W
r,
b Bulletin 23
S'C 1 44
September 1978
I
C) 7
'COMPACT
OREGON STATE
UNIVERSITY RARIES
II ! llll!
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III1II11llIllllllfllillSl
12 0005220344
S
n S 10.rest
Pn
trib ULtion
resources:
in the state's economy
ate
J.Douglas Brodie
Robert O. McMahon
William H. Gavelis
n\ A in
REIEilRCH CAB
State University,
School Of Forestry
Corvallis, Oregon 97331
ratory-part of the School of Forestry
at Oregon State University in Corvallis-has been studying forests and why
they are like they are. A staff of more
than 50 scientists conducts research to
provide information for wise public and
private decisions on managing and using
Oregon's forest resources and operating
its wood-using industries. Because of
this research, Oregon's forests now
the authors
J.
Douglas
McMahon
Brodie and Robert O.
Assistant Professor of
are
Forest Management and Associate Professor of Forest Products, Oregon State
University, Corvallis. William H. Gavelis,
former Graduate Research Assistant in
Forest Management, Oregon State
University, is now Regeneration Forester, Quinault Nation, Washington.
yield more in the way of wood products, water, forage, wildlife, and recreation. Wood products are harvested,
processed, and used more efficiently.
Employment, productivity, and profitability in industries dependent on forests
also have been strengthened. And this
research has helped Oregon to maintain
a quality environment for its people.
Much
research
is
done right
in
the
Laboratory's facilities on the campus.
But field experiments in forest genetics,
management, forest
hydrology, harvesting methods, and reforestation are conducted on 12,000
acres of School forests adjacent to the
young-growth
campus and on lands of public and
private cooperating agencies throughout
the Pacific Northwest.
With
these publications, the Forest
Research Laboratory supplies the results of its research to forest land
owners and managers, to manufacturers
and users of forest products, to leaders
of government and industry, and to the
general public.
to order copies
Copies of this and other Forest
Laboratory
available from:
search
publications
Reare
Forest Research Laboratory
School of Forestry
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oreg. 97331
Please include author(s), title, and publication number if known.
.!'1
As a research bulletin this publication
is one of a series that comprehensively
and in detail discusses a long, complex
study or summarizes available information on a topic.
disclaimer
The mention of trade names of comproducts in this publication
does not.constitute endorsement or recmercial
ommendation for use.
.`6
C Vq US
JN STATE UREINE7tStj"?'.
Since 1941, the Forest Research Labo-
-
,IC";VJ
f
171 olV'e°>L
contents
2 preface
2 introduction
4 Oregon's forest resources
4 commercial species harvested
4 ownership, volume, age, and condition of Oregon's forest resources
1 o contributions from industrial use of forests
past and present
-
17 timber production
20 logging'
21 lumber
22 veneer and plywood
24 particleboard, hardboard, and insulation board
26 pulp and paper
27 exports
28 environmental impacts
3o recreation, fish and wildlife
32 the future contribution of Oregon's forest resources
34 literature cited
35 additional readings
37 tables
preface
introduction
This report-in part, an updating
Oregon
of past analyses of Oregon's foreconomy (Henderson 1955,
Meadt )-provides a useful referest
source for students and
decisionmakers concerned
with
ence
the history and contribution
Oregon's forest resource.
of
The research, which was prepared
for the the Pacific Northwest
Regional Commission, Vancouver,
Washington, was tax supported
and can not be copyrighted. The
material may be freely reprinted
with customary crediting of the
source.
The technical study was accomplished
by the
Forest
Research
Laboratory, School of Forestry,
Oregon State University, Corvallis,
Oregon, under contract 10690067
with the Pacific Northwest Regional
Commission.
The
state-
ments, findings, conclusions, and
recommendations in this report
are
solely
those of the authors
and do not necessarily reflect the
view of the Pacific Northwest Regional Commission.
was endowed with the
greatest timber resource of any
state in the Union. Unlike his-
toric timber states of the East
and South and the Lake States,
Oregon has maintained a leading
role in forest products during the
20th century. Forests are a predominant landscape feature and
intertwine with the historic, cultural, and economic heritage of
Forest employment,
recreation, and amenities touch or
affect the daily lives of most resithe people.
dents.
In many regions of Oregon, almost all economic activity is
dependent on forest products
(Maki et al. 1968, Gustaphson2 ).
Not only do industrial and non-
industrial forest-dependent activities affect other activities
throughout the state, and react to
local supply and demand, they reflect, and even magnify, external
economic conditions. A decline in
national construction affects logging and forest products manufacturing in Oregon, the major
supplier of construction materials.
Recent projections indicate that
without
substantial
policy
Oregon's forest harvest
will decline before the turn of
the century (Beuter et al. 1976).
Policy changes, however, might
changes,
maintain or increase the current
harvest level, and transfer of
some of Oregon's market share to
other regions might be allayed.
The 1970's have witnessed radical
changes in state and federal legislation in environmental protection
and regulation, forest practices,
and citizen and judicial intervention in land management decisions, public and private. Current
policy formulation can enhance
industrial, environmental, and
recreational benefits from
Oregon's
1
Walter J. Mead. 1955. The economic
forest
resource
base
''through evaluation of costs and
significance of the wood products industry in the Pacific Northwest. Pro-
fgssor of Ecomonics, Univ. of California, Santa Barbara. Paper presented be-
fore 27th annual meeting of the Northwest Scientific Association. Unpublished.
2R. D. Gustaphson. 1976. Regional employment impact of timber harvest
changes in Oregon. M.S. thesis, Oreg.
State Univ., Corvallis. 154 pp.
trade-offs in alternative uses and
constraints. Solutions require
cooperation and planning among
state, federal, and private forest
land managers. We hope this historical and analytical material will
provide some assistance to partici-
pants and followers of the policy
process.
Often data are available only for
western and eastern Oregon.
Where possible, we provide statistics for the northwest, southwest,
central, and Blue Mountain re-
gions of Oregon in Figure 1. The
northwest and southwest regions
west of the Cascade Range summit comprise western Oregon; the
two regions east of the summit,
Central
Oregon
Mountain,
and
comprise
the
Blue
eastern
Oregon.
Figure 1.
State of Oregon-regional base for
study.
western
U
U
v
a
eastern
Oregon's forest resources
commercial
species harvested
Oregon
forest lands
commercial
support more growing stock than
any other state, most of which is
highly desirable species. The
western region with its heavy
rainfall and moderate climate con-
tains the most productive timbergrowing sites in the world. The
principal harvest is Douglas-fir
(Table 1). Then western hemlock,
with some true firs, lodgepole
pine, and Englemann spruce from
higher elevations, follow in importance. Western redcedar is the
mainstay of the shingle and shake
industry and occurs on the
moister sites in western Oregon.
Port-Orford cedar, with substantial export value, and Sitka
spruce contribute to harvests in
immediate coastal areas.
On the drier lands east of the
Cascades, growth is less spectacu-
lar and growth rates are lower at
alpine elevations. Ponderosa pine
is the most important species harvested. Then lodgepole pine, firs
from higher elevations, and other
softwoods,
such as
incense-cedar, follow
tance.
larch and
in impor-
The principal hardwood species in
western
Oregon,
red
alder and
bigleaf maple, are used locally for
furniture and are gaining acceptance for domestic and export
pulp chips. These hardwoods invade the best conifer sites and
lower
the
volume
growth
and
value of conifer stands. High-site
preparation
and
brush
control
costs are incurred to prevent this
invasion. A market for the hardwood material generated in conversion enhances the returns from
conversion and from management
of existing hardwood stands.
ownership, volume,
age, and condition
of Oregon's
forest resources
Although Oregon has the greatest
standing volume of timber in the
United States, only about 49 percent of the total area (Table 2) is
forested, and only 41 percent is
commercial forest land, which is
capable of producing at least 20
feet of timber per
cubic
year.
About 7 percent is unproductive
forest land.
Public agencies control 61 percent
of commercial forest land in Ore-
gon. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) controls 47 percent (Tables 3, 4).
public agencies, such
Other
Bureau
Bureau
as
of Indian Affairs (BIA),
of
Land
Management
(BLM), and state, county, and
municipal landowners, control 14
percent.
In
the less productive
eastern regions of the state, public
ownership
(72%)
greater
is
than in western Oregon, but public agencies control a major portion (52%) of the commercial
forest lands in western Oregon.
Public agencies control
a
larger
proportion of the growing stock
(72%) than of commercial forest
land (Tables 5, 6). The proporof volume controlled by
public agencies is greater in eastern Oregon (82%) than in western
tion
Oregon (68%). Volume stocking
rates per acre on public lands
tend to be higher than on private
lands (industrial) owned by com-
panies whose primary emphasis is
timber management or production, or private land (nonindus-
trial) owned by organizations or
individuals with recreational, resi-
dential, or ranching and farming
motivations in addition to timber
production objectives. Accessible
private lands began to support
substantial harvest for local and
national use as well as for export
around the turn of the century
and
have
continued.
Abundant
private stumpage and limited accessibility limited harvest from
public lands until reduced sup-
plies from private lands induced
acceleration of public harvests immediately after World War Il.
Total
has
fluctuated
9-billion-board-foot
level in recent decades, with public harvest constituting only 25
harvest
the
around
percent at the beginning of the
period and as much as 59 percent
toward the end (Fig. 2). Public
harvest first exceeded private harvest
in
1962
and
remained
slightly higher until 1975, when
it dipped below the private level
(USDA 1954-1976).
total
timber harvest
public
C
0)
0)
private
I
10
L
0
1955
'60
'65
year
Figure 2.
Oregon
1954-1975.
timber
harvest,
/70
'75
Trends in public-land allowable
cuts in Oregon recently are
shown in Figure 3 and Table 7.
Since 1954, national forest harvest, the principal component, has
increased 68 percent, but this ac-
celeration was not uniform. The
increase was rapid to the mid1960's with almost no increase
since. Prospects for changes in
federal harvest levels are uncer-
number of biological and historical factors, including site, harvesting history, and managment
intensity. Old-growth forests have
extremely low growth rates.
National forest land contains a
high proportion of old growth
throughout the state, which may
help to explain its low absolute
and relative cubic-foot growth of
0.7 percent compared to a statewide average
(Table 12).
tain.
Public-land
allowable
cuts
are
particularly important to county
government in Oregon, as 25 per-
cent of national forests and 50
percent of B LM revenues are distributed to the counties. These
monies amounted to more than
85 million dollars in 1975, a recession year (Table 8), but are
expected to increase substantially
in 1977 because of higher prices
and acceleration of harvest of un-
cut volumes under agency contracts. Private timber lands also
contribute substantial revenues to
county government through prop-
of
1.5
percent
The rate of old-growth harvesting
limits the rate of transition to
higher growth rates, and failure
to provide regeneration and manreduces the eventual
level reached. As forests are harvested and regenerated, old
agement
growth is replaced with young
growth, which has a naturally
higher growth rate, often as high
as 10 percent annually. Young
growth presents management op
portunities to increase rate of
growth. Therefore, the shift to
intensively managed younger age
erty and yield taxes. The ownership size distribution of private
classes will further elevate average
growth rates.
commercial forest land in western
Oregon is presented in Table 9.
The early harvesting, and burning
Tables 10 and 11 indicate growth
and harvest statistics on a total
and per-acre basis for Oregon in
1972, the latest year for which
this substantial detail is available.
Tables 12 and 13 develop some
interesting ratios, or relative statistics, from these figures and the
1973 data on growing stock and
area,
which
are
presented
in
Tables 4 and 6. Removals are in
excess of growth for all ownership categories in western Oregon,
with the exception of private
ownerships, such as individuals
and organizations that do not
manufacture forest products from
their land (Table 13). In eastern
Oregon, however, removals exceed
growth only on industry holdings.
in
must
be
taken
in
inter-
preting these basic data, as well
as the ratios derived from them.
Forest
growth
depends upon
a
explains the
(Tables 12, 13). These lands are
characterized by a high proportion of young growth reaching
harvestable age. They constitute a
significant portion of ownership
statewide, 18.5 percent of the
commercial forest land (Table 3)
and 6.7 percent of the removals
(Table 14). In many timbersheds,
efficient management and harvest
of these lands is one key to sustaining near-term harvest
(Beuter et al. 1976).
levels
Statewide,
have
lands
nonindustrial
highest growth rate
followed by that of in-
the
(2.9%),
Care
instances,
some
high growth rate (2.9% of stocking) and low removal rate (34%
of growth) in lands owned by individuals or organizations who do
not manufacture forest products
dustrial lands (2%). Likely, industry's larger reserves of overrotation-age
timber accounts for
this lower growth. Forest industry
/
Bureau of
Indian Affairs=4000
•
Burec
u
of
Land Mar a g ement
2000
Nat lona
D
0
Forest
C
0
1000
E
0
1955
`60
'65
70
175
year
Figure 3.
Allowable cut on public lands in
Oregon by agency, 1954-1975.
7
retained and purchased the
more productive lands, and less
productive lands are likely to be
in private and public ownerships
with multiple objectives.
has
Public ownerships, such as state,
Because timber production is not
the sole management objective on
public ownerships, intended production cycles are often
than
longer
for those ownerships that
use timber production and economic efficiency as guidelines. Public ownerships reasonably might
aim for a regulated condition
B IA, and B LM, followed by the
USDA have the highest average
stocking level (volume per acre)
(Table 6) and the second lowest
growth rate (Table 12). The BIA
and BLM have an earlier history
of harvesting and, therefore, a
percent in seedling-saplings. Private ownerships might aim for
younger age-class distribution than
one-third of their area in sawtim-
the USDA. State lands, however,
are of relatively recent acquisition
and have an even larger proportion of young growth.
ber, pole-timber, and
saplings. In this event,
Data
classes
distribution of age
in eastern Oregon are not
on
available. Extensive harvesting and
depletion in this area, however,
have a
shorter history, and
growing stock levels are more
production area in sawtimber, 25
percent in pole-timber, and 25
seedling-
only land
owned by USDA and nonindustrial land have substantial surplus
area of currently harvestable timber, and all ownerships are deficient in the submerchantable
pole-timber class. Both public
unownerships have minimal
stocked areas, but both private
ownerships have a substantial un-
sustaining increased
levels than in western
regenerated backlog, built up by
Oregon (Beuter et al. 1976). The
distribution of stocking levels by
percentage of area within each
owner class for western Oregon is
portion of area in these and the
sapling-seedling category are
given
other accessible public lands.
capable
harvest
of
with 50 percent of their timber
regeneration failure. The high pro-
evidence of postwar high rates of
harvest on these holdings and on
in Table 15 and shown in
4. The data in Table 16
are based only on land devoted
to forest production for which no
The ratios in Table 17 express
the contribution to harvest by
yield restrictions are anticipated
ownership categories proportional
Figure
(or the standard class defined by
to the commercial forest area in
Beuter
each
et al.
1976,
which in-
cludes about 72% of the commercial forest land base). The large
and small sawtimber classes repre-
sent timber available for harvest
now and in the immediate future
through
n i ngs.
final
harvest and thin-
category
and
reflect
the
lower productivity in the eastern
region. The forest industry lands
are sustaining an extremely high
relative . rate of contribution,
which in some timbersheds can-
not be maintained much longer.
