Routes et
Autoroutes, Bagneaux, France.
1388. Reed, D. F., T. N. Woodard, and T. M. Pojar. 1975. Behavioral response of mule
deer to a highway underpass. Journal of Wildlife Management 39: 361-367.
677. Reed, R. A., J. Johnson-Barnard, and W. L. Baker. 1996. Contribution of roads to
forest fragmentation in the Rocky Mountains. Conservation Biology 10(4): 10981106.
32. Reed, S. E. 2007. Natural and Human Disturbance Factors Influencing Carnivore
Distributions and Implications for Conservation. Doctor of Philosophy. UC
Berkeley, Berkeley, CA. 226
1390. Reeve, A. F. 1988. Vehicle-Related Mortality of Mule Deer in Nugget Canyon,
Wyoming. Wyoming Cooperative Fisheries and Wildlife Research Unit, Laramie.
1391. Reeve, A. F., and S. H. Anderson. 1993. Ineffectiveness of Swareflex reflectors at
reducing deer-vehicle collisions. Wildlife Society Bulletin 21: 127-132.
1392. Reh, W. 1989. Investigations into the influence of roads in the genetic structure of
populations of the common frog Rana temporaria. Pp. 101-103 in: T. E. S.
Langton (editor), Amphibians and Roads. ACO Polymer Products, Shefford,
Bedforshire, England.
1389. Reh, W. , and A. Seiz. 1990. The influence of land use on the genetic structure of
populations of the common frog Rana temporaria. Biological Conservation 54:
239-249.
1393. Reijnen, M. J. S. M. , G. Veenbaas, and R. P. B. Foppen. 1995. Predicting the
Effects of Motorway Traffic on Breeding Bird Populations. Ministry of Transport,
Public Works and Water Management, Delft, Netherlands.
461. Reijnen, Rien, and Ruud Foppen. 1994. The effects of car traffic on breeding bird
populations in woodland. I. Evidence of reduced habitat quality for willow
warblers (Phylloscopus trochilus) breeding close to a highway. Journal of Applied
Ecology 31(1): 85-94.
463. Reijnen, Rien, and Ruud Foppen. 1995. The effects of car traffic on breeding bird
populations in woodland. IV. Influence of population size on the reduction of
density close to a highway. Journal of Applied Ecology 32(3): 481-491.
1394. Reijnen, R. , R. Foppen, and H. Meeuwsen. 1996. The effects of car traffic on the
density of breeding birds in Dutch agricultural grasslands. Biological
Conservation 75: 255-260.
563. Reijnen, Rien, Ruud Foppen, Cajo Ter Braak, and Johan Thissen. 1995. The
effects of car traffic on breeding bird populations in woodland. III. Reduction in
density in relation to the proximity of main roads. Journal of Applied Ecology
32(1): 187-202.
519. Reimers, E., S. Eftestol, and J. E. Colman. 2003. Behavior responses of wild
reindeer to direct provocation by a snowmobile or skier. Journal of Wildlife
Management 67(4): 747-754.
1409. Reinhart, D. P. 1999. Effects of winter recreation on habituated wildlife. Pp. 151154 in: T. Oliff, K. Legg and K. Baeding (editors), Effects of winter recreation on
wildlife of the Greater Yellowstone Area: a literature review and assessment.
Report to the Greater Yellowstone Coordinating Committee, Yellowstone
National Park, WY.
947. Rempel, R. S., P. C. Elkie, A. R. Rodgers, and M. J. Gluck. 1997. Timbermanagement and natural-disturbance effects on moose habitat: Landscape
evaluation. Journal of Wildlife Management 61(2): 517-524.
1084. Reynolds-Hogland, Melissa J., and Michael S. Mitchell. 2007. Effects of roads on
habitat quality for bears in the Southern Appalachians: a long term study. Journal
of Mammalogy 88(4): 1050-1061.
1083. Reynolds-Hogland, Melissa J., Michael S. Mitchell, Roger A. Powell, and Dottie
C. Brown. 2007. Selection of den sites by black bears in the Southern
Appalachians. Journal of Mammalogy 88(4): 1062-1073.
564. Rice, R. M., and J. Lewis. 1991. Estimating erosion risks associated with logging
and forest roads in northwestern California. Water Resources Bulletin 27(5): 809818.
444. Richards, William H., D. O. Wallin, and N. H. Schumaker. 2002. An analysis of late
seral forest connectivity in western Oregon, USA. Conservation Biology 16(5):
1409-1421.
1128. Rico, A., P. Kindlmann, and F. Sedlacek. 2007. Barrier effects of roads on
movements of small mammals. Folia Zoologica 56(1): 1-12.
1395. Riffell, S. K. 1999. Road mortality of dragonflies (Odonata) in a Great Lakes
coastal wetland. Great Lakes Entomologist 32: 63-73.
686. Riffell, S. K., K. J. Gutzwiller, and S. H. Anderson. 1996. Does repeated human
intrusion cause cumulative declines in avian richness and abundance?
Ecological Applications 6(2): 492-505.
355. Riley, S. P. D., R. M. Sauvajot, T. K. Fuller, E. C. York, D. A. Kamradt, C. Bromley,
and R. K. Wayne. 2003. Effects of Urbanization and Habitat Fragmentation on
Bobcats and Coyotes in Southern California. Conservation Biology 17(2): 566576.
