ENERGY LABORATORY
PRIMER FOR GMIS
Information System
Generalized Management
with the
Energy Laboratory in Association
Management
Alfred P. Sloan School of
2
WP
Working Paper No. MIT-EL-75-01
September 1975
Commission
by the New England Regional
This research was supported
oint sudy, and M.I.T. Internal
Contract No. 10530680, The MJi.T./BM
-.
route
Funds.
Ar, ,,C
75
GMIS PRIMER
Table of Contents
Acknowledgement
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Overview System Architecture
3. Procedure for logging onto XVM
4. Procedure for entry to TRANSACT
a) Single user
b) Multi user
5.
Use of TRANSACT/SEQUEL
6. Use of Bulk Loader
7. Procedure for entry to APL
8.
Use ofAPL
9.
Use of EPLAN
10. Use of TSP
11. Log out procedure
12. References
Appendix (1)SEQUEL
Syntax
(2) TRANSACT
1.
Syntax
2. Explanation of commands
(3) Bulk Loader
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Many people have played a critical note in the development of GMIS;
Faculty, Staff and Students of MIT, personnel of New England Regional
Commission and IBM Staff members. This document was prepared with
the assistance
of George Berry, NEEMIS Project Coordinator,
Bryan Mau,
Louis Gutentag and John Donovan.
John J. Donovan,
Principal Investigator
Associate Professor,
MIT Sloan School
Cambridge, Massachusetts
A BSTRACT
GMIS (Generalized Management Information System) is a set of tools
for building information systems.
These tools include a flexible data
management capability, various modeling and analytical capabilities.
Facilities for on line queries and execution as well as facilities for multiuser
access to a data base. These tools have been applied to produce
a facility (NEEMIS, New England Energy Management Information System)
for energy planning and analysis within New England.
This manual's purpose is to be a primer for using GMIS and the
NEEMIS facility. For motivation and overview of the research involved
in GMIS, see "TGMIS - An Ex-perimental System for Data Management and
Analysis",
by J. Donoran and H.
acoby.
the facility, see GMISUser's Gui de.
For a complete description of
1. Introduction
GMIS (Generalized Management Information System) is a software
capability that facilitates the construction of management information
systems, models, and user interfaces.
The tools are particularly
applicable to systems with the following characteristics:
- several classes of users, each of which has a different degree of
sophistication
- complex and changing security requirements
- data that exhibits complex and changing interrelationships
- changing needs to be met by the information system
- need for quick and inexpensive implementation
- complex data validation requirements
- complex models to be built that access data
Information systems to assist in public and corporate policy making
have the above characteristics.
These policy making areas fall into three
categories: (1) areas where the problems keep changing due to changing
concerns, perceptions, and availability of data, or (2) which are one-time
problems, or (3) where the problems addresses are ill-defined and where
the system, therefore, after being built, usually needs major modifications.
Commercial systems, while adequate for well-defined applications,
e.g., inventory control, accounting, etc., have focused on problems
associated with such applications (e.g., low variable costs); these systems
are not adequate for the demands of the market for systems for public and
corporate policy makers,
and have not focused on the problems associated
rith these systems (e.g., high fixed costs, interactive operations, etc.).
The major technologies which have made GMIS possible have been
the application and extension of research in virtual machines, the
hierarchical approach and relational implementation of data. The approach
is hierarchical in implementation because this technique provides for ease
of debugging, independence of hardware,
and a basis for investigating
properties of completeness, integrity, correctness, and performance.
It is hierarchical
in its presentation to the user to take cognizance of the
fact that levels of user sophistication demand appropriate command
environments. As such, the casual system user has powerful, high-level
commands at his disposal, while the sophisticated (perhaps also the more
mathmatically inclined) user has more detailed and basic commands, but
with a low tolerance for error.
Existing modeling facilities do not provide capabilities to meet
the needs of systems with the above characteristics.
Existing data manage-
ment systems do not fulfill the requirements above; some are lacking the
statistical and modeling packages, most are not interactive, and most do
not allow multiple users to access the same data base and most important,
none were designed for a changing environment.
Using the GMIS facility,
it is possible to construct an information system in a matter of days. For
example, we have applied GMIS to building a New England Energy Manage-
ment Information System, NEEMIS, (Donovan, Jacoby, 1975), for assisting
in regional energy policy making. We reconstructed the entire data base
of NEEMIS five times in one month during the summer of 1975 -- once to
incorporate additional data of a data series, twice to restructure for
efficiency reasons, and twice because the users wanted data and models for
which we had not originally planned.
2.
OVERVIEW OF THE SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Currently GMISis implemented on a IBM 370 computer. It uses the
virtual machine concept extensively. The VM concept is presented in several
places (Parmelee,
1972; Madnick and Donovan, 1974 , and Goldberg
1973), and many of its advantages are articulated
elsewhere (Madnick, 1974 and
Buzen, 1973). The concept of "virtual machines" has been developed by IBM to
the point of a production system release, VM/370 (IBM, 1972). A virtual machine
may be defined as a replica of a real computer system simulated by a combination
of a Virtual Machine Monitor (VMM)software program and appropriate hardware
support. For example, the VM/370 system enables a single IBM System/370 to
appear functionally as though it were multiple independent System/370's (i.e.,
multiple "virtual machines"). Thus, a VMMcan make one computer system
function as though it were multiple, physically isolated systems.
A configuration of virtual machines used in GMIS is depicted in
Figure 1, where each box denotes a separate virtual machine.
Those
virtual machines across the top of the Figure are executing
programs that provide user interfaces, whether they be analytical
facilities, existing models, or data base systems.