These
statistics
and
the
ratios
(Tables 11, 12, 14) reinforce the
evidence in Beuter et al. (1976)
that sustaining recent harvest levels over the next several decades
in Oregon depends on balancing
contributions from various
ownerships and age classes. This
appears possible only if the public ownerships and private landthe
owners not manufacturing forest
products increase their levels of
removals
decades.
over the
next several
other
private
other
public
Forest,
national
Forest
industry
3000
C
C
N
0
-C
4-
1000
0
large
sawtimber
small
sawtimber
pole
timber
seedlings
saplings
nonstocked
Figure 4.
Standard class forest land in west-rn Oregon by stand size and
owner class, 1975.
9
contributions from industrial us
Oregon's forest products industry
is
large,
highly diversified, and
important to the state's economy.
Data indicate that Oregon's economy is gradually becoming more
diversified and less dependent on
forest products. For the foreseeable future, however, maintenance
of an active economy with necessary employment growth in all
areas is heavily dependent on the
vitality of the basic forest prod-
dropped 10 percent (Fig. 5)
(Fig.
are likely to equal or exceed the
1955 peak.
Payrolls (Fig. 8) and value added
(Table 19, Fig. 9) showed strong
gains in current dollars (not cor-
rected to remove the effects of
inflation) from 1954 to 1975.
Some
cludes
operations
that
harvest
timber in the woods, transport it
to a primary processing facility
(sawmill, veneer or plywood
plant, shake or shingle mill, or
pole and piling yard for conversion into solid wood products)
and then transport residues from
primary plants to secondary facili-
ties (board plants, pulpmills, and
papermills)
for conversion to
wood products. Another segment
of the forest products industry
includes Christmas trees, greenery,
small roundwood products (fenceposts, car stakes, and fuelwood),
drugs, edible items, and decorative woods and materials. The
most recent comprehensive report
7), the ratio increased 22
percent. Levels in 1976 and 1977
ucts sectors.
The forest products industry in-
as
the timber harvest fell 23 percent
shifts
were
taking place
within the industry. The lumber
and wood products sector (SIC
24) of the forest products industry was slightly less dominant in
employment and payrolls (Table
20) in 1975 than in 1954; value
added decreased gradually through
1972. The paper and allied products
sector
(SIC
26),
on
the
other hand, grew in importance.
Because 1975 was a recession
year for the industry, it is somewhat misleading, however, as the
end of the trend for this study.
Numbers employed in lumber and
wood products in 1974 (Table
18), a more normal year, exceeded 1954, but payrolls and
value
added
(1973)
exceeded
1954 by 2.3 and 3.4 times (Table
was for 1969 (Douglass 1970).
19). The frequently heard claim
of a decline in lumber and wood
products, therefore, is not appar-
The forest products industry from
ent in these aggregate data.
on these minor forest products
1954 to 1975 (Table 18, Fig. 5)
shows
several
24)
Lumber, plywood, and particleboard are important within the
state and nation. Pulp and paper,
an important part of Oregon's
low
forest products
important trends.
Number of employees in lumber
and wood products (Standard Industrial
Classification [SIC]
in 1955 and a
point in 1970. The 1975
was below the 1955 level,
hit a peak
level
but
above the 1970 low point. The
drop that occurred between 1973
and 1975 reflected the major recession throughout the nation.
Employment fluctuations in the
industry are dramatized by the
number of jobs per million board
feet of timber harvested (Fig. 6).
The sharp reversals in the ratio
reflect changes in the number of
jobs and million board feet harvested.
From 1972
when jobs increased
to
and
1975,
then
small
industry, are
a
percentage of total United
States production. Woodpulp production has remained a steady 4
to 6 percent of United States
output, but paper and paperboard
grew from 2 to 5 percent during
the past two decades. Within Oregon, however, pulp and paper (in
value of output) in 1975 accounted for barely under one-quarter
of the total value of forest products. Lumber, the leading product, accounted for barely over
one-third (Table 21). Plywood,
was second with 26 percent.
forests
-
past and present
200
sic 19-39:
150
N
0
Q
100
E
a
sic 24
N
D
s0
50
i
0
1955
/60
-T`6 5
26
'70
'75
year
Figure 5.
Covered employment in all manufacturing (SIC 19-39), forest products
(SIC 24 and 26), lumber
and wood products (SIC 24), and
paper and allied products (SIC
26) in Oregon, 1954-1975.
1
C
0
10
I
i
- w .- o!
am ,
y-
o0
-77
C
'60
1955
'70
'65
'75
year
Figure 6.
Employees in the Oregon forest
products industries (SIC 24 and
26) per million board feet of harvest, 1954-1975.
Another change in the status of
the forest products industry can
be seen in its relation to all manufacturing
(SIC
19-39)
in
the
state. Though both sectors of the
forest industry grew in absolute
Another view of the industry's
growth shows value of products
to have tripled between 1954 and
1975, although much of this is
accounted for by inflation (Table
21, Fig. 10). These data also de-
terms (Table 19, Figs. 5, 8, 9),
other manufacturing sectors grew
even more rapidly, which caused
tail some of the shifts that have
relative decline in the forest
products share (Table 22). Al-
of
though Oregon's economy has become more diversified and less
dependent on the forest products
industry for jobs and income
even
a
occurred in the industry. Lumber,
which accounted for 63 percent
the
total
value
in
1954,
dropped to 36 percent by 1975,
though
lumber
value
in-
creased by two-thirds during this
period. Plywood grew from 20 to
27 percent of the industry total
than before, the forest products
in the two decades, and pulp and
industry continues to prosper.
paper
increased
from 15 to 24
percent. Particleboard, hardboard,
and insulation board increased
sixfold in value produced, but its
share of the total only increased
from 2 to 4 percent.
10,000
Oregon
} 5000
a)
-D
a
0
c
t
0
0
I
I
1955
'6 0
I
'65
I
70
/75
year
Figure 7.
Timber harvest in
region, 1954-1975.
Oregon
by
1
2000
u
I-
1500
C
0
4a)
1000
0
N
SIC
9-39
0
500
E
sic 24
sic 26
0
1955
`60
70
`65
75
year
Figure 8.
Payrolls in all manufacturing (SIC
19-39), forest products (SIC 24
and 26), lumber and wood products (SIC 24) and paper and
allied products (SIC 26) in Ore-
gon, 1954-1975.
4
4000
3000
0
/
O
N
C
.
1000
E
sic 24
0
I
I
1955
'60
'65
year
Figure 9.
Value added in all manufacturing
(SIC 19-39), forest products (SIC
24 and 26), lumber and wood
products (SIC 24) and paper and
allied products (SIC 26) in Oregon, 1954-1973.
I
70
3000
tota I
2000
//
/
/
/
/
t of a I
I u mb
1000
0
1955
'60
'65
'70
'75
year
Figure 10.
Estimated value of forest products produced in Oregon by
type of product, 1954-1975.
timber production
The timber harvest in Oregon, including softwoods and hardwoods,
has averaged about 8.7 billion
board feet, Scribner scale, from
1954 to 1975 (Table 23, Fig. 7),
although it has fluctuated rather
sharply on a 2-year cycle during
this time. It has ranged from a
6000
V
N
low of 7.4 billion feet in 1961 to
a high of 9.7 billion feet in 1955
72
and 1968.
N
Looking
only at the
C
aggregate
3000
taken place in the composition of
a
0
the cutting during the past two
decades. The cutting from private
23)
has
A
a,
some important changes that have
(Table
Oregon
4000
a)
cutting for the entire state masks
lands
5000
a)
2000
0
declined
about one-third, but that from
public lands has nearly doubled,
which excludes 1975, the recesyear. This doubling has
sion
taken place on both B LM and
USDA forest lands. On BIA and
_\ ,__\
E
1000
versed.
central
h5ttOln
'70
'65
'60
1955
year
Figure 11.
Forest industry timber harvest in
Oregon by region, 1954-1975.
Within the four regions of the
state (Tables 24-27, Figs. 11-14),
the cutting in the two western
regions, although fluctuating
800
Oregon
widely from year to year, exhibited a slight downward trend during the past two decades. The
cutting in the central and Blue
Mountain regions,
on the other
I--.
hand, has increased by 65 and 40
percent. Because the total cut in
these
two
regions has averaged
only about one-fourth that of the
northwest and southwest regions,
and yearly fluctuations between
the West and East have occasionally offset each other, the trend
of the total cutting for the state
has remained fairly level, particularly if 1975 is excluded.
Figure 12.
Other private timber harvest in
Oregon by region, 1962-1975.
—
0
other public lands, the cutting remained essentially constant. On
state lands, it decreased. To
1961, the cutting on private lands
exceeded that from public lands
(Fig. 2). From 1962 to 1974,
however, the situation was re-
,
400
northwest
a)
a>
L\
300
,I
0
-0
\,
\
;
//
\
\
200
C
0
100
E
1960
'70
'65
year
'75
'75
L
4000
v
V
N
3000
w 2000
0
c
0
1000
1955
`60
`65
'70
'75
year
Figure 13.
National forest timber harvest in
Oregon by region, 1954-1975.
2000
0
1500
Oregon
L
V
C/)
1000
ai
southwest
L
a
0
C
O
xnorthwest
/
500
V
centra
,. .....,,r
Blue Mountain
sr.....a.......ss..0....
s
0
1955
`60
'65
year
Figure 14.
Other public timber harvest in
Oregon by region, 1954-1975.
' 70
-
75
logging
added (Table 28) (in current dollars unadjusted for inflation) in
the logging industry, which attests
to the continued economic importance of logging in the state.
The substantial reduction in number of logging establishments
(Table 28), when compared to
the cutting and the employment
during the same time (Table 28),
An alternative, though corroborapicture of logging employment is given in Table 29, which
indicates that the decline oc-
tive,
suggests a disappearance of gyppo
loggers and consolidation of larger
operators. The apparent slight
downward trend in logging em-
curred in the western region of
Oregon. Employment in the eastern region increased a fifth (Fig.
ployment during the period (Fig.
15) has been offset by a substantial increase in payrolls and value
15).
10,000
Oregon
a
E
5000
a)
,northwest
C
outhwest
0
E
eastern
\\ centres!
.,,..
`,Blue......::
Mountain
........,
0
1955
'60
'65
'70
'75
year
Figure 15.
Lumber production in Oregon by
region, 1954-1975.
lumber
Two views of lumber production
in Oregon (Tables 30, 31 and
Fig. 16) show that total produc-
tion, which includes production
of softwoods and hardwoods,
trended downward from a high in
1955 to a low in 1975 for the
entire state. The situation within
regions of the state is not uniform.
Production in the north-
west region continued at a high
level, though with marked fluctuations from year to year. The
high occurred in 1973 and the
low in 1975. In the other three
regions, the trend was generally,
Inflation accounts
the increase.
for most of
Value added (Table 32) declined
during the 1950's, grew slowly
during 1960, then jumped dramatically in the early 1970's, again
evidencing monetary inflation.
This was because lumber prices
more
increased
rapidly between
1967 and 1972 than stumpage
prices and other costs of production.
Oregon
but not sharply, downward. Hardwood production (Table 30) is a
minor component of the total.
A marked reduction occurred in
of
the number
planing mills
sawmills and
(Table 31) from
1954 to the present. More than
two-thirds of those in existence
1954
in
had
disappeared
by
1972. Although the data are not
entirely comparable with those in
Table 32, some idea of where
and how this reduction occurred
is given in Table 33 for 1968 and
1972, the only 2 years for which
this information is available. The
big drop in numbers was in the
western area and among the smallest mills. The increase was in the
central region and among the
large mills.
estern
N
a)
a)
0
10,000
\.,
a
E
a)
0
a)
5000
E
D
C
eastern
Between 1954 and 1972, employment
in lumber manufacturing
and the number of plants decreased in Oregon (Table 32).
Production,
however,
has
not.
1955
Therefore, we may infer that the
'60
remaining mills are more efficient.
Wall
and
Oswald
(1975)
year
show
that the decrease in employment
was more severe in the western
than the eastern area of Oregon
(Table 34, Fig. 17).
Figure 16.
Payrolls (Table 32), after an initi-
state area, 1954-1975.
into the mid-1960's,
had undergone a turnaround and,
by 1972, exceeded their 1954
levels by 1.4, despite the large
reduction in number employed.
al
decline
'65
Average
annual
employment
in
logging (SIC 241) in Oregon by
'70
'75
veneer and plywood
Data on softwood plywod pro-
duction in Oregon are issued by
40 000
two sources, with some obvious
differences (Table 35) which, for
the most part, are slight. Either
30 000
point of production to date,
plywood output more than quad-
source gives a reasonable view of
levels and trends in the veneer
and plywood sector.
0
1954 to 1972, the
From
a)
a)
rupled
a
18).
From
1972
through 1975, production receded
somewhat as markets slackened.
Oregon
E
(Fig.
high
Also from 1954 to 1972, Oregon
a)
produced half or more of the
nation's softwood plywood and
reached about two-thirds from
1958 through 1965. Until 1952,
in
softwood
led
Washington
plywood production. Since 1953,
Oregon has led Washington. Employment figures (Table 36, Fig.
18) in general reflect those of
10 000
production.
ern
Number
steadily
of layup plants grew
until mid-1960 (Table
35) when the trend
reversed
as
older facilities were phased out
0
1955
'60
'65
year
'75
leading position by upgrading and
expanding existing facilities, con-
Figure 17.
Average annual employment
sawmills and planing mills
'70
and few, if any, new plants were
built. The focus of growth in
new plants and production shifted
to the southern states after mid1960, but Oregon maintained its
in
in
Oregon by state area, 1954-1975.
centrating
plants.
production
in
fewer
Location of the industry among
the state's four regions is shown
in Table 37 for 1968 and 1972.
Besides plywood plants (listed as
layup-only and veneer and layup),
veneer-only plants (omitted in
Table 35) also are included. The
southwest lost nearly half its
veneer-only plants, and the northwest
had
a
substantial
gain
in
layup-only facilities. For all types
of plants, the central region was
the only one of the four to have
a net gain.
30,000
production
4-
/
`1,
01
/employees
t -1
C
0
1
C
0
F
f
1
E
t
0
.
1955
0
I
I
'60
'65
'70
'75
year
Figure 18.
Softwood
plywood
production
and average annual employment
in
veneer
(SIC
and
2432)
plywood plants
in
Oregon,
1954-1975.
2
Data of the U.S. Bureau of Census (1954-1975) differ substantially from annual figures reported
by the State of Oregon (Table
38), which show a doubling by
1960. Part of the difference be-
tween the two sets of data arises
because the U.S. Bureau of Census only sampled establishments,
and the State of Oregon enumerated all establishments with four
or more employees up to 1955,
two or more to 1958, and one or
more thereafter.
Between 1954 and 1972, payrolls
increased 3.6 times, reflecting not
only inflation, but the tremendous expansion in production.
This increase was 2.5 times that
experienced in the lumber sector.