237. Ritters, K., J. Wickham, R. O'Neill, B. Jones, and E. Smith. 2000. Global-scale
patterns of forest fragmentation. Conservation Ecology 4(2): 3.
356. Ritters, K. H., and J. D. Wickhamand. 2003. How far to the nearest road? Frontiers
in Ecology and the Environment 1(3): 125-129.
1037. Robichaud, Peter R., Jan L. Beyers, and Daniel G. Neary. 2000. Evaluating the
effectiveness of postfire rehabilitation treatments. General Technical Report
RMRS-GTR-63. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky
Mountain Research Station, Ogden, UT.
1167. Robinson, Scott K., Frank R. Thompson III, Therese M. Donovan, Donald R.
Whitehead, and John Faaborg. 1995. Regional forest fragmentation and the
nesting success of migratory birds. Science 267(5206): 1987-1990.
357. Robitaille, J., and K. Aubry. 2000. Occurrence and activity of American martens
Martes americana in relation to roads and other routes. Acta Theriologica 45:
137-143.
664. Rodewald, Amanda D. 2002. Nest predation in forested regions: landscape and
edge effects. Journal of Wildlife Management 66(3): 634-640.
700. Rodgers Jr., J. A. 1991. Minimum buffer zone requirements to protect nesting bird
colonies from human disturbance. Pp. 8 p. in. Florida Game and Fresh Water
Fish Commission, Bureau of Wildlife Research, Tallahassee, FL.
1116. Rodgers Jr., J. A., and H. T. Smith. 1997. Buffer distances to protect foraging and
loafing waterbirds from human disturbance in Florida. Wildlife Society Bulletin
25(1): 139-145.
1397. Rodriguez, A. , G. Crema, and M. Delibes. 1996. Factors affecting crossing of
red foxes and wildcats through non-wildlife passages across a high speed
railway. Ecography 20: 287-294.
1398. Rodriguez, A., G. Crema, and M. Delibes. 1997. Use of non-wildlife passages
across a high speed railway by terrestrial vertebrates. Journal of Applied Ecology
33: 1527-1540.
954. Roessler, J. S., and E. C. Packee. 2000. Disturbance history of the Tanana River
basin in Alaska: management implications. Pp. 46-57 in: W. K. Moser and C. F.
Moser (editors), Proceedings of the Twenty-first Tall Timbers Fire Ecology
Conference: 1998 April 14-16; Tallahassee, FL No. 21. Tall Timbers Research
Station, Tallahassee, FL.
1399. Rolley, R. E. , and L. E. Lehman. 1992. Relationship among raccoon road-kill
surveys, harvests, and traffic. Wildlife Society Bulletin 20: 313-318.
1400. Romin, L. , and L. B. Dalton. 1992. Lack of response by mule deer to wildlife
warning whistles. Wildlife Society Bulletin 20: 382-384.
1401. Romin, L. A. 1994. Factors associated with the highway mortality of mule deer at
Jordanelle Reservoir, Utah. Master's thesis. Utah State University, Logan.
1402. Romin, L. A., and J. A. Bissonette. 1996. Deer-vehicle collisions: Status of state
monitoring activities and mitigation efforts. Wildlife Society Bulletin 24: 276-283.
1403. Romin, L. A., and J. A. Bissonette. 1996. Temporal and spatial distribution of
highway mortality of mule deer on newly constructed roads at Jordanelle
Reservoir, Utah. Great Basin Naturalist 56: 1-11.
521. Romme, William H., David W. Jamieson, Jeffery S. Redders, Ginger Bigsby, J.
Page Lindsey, Deborah Kendall, Robert Cowen, Thomas Kreykes, Albert W.
Spencer, and Joseph C. Ortega. 1992. Old-growth forests of the San Juan
National Forest in southwestern Colorado. Pp. 154-165 in: M. R. Kaufmann, W.
H. Moir and R. L. Bassett (technical coordinators), Old-growth forests in the
Southwest and Rocky Mountain Regions: Proceedings of a workshop. General
Technical Report RM-213. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO.
1404. Roof, J. , and J. Wooding. 1996. Evaluation of the S. R. 46 wildlife crossing in
Lake County, Florida. Pp. in: G. L. Evink, P. Garrett, D. Zeigler and J. Berry
(editors), Trends in Addressing Transportation Related Wildlife Mortality.
Publication FL-ER-58-96. Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee, FL.
290. Root, K. V. 1998. Evaluating the effects of habitat quality, connectivity, and
catastrophes on a threatened species. Ecological Applications 8(3): 854-865.
1405. Rosell, C. , J. Parpal, R. Campeny, S. Jove, A. Pasquina, and J. M. Velasco.
1997. Mitigation of barrier effect on linear infrastructures on wildlife. Pp. in: K.
Canters (editor), Habitat Fragmentation & Infrastructure. Ministry of Transport,
Public Works and Water Management, Delft, Netherlands.
1406. Rosen, P. C., and C. H. Lowe. 1994. Highway mortality of snakes in the Sonoran
Desert of southern Arizona. Biological Conservation 68: 143-148.