All these programs can
access data managed by the general data management facility running on the
virtual machine depicted in the center of the page.
of this architecture may.be as follows.
the EPLAN/APL machine.
A scenario of a user
A user activates a model, say in
That model requests.data from the general data base
machine (called the Transaction Virtual Machine, or TVM), which responds
-
TRANSACT
|
HIGH, LEVEL
LANGUAGE
INTERFACE,
e.g., PL/I,
FORTRAN
APL/EPLAN
INTERFACE
INTERFACE
I
-
-
-
S
-
-
-
-
\
-
_
I
I
-
TSP
CUSTO7MIZE
INTERFACE
INTEF rACE
WRITTEN IN
-
PL/I
-
Analytical
II
Machine
I
i
I/
I
M
-
Transacti on .
Virtual
Machine o/
Figure :
Overview of the Architecture of GMIS
A\
Virtual
I
/
by passing back the requested data.
Note that all the analytical facilities may
be incompatible with each other, in that they may run under different operating
systems.
The communications facility between virtual machines in GMISis
described in (Gutentag 1975). Extensions to this architecture to allow interfaces to other data base systems and other computer systems are discussed
in (Donovan and Jacoby 1975).
The user views all data stored in the general data base system in
simple constructs called relations.
A relation can be thought of as a two
dimensional table with rows and columns. Entries in a column come from
sets called domains. An example of a relation named CARSALESis
depected in Figure 2 where names of the columns are:
MODEL, DATE,
SALES and MPG.
CARSALES
MODEL
DATE
SALES
MPG
VEGA
PINTO
COLT
7401
7401
7401
38455
38000
24000
30.2
30.0
30
FIGURE 2 - EXAMPLE
OF A RE LATiON
2.2 SEQUEL
We needed an interactive query data definition language, and
we proceeded with an implementation of an MIT relational system (Smith, 1974).
The current version of GMIS, whose data management capability is based on a
language known as SEQUEL, evolved through the vehicle of an IBM/MIT Joint
Study Agreement.
SEQUEL (Structured English Query Language) is an ex-
perimental relational query and data definition language developed at the IBM
San Jose Research Laboratory (Chamberlain, 1974). In cooperation with the
IBM Cambridge Scientific Center, we have extended this experimental system
by easing restrictions of numeric data types to small integers, and relaxing
contraints on the number of columns allowed in a table, and by increasing the
allowable lengths of identifiers and character strings. We also designed
mechanisms for security and for handling missing data, expanded the bulk
loading facilities,
and added additional syntax, and made several changes to
improve performance.
2.3 Multi-User Transaction Interface
Two requirements of GMISare that multiple users be able to access
the same data base and that different analytical and modeling facilities be
able to access the data base all at the same time. For example, one user
may want to build an econometric model using TSP while another user will
request the system to generate a standard report.
Still a third user may want
to query the data base from an APL (A Programming Language) environment.
These requirements
have been met with the design and implementation of the
Multi-User Transaction Interface (Gutentag 1975). Each GMISuser operates
in his on
virtual rMachine with a copy of the user interface he requires.
Each
user transaction to the data base is written into a transaction file, and that
user's request for processing is sent to the data base machine (Transaction
Virtual Machine). The Multi-User Interface processes each request in a firstin/first-out (FIFO) order, by reading the selected user's transaction file, and
writing the results to a reply file that belongs to the user.
Each user interface
reads the reply file as if the reply had been passed directly from the data base
management system.
For some user interfaces e.g.,
APL, EPLAN, TSP, we
have written routines callable from the user interface which makes this
communication transparent to the user.
2.4
User Interfaces
GMISprovides the capability for users to write their own interfaces
to communicate with the data base sytetm. TRANSACT is
interface
typwriters
that
is
a general
user
designed to process transactions from most tele-
and CRT terminals.
It allows the user to direct transaction
output to any virtual device on the VM/370.
Interfaces to APL, TSP, and PL/I are operational and enable users
to communicate with the Transaction Virtual Machine (Figure 1) simultaneously
with all other users.
An interface to the TROLL econometric modeling
facility is in the design stage.
The architecture depicted in Figure 1 also allows the use of any
of these modeling or analytical facilities independent of the transaction
virtual machine.
For example, functions may be written in APL to
operate on data stored in the APL's work space.
TSP
reporting capabilities can operate on data stored in
base.
modeling and
TSP's
data
FORTRAN or PL/I can operate on data stored in their own machine.
It should be noted, however, that not using the general data base facility
seriously inhibits flexibility and makes the algorithms dependent on the
physical organization of the data
community of users
as
ut more importantly inhibits the
they cannot conveniently access the common
data base.
2.5 A User Interface - TRANSACT
As depicted in Figure 1, one of the user interfaces to GMISis called
TRANSACT. TRANSACTis primarily a data base editing and retrieval interface.
It performs the following functions:
1. It accepts input from the terminal.
2. It operates directly on commands which specify output formats.
3. It passes data management commands to SEQUEL, which is the primary
data management program running in the Transaction Virtual Machine.
4. It transmits
returned data to the device selected by the operator in the
format specified by the operator through TRANSACTcommands.
3.
PROCEDURE FOR LOGGING ONTO VM
In the remainder of this primer, items that the user should type in at his
terminal are shaded, and computer responses are capitalized. Shaded items in
quotations indicate places when names furnished by the user are to be inserted -the user should replace the quoted item (and the quotes) by the furnished name.