Value added by plywood manufacturing
(Table
has
36),
increased steadily
more than quad-
rupling during the last two dec-
It about equaled that for
lumber in the mid-1960's, which
increased in the early part of
1954-1972 and subsequently
dropped to about two-thirds by
1972. As with lumber, inflation
ades.
has influenced these results.
particleboard,
hardboard, and
insulation board
The production of particleboard
in
Oregon
has
spectacular
had
growth (Table 39, Fig. 19) since
1955, when the first particleboard
was produced. By 1958, Oregon
was producing slightly more than
a third of all particleboard in the
United States. Thereafter, it accounted for at least 25 to 44
percent of the nation's output.
Oregon
became
a
leading
pro-
ducer of particleboard in 19583
has
maintained
through 1976.
and
the
lead
Through the 1950's and 1960's,
the number of plants (Table 39)
grew rapidly, along with production. Since the late 1960's, however, the number has stabilized
and even declined slightly. This
reflects a tightening of mill residue supplies of raw wood material in Oregon and tougher competition in traditional midwestern
and eastern United States markets, as particleboard production
expanded in the southern states
(Johnson and McMahon 1974).
Regional location of particleboard
plants (Table 40) has been concentrated in western Oregon.
Employment grew apace with
production (Table 41) through
1970. After 1970, figures are not
available for particleboard alone.
Value added and payroll data also
are lacking, because the U.S.
Bureau of Census (1954-1972)
did not give independent status
to particleboard until 1972.
Hardboard and insulation board
are less significant in Oregon in
production than is particleboard.
Oregon production of both hardboard and insulation board also is
a much smaller fraction of U.S.
3W. W. Johnson. 1973. Economic efficiency of the particleboard industry in
Oregon. Ph.D. thesis, Oreg. State Univ.,
Corvallis. 150 pp.
production than is that of particleboard (Tables 39, 42). During
Regional location of plants for
both types of board are shown in
Table 40, and another statewide
count is reported in Table 42. No
figures for employment or value
added are available for hardboard
or insulation board.
the few years that data have been
available, little changes occurred
in
the production of hardboard
or
insulation board in Oregon,
except for the substantial cut-
backs during the 1975 recession.
1500
a)
}V>
1000
hardboard
a
N
a>
a)
4a)
a)
particleboard
C
0
insulation boar
E
0
I
1955
'60
I
'65
year
Figure 19.
Production of particleboard (3/4inch
basis),
hardboard
(1/8-inch
basis), and insulation board (1/2inch basis), in Oregon,
1955-1975.
' 70
'75
pulp and paper
Woodpulp production in Oregon
expanded nearly fourfold between
1954 and 1975 (Table 43). The
trend has been almost
constant; slight setbacks occurred
upward
in only 5 of the 22 years. Paper
paperboard production has
followed a similar trend with
Data on number of pulpmills and
papermills, although available
from several sources, are difficult
to interpret (Table 45). The
Lockwood series, for example,
separates
papermills
and
paper-
board mills from woodpulp mills,
but includes hardboard and insu-
and
lation board
slight setbacks in 2 years (Table
44, Fig. 20).
ent pulping processes exist at the
same plant, Schuldt and Howard
(1974) record each as a separate
mills in woodpulp
mills. Where two or more differ-
pulpmill. The system of the U.S.
Bureau of Census (1954-1972) is
different from the others. Difficulties in interpretation of data
on
papermills
and
paperboard
mills are similar.
The regional location of the
pulping processes is presented in
Table 46. To the best of our
17
processes
knowledge, the
shown for 1972 were located at
13 mill sites.
10,000
2500
I
employees.
/
1
_.J
N
Ii
2000
G)
C)
0
Q
0
5000
y
0
D
0
I-
1500
a)
s
E
production
c
10`0'0
0
0
1955
"6 0
'65
'70
'75
year
Figure 20.
Paper and paperboard production
26
and average annual employment
in paper and allied products (SIC
26) in Oregon, 1956-1975.
Employment data present somethe same difficulties as
what
number of mills: several sources
present apparently conflicting
series (Table 47), but they are all
included for the benefit of readEmployment
I
paper and
allied products (Figure 20) has increased the last two decades (Taers.
in
less
softwood lumber
soft and hardwood
cleboard. Because pulp and paper
production is less labor intensive
soft and hardwood
- - plywood
ble
48),
although
much
logs
rapidly than plywood and parti-
than other sectors of the forest
ii
chips
products industry, employment is
El '
lower.
Value
added
in
i
manufacturing
from 1954 to 1972 and shows a
greater increase (4.7 times) than
the
other
sectors,
though
E
D
C
ply-
wood follows at 4.4 times (Table
36). I n 1954, paper and allied
products (SIC 26) were in fourth
place, behind sawmills and planing mills (SIC 242) (Table 32),
logging camps and logging con-
.1
I'
and
I
(SIC 241) (Table 28),
veneer and plywood (SIC
2432) (Table 36). By 1972, paper
and allied products had displaced
logging camps and logging contractors for third place.
:1
:
I
Forest product exports are important in Oregon's forest economy.
—.-,
Substantial growth has occurred
in the volume of logs, lumber,
plywood, and chips exported
however,
overstate
the
amounts actually exported from
forest products
from the Washington
ports of Vancouver and Longview
are included in the Oregon Customs District. Of the softwood
Oregon,
because
exported
log exports shown in Table 48,
60 to 80 percent originated from
ports in Oregon (Table 50). Corresponding percentages for lumber, plywood, and chips are not
readily available.
/
I
/
exports
results,
I
..i'.
i
'I
I...
tractors
from the Oregon Customs District
since 1961 (Table 49, Fig. 21)
when the USDA began compiling
data from the records of the U.S.
Department of Commerce. These
.1
i•••
I.
0
1
1
1
1960
70
'65
year
Figure 21.
Relative levels of exports of forproducts from Oregon Customs District by type of product,
est
1961-1975.
i.!
:
500
(Table 47) has increased steadily
!
.•
environmental impacts
Logging and manufacturing of
lumber, plywood, pulp and paper,
and boards
volumes of
produce
wastes.
oxygen-demanding
suspended
solids
substantial
Toxic and
materials and
may pollute
watercourses, and toxic and malodorous gases and particulates may
pollute the air.
many watercourses, forest
plants are the major
sources of pollution, producing
suspended solids that create a
On
product
biological oxygen demand. Direct
storage of logs in watercourses
create
bark-waste
accumulation,
and overflow from log ponds can
cause aditional problems during
periods of low flow. Plywood
operations discharge minute quan-
tities of toxic glue residue. Pulp
and paper operations discharge
suspended fiber (white water),
pulping chemicals, slimicides, and
bleaching or dye chemicals.
In
the forest product industry,
In the digesting process of chemical
pulping,
wood
chips
are
heated in sulfur-containing liquor.
gases may be emitted
from digesters, blow tanks, and
pits and in pulp washing and
later stages of the process.
Various
instituted environmental
controls and met environmental
standards before other states did.
Consequently, Oregon is more adOregon
vanced in solving pollution problems than many states are. When
environmental interest accelerated
in the late 1960's, and after the
Environmental
National
Policy
Act of 1969 was passed, many
states modeled their water pollution regulations after Oregon. The
evolution of national standards
1969 largely eliminates
industrial locational disadvantages
since
that Oregon might have felt if
other states had not been forced
to meet the higher water
standards established in Oregon.
By 1977, all pulpmills and paper-
power boilers and residue burners
mills were to meet the require-
paper operations, additional emissions occur in chemical pulping
and power or recovery boilers.
Most mills generate required elec-
treatment of water effluent. Standards of primary effluent treat-
emit air pollutants. In pulp and
trical power and heat by burning
fuels, such as gas, coal, or oil,
often in combination with bark
wastes. Although various gases are
released in combustion, the major
emission
from power boilers
particulate matter, such
as
is
ash,
soot, and dust. In pulp production, the evaporation and burning
of spent liquor in recovery boiler
systems can yield toxic and malodorous gases as well as particulates.
Recovery systems are the largest
source of air pollutants in kraft
mills. The major malodorous gases
emitted are hydrogen sulfide and
mercaptans, which prodisagreeable odors in low
concentrations and create prob-
methyl
duce
lems even when the best control
used.
Sulfite re-
covery systems cause
less severe
procedures
are
air pollution than kraft mills. The
major emission is sulfur dioxide.
ment
ment
of
year-round
and
secondary
pulping-chemical
re-
covery were all essentially met by
1974
(Oregon
State
1969
and
1974,
about 66 million dollars
Department of Environmental
Quality 1976). Between 1949 and
were spent by the Oregon pulp
and paper industry on pollution
abatement facilities. Five of Oregon's 13 pulpmills and papermills
reported
major
capital spending
plans from 1976 to 1978. These
expenditures total 15.7 million
dollars on production facilities
and 10.9 million dollars on facilities for the abatement of air and
water pollution (Pulp and Paper
1977). For this period, environmental expenditures comprised 23
percent of national capital
expenditures in the pulp and
paper industry. Environmental ex-
a proportion of
as
total capital expenditures, appear
to be leveling off because of
recovery of production-oriented
penditures,
expenditures from low levels of
the early 1970's, and because of
achievement of the initial requirements set up under the National
forest land. This act set up re-
Policy Act. Increased gains in environmental
quality are achieved at increasing
gional forest practice committees
with authority to promulgate
rules for forest practices, which
include reforestation, harvesting,
dustry impacts.
slash disposal, and application of
chemicals. Early areas of concentration in the regulations have
Environmental
cost per unit, and future requirements will determine forest inready
essentially
Oregon was alin compliance
with the 1983 "fish and aquatic
been
vesting
on roadbuilding and hartechniques that focused
life" standards of the 1972 Water
Pollution Control Act (PL
92-500) before its enactment. I n
1967, the Oregon Legislature in-
on problems of accumulation of
stituted progressive legislation that
under the National Environmental
Policy Act have led to the necessity of evolving further regula-
permits income or property tax
credits for facilities that abate air
and water pollution, and, in
1973,
this
the Legislature extended
treatment to solid waste
facilities. Future efforts are aimed
at waterflow augmentation during
low flow periods to maintain
water quality with the increase in
population, industrialization, and
consumption. Additional efforts
are aimed at air and nonpointsource pollution.
and sediment in
Recent national focus
slash
streams.
on nonpoint sources of water pollution
tions for pesticides and fertilizer
application and perhaps other sil-
vicultural practices, such as site
preparation, broadcast burning,
and thinning. Such regulations
should provide necessary protection with minimum detraction
from intensive management activi-
ties that enhance forest productivity.
tored and regulated by the De-
Some Oregon problems evolved
from unique regional circumstances. Among these are a heavy
ty for various airshed regions of
the
Air polluting emissions are monipartment of Environmental Qualithe state. In urban areas, the primary
problem is motorized
transportation. The level of air
quality is highly dependent on
local
economic dependence on
forest products industry,
coupled with extreme climatic
and
topographic-forestry-
operational problems.
variable weather patterns, which
result in fluctuating quality. Some
Oregon's commercial and sport
anadromous fisheries are among
industrial activities, such as slash
burning to prepare forest areas
the nation's most valuable, remaining relatively intact, and
for planting, are scheduled only
for favorable weather. The net
result is more limited application
and higher cost for slash burning.
Continuous sources of pollution,
such
as
industrial processes and
transportation, require the installation of devices, such as stack
precipitators, or mist
eliminators, to reduce pollutants
to a level permissible under the
least favorable conditions.
scrubbers,
of a new Oregon
Forest Practices Act in 1971, the
With passage
state became a national leader,
perhaps bellwether, in environmental control of practices on
their sensitivity to land and water
management practices is of increasing public concern and
knowledge.
recreation, fish, and wildlife
Oregon's forest lands are responsi-
ble for a significant proportion of
the economic and nonmarket
activities generated from sightseeing, camping, wilderness visitation, and hunting and fishing.
These activities provide satisfac-
tion to residents and nonresidents
alike and attract a substantial
portion of the 10 million out-ofstate visitors, who come annually
to the state for business and
Visitors spent 689
million dollars directly in 1975
(Table 51, Fig. 22), and claims
are that each dollar spent by
tourists induces an additional one
and a half dollars expenditure.
Clement et al. (1973) estimated
pleasure.
that over 36 thousand jobs are
generated directly by the visitor
trade,
with additional economic
activity
and
jobs
generated
indirectly.
Oregon's variety of ocean, forests,
mountains, rivers, lakes, and high
desert attracts visitor and resident
alike to participate in a unique
array of commercial and natural
recreational
activities.
Over
half
salmon) generate substantial economic benefits both from sport
fishing (Brown et al. 1964) and
from the commercial ocean catch.
The spawning streams of these
fish are protected by Oregon's
Forest Practices Act. The net economic value of *a day of salmonsteelhead fishing was estimated by
et
Brown
(1964)
al.
to be 8
dollars per day in 1962 for a net
annual value of 3.1 million dollars. This value was predicted to
rise
to 4.7 million dollars
by
1972. When the effects of inflation are considered, we can
assume that these values have at
least doubled. In a similar study,
Brown et al. (1973) estimated the
net economic value of the Oregon
deer-elk resource (sporting value
only) in 1968 and derived esti-
mates as high as $9.20 per hunter
and $108 per animal harvested, for a total net economic
day
benefit of 9.7 million dollars.
Once again, inflation and increasing participation and license sales
would indicate 1977 values at a
much higher level. These statistics
of the visitations are in the summer months with automobiles ac-
take into account only the sporting benefits from Oregon's fish
and wildlife resources and ignore
travel (Clement et al. 1973). With
about half of Oregon occupied by
commercial forest, most visitors
are exposed to the richness and
diversity of Oregon's forest
wealth. The industry itself is a
tourist attraction, providing mill
tours and industrial forestry
the substantial aesthetic values to
counting for 89 percent of the
tours. Public agency environinterpretation programs
mental
assist visitor appreciation of the
multiple uses of forest land. State
and federal camping facilities are
primarily located on forest land
(Tables 52, 53).
In 1975, 1.8 million separate
fishing and hunting tags were purchased by residents and nonresidents, which generated 8.7 million dollars (Table 54, Fig. 23).
Nonresidents accounted for 1.3
percent of the tags and 8.7 percent of the revenue. Taxes on
sporting equipment generate additional funds for federal restoration programs. Oregon's anadromous
fish
runs
(steelhead
and
tourists. Most
primarily associated
with forest land.
and
naturalists
species
are
Clement et al. (1973) indicated
that motel and campground occupancy peaked in August. Motel
occupancy peaked with 29,600
parties, 18,300 of which were
nonresidents.
Campground
occu-
pancy peaked with 24,000 parties, 12,700 of which were nonreThis rate
sidents.
represents 89
percent of campground capacity,
although many individual campgrounds are filled. An interesting
sidelight of this study is that
nonresident occupancy peaks dur-
ing the week, but resident occupancy peaks on weekends. Therefore, nonresident occupancy tends
to smooth out capacity utilization
because
it
consists
primarily of
longer vacation trips.
Oregon has a substantial portion
of the
total wilderness
area in the
United States, but less than surrounding states (Table 55). Much
of this wilderness land has marginal timber productivity because
of high elevation and thin soils.
The major portion of the Pacific
Crest Trail, consisting of alpine
forests, is buffered by wilderness
700
600
protection.