388. Rosenberg, D. K., Barry R. Noon, and E. Charles Meslow. 1997. Biological
corridors: form, function, and efficacy. Bioscience 47(10): 677-687.
243. Rosenberg, K. V., J.D. Lowe, and A. A. Dhondt. 1999. Effects of forest
fragmentation on breeding tanagers: a continental perspective. Conservation
Biology 13(3): 568-583.
394. Rosenberg, Kenneth V., and Martin G. Raphael. 1986. Effects of forest
fragmentation on vertebrates in Douglas fir forests. Pp. 263-272 in: J. Verner, M.
L. Morrison and C. J. Ralph (editors), Wildlife 2000: Modeling Habitat
Relationships of Terrestrial Vertebrates. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison,
WI.
1468. Rost, G. R. , and J. A. Bailey. 1979. Distribution of mule deer and elk in relation to
roads. Journal of Wildlife Management 43: 634-641.
565. Row, Jeffrey R. , Gabriel Blouin-Demers, and Patrick J. Weatherhead. 2007.
Demographic effects of road mortality in black ratsnakes (Elaphe obsoleta).
Biological Conservation 137: 117-124.
358. Rowland, M. M., M. J. Wisdom, B. K. Johnson, and J. G. Kie. 2000. Elk distribution
and modeling in relation to roads. Journal of Wildlife Management 64(3): 672684.
1179. Rowlands, P. G. 1983. Effects of disturbance on desert soils, vegetation, and
community processes with emphasis on off-road vehicles: a critical review.
Desert Plan Staff Special Publication. U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of
Land Management, Riverside, California.
359. Ruediger, B. 2002. High, wide and handsome: designing more effective carnivore
crossings for roads and highways. From the mountains to the sea: a conference
on carnivore biology and conservation, Monterey, California, Defenders of
Wildlife.
1203. Ruediger, William. 2001. High, wide, and handsome: designing more effective
wildlife and fish crossings for roads and highways. Pp. 509-516 in: C. L. Irwin, P.
Garrett and K. P. McDermott (editors), Proceedings of the 2001 International
Conference on Ecology and Transportation. Center for Transportation and the
Enviroment, Raleigh, NC.
1472. Russell, H. N. , and D. Amadon. 1938. A note on highway mortality. Wilson
Bulletin 50: 205-206.
1066. Rytwinski, Trina, and Lenore Fahrig. 2007. Effect of road density on abundance
of white footed mice. Landscape Ecology 22(10): 1501-1512.
360. Saeki, M., and D. W. Macdonald. 2004. The effects of traffic on the raccoon dog
(Nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus) and other mammals in Japan. Biological
Conservation 118: 559-571.
408. Salwasser, Hal. 1985. Cumulative effects analysis: an advance in wildlife planning
and management. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural
Resources Conference, Washington, D.C.
246. Sanchez-Cordero, Victor, Patricia Illoldi-Rangel, Miguel Linaje, Sahotra Sarkar,
and A. Townsend Peterson. 2005. Deforestation and extant distributions of
Mexican endemic mammals. Biological Conservation 126: 465-473.
291. Santos, M. J. 2007. Testing wildlife connectivity in the California foothills ring:
crossing through the central valley or going around?
247. Saunders, D. A., R. J. Hobbs, and C. R. Margules. 1991. Biological consequences
of ecosystem fragmentation: a review. Conservation Biology 5(1): 18-32.
1539. Sauvajot, Raymond M., Marybeth Buechner, Denise A. Kamradt, and Christine M.
Schonewald. 1998. Patterns of human disturbance and response by small
mammals and birds in chaparral near urban development. Urban Ecosystems
2(4): 279-297.
1094. Sawyer, Hall, Ryan M. Nielson, Fred G. Lindzey, Lorraine Keith, Jake H. Powell,
and Anu A. Abraham. 2007. Habitat selection of Rocky Mountain Elk in a
nonforested environment. Journal of Wildlife Management 71(3): 868-874.
1473. Schafer, J. A. , and S. T. Penland. 1985. Effectiveness of Swareflex reflectors in
reducing deer-vehicle accidents. Journal of Wildlife Management 49: 774-776.
1198. Schlacher, Thomas A., and Luke M. C. Thompson. 2007. Exposure of fauna to
off-road vehicle (ORV) traffic on sandy beaches. Coastal Management 35(5):
567-583.
249. Schlaepfer, M. A., and T. A. Gavin. 2001. Edge effects on lizards and frogs in
tropical forest fragments. Conservation Biology 15(4): 1079-1090.
250. Schmiegelow, F. A., and M. Monkkonen. 2002. Habitat loss and fragmentation in
dynamic landscapes: avian perspectives from the boreal forest. Ecological
Applications 12(2): 375-389.
1474. Schonewald-Cox, C. , and M. Buechner. 1992. Park protection and public roads.
Pp. 373-396 in: P. L. Fieldler and S. L. Jain (editors), Conservation Biology: The
Theory and Practice of Nature Conservation, Preservation and Management.
373-395. Chapman and Hall, New York.
687. Schueck, L. S., J. M. Marzluff, and K. Steenhof. 2001. Influence of military
activities on raptor abundance and behavior. The Condor 103(3): 606-615.