The following steps should be executed in order to use GMISfrom a 2741 or CDI
terminal:
1. Turn on power at the terminal.
2. With a CDI terminal a normal telephone can be used. Insert the telephone hand
set into the coupler on the terminal, and be sure that the terminal is set for 15
cps half-duplex. With the 2741, a data set telephone must be used. Push the
"talk" button on the data set and pick up the handset.
3.
Dial the telephone number for the computer:
(617) 868-2981.
4. Within thirty seconds after dialing, the establishment of telephone contact with
the computer is indicated as follows:
- with the CDI: the "online" light comes on
- with the 2741: the handset will emit a high-pitched tone - the user should
now press the "data"button on the data set.
5. If telephone contact is not established within one minute, hang up, then redial.
6. A few seconds after contact is established, the computer will respond by printing:
VM/370 ONLINE
7. The user should now press the ATTN key. The user is now ready to begin entering
commands to the computer.
He should keep in mind the following conventions
when typing on the console:
- Each command line is ended with a carriage return.
- A character
may be changed before keying carriage return by keying
erase one character at a time or
the proper characters.
The user now logs on as follows:
to
to erase a line at a time, then retyping
ENTER PASSWORD
where the user replaced the name "acc tname" with the name of his account and the
name "password" with his user password; the 'm' requests the computer to mask
the password.
Now the user has a bare machine assigned to him.
He must now load an
operating system. To load the interactive operating system CMS, the user types:
CMS .....
VERSION x.x
(DATE)
This command loads and activates the CMS operating system. The computer
terminology for this action is some times called IPL or initial program load.
CMSis the operating system that many of our user interfaces run under. If you
were executing a model in a language which requires a different operating system,
you would activate that other operating system at this point, rather than CMS (See
IBM 1972').
8. Enter a carriage return.
several lines of messages.
This will initialize your operating system and print
4. PROCEDURE FOR ENTRY TO TRANSACT
Once a user has logged into VM and has loaded the CMS operating system he may
now go into the TRANSACT environment.
user can use TRANSACT: The single-user
There are two different modes in which the
mode and the multi-user
mode.
The logon
procedure is slightly different for each case.
3.1 Single User
The user types the command 'TRANSACT', which loads into his computer the
program TRANSACT and the SEQUEL processor:
TRANSACT VERSION xx (DATE)
Your virtual computer is now ready to accept and act on TRANSACT/SEQUEL
commands to work on the data base in your computer.
3.2 Multi-user
The user types the command 'transact',
followed by an argument which is the name
of the virtual computer where the database he wishes to use and a SEQUEL processor
are located (the Transaction Virtual Machine - TVM).
TRANSACT VERSION xx (DATE)
'acctname2' is the ID for the second virtual computer, which is furnished by the operations branch of the NEEMISProject (617-253-5945). A common transaction virtual machine
which contains much of the NEEMISdata base is named NEEMIS.
Your virtual computer, 'acctname', is now ready to accept and execute TRANSACT
commands; the virtual computer 'acctname2' will execute the SEQUEL commands which
your virtual computer. will send it.
Note: If your virtual computer does not receive any response from the TVM, you should
check with the Operations Branch Manager of the NEEMIS Project at MIT -(617) 253-5945
5.
USE OF TRANSACT/SEQUEL
After logging into VM and establishing a TRANSACT environment,
the user,
by using
SEQUEL, can create tables, input data and access data. Appendix (1) gives a complete syntax of all SEQUELcommands. Here we give a sample session, using the
MIT/IBM version of SEQUEL.
In this example, the user wishes to construct a table similar to that depicted in
Figure 2. He must first define the domains he wishes to use for his columns. A
domain is a set of data which all have the same attributes - for example, the data
items may all be character strings representing fuel types, or all numbers
representing populationtotals.
Entries in a column in a table are drawn from a domain.
several columns in a table may come from the same domain.
Note - entries in
In fact, columns from
different tables may come from the same domain (one table, for example, might
have a column of population totals for the United States, and another might have a
column of population totals for Canada, where entries in both columns come from the
same domain consisting of a set of numbers).
The user wishes to create four domains, one to hold sales volume data, one for
miles per gallon figures, one to represent dates and one to hold the names of car
models.
Note: Three of these domain contains numbers and one, character
strings - denoted by "num" and "char", respectively.
DOMAIN DEFINITION WAS SUCCESSFUL
READY;
DOMAIN DEFINITION WAS SUCCESSFUL
READY;
-ermate icai
M
(
DOMAIN DE FINTION
;
WAS SUCCESSFUL
READY;
DOMAIN DEFINITION WAS SUCCESSFUL
READY;
He types:
Nowthe user is ready to define the table. He wishes to create a table with four
columns: model, date, sales and mpg. Note that entries in these columns come from the
four domains model, date, vol and mpg. He also informs the system that he will most
likely access the table by denoting entries in the columns model or date. He types:
.::
':::::''
.....-... ........
:i.:
TABLE
:..::'i :iii:::i
EFINITION WAS SUCCESSFUL
READY;
Now the table has been created but it does not contain any data yet.
One way the user
may enter data, is by using the "insert" command, For example, the following command
enters one entire row into the table "cars".
INSERTION WAS SUCCESSFUL
RE ADY;
The user may query the data by using the "select" command, which has the following
general form:
SELECT "column-list" FROM "table-name";
The complete format of the SELECT command is found in Appendix I.
Note to CDI terminal users:
part of the regular character
set.
The CDI does not have the ' < ' and ' > ' characters
as
To use the "insert" command, the TRANSACT user
should follow these two steps:
(1) Enter the following TRANSACT command:
This tells the system to translate the $ character into a ' < ' character.