U
C
Some
wilderness
500
access occurs through forests of
lower elevation and higher productivity, and many candidate
areas consist of high productivity
400
land.
300
Wilderness allocation will present
difficult public policy alternatives
for Oregon in the future. The
0
supply of prime timberland and
land is fixed,
and demand for both is accelera-
wilderness quality
E
200
ting. Wilderness withdrawals mean
a reduction in eventual sustained
yield capacity for a given management regime. Under the nondeclining evenflow methods recently
adopted by federal agencies, this
100
reduction in eventual sustained
yield capacity must appear im-
0
'60
1955
'70
'65
mediately as a reduction in cur-
75
rent
year
harvesting.
Under alternate
methods of allowable cut determination, some flexibility exists
2000
when reductions occur.
as to
Wilderness withdrawals and harvest restrictions for multiple-use
10000
objectives will certainly have an
impact
future.
y
°o
1500
--
rags
51
-a
harvesting in the
on
Policy alternatives exist
that can maximize the multipleuse benefits with acceptable employment and economic impacts.
i
/
I
revenue
a)
V
C
cs
-4-
1000
V
E
i-
0
L
N
5000
0
7
500
E
cO
* artificial jog due
C
0
Figure 22.
to
bookkeeping adjustment
Direct expenditures of out-of-state
travelers in Oregon, 1954-1975.
0
1955
'60
'65
year
'70
'75
Figure 23.
Sales of hunting and fishing permits in Oregon, 1954-1975.
31
future contribution of Oregon's
Recent history has seen the value
of Oregon's nonindustrially processed
forest
resources
drama-
tically increase in the political
and commercial consciousness of
the people. Simultaneously, the
real price of stumpage for current
harvest has more than quadrupled
in the last decade. The value
placed on all benefits from forest
recreation, timber, wildlife, and
water has increased dramatically.
This indicates that the market
economy and the political econ-
omy of Oregon are increasingly
recognizing
the
weighing
and
stakes in the vast, but finite, forest resource.
The task of policymakers is to
sort out and guide these developing and often competing demands. The policy process must
weigh the demands originating in
individual aesthetic preference and
leisure
avocations
against
those
originating from income, profit,
and employment. This must be
accomplished in the context of
predominant federal control of
the resource, followed by private
then
and
control.
state
The
policy task is not easy, and the
outcome uncertain.
The recent history of harvest and
forest
industry
employment
is
one of fluctuation rather than a
definite trend. Figure 6 shows the
ratio of forest industry employment to total harvest, and the
figures can be interpreted as the
number of jobs generated directly
in forest industry per miljion
board feet harvested. Figure 6 is
characterized more by fluctuation
than by trend. These employment
data, in addition, do not include
important areas of emerging forest-industry-dependent employment. These areas include chip
transport, trucking, road construction, and shipping activity, associated with increased exports and
employment associated with forest
management
intensification.
Projections of declining forest
industry employment assume a
decline in harvesting and, over
the next several decades, harvesting is directly dependent on
public policy decisions.
Work by Beuter et al. (1976) indicates that Oregon's harvest level
range between 83 and 119
percent of current levels by the
can
2000, dependent primarily
on federal harvest scheduling and,
secondarily, on forest management intensification. Current
policy points toward the lower
83-percent projection, with a
slightly greater dropoff in employment because of technological
change. The Beuter study indiyear
cates, however, that policy alterallowing for slightly
natives,
employment opportunities, are available, although
not necessarily desirable.
augmented
Projections by Adams (1977) indicate that the West Coast and
Western Pine region shares of the
national lumber market will
dwindle
from
current
of 58 percent to 39 percent by the year
(1971-1974)
a
average
2000 because of public-stumpagesupply restrictions. Over the same
period, the southern region of the
United States will increase its
market share from 21 to 32 percent, and lumber imports will rise
from 22 to 27 percent. Such a
projection indicates that under
current harvest-scheduling policies,
the western-region harvest will
decline absolutely, and the region
will not share in a projected
24-percent increase in lumber
demand. West Coast employment
will, in effect, be exported
primarily to the South and,
secondarily, to Canada.
Alternate projections by Adams
that imply a liberal public harincreasing
response to
demand show the western lumber
vesting
forest resources
market share declining to 48 per-/
cent by the year 200. This y
-
cline in market share indicates an
increase (3%) in absolute level of
western lumber harvest, and a reversal of the historic decline in
stocking levels on private land. In
essence, public old-growth harvest
substitutes for private young-
growth harvest over the next 25
years.
This
private
timber
acsus-
cumulation would permit a
tainable total harvest higher than
present, with reductions in public
harvest beyond the year 2000 if
state, and private harvest scheduling to achieve both national
and local objectives; and maintenance of forest industry market
shares and employment, environmental protection, and balance in
the use of multiple benefits from
the forest resource. As a major
share of Oregon's forest resource
is publicly owned, the public itself shares a major responsibility
for determining the form and
timing of future forest resource
contributions to the economy.
this proved desirable.
Many institutional reasons, mostly
related to taxation, make the harvest of private, processor-owned
timber three times more profitable than purchased public timber. Possibly, increases in public
harvest would not result in a
large degree of private harvest
substitution.
Clearly,
additional
public
com-
mercial forest land may be withdrawn from the Oregon harvest
base for uses that restrict or
eliminate forest harvest, and
under current public policies of
allowable cut determination, the
harvest level should be reduced to
reflect these removals almost immediately. Under the methodolo-
gies for allowable cut determination that prevailed before
1970-1973, reduction in allowable
cut could be gradually phased
over periods as long as a century.
Under' similar assumptions, the
eventual reduction in sustained
yield would be identical; however,
under the current policy, the impact is felt suddenly rather than
gradually. This factor could provide additional resistance to
future proposed withdrawals.
The many complex technical
is-
sues that face forest policymakers
in Oregon over the next decade
include: integration of federal,
33
literature cited
FOREST
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34
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J.
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1969.
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flows and utilization patterns in
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1975. A technique and relationships for projections of employment in the Pacific Coast forest
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products
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U.S.
For.
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Oreg.
Res.
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SCHULDT, J. P., and J. O.
HOWARD. 1974. Oregon forest
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State Univ. Ext. Serv., Corvallis.
113 pp.
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CARNEY, M. J. 1976. Plywood
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Am.
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Assoc.,
Tacoma,
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ASSOCIATION.
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1954-75. StatisPortland, Oreg.
U.S. BUREAU OF THE CENSUS.
1954-1975. Current industrial reports, lumber production and mill
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plywood, series MA-24H; particle-
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capacity, production and
log supplies in the
available
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board and medium density fiberboard, series MA-24L; pulp,
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additional readings
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35
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R.,
D.
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tables
1
LOG CONSUMPTION FOR LUMBER PRODUCTION, 1972.
18 COVERED
EMPLOYMENT IN
ALL FOREST PRODUCTS INDUS-
TRIES IN OREGON, 1954-1975.
2
LAND AREA IN OREGON, 1973.
3
COMMERCIAL FOREST LAND IN
OREGON, 1973.
4
DISTRIBUTION
CIAL
OF
IN
5
6
7
21 ESTIMATED VALUE OF FOREST
PRODUCTS IN OREGON,
1954-1975.
ALLOWABLE CUT LEVELS AND
22 FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY
ON
LICLY MANAGED LANDS
PUB-
IN
OREGON, 1954-1975.
8
ALLOCATION OF PUBLIC LAND
REVENUES TO OREGON COUNTI ES.
9
36 VENEER
DISTRIBUTION OF COMMERCIAL FOREST GROWING STOCK
IN OREGON, 1973.
VOLUMES
OWNERSHIP OF PRIVATE FOREST
LAND IN WESTERN
OREGON, 1974.
10 GROWTH
FOREST
1973.
ON
LAND
SHARE OF TOTAL MANUFAC-
OREGON, 1972.
WESTERN OREGON, 1975.
16 STANDARD CLASS FOREST
LAND IN WESTERN OREGON,
1975.
17 RELATION OF TIMBER REMOVALS FROM COMMERCIAL
FOREST LAND TO SIZE OF
HOLDINGS IN OREGON,
1972-1973.
HARDWOOD VENEER AND
PLYWOOD IN OREGON,
1954-1972.
38 EMPLOYMENT IN VENEER AND
AND INSULATION BOARD
MILLS IN OREGON, 1968 AND
1972.
WEST OREGON, 1954-1975.
26 TIMBER HARVEST IN CENTRAL
27 TIMBER HARVEST IN THE
BLUE MOUNTAIN REGION OF
OREGON, 1954-1975.
41 EMPLOYMENT IN PARTICLEBOARD PLANTS IN OREGON,
1955-1975.
42 PLANTS AND PRODUCTION OF
HARDBOARD AND INSULATION
BOARD IN OREGON AND THE
U.S., 1954-1975.
29 EMPLOYMENT IN LOGGING IN
15 STANDARD CLASS TIMBER IN
ADDED FOR SOFTWOOD AND
40 PARTICLEBOARD, HARDBOARD,
WEST OREGON, 1954-1975.
13 RELATION OF TIMBER REMOVALS TO NET GROWTH IN
OREGON, 1972.
EM-
24 TIMBER HARVEST IN NORTH-
28 LOGGING CAMPS AND LOG-
REMOVALS
FROM
COMMERCIAL FOREST LAND IN
PRODUCTION,
PLOYMENT, AND VALUE
39 PARTICLEBOARD PLANTS AND
PRODUCTION IN OREGON AND
THE U.S., 1955-1975.
TO GROWING-STOCK VOLUME
IN OREGON, 1973.
14 TIMBER
37 PLANTS,
23 TIMBER HARVEST IN OREGON,
1954-1975.
1954-1973.
12 RELATION OF NET GROWTH
OREGON, 1973.
1972.
PLYWOOD PLANTS IN OREGON,
1954-1975.
IN
OREGON, 1954-1975.
11 TIMBER REMOVALS ON COMMERCIAL FOREST LAND IN
AND PLYWOOD
PLANTS IN OREGON, 1968 AND
OREGON,
TURING
25 TIMBER HARVEST IN SOUTHCOMMERCIAL
IN OREGON,
GON, 1.954-1975.
20 EMPLOYMENT AND
COMMERCIAL FOREST GROWING STOCK IN OREGON, 1973.
UNCUT
SAWMILLS
35 PLANTS AND PRODUCTION OF
SOFTWOOD PLYWOOD IN OREGON
AND THE U.S.A.,
1954-1975.
VALUE
ADDED FOR ALL FOREST
PRODUCTS INDUSTRIES IN
OREGON, 1954-1973.
VALUE
ADDED
FOR
SECTOR
TWO
SHARES OF THE FOREST
PRODUCTS INDUSTRY IN OREGON, 1954-1973.
OREGON, 1973.
IN
AND PLANING MILLS IN ORE-
19 EMPLOYMENT AND
COMMER-
LAND
FOREST
34 EMPLOYMENT
GING CONTRACTORS IN OREGON, 1954-1972.
OREGON, 1954-1975.
30 LUMBER
PRODUCTION OF
SOFTWOODS AND HARDWOODS
IN
OREGON AND THE
U.S.,
1954-1976.
31 LUMBER
PRODUCTION
OF
SOFTWOODS AND HARDWOODS
IN
OREGON
BY REGION,
1954-1976.
32 SAWMILLS AND PLANING
MILLS IN OREGON, 1954 AND
1972.
33 SAWMILLS IN OREGON, 1968
AND 1972.
43 WOODPULP PRODUCTION IN
AND THE U.S.,
OREGON
1954-1975.
44 PAPER AND PAPERBOARD PRODUCTION IN OREGON AND THE
U.S., 1954-1975.
45 PULP,
PAPER,
BOARD MILLS
1958-1975.
46 PULPMILLS
AND
IN
IN
PAPEROREGON,
OREGON,
1968-1972.
47 MILLS,
PRODUCTION, AND
VALUE ADDED OF PAPER AND
ALLIED PRODUCTS IN OREGON, 1954-1972.
48 EMPLOYMENT IN PAPER AND
ALLIED PRODUCTS IN OREGON, 1954-1975.
37
49 EXPORTS OF FOREST PRODUCTS FROM OREGON CUSTOMS
DISTRICT, 1961-1976.
50 SOFTWOOD
LOG
FROM
OREGON
1965-1976.
51 RECREATION
EXPORTS
BY PORT,
VISITOR
DAYS
ON OREGON NATIONAL FORESTS, 1975.
52 VISITORS ON PUBLIC LANDS IN
OREGON, 1954-1975.
53 SALES OF HUNTING AND FISHING
PERMITS
1954-1975.
IN
OREGON,
54 WILDERNESS AREAS IN THE
OREGON, WASHINGTON,
AND IDAHO, 1976.
U.S.,
55 DIRECT
EXPENDITURES
BY
OUT-OF-STATE TRAVELERS IN
OREGON, 1954-1975.
Table 1.
LOG CONSUMPTION FOR LUMBER PRODUCTION BY SPECIES AND REGION IN
OREGON, 1972.1
(Thousand board feet, Scribner)
Southwest
Central
Blue
Mountains
Total
1,125,690
83,387
86,071
3,137,351
835,144
57,067
138,907
94,245
140,749
804,525
20,655
55,260
340,420
1,686
76,948
1,283,852
951,730
330,014
103,250
45,653
-
-
148,903
pine
2,505
5,196
64,422
29,192
Spruce
13,541
220
101,315
25,812
9,465
39,849
69,349
6,263
NorthSpecies
Douglas-fir
Ponderosa
pine
Hemlock
True firs
west
1,842,203
-
Western
redcedar
Lodgepole
Other
softwood
Hardwood
'Derived from Schuldt and Howard (1974).
-
4,199
-
12,051
32,519
8
115,532
46,120
I
Table 2.
LAND AREA IN OREGON BY REGION AND CLASS, 1973.1
(Thousand acres)
Forest land2
Region
Commercial
Northwest
Southwest
Central
Blue Mountain
Total
Withdrawn
Reserved3 Deferred-
7,888
6,496
6,044
4,538
209
24,966
Non-
Unproductive
2,618
Total
land
area
11,023
921
8,148
1,985
1,344
8,405
7,227
8,346
6,002
9,658
18,397
18,004
24,399
4,303
29,980
31,594
61,574
-
305
669
ill
46
9
653
58
3
62
271
Total
forest
land'
'Derived from Bassett and Choate (1974).
2Land 10 percent stocked with trees, or formerly stocked and not developed for other
use.
3Withdrawn from timber harvest by statute or regulation.
'Withdrawn for possible inclusion in the wilderness system.
5Land without trees or developed for other uses, such as agriculture or residences.
Table 3.
COMMERCIAL FOREST LAND IN OREGON BY REGION AND OWNER CLASS, 1973.'
(Thousand acres)
Public owners
Other
USDA
agencies
Region
Northwest
Southwest
Central
Blue Mountain
2,577
2,068
3,652
Total
1,389
1,487
3,341
500
84
11,638
3,460
Private owners
Industrial
2049
Non-
industrial
Total
1,873
1,365
300
645
733
7,888
6,496
6,044
4,538
5,252
4,616
24,966
1,576
1,247
'Derived from Bassett and Choate (1974).