1476. Schwartz (editor), M. W. 1997. Conservation in Highly Fragmented Landscapes.
Chapman & Hall, New York and London.
1477. Scott, T. G. 1938. Wildlife mortality on Iowa highways. American Midland
Naturalist 20: 527-539.
1479. Sedinger, J. S. , and A. A. Stickney. 2000. Black brant. Pp. 221-232 in: J. C.
Truett and S. R. Johnson (editors), The Natural History of an Arctic Oil Field:
Development and the Biota. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
1480. Semlitsch, R. D. 2000. Principles for management of aquatic-breeding
amphibians. Journal of Wildlife Management 64: 615-631.
1105. Semlitsch, Raymond D., Travis J. Ryan, Kevin Hamed, Matt Chatfield, Bethany
Drehman, Nicole Pakarek, Mike Spath, and Angie Watland. 2007. Salamander
abundance along road edges and within abandoned logging roads in
Appalachian forests. Conservation Biology 21(1): 159-167.
1201. Severinghaus, C. W., and B. F. Tullar. 1975. Wintering deer versus snowmobiles.
Conservationist 29(6): 31.
1529. Shafer, C. L. 2000. The northern Yellowstone elk debate: Policy, hypothesis, and
implications. Natural Areas Journal 20(4): 342-359.
1530. Sharitz, R. R., L. R. Boring, D. H. VanLear, and J. E. Pinder III. 1992. Integrating
ecological concepts with natural resource management of southern forests.
Ecological Applications 2(3): 226-237.
1531. Shepperd, Wayne D. 1992. A computer graphics technique for visualizing spatial
disturbance and succession in old-growth forests. Pp. 195-200 in: M. R.
Kaufmann, W. H. Moir and R. L. Bassett (technical coordinators), Old-growth
forests in the Southwest and Rocky Mountain Regions: Proceedings of a
Workshop. General Technical Report RM-213. U. S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort
Collins, CO.
1532. Shriver, W. G., T. P. Hodgman, J. P. Gibbs, and P. D. Vickery. 2004. Landscape
context influences salt marsh bird diversity and area requirements in New
England. Biological Conservation 119: 545-553.
1039. Shwiff, Stephanie A., Henry T. Smith, Alice M. Bard, Terese V. Harbor, Gayle W.
Heath, and Richard M. Engeman. 2003. An economic analysis of a simple
structural method to reduce road-kills of Royal terns at bridges. Caribbean
Journal of Science 39(2): 250-253.
972. Sidle, R. C. 1980. Impacts of forest practices on surface erosion. Oregon State
University, Extension Service, Corvallis, OR.
397. Simberloff, Daniel. 1993. How forest fragmentation hurts species and what to do
about it. Pp. 85-90 in: W. W. Covington and L. F. DeBano (editors), Sustainable
Ecological Systems: Implementing an Ecological Approach to Land
Management. General Technical Report GTR-RM-247. U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fort Collins,CO.
974. Simberloff, D. 2001. Management of boreal forest biodiversity - A view from the
outside. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research: 105-118.
251. Sisk, T. D., N. M. Haddad, and P. R. Ehrlich. 1997. Bird assemblages in patchy
woodlands: modeling the effects of edge and matrix habitats. Ecological
Applications 7(4): 1170-1180.
483. Sitonen, P., A. Lehtinen, and M. Sitonen. 2005. Effects of forest edges on the
distribution, abundance, and regional persistence of wood-rotting fungi.
Conservation Biology 19(1): 250-260.
1194. Slaughter, Charles W., Charles H. Racine, Donald A. Walker, Larry A. Johnson,
and Gunars Abele. 1990. Use of off-road vehicles and mitigation of effects in
Alaska permafrost environments: a review. Environmental Management 14(1):
63-72.
1487. Smith, W. T., and R. D. Cameron. 1985. Reactions of large groups of caribou to a
pipeline corridor on the artic coastal plain in Alaska. Arctic 38: 53-57.
1188. Sparrow, S. D., F. J. Wooding, and E. H. Whiting. 1978. Effects of off-road vehicle
traffic on soils and vegetation in the Denali Highway region of Alaska. Journal of
Soil and Water Conservation 33: 20-27.
1130. Spellerberg, Ian F. 1998. Ecological effects of roads and traffic: a literature
review. Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters 7(5): 317-333.
1180. Spellerberg, Ian F. 2002. Ecological effects of roads. Science Publishers Inc.,
Plymouth, United Kingdom.
484. Spies, Thomas A., William J. Ripple, and G. A. Bradshaw. 1994. Dynamics and
pattern of a managed coniferous forest landscape in Oregon. Ecological
Applications 4(3): 555-568.
1535. Springfield, H. W. 1976. Characteristics and management of southwestern
pinyon-juniper ranges: the status of our knowledge. Research paper. U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range
Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO.
688. Stalmaster, M. V., and J. L. Kaiser. 1998. Effects of recreational activity on
wintering bald eagles. Wildlife Monographs 137: 1-46.
362. Stanley Jr., T. R., and J. Bart. 1991. Effects of roadside habitat and fox density on
a snow track survey for foxes in Ohio. Ohio Journal of Science 91(5): 186-190.