(2) Use a '± ' character
(upshift 1) in place of the ' > ' character,
in place of a ' < ' character.
anda '$' character
To query all of the data in the table just created, the user types:
MODE L
DATE
SALE S
MPG
VEGA
7401
38455
32
READY;
(The "*" means "all columns")
A user can change an entry in a table using the "update" command. For example,
to change the volume of sales for the entry 'vega', the user types:
UPDATE WAS SUCCESSFUL
READY;
For more examples of SELECT commands, see 'GMIS ' An Experimental System
for Data Management and Analysis' or 'NEEMIS Applications'.
The complete Syntax
of SEQUEL is found in Appendix I.
GMIS users may use one of several commands
nich report information about the
structure of the data base. These are illustrated below.
The user may type;
-LIST OF TABLES
ITTEGRTY
DOMCAT
CATALOG
CARS
This command lists the names of all the tables that have been created. Note that the
system creates three tables (INTEGRTY, DOMCATand CATALOG)for its own use,
although the user may query these three tables as if they were user created.
To obtain a description of a particular
:;:?. .' t/..
. iIe: .
DESCRIPTION
table (e.g.,
CARS), the user types:
::,:':
OF TABTLE CAR S
'NAME
DOMAN'
TYPE
C
KEY
MODE L
DATE
SALES
IPG
MODEL
DATE
VOL
MPG
CHAR
NUM
NUM
NUM.
i
0
0
0
YES
YES
NO
NO
V
NO
NO
NO
NO0
READY:
The response of the system lists the name of each column, the domain from which
are taken the entries for that column, the data type of each column, (either "char"
or "num"), whether a column is part of the "key", and whether or not it is inverted
for performance.
The user may also request a list of all the domains that have been created, with
some information about each of them, by typing:
LIST OF DOMAINS
NAME
TYPE
USE
LLE
RELNAME
CNAME
COLNAME
DOMNAME
CHAR
CHAR
CHAR
CHAR
2
1
1
2
8
0
7
7
SYSCHAR
SYSNUM
CHAR
NUM
4
4
4
DATE
NUM
1
MODEL
CHAR
1
VOL
NUM
1
MPG
NUM
1
4
The response of the system liststhe names of all domains thathave been created,
the data type of each domain (either "num" or "char"), the number of columns in
the data base that are drawn from each domain (indicated by the "use" entry), and
if the domain is of type "char", the system indicates under "LLE" -- Largest Length
Entry -- The numbers of characters in the largest entry present in the domain.
Note that the first six domains are created by the system, for use in the three tables
mentioned above; the last four were user-created.
6.
USE OF THE BULK LOADER
For all but small amounts of data, entering data using the "insert" command is
extremely time consuming. GMIShas a facility for easily entering large volumes of
data which are in machine-readable form into a relation data base: The Bulk Loader
A user wishing to use the bulk loader facility must first create a file containing
the data he wishes to load.
This can be done in serval ways; for example, the
data can first be punched on cards, then loaded from the cards into the file. This
of the NEEMIS Operations Branch, with
involves giving the cards to a representative
an indication of which account the user wants the cards loaded onto. (For further
assistance in loading the cards, contact the Operations Manager of NEEMI). Alternatively, the file may be created using the CS editor (refer to the IBM Virtual
Machine Facilit/370;
EDIT Guide -- available from the Operations Branch.)
After the data has been put into a file, the user must place as a preamble to
the data certain control commands to tell the bulk loader what the data looks like,
and where to put it.
The user can do this using the CMS editor.
If he had a data
file named, " sample data", for example, and he wanted to insert the character
string "LOADTAB TABLENAME" into the file, he would type:
( -d-
eitSEDIT:
-
. . ( -- ----
' L
- -TB
' ' " AiY
'.:.insert
mie- <store
'
activate the CMS editor
-
2
'"--editor command
string
toinsertcharacter
the canged file
The bulk loader facility, in addition to loading data, can interpret the CREATE TABLE
and CREATE DOMAIN-commands.
These commands may be inserted into the bulk
loader file the user wishes to load.
A bulk loader file for defining domains, creating a table, describing the formats
of the ensuing data and the data itself is depicted in the Figure 3. Note this is
a CMS file created by edit commands.
The file was given the name "sample data"
The bulk loader will read the file, interpret
data into the newly created tables.
loader to do this
The following comm and would activate the bulk
- - T'he user tvpes:
ioaddb~
~awp7~Edi
t h-e SEQUEL commands and load the
MODEL
CH AR
NU
$DEFDOM
VOL
r PG
$DEFDOM
$DEFTAB
DAT E
CAS A E S
NUM
MODEL
MODEI
$DEFDOM
$DEFDOM
DATEf,
DATE
VOLUME
VOL
MPG
M PG
$PRIKEY MODEL
$LOADTAB CARSALE S
MODEL
DATE
f~
1
I
',5
20
1
23
28
17
1
1
1
DATE
VOLUME
1
MPG
$SENDCOL
331 08
CHEVROLET
12147401
CORV ETTE
1 54740
1
2078
C HEVELLE
17971401
1877 40 1
21175
21464
1370
15668
8787
38455
10170
CHEVY
NOVA
SPORTV AN
1527401
MONTE CARLO
149740
1 797401
1
CAMARO
VEGA
3027401
PONTIAC
1387 4 01
GRAND
1 03740
PRIX
40 42
1
FIREBI RD
17971401
VENTURA
OLDSMOBILE
1217401
1107401
3666
4890
1 0533
SENDLOAD
SENDINP
FIGURE
AN EXAMPLE
3
BULK LOADER
FILE
34
19
2DESCREBE
FORIAT OF
DATA
The above command will cause the bulk loader to process the file "sample
data", and to load the data in it into the data base.