Table 4.
DISTRIBUTION OF COMMERCIAL FOREST LAND IN OREGON BY REGION AND OWNER, 1973.1
(Percent)
Land
Region
Western
Eastern
Total
area
Public owners
Other
USDA
agencies
Private owners
Non-
All
Industrial
industrial
owners
57.6
42.4
32.3
66.1
20.0
5.5
25.2
15.4
22.5
13.0
100
100
100.0
46.6
13.9
21.0
18.5
100
'Derived from Table 3.
39
Table 5.
NET VOLUME OF COMMERCIAL FOREST GROWING STOCK IN OREGON BY REGION, OWNER
CLASS, AVERAGE PER ACRE, AND SPECIES GROUP, 1973.1
Species
GMi11ion cu ft)
Average volume
Region
Owner class
(Cu ft/acre)
All
Softwoods
Hardwoods
species
Northwest
Public
USDA
Other agencies
Private
Industrial
Nonindustrial
Total
7,045
3,846
17,637
4,663
518
680
18,155
5,343
2,681
3,120
4,416
4,820
4,084
31,204
673
1,760
3,631
5,493
5,844
34,835
5,261
4,605
10,462
6,314
418
534
10,880
6,848
3,277
2,064
3,958
4,327
1,813
22,916
837
1,004
2,793
5,164
2,817
25,709
2,302
3,570
8,401
1,785
5
8,406
1,785
1,560
1,085
2,124
1,944
1
Southwest
Public
USDA
Other agencies
Private
Industrial
Nonindustrial
Total
Central
Public
USDA
Other agencies
Private
Industrial
Nonindustrial
Total
-
697
12,827
3
9
1,945
700
12,836
2,588
1,738
8,642
3
8,645
145
1
146
1,484
1,297
2,271
564
940
10,291
-
564
11
951
15
10,306
3,960
4,081
45,142
12,907
944
1,215
46,086
14,122
2,507
2,234
3,352
11,655
7,534
77,238
1,511
2,778
6,448
13,166
10,312
83,686
Blue Mountain
Public
USDA
Other agencies
Private
Industrial
Nonindustrial
Total
Total
Public
USDA
Other agencies
Private
Industrial
Nonindustrial
Total
'Derived from Bassett and Choate (1974).
40
I
Table 6.
DISTRIBUTION OF NET VOLUME OF COMMERCIAL FOREST GROWING STOCK1 IN OREGON BY
REGION AND OWNER, 1973.2
(Percent)
Region
Land,
area
All
Non-
Industrial
industrial
owners
18
14
74
20
8
11
7
100
100
55
17
16
12
100
Western
72
48
Eastern
28
100
Total
Private owners
Public owners
Other
USDA
agencies
'Net merchantable cubic-foot volume of trees over 5 inches diameter, breast high.
Derived from Table 5.
Table 7.
ALLOWABLE CUT LEVELS AND UNCUT VOLUMES ON PUBLICLY MANAGED LANDS IN OREGON
BY AGENCY, 1954-1975.1
(Million board feet, Scribner)
USDA2
Year
19545
19555
19565
19575
19585
19595
19605
1961-'
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
Allowable cut
Uncut
volume3
1,800.0
1,800.0
1,900.0
2,100.0
2,300.0
2,400.0
2,500.0
2,600.0
2,800.0
2,948.4
2,978.6
2,992.6
2,992.6
3,014.3
3,014.3
3.014.3
3,011.0
3,010.3
3,013.2
3,013.2
3,018.8
3,217.8
-
State
AllowUncut
able cut volume
-
-
-
-
-
4,721.1
6,663.9
6,910.7
4,948.5
6,591.5
6,329.8
6,451.1
7,758.6
8,076.4
8,006.0
7,549.1
7,004.2
7,752.2
163
173
172
168
186
188
193
193
193
193
193
200
206
-
-
-
-
-
290
248
205
192
240
287
282
325
405
308
338
333
BIA
BLM
Allowable cut
5005
5005
7005
7005
8005
9005
964
964
964
1,138
1,142
1,151
1,151
1,151
1,151
1,151
1,151
1,196
1,249
1,196
1,196
39/1,/96
Uncut
volume
Allowable cut
Uncut
volume`'
-
-
-
1,728
1,302
1,316
1,334
1,735
1,488
1,519
2,041
1,876
1,665
1,390
1,503
1,838
-
-
-
-
60
60
191
81
81
81
97
96
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
118
84
89
59
34
115
NA
NA
NA
NA
'Derived from federal and state agencies except as noted in footnote 5.
2lncludes California figures for Rogue River and Siskiyou National Forests.
3Uncut volume represents timber sold, but not yet harvested.
'NA = not available.
5Guthrie and Armstrong (1961).
41
Table 8.
ALLOCATION
PUBLIC
LAND REVENUES TO OREGON
COUNTIES.'
(Thousand dollars)
Year2
USDA
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
4,988
6,105
9,423
8,451
7,708
11,207
12,629
10,224
12,092
13,045
13,654
15,615
19,694
18,807
22,554
30,083
7,514
20,854
31,571
42,472
41,139
34,091
OF
BLM
6,697
14,368
12,083
9,937
11,715
14,862
16,388
14,537
15,494
15,347
21,421
20,357
21,279
22,121
26,000
32,554
29,993
32,315
38,367
48,039
58,893
50,596
'Derived from U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau
of Land Management, Public
Land Statistics (1974-1975)
and U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Agricultural
Statistics (1974-1975).
'Fiscal year basis beginning July 1.
42
Table 9.
OWNERSHIP OF PRIVATE FOREST LAND IN WESTERN OREGON
BY SIZE-CLASS OF OWNER AND PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL PRIVATE ACREAGE', 1974.2
Size class
(Acres)
Owners
(Number)
0-1,000
1,000-5,000
5,000-25,000
25,000-100,000
100,000-500,000
Proportion of total acreage
_
(Percent)
18,812
35
112
27
12
6
16
42
7
'Includes 4,151,500 of 6,863,000 acres. Does not include
Clackamas, Hood River, Linn, Multnomah, Tillamook, and
Washington Counties.
'Derived from unpublished data, Extension Service, School
of Forestry, Oregon State University, Corvallis.
Table 10.
NET ANNUAL GROWTH ON COMMERCIAL FOREST LAND IN OREGON BY OWNER CLASS AND
REGION, 1973.1
Species (Thousand cu ft)
Growth
Region
Owner
(Cu
ft/acre)
Softwoods
All
Hardwoods
species
Northwest
Public
USDA
Other agencies
Private
Industrial
Nonindustrial
Total
46
86
112,600
94,000
5,000
26,200
117,600
120,200
72
107
74
120,900
144,700
472,200
25,700
54,600
111,500
146,600
199,300
583,700
37
48
70,100
48,300
6,800
22,400
76,900
70,700
37
39
40
39,800
38,700
196,900
18,000
14,200
61,400
57,800
52,900
258,300
31
64
111,900
32,200
36
36
35
45,400
23,400
212,900
38
32
125,400
2,700
19
38
36
7,300
28,200
163,600
37
65
420,000
177,200
11,800
48,600
431,800
225,800
49
66
213,400
235,000
43,700
68,700
257,100
303,700
49
1,045,600
172,800
1,218,400
Southwest
Public
USDA
Other agencies
Private
Industrial
Nonindustrial
Total
Central
Public
USDA
Other agencies
-
-
111,900
32,200
Private
Industrial
Nonindustrial
Total
< 50
-
-
45,400
23,400
212,900
Blue Mountain
Public
USDA
Other agencies
Private
Industrial
Nonindustrial
Total
-
-
< 100
-
125,400
2,700
7,300
28,200
163,600
Total
Public
USDA
Other agencies
Private
Industrial
Nonindustrial
Total
'Derived from Bassett and Choate (1974).
43
Table 11.
TIMBER REMOVALS ON COMMERCIAL FOREST LAND IN OREGON BY REGION, OWNER, AVERAGE PER ACRE, AND SPECIES, 1972.1
Average
removed
Region
Owner
(Cu ft/acre)
Total removed (Thousand cu ft)
All
Softwoods
Hardwoods
species
Northwest
Public
USDA
Other agencies
Private
Industrial
Nonindustrial
Total
104
79
264,300
107,500
2,200
2,100
266,500
109,600
148
93
296,900
57,400
726,100
5,900
1,100
11,300
302,800
58,500
737,400
82
86
168,400
127,000
500
900
168,900
127,900
141
21
2,300
84
220,500
28,300
544,200
222,800
28,500
548,100
25
43
92,300
21,400
77
95,900
8,500
218,100
-
95,900
8,500
218,100
101,700
2,300
-
101,700
2,300
34/3,/00
-
20
14,400
-
29
131,500
-
13,100
14,400
131,500
54
76
626,700
258,200
2,700
3,000
629,400
261,200
121
626,400
108,600
1,619,900
8,200
1,300
15,200
634,600
109,900
1,635,100
31
Southwest
Public
USDA
Other agencies
Private
Industrial
Nonindustrial
Total
200
3,900
Central
Public
USDA
Other agencies
Private
Industrial
Nonindustrial
13
Total
36
Public
USDA
Other agencies
30
-
92,300
21,400
Blue Mountain
Private
Industrial
Nonindustrial
Total
27
Total
Public
USDA
Other agencies
Private
Industrial
Nonindustrial
Total
'Derived from Bassett and Choate (1974).
44
24
65
1112
Table 12.
RELATION OF NET ANNUAL GROWTH TO GROWING-STOCK
CUBIC-FOOT VOLUME PER ACRE IN OREGON BY REGION,
OWNER CLASS, AND SPECIES, 1973.1
(Percent)
Species
Region
All
species
Softwoods
Hardwoods
Other agencies
0.7
1.3
4.0
0.7
1.6
Industrial
1.8
1.2
2.9
2.5
2.7
1.9
2.9
1.4
1.4
1.8
-
1.4
1.8
2.1
3.1
-0.7
2.1
1.6
-
Other agencies
0.9
1.4
4.0
0.9
1.6
Industrial
1.8
Nonindustrial
Total
3.1
2.9
2.5
2.7
2.0
2.9
1.5
Owner
Western
Public
USDA
Private
Nonindustrial
Total
Eastern
3.1
Public
USDA
Other agencies
Private
Industrial
Nonindustrial
Total
1.3
3.2
1.6
Total
Public
USDA
Private
1.4
1.3
1Derived from Tables 5 and 6.
45
Table 13.
RELATION OF ANNUAL CUBIC-FOOT TIMBER REMOVALS PER
ACRE TO NET ANNUAL GROWTH IN OREGON BY REGION,
OWNER CLASS, AND SPECIES GROUP, 1973.1
(Percent)
Species
Region
All
species
Softwoods
Hardwoods
237
165
23
Other agencies
6
224
124
Industrial
322
Nonindustrial
Total
47
190
19
2
9
257
34
153
Owner
Western
Public
USDA
Private
Eastern
Public
USDA
Other agencies
82
68
82
207
44
93
207
44
93
68
Private
Industrial
Nonindustrial
Total
Total
Public
USDA
Other agencies
149
146
23
294
46
155
19
2
6
146
116
Private
Industrial
Nonindustrial
Total
'Derived from Tables 10 and 11.
46
0
247
36
134
A
Table 14.
DISTRIBUTION OF TIMBER REMOVALS FROM COMMERCIAL FOREST LAND IN OREGON BY
REGION AND OWNER CLASS, 1972.1
(Percent)
Region
Public owners
Other
agencies
USDA
Total
Western
Eastern
Oregon
Private owners
All
Non-
industrial
Industrial
owners
78.6
21.4
33.9
55.5
18.5
6.8
40.9
31.2
6.7
6.5
100
100
100.0
38.5
16.0
38.8
6.7
100
'Derived from Table 11.
Table 15.
DISTRIBUTION OF STANDARD CLASS' TIMBER IN WESTERN OREGON BY OWNER AND SIZE
CLASS, 1975.2
(Percent)
All
Stand-size class3
Owner
Large
sawtimber
Small
sawtimber
Poletimber
Seedlings
size
Non-
and saplings stocked
classes
Public
USDA
Other agencies
27.6
20.7
45.8
30.0
17.2
17.7
30.5
2.3
1.6
100
100
13.5
18.8
39.2
19.5
15.7
37.5
23.8
10.7
100
100
6.6
Private
Industrial
Nonindustrial
7.2
14.1
'Land, which includes approximately 72 percent of the commercial forest land base
in western Oregon, is primarily devoted to timber production without management,
locational, or productivity restrictions.
2Derived from Table 16.
3Seedlings and saplings with diameters up to 5 inches, pole timber with diameters 5
to 9 inches, small sawtimber with diameters 9 to 20 inches, and large sawtimber over
20 inches in diameter. Nonstocked lands with less than 10 percent tree stocking.
47
Table 16.
STANDARD CLASS' FOREST LAND IN WESTERN OREGON BY STOCKING LEVEL2, STAND-SIZE
C LASS3 , AND OWNER CLASS, 1975.4
Ownership
Stand-size class (Thousand acres
Stocking level
Large
sawtimber
in
stocking
class
Seedlings
Small
sawtimber
Poletimber
and
Non-
saplings
stocked
62.87
440.61
21.36
-
Total
(Percent)
USDA
High
Medium
Low
362.77
327.95
124.32
731.36
458.41
173.02
Nonstocked
135.66
41.43
19.35
All stocking
levels
819.04
1,362.79
Ownership in
1,296.84
1,268.40
338.05
43.6
42.7
11.4
69.20
69.20
2.3
-
-
196.44
524.84
69.20
2,972.31
6.6
17.7
2.3
-
size class
(percent)
27.6
45.8
100.0
OTHER PUBLIC AGENCIES
High
Medium
Low
60.61
189.44
176.88
86.74
169.92
346.86
131.18
444.82
265.98
183.01
104.39
198.15
Nonstocked
All stocking
levels
36 . 93
513.67
1,092.78
751.53
36 . 93
2,394.91
496.51
719.31
412.45
729.71
36.93
20.7
30.0
17.2
30.5
1.6
Ownership in
21.4
45.6
31.4
1 . 6
size class
(percent)
48
-
100.0
I
Table 16.
(continued)
Ownership
Stand-size class (Thousand acres)
Seedlings
Stocking level
Large
sawtimber
Small
sawtimber
Poleand
timber saplings
Non-
stocked
Total
in
stocking
class
(Percent)
INDUSTRIAL
High
Medium
Low
159.29
159.30
149.02
191.03
242.63
214.73
176.33
231.57
264.54
311.03
469.55
509.77
Nonstocked
All stocking
levels
464.61
648.39
13.5
18.8
Ownership in
672.44 1,290.35
-
-
834.68
1,103.05
1,138.06
367.21
367.21
367.21
3,443.00
24.2
32.0
33.1
size class
(percent)
19.5
37.5
10.7
127.60
118.38
94.20
-
100.0
NONINDUSTRIAL
High
36.16
Medium
18.71
Low
47.83
109.62
159.46
290.57
82.96
45.13
96.58
-
Nonstocked
All stocking
levels
102.70
559.65
224.67
340.18
201.15
7.2
39.2
15.7
23.8
14.1
Ownership in
356.34
340.60
529.18
201.15
25.0
23.9
37.0
14.1
1,428.35
size class
(percent)
100.0
'Land, which includes approximately 72 percent of the commercial forest land base in
western Oregon, is primarily devoted to timber production without management, locational,
or productivity restrictions.