1488. Starrett, W. C. 1938. Highway casualties in Central Illinois during 1937. Wilson
Bulletin 50: 193-196.
363. Steen, D. A., and J. P. Gibbs. 2004. Effects of roads on the structure of freshwater
turtle populations. Conservation Biology 18(4): 1143-1148.
1095. Steen, David A., Lora L. Smith, L. Mike Conner, Jean C. Brock, and Shannon K.
Hoss. 2007. Habitat use of sympatric rattlesnake species within the Gulf Coastal
Plain. Journal of Wildlife Management 71(3): 759-764.
689. Steidl, R. J., and R. G. Anthony. 1996. Responses of bald eagles to human activity
during the summer in interior Alaska. Ecological Applications 6(2): 482-491.
253. Stephens, S. E., D. N. Koons, J. J. Rotella, and D. W. Willey. 2003. Effects of
habitat fragmentation on avian nesting success: a review of the evidence at
multiple spatial scales. Biological Conservation 115: 101-110.
523. Stillwater Sciences. 1999. Literature review for headwater amphibians: cascades
frog. Draft report. 7 p.
1490. Stoner, D. 1936. Wildlife casualties on the highways. Wilson Bulletin 48: 276-283.
1537. Stowkowski, Patricia A., and Christopher B. LaPointe. 2000. Environmental and
social effects of ATVs and ORVs: an annotated bibliography and research
assessment. University of Vermont, School of Natural Resources, Burlington, VT.
32 p.
1092. Stubblefield, Cynthia H., Kerri T. Vierling, and Mark A. Rumble. 2006. Landscapescale attributes of elk centers of activity in the central Black Hills of South
Dakota. Journal of Wildlife Management 70(4): 1060-1069.
398. Suarez, A. V., D. T. Bolger, and T. J. Case. 1998. Effects of fragmentation and
invasion on native ant communities on coastal southern California. Ecology 79:
2041-2056.
422. Suarez, A. V., K. S Pfennig, and S. K. Robinson. 1997. Nesting success of a
disturbance-dependent songbird on different kinds of edges. Conservation
Biology 11: 928-935.
1103. Suring, Lowell H., Sean D. Farley, Grant V. Hilderbrand, Michael I. Goldstein,
Shay Howlin, and Wallace P. Erickson. 2006. Patterns of landscape use by
female brown bears on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Journal of Wildlife
Management 70(6): 1580-1587.
1127. Svobodova, J., M. Salek, and T. Albrecht. 2007. Roads do not increase predation
on experimental nests in a highly fragmented forest landscape. Folia Zoologica
56(1): 84-89.
1157. Swarthout, E. C. H., and R. J. Steidl. 2001. Flush response of Mexican spotted
owls to recreationists. Journal of Wildlife Management 65: 312-317.
254. Swihart, R. K., T. M. Gehring, M. B. Kolozsvary, and T. E. Nupp. 2003.
Responses of 'resistant' vertebrates to habitat loss and fragmentation: the
importance of niche breadth and range boundaries. Diversity and Distributions 9:
1-18.
485. Swihart, Robert K., Jeffrey J. Lusk, Joseph E. Duchamp, Carol E. Rizkalla, and
Jeffrey E. Moore. 2006. The roles of landscape context, niche breadth, and range
boundaries in predicting species responses to habitat alteration. Diversity and
Distributions 12: 277-287.
1492. Tabor, R. 1974. Earthworms, crows, vibrations and motorways. New Scientist 62:
482-483.
255. Talancy, Neil W. 2005. Effects of habitat fragmentation and landscape context on
medium-sized mamalian predators in northeastern national parks. University of
Rhode Island, 122 p.
256. Tallmon, D. A., E. S. Jules, N. J. Radke, and L. S. Mills. 2003. Of mice and men
and trillium: cascading effects of forest fragmentation. Ecological Applications
13(5): 1193-1203.
257. Tallmon, D. A., and L. S. Mills. 2004. Edge Effects and Isolation: Red-Backed
Voles Revisited. Conservation Biology 18(6): 1658-1664.
1082. Tanner, Dawn, and Jim Perry. 2007. Road effects on abundance and fitness of
Galapagos lava lizards (Microlophus albemariensis). Journal of Environmental
Management 85(2): 270-278.
1493. Taskula, T. 1997. The moose ahead. Traffic Technology International 42: 170173.
990. Taulman, J. F., and L. W. Robbins. 1996. Recent range expansion and
distributional limits of the nine- banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus) in the
United States. Journal of Biogeography 23(5): 635-648.
1145. Taylor, Audrey R., and Richard L. Knight. 2003. Wildlife responses to recreation
and associated visitor perceptions. Ecological Applications 13(4): 951-963.
1202. Taylor, Richard B. 2006. The effects of off-road vehicles on ecosystems. Texas
Parks and Wildlife, Uvalde, TX. 12 p.
36. Telesco, D. J., and F. T. Van Manen. 2006. Do Black Bears Respond to Military
Weapons Training? Journal of Wildlife Management 70(1): 222-230.
1444. The Wilderness Society. 2006. Addressing the ecological effects of off-road
vehicles (ORV's). Science and Policy Brief 3: 1-16.