Note that the bulk loading facility
can only be used to load data onto a user's personal account; that is, he cannot load
data onto a remote TWVIby using the bulk loader.
To load large quantities of data
into a TVrMto which he does not have direct (i.e.,
logon) access,
the user should
contact the Operations Manager.
For a more complete description of the bulk loader, and the syntax of the
various loader control commands that can be inserted into a bulk loader file,
see Appendix 3.
7. PROCEDURE FOR ENTERING APL
After a user has logged on to AVM
as described in Section 3, he may enter an APL
environment as follows:
The user types:
A
P
L
/
C
M
S
CLEAR WS
He is now in the APL environment.
APL character
In order to change his terminal to use he
set, he should:
-- with the CDI: Set
??mode" switch (under the top cover) to "APL"
-- with the 2741: Change the typeball to an APL ball
8.
USING APL
After a user has entered the APL environment, he may wish to access a data
base from APL. He may access a data base that is stored in another virtual computer (a TVIM)- provided that the TVMhas been previously prepared (as with
multi-user TRANSACT).
Accessing the data base machine
The follovwingis the procedure a user will follow to access the disconnected
data base machine (The TVM), to retrieve or store data. The user types:
This loads into his workspace certain APL functions we have written that are
necessary to establish the proper link to the TVM.
Nowto identify the particular virtual computer which has the data base he intends to access, the user types:
where 'acctname2' is the name of that virtual computer (supplied by Operations
Branch).
'EEMIS'
is the name of one account that contains many of the important
NEEMIS data bases.
Note: With this command, the name must be actually surrounded by quotes.
That is, an example of an actual seqopen command would be:
.
To access the data base, the user should use the 'query' function, which has the
general form:
QUERY 'sequel-command'
This function will send the sequel command to the T1
Vho
If the command is a
SELECT command, the TVM will return to the user's virtual computer a set of
vectors,
one for each column that was asked for in the SELECT command.
user's machine will print out the names of these vectors.
The
For example, in the
following APL statement, the user asks for 1975 miles per gallon figures from
the table MILEAGE:
q
Y1 .E..............................
,.,CT 0DE
...
MODE L )
MPGCITY
MPGhWTY
M~a_
#
4
..
..
..MP-GC Y
. .. :
:.
- :
RETURNED VECT ORS
CONTAINING INFORMATION
ON MILES PER GALLON
_
Y FROM
>
The user may now handle the selected data (in the APL vectors),
using any
of the facilities available in APL.
E XAMPLE
:
This example session is intended for execution by an operator who is familiar
The session begins with consideration
with the APL computer language.
of two
tables CARSALES and MILEAGE, both of which have been preloaded into a TVM.
It uill be seen that the table MILEAGE contains a finer breakdown of mileage
data than table CARSALES. An APL program is used to aggregate the data in
MILEAGE so that it can be compared with the data in CARSALES. The data in
these tables are depict- d in Figure 4.
MI LEAGE:
MODEL
YER
MPGCITY
MPGHWcY
uRE,4 L I N
1975
19
24
i-HORNET
tATADOR
1975
1' 75
1
14
24
19
APOLLO
1
75
16
2i
O
0
SKYH
iA'JiK
1 i 75
19
25
0
CENTURY
175
1
24
MPGVG
0
LESABRE
112
16
0
ELECTRA
RIVIERA
CADILLAC
1975
1975
1975
11
12
15
1
16
u
ELDORADO
VEGA
1975
1975
11
'9
1
28
CARSALES:
0ODEL
DATE
SALES
.PG
VEGA
7 01
33600
30
CEEVROLET
CORVETTE
74 t0
7401
33 10
2078
12
15
CHEVY NO7
7401
21 4
SPORT
MONTE
AN
74C1
CLO
74 1
CEV=LFL4
CA ARO
PO ThC
D~,X
·-^N
GRAND
GA,
,701
21175
8
1370
15
7401
15668
8787
14
17
701
10170
13
7'01 i
74
4042g42
40
10
0
FIGURE 4
*
17
AZ AGE
. DATA N'TA-BLES
AN
.
CARSALES
First, the user enters the APL environment (as outlined in Section 7) and accesses
the appropriate data base as shown above - for assitance in accessing the data base
used in this example, contact the Operations Manager.
Then, the user must ex-
tract the data he wishes to use from the SEQUELtables where they are stored. To
do this, he types (as above):
MODE L
MPGCITY
MPGHWY
The user now has, in the three APL vectors MODEL, MPGCITY and MPGHWY
the 1975 data from the table MILEAGE.
Nowthe user wishes to calculate, using the data in those vectors, a single milesper-gallon figure for each car model, so that he may compare it with the figures
found in the table CARSALES.
To do this, he wishes to use the following formula:
AVG MPG =
.45
MPGhWMY
.
.55
MPGCITY
The following APL function, called CHANGE,implements this formula; it is used
to update the column
MPGAVG in the table MILEAGE. To do this, the function
creates a SEQUEL "update" command, and passes it to the TVM using the QUERY
function.
The user should enter the following
. . ..... .... ... ..
. . .
~~~~~~~~~.:.......~[.:.
.
.
. .
-.
[13
i2]
[3j
[4]
[51
[7]
la]
L9J
L 103
[131
[15
IsI
To execute the function, the'user types:
The function will then update the MILEAGE table.
commands to compare the MPGAVG column
The user can then use SEQUEL
in the table CARSALES, either by
staying in the APL environment (using the QUERY function) or by returning to CMS
(as outlined in Section 1 I) and entering
TRANSACT.