'Stocking level: high, 80 percent or greater; medium, 40-80 percent; and low, 10-40
percent.
Seedlings and saplings with diameters up to 5 inches, pole timber with diameters
5 to 9 inches, small sawtimber with diameters 9 to 20 inches, and large sawtimber
over 20 inches in diameter. Nonstocked lands with less than 10 percent tree stocking.
4Derived from Beuter et al. (1976). Unpublished background data.
49
Table 17.
RELATION OF TIMBER REMOVALS FROM COMMERCIAL FOR-
EST LAND TO SIZE OF HOLDINGS IN OREGON BY REGION
AND OWNER CLASS,
1972-1973.',2
Public owner
Region
Western
Oregon
USDA
Other
agencies
Private owner
Industrial
Non-
industrial
136
50
105
84
93
124
162
30
Eastern
203
50
Oregon
100
83
115
185
36
'Derived from Tables 4 and 14.
2Percentage relative to area (a percent relative contribution is proportional to area in the ownership).
Table 18.
COVERED EMPLOYMENT' IN ALL MANUFACTURING, FOREST
PRODUCTS, LUMBER AND WOOD PRODUCTS, AND PAPER AND
ALLIED PRODUCTS IN OREGON, 1954-1975.2
All
Forest
manufacturing
products
(SIC 24 and 26
(SIC
Payroll
Year
Employees
1954
132,173
$ 580,632
1955
139,782
645,239
1956
143,314
684,441
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
134,114
640,810
135,005
671,823
145,686
766,567
__(Thousand)
144,286
770,585
139,031
143,088
763,246
807,033
851,089
Employees
Payroll
(Thousand)
80,200
86,352
$ 367,502
414,898
85,004
77,253
75,920
81,800
79,056
74,233
76,124
76,419
419,079
374,953
385,016
441,822
425,771
410,101
434,137
454,976
1963
145,253
1964
151,184
933,682
80,394
505,582
1965
157,700
167,000
165,122
173,550
180,627
172,222
174,350
184,053
1,012,498
1,107,788
1,133,759
1,269,741
1,388,974
1,411,892
1,517,199
1,711,501
81,833
533,706
81,102
77,910
81,114
80,055
76,125
549,675
549,805
623,450
646,408
633,446
79,715
741,698
196,984
1,943,325
198,336
183,207
2,117,621
2,153,674
84,933
88,430
85,274
79,602
849,033
943,294
969,962
989,214
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
'Number of employees covered by Workmen's Compensation.
2Derived from unpublished data, Oregon Employment
50
Division, Salem.
17 18
Lumber and
wood products
(SIC 24)
Employees
73,771
79,770
77,917
70,166
68,850
74,244
71,749
66,975
68,823
69,056
73,168
74,318
73,062
69,447
72,339
70,951
66,766
70,291
75,415
78,769
75,271
69,806
Paper and
allied products
(SIC 26)
Payroll
(Thousand)
$ 337,985
382,957
383,028
337,649
346,467
398,978
382,533
365,705
387,648
406,380
455,634
478,764
488,389
481,222
547,231
560,690
572,193
645,385
743,167
828,512
836,313
848,689
Employees
6,429
6,582
7,087
7,087
7,070
7,556
7,307
7,258
7,301
7,363
7,226
7,515
8,040
8,463
8,775
9,104
9,359
9,424
9,518
9,661
10,003
9,796
Payroll
(Thousand)
$ 29,517
31,941
36,051
37,304
38,549
42,844
43,238
44,396
46,489
48,596
49,948
54,942
61,286
68,583
76,219
85,718
91,253
96,313
105,866
114,782
133,649
140,525
51
Table 19.
EMPLOYMENT AND VALUE ADDED FOR ALL MANUFACTURING (SIC 19-39), FOREST PRODUCTS
(SIC 24 AND 26), LUMBER AND WOOD PRODUCTS (SIC 24), AND PAPER AND ALLIED PRODUCTS (SIC 26) IN OREGON, 1954-1973.1
All manufacturing
(SIC 19-39)
employment
Payroll
(Thousand)
Forest products
(SIC 24 and 26)
value
Year
Employees
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
135,309
143,579
143,334
133,390
133,976
143,656
143,229
140,427
143,339
$ 566,671
638,488
663,167
619,097
743,284
787,510
$1,037,456
1,149,896
1,209,042
1,061,734
1,222,224
1,441,496
1,348,983
1,366,978
1,469,511
145,164
819,559
1,574,816
148,452
152,950
160,867
163,100
167,200
173,500
169,200
169,400
178,000
192,100
893,871
944,929
1,029,876
1,082,500
1,170,200
1,260,300
1,292,600
1,406,800
1,627,300
1,863,200
1,698,854
1,817,314
1,992,308
2,060,500
2,452,900
2,612,800
2,508,200
2,806,600
3,489,900
4,284,000
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
52
648,614
730,285
741,178
Em to ment
added
(Thousand
Payroll
Employees
81,665
87,341
84,364
77,501
75,036
81,917
78,246
75,531
76,872
76,756
78,101
78,617
79,850
78,800
79,400
79,700
73,800
74,000
82,500
85,200
(Thousand)
$ 348.607
399,988
399,104
365,029
367,232
414,213
399,829
396,541
418,814
434,370
477.087
486,804
513,127
521,200
569,800
594,200
599,800
660,600
778,200
847,200
Value
added
(Thousand
$ 637,993
733,889
709,579
592,559
660,711
799,416
683,930
705,801
761,286
816,436
867,363
891,415
964,570
925,400
1,186,000
1,238,900
1,123,800
1,343,800
1,790,100
2,312,700
19
Table 19.
(continued)
Lumber and wood products
(SIC 24)
Employment
Value
Payroll
Year
Employees
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
75,635
81,097
77,743
71,053
68,019
74,608
71,084
68,278
69,561
69,975
70,873
71,057
71,824
70,600
71,300
71,000
64,600
65,400
73,900
76,300
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
(Thousand)
$321,158
370,371
366,270
331,419
328,847
373,022
357,743
352,327
372,443
389,581
427,906
433,637
454,143
455,200
501,000
515,300
513,700
572,300
682,500
740,800
Paper and allied products
(SIC 26)
Payroll
added
(Thousand)
Employees
(Thousand)
$573,672
661,747
625,566
506,494
557,156
684,984
568,992
586,388
634,667
700,535
737,202
746,847
804,393
770,600
6,030
6,244
$27,449
29,617
32,834
33,610
38,385
41,191
42,086
44,214
46,371
44,789
49,181
53,167
58,984
66,000
68,800
78,900
86,100
88,300
95,700
106,400
1,020,100
1,035,200
884,900
1,087,500
1,491,800
1,946,900
Value
Employment
6,621
6,448
7,017
7,309
7,162
7,253
7,311
6,781
7,228
7,560
8,026
8,200
8,100
8,700
9,200
8,600
8,600
8,900
added
(Thousand)
$64,321
72,142
84,013
86,065
103,555
114,432
114,938
119,413
126,619
116,901
130,161
144,568
160,177
154,800
165,900
203,700
238,900
256,300
298,300
365,800
1Derived from U.S. Bureau of Census, Census of Manufacturers (1954-1972) and U.S.
Bureau of Census, Annual Survey of Manufacturers (1954-1974).
53
Table 20.
EMPLOYMENT AND VALUE ADDED FOR LUMBER AND WOOD
PRODUCTS (SIC 24) AND PAPER AND ALLIED PRODUCTS (SIC
26) SECTOR SHARES OF THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY
IN OREGON, 1954-1973.
Lumber and wood products
Paper and allied products
(SIC 26)
(SIC 24)
Year
Employment
Employees Payroll
1954
1963
1972
1973
92.6
91.2
89.6
89.6
Value
added
92.1
89.7
87.7
87.4
89.9
85.7
83.3
84.2
Value
Employment
Employees Payroll
added
7.4
8.8
7.9
10.3
10.1
10.4
12.3
16.7
10.4
12.6
15.8
14.3
'Derived from Table 19.
Table 21.
ESTIMATED VALUE OF FOREST PRODUCTS IN OREGON BY TYPE OF PRODUCT,
19541975.1
(Millions of current dollars)
Lumber
Sub-
Year
Western
Eastern
total
Plywood
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
472.2
574.8
532.7
399.8
395.7
472.5
440.5
392.3
409.6
436.0
487.3
500.0
489.8
442.5
570.6
587.7
471.3
638.2
844.1
133.0
151.9
160.5
129.5
130.3
153.3
133.5
140.5
137.7
148.3
158.6
143.0
605.2
726.7
693.2
529.3
526.0
625.7
574.0
532.8
547.3
584.3
645.9
643.0
643.9
576.3
737.0
192.5
254.0
267.0
281.1
357.9
443.0
405.5
411.8
443.0
443.5
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
54
1,169.0
925.2
769.0
154.1
133.8
166.4
193.4
155.4
201.3
251.8
339.6
285.4
249.7
781.1
626.7
839.5
1,095.9
1,508.6
1,210.6
1,018.7
475.0
513.0
484.0
427.0
612.6
579.9
500.7
568.0
787.2
895.6
740.1
779.6
Pulp,
Particleboard,
Paper,
Paperboard
Hardboard,
board
total
145.3
160.0
161.7
20.0
22.2
963.0
1,163.2
1,146.5
154.1
173.9
27.0
29.0
42.0
39.0
40.3
40.6
42.3
49.8
50.0
63.0
77.3
196.8
197.6
218.1
233.5
245.3
229.4
'240.0
241.3
271.4
360.7
572.7
438.2
460.0
480.3
518.8
648.5
690.2
Insulation
24.6
103.3
124.6
107.6
127.8
185.8
250.2
204.4
121.3
Sub-
991.5
1,086.8
1,307.5
1,216.1
1,203.0
1,264.4
1,315.4
1,400.1
1,446.0
1,432.2
1,352.0
1,813.6
2,058.3
1,673.2
1,995.3
2,549.2
3,173.2
2,803.6
2,609.8
'Derived from Industrial Forestry Association (1954-1975) and Western Wood
Products Association (1954-1975).
202122
Miscellaneous
Shingles,
Exports
Logs
Poles,
Cnips
-
Piling
Shakes
-
5.1
-
5.0
10.4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
4.1
6.2
10.7
-
8.6
8.6
9.6
8.7
7.1
7.6
8.7
9.5
7.6
6.1
-
Total
968.0
-
-
Table 22.
-
FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY (SIC 24 AND 26)
SHARE OF TOTAL MANUFACTURING IN OREGON
-
(1954-1973).'
-
(Percent)
99.5
164.6
153.9
160.8
37.1
55.2
67.4
67.7
13.6
11.3
37.8
25.6
17.4
10.1
14.1
11.9
7.3
8.5
-
2,018.9
2,697.1
3,430.8
3,057.2
2,855.8
Employment
Value
added
61.5
51.9
51.3
54.0
Year
Employees
Payrol
1954
1963
1972
1973
60.4
52.9
46.2
44.4
61.5
53.0
47.8
45.5
'Derived from Table 19.
55
Table 23.
TIMBER HARVEST' IN OREGON BY OWNER CLASS, 1954-1975.2
(Million board feet, Scribner)
Year
Private
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
5,887
6,798
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
6,411
4,957
4,5953
4,8233
4,9573
3,8553
4,0993
3,7773
4,0143
4,034
4,123
3,833
4,354
4,165
3,874
4,230
3,919
3,610
3,822
3,781
Other
USDA
1,719
1,768
1,868
1,658
2,144
2,935
2,315
2,442
3,075
3,247
3,431
3,781
3,269
3,181
3,642
3,464
2,832
3,197
3,944
3,836
3,163
2,661
BLM
717
567
541
594
752
969
863
895
1,104
1,366
1,638
1,240
1,244
1,092
1,470
1,206
1,037
1,340
1,419
BIA
State
110
133
163
52
99
76
76
4733
4433
3543
3023
199
138
174
182
169
215
244
254
184
127
41
53
71
91
74
60
110
100
92
79
87
80
95
1,501
1,0255 111
6265 123
161
200
150
158
246
288
225
160
All
agencies' owners'
11
41
14
16
23
10
16
22
36
15
20
8,906
9,709
9,337
7,563
7,709
8,941
8,385
7,415
8,500
8,676
9,418
9,394
8,921
8,357
9,743
9,150
7,982
9,028
9,630
9,366
8,361
7,371
'1954-1963 includes volume removed as logs but not poles,
pilings, or woodcutting operations; 1964-1975 includes
volume removed as logs, poles, and pilings, but not wood-
cutting operations.
2Derived from U.S. Department of Agriculture (1954-1976).
3Includes some county and municipal volume.
'Sum of regional totals (Tables 3-6) may not equal state
total because of rounding.
'Western Oregon volume adjusted from short log to long
log basis (multiplied by 0.89).
56
2324
Table 24.
TIMBER HARVEST IN NORTHWEST OREGON BY OWNER CLASS,
1954-1975.1
(Million board feet, Scribner)
Industrial
industrial
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
2,426
2,639
2,809
2,060
1,940
1,809
2,078
1,945
1,771
1,646
1,727
1,605
1,765
1,637
1,725
1,394
1,648
1,785
1,523
1,457
1,442
1,670
-
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
All
Non-
Year
-
216
308
280
355
266
345
539
533
210
223
286
428
230
154
USDA
BLM
owners
770
828
812
746
992
737
648
557
530
387
467
454
476
532
680
825
600
592
455
627
3,933
4,115
4,178
3,336
3,319
3,657
3,630
3,524
4,036
4,093
4,307
4,269
4,039
3,696
609
478
565
760
798
540
335
4,047
3,542
3,853
4,223
4,379
3,497
3,122
1,381
1,098
1,103
1,517
1,459
1,475
1,709
1,416
1,259
1,570
1,511
1,206
1,280
1,654
1,696
1,285
963
4,461
'Derived from U.S. Department of Agriculture (1954-1976).
57
Table 25.
TIMBER HARVEST IN SOUTHWEST OREGON BY OWNER CLASS,
1954-1975.1
(Million board feet, Scribner)
Non-
Year
Industrial
industrial
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
2,715
3,365
2,818
2,193
1,960
2,273
2,257
1,379
1,376
1,140
1,331
1,324
1,377
1,279
1,332
1,415
1,276
1,320
1,269
1,029
1,194
1,146
-
399
385
398
326
480
688
512
195
193
705
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
132
167
109
103
139
124
77
58
136
136
109
95
USDA
551
821
892
890
764
788
889
723
608
770
970
903
699
546
Other
agencies
All
owners
436
337
317
342
3,550
4,087
3,533
2,861
451
601
531
2,891
567
720
873
1,032
3,562
3,300
2,497
2,996
3,027
3,387
831
3,261
3,081
750
979
785
692
910
883
970
690
458
2,920
3,339
3,047
2,653
3,058
3,258
3,038
2,692
2,245
880
'Derived from U.S. Department of Agriculture (1954-1976).