566. Theuerkauf, J., W. Jedrzejewski, K. W. Schmidt, and R. Gula. 2003.
Spatiotemporal segregation of wolves from humans in the Bialowieza Forest
(Poland). Journal of Wildlife Management 67(4): 706-716.
1494. Thiel, R. P. 1985. Relationship between road densities and wolf habitat suitability
in Wisconsin. American Midland Naturalist 113: 404-407.
1448. Thompson, Katherine A. 2007. Management perceptions of off-highway vehicle
use on National Forest system lands in Appalachia. M.S. Thesis. West Virginia
University, Morgantown, WV. 155 p.
1495. Thurber, J. M., R. O. Peterson, T. D. Drummer, and S. A. Thomasma. 1994.
Gray wolf response to refuge boundaries and roads in Alaska. Wildlife Society
Bulletin 22: 61-68.
702. Tilman, D., and C. Lehman. 2001. Human-caused environmental change: Impacts
on plant diversity and evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America 98(10): 5433-5440.
258. Tilman, D., R. M. May, C. L. Lehman, and M. A. Nowak. 1994. Habitat destruction
and the extinction debt. Nature 371: 65-66.
997. Torpy, F. R., D. A. Morrison, and B. J. Bloomfield. 1999. The influence of fire
frequency an arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization in the shrub Dillwynia retorta
(Wendland) Druce (Fabaceae). Mycorrhiza 8(6): 289-296.
998. Trainor, C., A. Fisher, J. Woinarski, and S. Churchill. 2000. Multiscale patterns of
habitat use by the Carpentarian rock-rat (Zyzomys palatalis) and the common
rock-rat (Z-argurus). Wildlife Research 27(3): 319-332.
661. Trombulak, S. C., and C. A. Frissell. 2000. Review of ecological effects of roads on
terrestrial and aquatic communities. Conservation Biology 14(1): 18-30.
1496. Truett, J. C. , and S. R. Johnson (editors). 2000. The natural history of an arctic
oil field: development and the biota. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
260. Trzcinski, M. K., L. Fahrig, and G. Merriam. 1999. Independent effects of forest
cover and fragmentation on the distribution of forest breeding birds. Ecological
Applications 9(2): 586-593.
1053. Tull, John C., and Peter F. Brussard. 2007. Fluctuating Asymmetry as an
Indicator of Environmental Stress From Off-Highway Vehicles. Journal of Wildlife
Management 71(6): 1944-1948.
1101. Tull, John C., and Paul R. Krausman. 2007. Habitat use of a fragmented
landscape by females in a small population of desert mule deer. The
Southwestern Naturalist 52(1): 104-109.
1497. Turtle, S. L. 2000. Embryonic survivorship of the spotted salamander
(Ambystoma maculatum) in roadside and woodland vernal pools in southeastern
New Hampshire. Journal of Herpetology 34: 60-67.
1498. Ujvari, M., H. J. Baagoe, and A. B. Madsen. 1998. Effectiveness of wildlife
warning reflectors in reducing deer-vehicle collisions: a behavioral study. Journal
of Wildlife Management 62: 1094-1099.
1499. Underhill, J. E. , and P. G. Angold. 2000. Effects of roads on wildlife in an
intensively modified landscape. Environmental Review 8: 21-39.
1538. Unsworth, J. W., J. J. Beecham, and L. R. Irby. 1989. Female black bear habitat
use in west-central Idaho. The Journal of Wildlife Management 53(3): 668-673.
1500. van Bohemen, H. D. 1996. Mitigation and compensation of habitat fragmentation
caused by roads: strategy, objectives and practical measures. Transportation
Research Record 1475: 133-137.
1501. van der Zande, A. N. , W. J. Ter Keurs, and W. J. van der Weijden. 1980. The
impact of roads on the densities of four bird species in an open field habitat:
evidence of a long-distance effect. Biological Conservation 18: 299-321.
1502. van der Zee, F. F. , J. Wiertz, C. J. F. Ter Braak, and R. C. Apeldoorn. 1992.
Landscape change as a possible cause of the badger Meles meles L. decline in
The Netherlands. Biological Conservation 61: 17-22.
1503. van Dyke, F. B. , R. H. Brocke, H. G. Shaw, B. B. Ackerman, T. P. Hemker,
and F. G. Lindzey. 1986. Reactions of mountain lions to logging and human
activity. Journal of Wildlife Management 50: 95-102.
1505. Venier, L. , and L. Fahrig. 1996. Habitat availability causes the species
abundance-distribution relationship. Oikos 76: 564-570.
265. Villard, M., M. K. Trzcinski, and G. Merriam. 1999. Fragmentation effects on forest
birds: relative influence of woodland cover and configuration on landscape
occupancy. Conservation Biology 13(4): 774-783.
267. Virgos, E., and F. J. Garcia. 2002. Patch occupancy by stone martens Martes foina
in fragmented landscapes of central Spain: the role of fragment size, isolation
and habitat structure. Acta Oecologica 23(4): 231-237.
268. Virgos, E., J. L. Telleria, and T. Santos. 2002. A comparison on the response to
forest fragmentation by medium-sized Iberian carnivores in central Spain.
Biodiversity and Conservation 11: 1063-1079.