(Ncte: TRUNCis an APL function that eliminates leading and trailing blanks from
its character string argument. A simple version of the function is available from
the Operations Manager at NEETEIS (617-253-5945).
9. USE OF EPLAN
EPLAN is a collection of APL functions that can be accessed from the APL environment.
The functions are useful for performing econometric modelling and statistical analysis
of data, as well as plotting functions. For a description of the capabilities and use of
EPLAN functions, refer to EPLAN-an-APL - Based Language for Econometric Modelling
and Forecasting by F. Schober. (Available from the Operations Manager)
A user may use these functions to operate on data from a SEQUELtable by loading
the data into APL vectors (See section 8), and then applying these functions to those vectors.
To use EPLAN, the user should:
-- log on to
VM, following the procedures outlined in Section 3
-- enter the APL environment (Section 7).
-- type in the following command (to load the EPLAN functions):
The
EPLAN
functions are now loaded into t:::heuser's workspace.:
The EPLAN functions are now loaded into the user's workspace.
10.
USE OF TSP
TSP (Time Series Processor)
is an econometric modeling facility (Hall 1975).
A GMIS user may use this facility by using the following procedure:
-- log on to VM, following the procedure outlined in Section 3.
-- create a CMS file containing the TSP program you wish to run.
done using the CS
This can be
Editor (IBM, 1975). To invoke the editor, the user types:
whe-* "filename" is replaced by an arbitary name, which the user wishes to
call his TSP program.
To begin inputting his program,
he should type:
This command puts the CMS Editor into the INPUT mode; so that whatever the
user types in goes directly into his file. He may now begin entering his program. When he has finished entering the program, he should store his file
by doing two things: first, entering a null line (i.e., just entering a carriage
return) and second, using the "file" command as follows -
The user types:
The file is now ready for processing by the TSP processor.
l-lich follows, is an example session
In Figure 5,
where te user is creating a TSP
file called test.
-- invoke the TSP processor,
as follows -
The user types:
where "filename" is replaced by the name of the user's TSP file.
The TSP
processor will now begin processing the file, printing out results (or error
messages) at the user's terminal.
NEW FILE:
EDIT:
INPUT:
USER TYPES
IN PROGRAM
!
-
7
EDIT:
USER ONLY ENTERS
CARRIAGE RETURN
i
FIGURE 5
ELAMPLE
SESSION WITH
CMS EDITOR TO CREATE TSP FILE
1'
LOGOT
PROCEDURE
Prom TRANSACT
If the user is using TRANSACT and wishes to log off, he should first return to the
CMS environment by typing the TRANSACT "QUIT" command:
R;
His virtual computer is now in the same environment (the CMS environment) in
which it was immediately after the logon procedure outlined in Section 3.
To log off, the user types:
N..
The computer will print a final message and log off.
If the keyboard is locked, that is, if the user cannot enter the "quit" command,
there is an alternate way of returning to the CMSenvironment: The user should strike
the ATTN key once, and then type
This will interrupt the TRANSACTprogram and return to the CMSenvironment.
The use may then type the "log" command as above.
The CMS Environment
Instead of entering the "log" command, the user may, when he has returned to
the CMS environment,
use any of the GMIS facilities that run under the CMS operating
system, such as X'APL, EPLAN, the bulk loader or the CMSEditor. He may also
enter TRANSACTagain, perhaps to use multiuser TRANSACTwith another TM.
From APL
If the user is in the APL environment and wishes to log off, he should type
The virtual computer will print some final messages and log out.
If the user wishes only to return to the CMSenvironment (if, for example,
he wishes to start using TRANSACT.-- see the above section on the CMS flNironment),
R;
The user's Niraalcompuer isretarnmedto theCS enironme
.
he
REFERENCES
Buzen, J. P., Chen, Peter P. and Goldberg, Robert P., "Virtual Machine Techniques
for Improving Sstem Reliability", Proceedings of the ACMWorkshop on Virtual
Computer Systems, March 26-27, 1973.
Chamberlain,
D. D. and Boyce, R. F., "SEQUEL: A Structured English Query Lang-
age", Proceedings 1974 ACM/SIGFIDE T Workshop.
Codd, E. F., "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks", Communicaof the ACM, Vol. 13, No. 6, June 1970, pp. 377-387.
Dijkstra, E., "T.H.E. Multiprogramming System", Communications of the ACM,
May 1968.
Donovan, J. and Jacoby, H., "GMIS - An Experimental System for Data Management and
Analysis",
Donovan, John J. and Jacoby, Henry D., "A Hierarchical Approach to Information
System Design", Report CISR-5, MIT, Sloan School Working Paper 762-75,
January 1975.
Gutentag, Louis M., "GMIS: Generalized Management Information System -- an Implementation Description",
M. S. Thesis,
MIT, Sloan School of Management,
June 1975.
Hall, R. E., TSP-Time Series Processor, Technical Paper #12, Harvard UniveritY
of Economic Research, Cambridge, Mass. July 1975.
IBM, "Edit Guide", Form Number GC70-i805-3, White Plains, New York 1975.
IBM,"IBM Virtual Machine Facility/3 70: Introduction", Form Number GC20-1800,
White Plains, New York, July 1972.
Jacoby, Henry D. and Donovan, John J.,
ment and Analysis",
"Final Report, New England Energy Manage-
August, 1975.
Madnick, S. E., "Design Strategies for File Systems", MIT Project MAC TR-78,
October 1970.
Madnick, Stuart E., and Donovan, John J., "Operatin¢ Systems",
New York, 1974.