58
25 26
Table 26.
TIMBER HARVEST IN CENTRAL OREGON BY OWNER CLASS,
1954-1975.1
(Million board feet, Scribner)
M
Non-
Year
Industrial
industrial
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
317
387
314
279
269
-
321
311
-
385
340
395
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
281
345
236
240
206
254
290
358
187
367
476
456
474
522
395
467
513
-
-
-
-
32
56
60
63
22
51
101
51
22
195
41
38
86
76
USDA
511
372
440
460
465
562
599
584
607
604
636
553
580
656
654
659
592
Other
agencies
114
152
176
62
109
96
107
56
54
82
111
96
92
122
129
116
95
112
112
141
141
133
All
owners
752
850
875
681
773
888
824
732
786
809
987
1,048
1,056
967
1,201
1,279
1,126
1,305
1,331
1,228
1,353
1,314
'Derived from U.S. Department of Agriculture (1954-1976).
59
Table 27.
TIMBER HARVEST IN THE BLUE MOUNTAIN REGION OF OREGON BY OWNER CLASS, 1954-1975.1
(Million board feet, Scribner)
Non-
Year
Industrial
industrial
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
428
407
470
425
426
-
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
461
278
293
USDA
229
244
270
246
277
354
333
-
351
131
138
139
112
88
392
501
121
140
131
104
108
110
84
69
72
147
89
120
108
86
100
47
64
74
91
73
56
147
37
502
583
506
527
579
594
465
567
664
584
519
560
Other
agencies
13
6
7
14
22
18
21
18
20
16
4
3
14
16
13
11
9
14
12
9
4
4
All
owners
670
657
747
685
725
833
632
662
681
744
738
815
746
774
743
777
658
812
818
721
817
690
'Derived from U.S. Department of Agriculture (1954-1976).
60
27 28 29
Table 28.
LOGGING CAMPS AND LOGGING CONTRACTORS (SIC 241) IN OREGON, 1954-1972.1
Volume
production2
(
Employment
Milli on board
Value
added
Year
Establishments
1954
1958
1963
2,225
1,652
1,439
8,906
7,709
8,676
14,021
11,278
12,261
1967
1,162
8,357
11,600
69,900
141,400
1972
1,123
9,630
13,200
104,800
214,900
feet, Scribner)
Pay r oii
Employees
(Thousand)
$56,261
55,494
67,646
(Thousand)
$112,470
103,326
136,707
'U.S. Bureau of the Census (1954-1972).
2U
S. Department of Agriculture (1954-1976).
Table 29.
AVERAGE ANNUAL NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN LOGGING (SIC
241) IN OREGON BY AREA, 1954-1975.1
Year
Oregon
Western2
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
12,927
13,678
14,446
12,064
11,992
1961
11,794
12,380
12,557
13,309
13,453
12,344
12,013
12,736
12,424
11,102
11,488
12,460
13,096
13,665
11,966
11,329
12,109
12,580
10,564
10,323
11,429
11,159
10,369
11,047
11,054
11,658
11,749
10,848
10,336
10,909
10,686
9,586
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
13,291
12,751
9,881
NA
11,093
NA
10,011
Eastern2
1,598
1,569
1,866
1,500
1,669
1,862
1,592
1,425
1,333
1,503
1,651
1,704
1,496
1,677
1,827
1,738
1,516
1,607
NA
2,003
NA
1,955
'Derived from Wall and Oswald (1975) and Oregon State
Employment Division (Mimeo).
2NA = not available.
61
Table 30.
LUMBER PRODUCTION OF SOFTWOODS AND HARDWOODS IN
OREGON AND THE UNITED STATES, 1954-1976.1
(Million board feet, lumber tally)
Year
Softwood
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
8,830
9,153
8,321
6,868
7,523
8,188
7,523
7,310
7,656
7,748
8,409
8,410
8,140
7,847
8,383
6,855
6,535
7,349
7,647
7,949
8,005
6,181
7,300
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
Oregon
Hardwood
United States
Total
Softwood
8,851
9,181
8,361
29,282
29,815
91
6,895
7,545
8,222
7,549
7,366
7,712
7,818
8,476
8,480
8,233
7,938
88
8,471
45
27
32
35
32
6,900
6,562
27,100
27,379
30,509
26,672
26,066
26,819
27,552
29,284
29,295
28,847
28,172
29,285
28,342
27,530
30,039
30,975
31,586
27,704
26,742
30,800
21
28
40
27
22
34
26
56
56
70
67
70
93
60
7,381
7,682
7,981
8,065
33
35
6,214
7,335
30,231
Hardwood Total
7,074
7,565
7,968
5,801
6,006
6,657
6,254
5,953
6,359
7,154
7,275
7,467
7,737
7,430
7,188
7,482
7,138
6,949
6,770
7,009
6,904
5,872
6,300
36,356
37,380
38,199
32,901
33,385
37,166
32,926
32,019
33,178
34,706
36,559
36,762
36,584
35,602
36,473
35,824
34,668
36,988
37,745
38,595
34,608
32,614
37,600
'U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Industrial Report
MA-24T (1954-1975).
62
303132
Table 31.
LUMBER PRODUCTION OF SOFTWOODS AND HARDWOOD IN
OREGON BY REGION, 1954-1976.1
(Million board feet, lumber tally)
NorthYear
Total
west
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
8,851
9,181
8,361
4,053
3,913
3,475
3,236
3,384
3,496
3,299
3,306
3,380
3,542
3,745
3,744
3,649
3,418
3,634
3,353
3,256
3,703
4,013
4,170
3,490
3,149
3,760
6,895
7,545
8,222
7,549
7,153
7,289
7,439
7,756
7,580
7,316
6,974
7,470
6,946
6,680
7,413
7,943
8,194
7,007
6,342
7,335
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
Southwest
2,858
3,049
2,811
2,445
2,602
2,906
2,412
2,133
2,096
2,110
2,234
2,131
1,935
1,911
2,119
1,977
1,864
2,021
2,215
2,262
1,917
1,702
1,870
Central2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1,146
1,106
1,166
1,080
1,143
1,071
1,054
1,184
1,206
1,243
1,159
1,070
1,190
Eastern
Blue
Mountains2 Total
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
631
599
566
565
574
545
506
505
509
519
441
421
515
1,940
2,219
2,075
1,214
1,559
1,820
1,838
1,714
1,813
1,787
1,777
1,705
1,732
1,645
1,717
1,616
1,560
1,689
1,715
1,762
1,600
1,491
1,705
'Derived from Western Wood Products Association (1954-1975).
2NA
= not available.
Table 32.
SAWMILLS AND PLANING MILLS (SIC 242) IN OREGON, 1954 AND 1972.1
Establish-
Volume of
production2
Year
ments
(Million board feet,
lumber tally)
1954
1958
1963
1967
1972
1,392
777
588
456
400
8,851
7,545
7,818
7,938
7,682
Employment
Payroll
Employees
45,830
32,479
27,199
25,100
27,500
Value
added
(Thousand)
(Thousand)
$193,878
156,113
151,198
163,600
265,900
$337,708
245,819
252,005
269,800
610,400
'U.S. Bureau of the Census (1954-1972).
2U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Industrial Report, MA-24T (1954-1975).
63
Table 33.
SAWMILLS IN OREGON BY MILL-SIZE CLASS' AND REGION, 1968 AND 1972.2
C
D
Region
Northwest
Southwest
Central
Blue Mountains
Total
A
B
1968,
1972
1968
1972
69
20
41
41
9
3
7
2
11
10
8
9
32
10
10
5
102
58
70
57
1968
1972
1968
1972
36
29
23
15
10
46
29
6
30
20
5
4
60
59
6
4
69
All classes
1968
1972
148
8
4
176
72
25
27
87
300
262
61
30
23
'Class A mills = > 120,000 board-foot capacity per 8-hour shift, B = 80,000-119,999,
C = 40,000-79,999, and D = < 40,000.
2Manock et al. (1968), Schuldt and Howard (1974).
Table 34.
AVERAGE ANNUAL NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN SAWMILLS
AND PLANING MILLS (SIC 2421 AND 242) IN OREGON,
1954-1975.1
Year
Total
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
43,870
46,754
42,332
36,164
32,162
33,620
30,719
26,495
26,600
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
25,961
26,023
25,507
25,022
23,465
SIC 24212'3
Western Eastern
34,012
36,007
31,742
26,375
23,468
24,720
22,479
19,006
19,097
18,554
18,814
18,230
17,705
16,320
16,667
16,474
15,532
16,083
NA
1972``
23,715
23,492
22,372
23,432
25,085
1973``
27,159
NA
1974"
19754
26,682
24,179
NA
NA
1971
9,858
10,747
10,590
9,789
8,694
8,900
8,240
7,489
7,503
7,407
7,209
7,277
7,317
7,145
7,048
7,018
6,840
7,349
NA
NA
NA
NA
SIC 242'''`
Total
Eastern
45,199
48,509
44,227
38,397
32,839
34,446
31,424
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
27,164
NA
NA
27,232
26,715
26,765
26,118
25,560
23,974
24,418
24,140
22,936
24,155
25,920
28,130
27,494
24,925
'Oregon State Employment Division (Mimeo).
2Wall and Oswald (1975).
'NA = not available.
"Includes specialty mills.
64
Western
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
17,362
N/A
16,081
NA
NA
19,990
NA
17,328
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
6,056
N/A
6,855
NA
NA
8,140
NA
7,597
33 34 35
Table 35.
PLANTS AND PRODUCTION OF SOFTWOOD PLYWOOD IN OREGON AND THE UNITED STATES,
19541975.1
United States
Oregon
Production
Layup
establishments
U.S. Bureau
American
Plywood
Year
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
Association
of the
Census
(Million
sg ft, 3/8-in, basis)
American
Plywood
Association
U.S. Bureau
of the
Association
3,904
5,075
5,240
5,460
6,339
7,828
7,816
8,577
9,513
2,081
65
2,754
3,052
3,408
2,014
2,856
3,180
3,510
71
71
4,210
4,233
78
84
86
89
79
79
79
83
87
88
89
88
79
76
83
79
79
76
79
76
73
5,121
5,160
5,680
6,329
6,795
5,003
5,099
5,563
6,124
6,822
7,742
7,558
8,018
8,037
7,865
7,779
7,392
8,304
7,240
7,439
8,148
8,635
8,519
7,056
6,927
7,452
7,927
7,156
7,316
64
91
94
95
97
89
87
88
85
85
85
84
85
84
sg ft, 3/8-in, basis)
American
Plywood
Census
43
56
64
63
47
55
Production (Million
7,911
8,320
8,176
6,937
6,691
U.S. Bureau
of the
Census
10,216
11,679
12,447
13,054
12,958
14,695
13,694
3,989
5,284
5,432
5,653
6,487
7,736
7,759
8,496
9,315
10,375
11,455
12,428
12,849
12,840
14,385
13,538
14,277
14,149
16,635
18,324
18,305
15,878
16,050
18,380
16,353
17,843
17,929
15,306
15,265
-
'American Plywood Association (1954-1975) and U.S. Bureau of the Census (1955-1975).
65
Table 36.
PLANTS, PRODUCTION, EMPLOYMENT, AND VALUE ADDED FOR SOFTWOOD AND HARDWOOD
VENEER AND PLYWOOD (SIC 2432) IN OREGON, 1954-1972.
Year
1954
1958
1963
1967
1972'
Establishments
318-in. ,basis)
66
108
148
w
Payroll
Employees
11,735
18,910
24,131
25,700
19,800
2,014
4,233
6,822
7,452
8,320
151
180
Value
added
Employment
Softwood production'
(Million square feet,
(Thousand)
(Thousand)
$ 55,253
$ 99,754
94,073
137,869
173,600
198,300
166,370
251,773
267,200
443,200
'U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Manufacturers (1954-1972).
S. Bureau of the Census, Current Industrial Reports MA-24H (1955-1975).
Includes only SIC 2436, softwood plywood.
2U
Table 37.
VENEER AND PLYWOOD PLANTS IN OREGON, 1968 AND 1972.1
Veneer and
Veneer only La
Region
No
Southwest
Central
Blue Mountains
Total
u
only
la 6u
1968
1972
3
30
22
3
3
77
52
4
5
76
44
9
4
58
58
138
133
1972
1968
72
34
20
29
10
17
33
11
11
11
21
3
2
5
1
1
59
46
1
--21
-29
19
'Manock et al. (1968), Schuldt and Howard (1974).
66
All types
1972
968
363738
Table 38.
AVERAGE ANNUAL NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN VENEER AND
PLYWOOD PLANTS (SIC 2432)1 IN OREGON, 1954-1975.
Year
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
Western2'3
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
25,299
NA
23,412
1971
1972``
1973'
25,280
19744
NA
1975`
20,720
NA
NA
Eastern2'3
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
897
NA
1,058
NA
NA
1,077
NA
1,065
Total"
10,956
12,625
14,149
14,968
18,428
20,729
21,849
22,600
23,693
24,007
26,504
27,629
27,435
25,363
26,196
25,342
24,470
25,547
26,467
26,357
24,037
21,785
'Divided into 2435 and 2436, hardwood and softwood veneer
and plywood in 1972 and subsequent years.
2Oregon State Employment Division (Mimeo.).
3NA = not available.
4Wall and Oswald (1975).
67
Table 39.
PARTICLEBOARD PLANTS AND PRODUCTION IN OREGON AND THE UNITED STATES, 1955-1975.
United States
Oregon
Establishments
U.S. Bureau
Year
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
Johnson
5
4
8
9
8
10
9
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
10
10
10
13
14
14
15
15
14
152
152
152
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
sq ft,
NA'
132
(Million
3/4-in. basis)
Production (Million
sq It, 3/4-in, basis)
U.S. Bureau
of the
1961
1971
Production
of the
U.S. Bureau
Forest
Industries
Census
Johnson
-
12
16
117
21
200
8
11
11
10
10
9
12
15
13
13
14
13
14
14
14
14
14
46
76
72
86
125
145
208
286
478
540
613
708
740
7742
1,0352
1,4112
NA3
7522
Census
of the
Census
83
126
76
68
108
122
152
203
282
411
503
579
654
662
814
1,009
1,161
1,084
873
296
269
326
408
496
638
833
296
268
326
408
496
638
803
1,134
1,216
1,495
1,784
2,315
2,835
3,163
3,540
2,800
2,024
1,115
1,425
1,716
1,764
2,394
3,117
3,494
3,104
2,539
997
142
'W. W. Johnson (1973); U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Industrial Reports MA-24L
(1954-1975); Forest Industries (1954-1976).
2Forest Industries (1954-1976).
3NA = not available.
68
39 40 41
Table 40.
NUMBER OF PARTICLEBOARD, HARDBOARD, AND INSULATION BOARD MILLS IN OREGON, 1968 AND 1972.1
Region
Particleboard
1968 1972
Hardboard
1968 1972
Insulation
board
1968 1972
Northwest
Southwest
Central
5
6
6
5
1
1
4
5
1
1
1
2
1
1
-
-
Blue Mountains
1
1
1
1
-
-
11
14
9
8
Total
'Manock et al. (1968), Schuldt and Howard (1974)
Table 41.