1195. Vollmer, A. T., B. G. Maza, P. A. Medica, F. B. Turner, and S. A. Bamberg. 1977.
The impact of off-road vehicles on a desert ecosystem. Environmental
Management 1(2): 115-129.
1093. Vors, Liv S., James A. Schaefer, Bruce A. Pond, Arthur R. Rodgers, and Brent R.
Patterson. 2007. Woodland caribou extirpation and anthropogenic disturbance in
Ontario. Journal of Wildlife Management 71(4): 1249-1256.
1506. Vos, C. C. 1997. Effects of road density: A case study of the moor frog. Pp. 93-97
in: K. Canters (editor), Habitat Fragmentation & Infrastructure. Ministry of
Transport, Public Works and Water Management, Delft, Netherlands.
1508. Vos, C. C., and J. P. Chardon. 1998. Effects of habitat fragmentation and road
density on the distribution pattern of the moor frog Rana arvalis. Journal of
Applied Ecology 35: 44-56.
1509. Walker, D. A. , P. J. Webber, E. F. Binnian, K. R. Everett, N. D. Lederer, E. A.
Norstrand, and M. D. Walker. 1987. Cumulative impacts of oil fields on northern
Alaskan landscapes. Science 338: 757-761.
1510. Ward, A. L. 1982. Mule deer behavior in relation to fencing and underpasses on
Interstate 80 in Wyoming. Transportation Research Record 859: 8-13.
1512. Warren, E. R. 1936. Casualties among animals on mountain roads. Science 83:
14.
446. Watling, James I., and Maureen A. Donnelly. 2006. Fragments as islands: a
synthesis of faunal responses to habitat patchiness. Conservation Biology 20(4):
1016-1025.
269. Wauters, L. A., Y. Hutchinson, D. T. Parkin, and A. A. Dhondt. 1994. The effects of
habitat fragmentation on demography and on the loss of genetic variation in the
red squirrel. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B: Biological
Sciences.
1514. Weathers, K. C. , M. L. Cadenasso, and S. T. A. Pickett. 2001. Forest edges as
nutrient and pollutant concentrations: potential synergisms between
fragmentation, forest canopies, and the atmosphere. Conservation Biology 15:
1506-1514.
1515. Weaver, T. , and D. Dale. 1978. Trampling effects of hikers, motorcycles and
horses in meadows and forest. Journal of Applied Ecology 15: 451-457.
1516. Webb, R. H. 1982. Off-road motorcycle effects on a desert soil. Environmental
Conservation 9: 197-208.
1442. Webb, R. H. 1983. Compaction of desert soils by off-road vehicles. Pp. 51-79 in:
R. H. Webb and H. G. Wilshire (editors), Environmental Effects of Off-Road
Vehicles: Impacts and Management in Arid Regions. Springer-Verlag, New York,
NY.
1187. Webb, Robert H., H. Craig Ragland, William H. Godwin, and Oennis Jenkins.
1978. Environmental effects of soil property changes with off-road vehicle use.
Environmental Management 2(3): 219-233.
1431. Webb, R. H., and H. G. Wilshire (editors). 1983. Environmental Effects of OffRoad Vehicles: Impacts and Management in Arid Regions. Springer-Verlag, New
York, NY.
1181. Webb, R. H., and Howard G. Wilshire. 1978. A bibliography of the effects of offroad vehicles. Open file report 78-149. U.S. Department of the Interior,
Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA.
530. Welsh Jr., Hartwell H., Howard B. Stauffer, David R. Clayton, and Lisa M. Ollivier.
2007. Strategies for modeling habitat relationships of uncommon species: an
example using the Siskiyou Mountains salamander (Plethodon stormi).
Northwest Science 81(1): 15-36.
271. Westphal, M. I., S. A. Field, A. J. Tyre, D. Paton, and H. Possingham. 2003.
Effects of landscape pattern on bird species distribution in the Mt. Lofty ranges,
South Australia. Landscape Ecology 18: 413-426.
1061. Whitaker, Darroch M., Dean F. Stauffer, Gary W. Norman, Patrick K. Devers,
John Edwards, William M. Giuliano, Craig Harper, William Igo, Jeff Sole, Harry
Spiker, and Brian Tefft. 2007. Factors associated with variation in home-range
size of Appalachian ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus). The Auk 124(4): 14071424.
1158. White, C. M., and T. L. Thurow. 1985. Reproduction of ferruginous hawks
exposed to controlled disturbance. Condor 87(1): 14-22.
1518. White, F. B. 1929. Birds and motor cars. Auk 50: 236.
1519. Whitten, K. , and R. D. Cameron. 1983. Movements of collared caribou, Rangifer
tarandus, in relation to petroleum development on the Arctic Slope of Alaska.
Canadian Field Naturalist 97: 143-146.
83. Whittington, J., C. C. St. Clair, and G. Mercer. 2004. Path tortuosity and the
permeability of roads and trails to wolf movement. Ecology and Society 9(1): 4.
1520. Wiens, J. A. 1996. Wildlife in patchy environments: metapopulations, mosaics,
and managment. Pp. 53-84 in: D. R. McCullough (editor), Metapopulations and
Wildlife Conservation. Island Press, Washington, D. C.