McGraw-H1ii
"NEEMIS Applications",
NERCOM/MIT Workshop, MIT Energy Laborat ory,
September 1975.
Parmelee,
R. P., Peterson,
T. I., Sullivan, C. C., and Hatfield, D. S., "Virtual
Storage and Virtual Machine Concepts", IBM Systems Journal,
vol. 11, no. 2, 1972,
pp. 99-13 0.
Smith, Grant N., "Internal Intermediate Language, Version 2", MIT, Sloan School
Management Science Group, November 1974.
APP.tA!NDIX
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APPENDI X I:
1.
2.
TiANS
Syrt. ax
i CO1hANDS
Expianation o Cmass
APi
Tr NSAC
T CrnD
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EXTPLArATIN OF ThAC
1.
CtihanDSl
i5UN
:;xecut-s;
ttlhe trLarnsdcti ons in
r:.:.
Only the
t;ansactions
th-' f iI
dcribeu
·LQ.:L
:
0
Sd''TA Should be includeu
wri± DL LoCeSc I. sec.uen tially
w.1tr
the
nl.wsae
trja;.:cL. xn
ha'; ieen
particular
error
sectite
Lr t
D
on the
agtes
laDried
in a run rile.
Transactiouis
n6d the syste;u, wiii respond
TRANhSACTIO C&OiPLLrED aiI tr
the
la st
rocessed.
Errors may O mtay nrot. cause
proces :..iig
to terminatt-,
oepending on the
i,volved.
varidble
it .tCrjh ECecords
Directs
all output
hun 'iles
(iri Cii$S DIT
except
nature o
must consist
ype 1i"ECPFV).
ior messages
the
of
tCo the de v1ce
sptcil. led
(.jPTi Oi;:S
Tihe u er may inrai.cate
ptrinter aS lorg dS it
_inesize ior termuinal, alsis,
a
conzorfs
outL.ut device. Unless otherwise
values will be i etiect:
to
the
imitatiors
or
of ttit-
set the fol'owing LINSiZE
for temina l - LINESIZE 0
'-£or
' 'Ta
is k - LTN "SE
rxoFrlnter
TE
- ,INSIZ.E 130
AL
.Alloutput will be displayed at the termi'aal. If the CTi
option s not spccified
output tables will be oiao.
ChT
'Thisoption wiil enaiLe the re-sultant tabiiie,:LEC
ror! the
cormmani a
the
to be uispla ayed
catalog
ueries
LIST DOMAINS, DESCRIBE TABL
.n "w
Window" format..
umar.E£ wnich L.ca De used with the window are:
£i, iA
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,-inT
L J
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:,-: . i r Ijridin
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th
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the
s
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ui sa
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Cle
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to
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oill
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uutuc
ected
ts the tise
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rt
te ea;.
i' i\;.s TE::
[Gt}.)atwh'l i_~ 'J
dzirezct(~0
with Ct SPhecPT
L
co,tras-
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to
AIny arguetlls
cVaman may e usei to modion
th
Stao
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L sieaultgs wil
orions.
r[oni
e spoling
e
asese.
il.
(
th
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6lagnC.tiC
ai
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Ti;na
,
sytr.-
tLaC~Oi a-l routines
-2i
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type s ot
onhey
are tyea
ente-ed.
is,ON, the Syste~. keeps tattiiC
rocesin.
ase
harestacterstics arto
ith the currenrt SEUEL
s
1-
plrnter'.
the
tatement
in.a
a
o..
tile
be cori
nverted
on the 52APri
t
ohe
LISTING
e.
CASE
2- ca~.is<
set
to LOW
directly .o "'CUE;L without
FlY,
'~.....';.'_
L
.i~wiiw
all q uote
convrsion
enaie
str-ins
ii
e
to uziner case
~i iiteral
pa ssci
hu,
';
.,ga'
to
be corvertea
to
a SLC
co:anc
uut- ut
charctr
en.ere6.,t th? te rmxina to remaln as they are tyeo i...
CAtSE -Ut p
U?,e
r ca;e.
Wiill
cause
character
strings
S ~'
i;OWU ,
,
'.t-
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-(cr
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b
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ded
and
"iw"
wiL
ae
a
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OptaOt,
?,,i-
tht
Cik:).
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tie
u
oltional
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Iit
1. '.CLi
1
Wi
Iaculty
ort
it Ct
Lt'-LOeit
all output t abe* (excepttoset ou tut. t
t
S;I I'iTL' Or ctuops the? kjrlnting oi the currt-4it t itl,
tot, ot
iut dliL)W'.
the
t.itie
t
li''LL
uN caLuses the
outpout tales
I:axin,unl ot
iai
ri.nqieS
Es described
y
2pecilieu
usin
lines
cuotec
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1;sed i
iay
ie
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current
title
ao.Dve.
In
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to
_LE'1i TITLE '(title1>'/'<title2>'/...
is allowed.
iT1
;ySt-l,. .
De printeu
with tiihe
Lines o a titie
i ay
.
Each line
must
e eI.close
d
and separated by slsdheS.
A ingle quote
text oi a title
Dy entering it as two
the
siI9 1e quotes..
Li.S[ldys tte. ot.ion.
OUTPi'T
ani
SET
which re currrently in. etrect for tne
commans.
S. C}
liow
CP
environment.
conimaiiLs
to
be
executed
in
the
TEANSA I
u. Cfi
Aiows the oillowi.nq sufset o CS commands to De executod
in the TANSAC'ienvironment:
ACCE
CiD SK
LISTTPFIL
P hINT
PUNCH
RENAME
hiLTUR
SET
L L.A 5 L
QO
? E isY
STATE
ttEDCA
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r,)
TY P
1J
E.