AVERAGE ANNUAL NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN PARTICLEBOARD PLANTS IN OREGON BETWEEN 1955 AND 1975.'
Year
Total
Western'
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
47
200
637
1,363
1,375
NA
NA
NA
NA
1,047
Eastern2
NA
NA
NA
NA
328
W. W. Johnson (1973), Oregon State Department of Human
Resources, Employment Division (1954-1975).
INA = not available.
69
Table 42.
NUMBER OF PLANTS AND PRODUCTION OF HARDBOARD AND INSULATION BOARD IN OREGON
AND THE UNITED STATES, 1954-1975.1
(Million square feet)
United States2
Oregon2
Hardboard
Mills
Year
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
(Number)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
8
8
9
9
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
Production
(1/8-in.
basis)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
795.4
788.3
852.5
982.0
1,121.3
(Number)
(1/2-in.
basis)
Hardboard
(1/8--in.
basis)
board
(1/2-in.
basis)
2
2
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
NA
2
193
194
187
205
200
1,267.0
1,412.0
1,440.0
1,516.0
T,640.0
2,155.0
1,900.0
2,220.0
2,420.0
2,460.0
2,720.0
2,940.0
3,180.0
3,562.0
4,162.5
4,296.8
4,928.2
5,338.0
6,721.0
236
7,318.0
3,810
5,987.4
NA
2,064
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
2
2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
-
724.5
2
194
-
2
-
'Forest Industries (1954-1976).
2NA = not available.
70
Mills
Production
2
2
..
1,161.0
Insulation
Insulation board
-
-
2,650
2,968
2,973
2,687
2,789
3,110
2,950
2,620
2,590
2,670
2,580
3,050
2,870
3,163
3,589
3,584
2,880
3,719
3,877
42 43
Table 43.
WOODPULP PRODUCTION
STATES, 1954-1975.
IN
OREGON AND THE UNITED
(Tons)
Oregon'
Northwest
U.S. Bureau
Pulp and Paper
of the
Year
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
Association
828,386
839,957
813,811
865,825
955,619
913,892
942,663
940,314
1,118,899
1,475,068
1,733,870
1,843,796
2,106,170
2,233,296
2,422,120
2,337,800
2,455,888
2,572,000
2,591,000
Census
681,588
834,189
930,018
896,698
970,045
1,023,136
1,034,154
1,151,131
1,230,912
1,697,321
2,055,246
2,103,446
2,503,109
2,609,376
2,642,598
2,621,112
2,807,133
2,911,891
2,914,093
2,528,407
United
States2
18,302,000
20,739,696
22,130,949
21,800,000
21,795,652
24,383,391
25,315,589
26,523,000
27,908,000
30,121,216
34,428,928
33,993,069
36,639,984
36,660,048
39,399,694
43,416,138
43,662,620
43,932,681
46,767,276
47,936,719
48,417,138
43,247,697
'Northwest Pulp and Paper Association (1975), U.S. Bureau
of the Census (1954-1976).
2U
S. Bureau of the Census, Current Industrial Reports
M26-A (1954-1975).
71
Table 44.
PAPER AND PAPERBOARD PRODUCTION IN OREGON AND THE
UNITED STATES, 1954-1975.
(Tons)
Oregon'
U.S. Bureau
Northwest
Pulp and Paper
of the
Year
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
Association
752,880
772,064
896,230
942,800
1,030,800
991,609
1,037,911
1,062,535
1,243,013
1,453,062
1,717,395
1,871,644
2,080,546
2,214,796
2,335,230
2,319,965
2,535,210
2,642,000
2,691,000
Census
l o205,243
1,143,815
1,226,787
1,491,989
1,729,928
2,043,893
2,177,650
2,531,741
2,565,714
2,701,175
2,730,379
3,012,984
3,151,270
3,119,249
2,689,011
United
States2
26,876,242
30,178,000
31,441,000
30,678,000
30,814,366
34,007,068
34,460,768
35,585,000
37,542,846
39,214,555
41,747,591
44,090,976
47,189,295
46,892,610
50,703,188
54,057,691
53,329,393
55,091,530
59,457,076
61,683,838
59,934,461
52,359,215
'Northwest Pulp and Paper Association (1975), U.S. Bureau
of the Census (1954-1975).
2U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Industrial Reports
M26-A (1954-1975).
72
44 45 46
Table 45.
PULP, PAPER, AND PAPERBOARD MILLS IN OREGON, 1958-1975.1
Paper and Paperboard
U.S. tsureau State Dept.
Pul
Schu dt
Year
Lockwood3
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
NA
NA
18
19
20
20
19
20
22
22
23
23
25
25
25
25
27
27
and
Howard
of the
Lockwood'`
Census
Human
Resources
NA
NA
NA
8
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
16
NA
NA
NA
20
NA
NA
NA
NA
17
22
9
21
NA
NA
17
18
15
14
15
17
17
17
16
17
19
21
21
22
24
24
26
26
28
27
27
27
27
27
17
NA
NA
NA
NA
12
NA
NA
NA
NA
15
NA
NA
NA
15
20
20
'Lockwood`s Directory of the Paper and Allied Trades
(1954-1975); Schuldt and Howard (1974); U.S. Bureau of the
Census, Current Industrial Report M26-A (annual); Oregon
State Department of Human Resources, Employment Division
(1954-1975).
2NA = not available.
'Also includes hardboard and insulation board mills, and
counts each pulping process at one location as a separate
mill.
''Counts each process at one location as a separate mill.
Table 46.
PULPMILLS
IN OREGON,
1968-1972.1
r
--Region
Northwest
Southwest
Central
Blue Mountain
Total
1968
1972
14
2
15
2
-
-
-
-
16
17
1Manock et al. (1968),
Schuldt and Howard (1974).
73
Table 47.
MILLS, PRODUCTION, AND VALUE ADDED OF PAPER AND ALLIED PRODUCTS (SIC 26) IN
OREGON, 1954-1972.1
Volume of
production2
Year
Establishments
1954
1958
1963
1967
51
1972
51
55
57
59
(Tons)
Employment
Payroll
Employees
1,369,000
1,774,590
2,620,000
4,281,096
5,397,000
6,030
7,017
6,781
8,200
8,700
Value
added
(Thousand)
(Thousand)
$ 27,449
38,385
44,789
66,000
96,700
$ 64,321
103,555
116,901
154,800
300,900
'U.S. Bureau of the Census, Census of Manufacturers (1954-1972).
2S IC 2611, 2621, 2631 only.
Table 48.
AVERAGE ANNUAL NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES IN, PAPER AND
ALLIED PRODUCTS (SIC 26) IN OREGON, 1954-1975.1
Year
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
Western2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
8,525
NA
9,117
NA
NA
9,443
NA
9,626
Eastern2
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
250
NA
242
NA
NA
218
NA
170
Total
6,429
6,582
7,087
7,087
7,070
7,556
7,307
7,258
7,301
7,363
7,226
7,515
8,040
8,463
8,775
9,104
9,359
9,424
9,518
9,661
10,003
9,796
'Derived from Oregon State Employment Division (Mimeo).
2NA = not available.
74
I
Table 49.
EXPORTS OF LOGS, LUMBER, PLYWOOD, AND CHIPS FROM OREGON CUSTOMS DISTRICT,
1961-1976.2
Lumber,'
Logs3
Year
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
(Thousand board feet,
Scribner)
Softwood Hardwood
Total
187,700
146,919
297,444
371,082
282,864
388,625
502,306
652,576
561,492
636,925
517,364
729,913
805,917
765,797
798,100
944,130
NA
NA
NA
824
478
232
227
349
521
98
192
68
36
45
73
120
Plywood 3
-)oftwooG
Softwood
(Thousand
(Thousand
board feet)
187,700
146,919
297,444
371,906
283,342
388,857
502,533
652,925
562,013
637,023
517,556
729,981
805,953
765,842
798,173
944,250
198,013
231,317
272,182
244,525
242,004
236,550
246,008
273,050
245,531
273,748
204,132
242,021
474,891
387,911
353,129
387,342
sq ft,
3/8-in. basis)
Hardwood
(Surface
measure)
NA
NA
NA
10,798
13,928
21,687
55,259
31,451
115,794
79,359
60,232
99,001
239,313
153,170
313,166
498,556
Chips3
(Tons,
bone dry)
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
189
281
821
701
381
454
75
279
261
791
986
133
383
NA
91,646
219,181
603,314
1,102,669
1,460,669
1,605,062
1,504,169
2,081,032
2,778,829
3,177,465
2,436,807
2,881,577
'Includes Washington ports of Vancouver and Longview.
2Derived from U.S. Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range
Experiment Station (1954-1976).
3NA = not available.
'Exports of hardwood lumber are negligible.
Table 50.
SOFTWOOD
LOG
EXPORTS
FROM
OREGON
BY
PORT,
1965-1976.1
(Million board feet, Scribner)
Year
Total
Astoria
Coos Bay
Portland
Other
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
199.1
294.5
108.1
45.3
49.9
58.9
71.7
78.6
45.7
79.9
118.8
163.9
150.5
143.9
112.7
115.5
159.8
139.8
137.5
99.5
9.4
21.3
24.8
44.5
28.0
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
394.6
492.8
423.8
477.1
391.0
508.5
483.7
451.7
561.8
545.4
164.7
216.9
257.2
194.7
219.1
194.1
114.1
147.1
84.2
121.0
115.5
159.0
245.7
273.2
128.1
134.1
144.6
262.6
'Derived from Ruderman (1977).
75
Table 51.
DIRECT EXPENDITURES BY
OUT-OF-STATE TRAVELERS IN
OREGON , 1954-1975.
Table 52.
RECREATION VISITOR DAYS' BY SELECTED ACTIVITIES ON
OREGON NATIONAL FORESTS, 1975.2
1
Visitor days
Year
Expenditures
1954
$125
1955
127
141
130
150
176
170
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
(Million)
186
217
220
244
250
253
259
1968
286
1969
326
1970
1972
340
438
558
1973
545
1974
1975
620
689
1971
'Derived from Oregon State
Highway Department, Traffic
Engineering Division,
Planning Survey Section,
Out-of-State Tourist
Revenue Study (1973-1976).
76
Recreation activities
Camping and picnicking
Motoring, sightseeing, and
visitor programs
Hunting and fishing
Resort and recreation residence
Water sports and boating
Riding, hiking, and mountaineering
Winter sports
Gathering and nature study
Total
'Represents 12 hours of use per person.
2Derived from U.S. For. Serv. (Mimeo).
(Thousand)
5,454.9
4,462.2
2,528.4
1,012.5
922.5
862.1
631.1
288.7
16,163.1
Table 53.
VISITORS ON PUBLIC LANDS IN OREGON BY PUBLIC AGENCY, 1954-1975.1
USDA'
Year
Person
day
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
3,730
4,314
5,290
5,232
1961
8,614
8,814
8,904
9,840
9,838
NA
NA
NA
NA
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
5,901
6,710
7,889
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Visitor day'
Developed Dispersed
site
activities
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
7,244
8,460
8,460
7,196
7,513
7,553
7,623
6,762
7,137
6,646
NA
Total
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
9,888
10,249
10,248
10,132
9,770
10,465
10,108
9,728
11,238
9,517
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
17,132
18,709
18,707
17,329
17,283
18,018
17,731
16,490
18,375
16,163
NA
State parks
Visitors
6,223
7,000
7,934
8,978
10,529
10,836
11,570
12,233
12,458
13,932
13,020
15,756
16,819
19,066
21,776
20,513
22,624
23,904
28,132
30,453
26,750
28,777
30,825
BLM1
Visitor days
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
3,505
3,699
3,3383
2,710
3,2423
3,8583
4,6743
5,0793
5,4823
5,344
5,349
3,235
NA
1NA = not available.
2Represents 12 hours of use per person.
3Includes Washington with less than 61,000 visitor days annually.
77
Table 54.
SALES OF HUNTING AND FISHING PERMITS IN OREGON,
1954-1975.
Hunting and fishing
licenses and tags
Permits
and tags
Year
(Thousand)
(Thousand)
1954
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
$2,588
2,704
2,829
$
768
805
799
864
933
1,1432
1,199
1,244
1,250
1,332
1,398
1,464
1,525
1,524
1,526
1,641
1,657
1,5643
1,736
1,732
1,762
2,801
2,886
3,042
3,399
3,499
3,603
3,613
3,931
4,130
4,364
4,468
5,389
6,211
6,624
6,746
7,009
7,811
7,952
8,734
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
731
'Derived from License Sales Statistics, Oregon State Game
Commission (Mimeo).
'Salmon angling licenses added.
'No recorded sales of daily angling licenses.
Table 55.
WILDERNESS AREAS IN THE UNITED STATES, OREGON, WASHINGTON, AND IDAHO BY ADMINISTERING AGENCY, 1976.1
(Thousand acres)
Fish and
Region
wildlife
United States
700.000
0.038
0.179
Oregon
Washington
Idaho
-
National
forest
12,600.000
952.871
1,398.864
1,205.562
National
parks
Total
14,500.000
1,075.309
1,599.4892 2,998.532
43.243
1,248.805
1,200.000
122.0002
'Derived from agencies of national forest service,
national parks, and fish and wildlife.
2Areas eligible for designation and currently managed
under Wilderness Act principles, but not yet formally
78
designated.
54 55
Brodie, D. J., R. 0. McMahon, and W. H. Gavelis. Oregon's forest resources: their contribution in the state's
economy. Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis. Research Bulletin 23. 80 p.
Background data and analysis are provided on Oregon's
forest resources, industry, and economy, which includes
logs, exports, lumber, plywood, paper, particleboard, recreation, and wildlife. Data includes quantities, areas, employment, payrolls, and value added. The material is consolidated from divers sources to provide a ready reference
for citizens and decisionmakers.
Keywords: Lumber, plywood, pulp and paper, particleboard,
added
recreation, wildlife, employment, payrolls, value
Brodie, D. J., R. 0. McMahon, and W. H. Gavelis. Ore-
gon's forest resources: their contribution in the state's
economy. Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis. Research Bulletin 23. 80 p.
Background data and analysis are provided on Oregon's
forest resources, industry, and economy, which includes
logs, exports, lumber, plywood, paper, particleboard, recreation, and wildlife. Data includes quantities, areas, employment, payrolls, and value added. The material is consolidated from divers sources to provide a ready reference
for citizens and decisionmakers.
Keywords: Lumber, plywood, pulp and paper, particleboard, recreation, wildlife, employment, payrolls, value
added
Brodie, D. J., R. 0. McMahon, and W. H. Gavelis. Ore-
gon's forest resources: their contribution in the state's
economy. Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State University, Corvallis. Research Bulletin 23. 80 p.
Background data and analysis are provided on Oregon's
forest resources, industry, and economy, which includes
logs, exports, lumber, plywood, paper, particleboard, recreation, and wildlife. Data includes quantities, areas, employment, payrolls, and value added. The material is consolidated from divers sources to provide a ready reference
for citizens and decisionmakers.
Keywords: Lumber, plywood, pulp and paper, particleboard, recreation,
added
a
wildlife, employment, payrolls, value