487. Wilcox, B. A., and D. D. Murphy. 1985. Conservation strategy: the effects of
fragmentation on extinction. The American Naturalist 125: 879-887.
1521. Wilkins, K. T. 1982. Highways as barriers to rodent dispersal. Southwestern
Naturalist 27: 459-460.
1173. Wilshire, Howard G. 1976. Off-road vehicle effects on California's Mojave Desert.
California Geology 29(6): 123-132.
1182. Wilshire, Howard G. 1978. Study results of 9 sites used by off-road vehicles that
illustrate land modifications. Open file report 77-601. U.S. Department of the
Interior, Geological Survey,
1443. Wilshire, H. G. 1983. The impact of vehicles on desert soil stabilizers. Pp. 31-50
in: R. H. Webb and H. G. Wilshire (editors), Environmental Effects of Off-Road
Vehicles: Impacts and Management in Arid Regions. Springer-Verlag, New York,
NY.
1159. Windsor, J. 1977. The response of Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) to
aircraft and human disturbance. Report for Environmental Social Programs.
Canadian Wildlife Service. Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Investigations,
370. Wisdom, Michael J., Alan A. Ager, Haiganoush K. Preisler, Norman J. Cimon, and
Bruce K. Johnson. 2004. Effects of off-road recreation on mule deer and elk. Pp.
531-550 in, Transactions of the 69th North American Wildlife and Natural
Resources Conference.
1205. Wisdom, Michael J., and Lisa J. Bate. 2008. Snag density varies with intensity of
timber harvest and human access. Forest Ecology and Management 255: 20852093.
1208. Wisdom, M. J., R. S. Holthausen, B. K. Wales, C. D. Hargis, V. A. Saab, D. C.
Lee, W. J. Hann, T. D. Rich, M. M. Rowland, W. J. Murphy, and M. R. Eames.
2000. Source habitats for terrestrial vertebrates of focus in the interior Columbia
Basin: broad-scale trends and management implications. General Technical
Report PNW-GTR-485. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station, Portland, OR.
1016. Wissman, Robert C., Jeanette E. Smith, Bruce A. McIntosh, Hiram W. Li, Gordon
H. Reeves, and James R. Sedell. 1994. A History of Resource Use and
Disturbance in Riverine Basins of Eastern Oregon and Washington (Early 1800s1990s). Northwest Science 68: 1-35.
274. Wolff, J. O., E. M. Schauber, and W. D. Edge. 1997. Effects of habitat loss and
fragmentation on the behavior and demography of grey-tailed voles.
Conservation Biology 11(4): 945-956.
1522. Woodward, S. M. 1990. Population density and home range characteristics of
woodchucks, Marmota monax, at expressway interchanges. Canadian Field
Naturalist 104: 421-428.
1446. Wright, Richard, David McKinsey, and Barbara Bell. 1992. Integrating soil loss
standards and geographic information systems in the management of offhighway vehicle parks. LIS 1992 Annual Conference and Exposition, San Jose,
CA, ACSM, ASPRS, AM/FM International, AG, URISA.
1022. Wyant, J. G., R. J. Alig, and W. A. Bechtold. 1991. Physiographic position,
disturbance and species composition in North Carolina coastal plain forests.
Forest Ecology and Management 41: 1-19.
1447. Yack, Tina, Ann Bowles, Keith Slauson, William Zielinski, and Kenneth Plotkin.
2006. An acoustic technique for monitoring off-highway vehicle (OHV) use with
sound level meter data: comparison with trailmaster records. The Journal of the
Acoustical Society of America 120(5): 3337.
427. Yahner, Richard H. 1986. Microhabitat use by small mammals in even-aged forest
stands. American Midland Naturalist 115(1): 174-180.
277. Yahner, Richard H. 1996. Forest fragmentation, artificial nest studies, and predator
abundance. Conservation Biology 10(2): 672-673.
371. Yahner, Richard H., and C. G. Nahan. 1997. Effects of logging roads on
depredation of artificial ground nests in a forested landscape. Wildlife Society
Bulletin 25(1): 158-162.
393. Yates, M. D. , and R. M. Muzika. 2006. Effect of forest structure and fragmentation
on site occupancy of bat species in Missouri Ozark Forests. Journal of Wildlife
Management 70: 1238-1248.
1524. Yost, A. C., and R. G. Wright. 2001. Moose, caribou, and grizzly bear distribution
in relation to road traffic in Denali National Park, Alaska. Arctic 54: 41-48.
1041. Young, A. , and N. Mitchell. 1994. Microclimate and vegetation edge effects in a
fragmented podocarp-broadleaf forest in New Zealand. Biological Conservation
67: 63-72.
1525. Zacks, J. L. 1986. Do white-tailed deer see red? Premise underlying the design
of Swareflex wildlife reflectors. Transportation Research Record 1075: 35-43.
1540. Zielinski, William J., Keith M. Slauson, and Ann E. Bowles. in press. Effects of offhighway use on the American marten. Journal of Wildlife Management.
1042. Ziemer, Robert R., Jack Lewis, Raymond M. Rice, and Thomas E. Lisle. 1991.
Modeling the cumulative watershed effects of forest management strategies.
Journal of Environmental Quality 20(1): 36-42.