C"'S co3mands other
,,
i:ssatge will
tnhan hiose listeu
ar-
i'Sued,
an
e typed and the commandwill De rejected.
erL
S;tUSL
ESe
,NI' for valid iueries.
7.
'
l. s the ses.ion.
)
ll
cii
' m' a-s
us- b
-oowea
by
a semicioi,
(nes=-
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line.
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fi '-C'j LtIse - .
ert o
a tL ansact lu
i the ii
x.t
charc ct r : terer
o a on a Liie is a
IetcoliWCOlOn.
Tf'c'l.
eIoCre,to
avidi
re atu:
tertirnation
Dy riNE.SACr. o
t ansact. on
iI.
ut, makesure that a smiccOon within a comrUari (e.g. a
. U"V1'clause) i rot the ast chara cte entered on a
lille ,
¶L
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er ter te
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to
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bACi' envi.orunment
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ror the
;or e-ixa: ip e 'pe:'
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tra ll.act
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et-ssage.
TEANLC
SA.T
w.ocomnmunicate
with
a
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tV'I
wait Ioz
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and
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:
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Lr'IAL
i at2e
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i' tl.-
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to riz)
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in
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i the <column namie> ieia.
in
'coiLn-anl
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Table
Letine
Dlne
. Sfh
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trihe
i
a
by
be followed
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dtely
Pri.ary
Key
C O l;iL. a : d .
3.
~eint: ,ri,;;ary
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ey oul
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itaied .e.Ly
commaild.The ornmat
is:
,ii;lEY
<col.unn
naaie>i...
a Deftie
iOilw
'iabie
LE;NDKi
it is not nect-ssarv Zr a tamit
that though
to have a primar y key, it is neceL,;ary to iclude
d
aLter
comEmand iediateiy
a iefine Primary K
Note
iei1e
A. i tht-re i
Tlable command in iNPULDA'i
r i.m
ar} key,
Dotween vJIIY
)
l¢o :;t e: the
:etuize.,,,enL
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tne
tihat
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is .tje
t only syntax
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u aaers imupos;e
ed
incoLpa ti Ie
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o
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least
n iziDKE¥.
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there
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tA the oiaer vrsion
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with
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t he "-stem
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orat
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the
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tles
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it
thtat the
ta i;
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ncat
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ata
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in
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<1st
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[Sltin>
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ll the.
I'oi T,
t
oe
associate
W1tnh it
description:
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ist
e
ta
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iuewer
will
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odaaea if;'t.O thi
e
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it
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te xt ore).
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i -- the lettiost
car d C
colui
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to
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laCt curd
t-h
wi.ch
(that is,
ard'
<st
is
ddta
to
be
the saLe cata cara
1.is elat ve)
>
carO where data for ti.s
last position-- the rightmst
on this last card where
'The irect
o each
ioaaeGr :inserts
set O:
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O.
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he
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column
r
(column
%ion>
(<laG.tCd
to
Ihiat
ol
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caLu culun
data or this coiuLn
is locate .
t
coluu L
-- tlhe irdie:, I relatvi e t0 the nxt
uata card
<s
lofa;de
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twhereth
>tn card)
into
coluIna
is5 the
tnC-Lt e
name>
on <cst
card >
ail
an
>.
Th.,orlor o t(ie coCum:.sis i iLmaterial.
1f ou.' co..uL-n ' in the table
...
:.c I.
t he..
amsolenL a
or ma
bei. g
e.-;
scr I.tioI
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ioaoed do rnut
t he y SteC-
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otertia i probDie sI.ce
.
cu1u&n£
iaVe Lti::t.ilyin
]oailr
oC t yp*e Ci,.
_o, it I
ad viseu
tha
all 1 columns in tn= table have. an
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~
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i
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aS:
recr dr-
tltV
apea, z
an
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e prct
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ore
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t
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'tfcrtotiu.
rt
S
01
aata recordt:
,llt1
l ko or a t.uit
t.uI.*-)
o a table
ay requi
e
;ore tha, a
t
F thf d td
s
rJirce
o;i
oiei row
sin gle 66-byt.- I-+cutr
iueddfS All.1oW .fcil iipLt
over
1h 0atd
Lcor o.
0 the ir},ut
a.c
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uer,
re.lativte iu.BDe-b.r'.
ci'r uSi
<iiL-t CdLL >
inicatt
t
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thi
Tl;ee .rt.
assumi: a
an
NUZ,
1,. _, .. ,n.
ii the<'
<]- careai
a
Tbr,t
tci.u
*.cr
cuiu.r
or
tnh-
thtt Iormat 1e itio
nro
dfnld Ci.ng pOnt'. o d iven
o
(;teI
coluzrr, L
caru (s) , corntaiI.
loaderL
tyj.e
startlnt
It i.
;niq1e
cita
data
tu
iIA,
row Of
tble to e't.tJd
'Thoe GCata recoras
ur'-
:'ffaut
U NKNO
WN
bl to nave .h edata
oVe
v Li'ore
t-hai, Oie
iteTr
l"thllig
u:
oi;
iU o
rt cua,5;s
e:a1,
'iea L
Lut DIraS,
coiuns
o?
u
ta
i:"ol;
tlje
data
ty e.
i-LoOd tarker:
The i:t
ata caro must e olloweo iy
iiLL uX
L
\-u". - I ut om
. and
±r~.
lasE.record,
o IuNPUTDA
T;bt
b.
Di anu-an-oi.put
cT0c' whnose :UI-rat
i: