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Consume User's Guide
Roger D. Ottmar, Gary K. Anderson, Paul J. DeHerrera, and
Tim E. Reinhardt
Version 2.1
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Disclaimer
The Consume software is in the public domain and the recipient
may not assert any proprietary rights thereto or represent them to
anyone as other than Government-produced programs.
The Consume software is provided “as is” without warranty of
any kind, including but not limited to the implied warranties of
merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose. The user
assumes all responsibility for the accuracy and suitability of these
programs for a specific application.
Reference herein to a specific commercial product, process, or
service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise,
does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,
recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government
or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors
expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the
United States Government or any agency thereof.
Authors
ROGER D. OTTMAR is a research forester, Pacific Northwest
Research Station, Forestry Sciences Laboratory, 4043 Roosevelt
Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105. GARY ANDERSON is a senior
engineer, PAUL DEHERRERA is a research analyst, and TIM
REINHARDT is a senior scientist, URS Corporation 1501 Fourth
Avenue, Suite 1500, Seattle, WA 98101-1662.
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Abstract
Ottmar, Roger D.; Anderson, Gary; DeHerrera, Paul;
Reinhardt, Tim.
Consume is a user-friendly computer program designed for
resource managers with some working knowledge of Microsoft
Windows® applications. The software predicts the amount of
fuel consumption and emissions from the burning of logged units,
piled debris, and natural fuels based on weather data, the
amount and fuel moisture of fuels, and a number of other factors.
Using these predictions, the resource manager can accurately
determine when and where to conduct a prescribed burn to
achieve desired objectives while reducing impacts on other
resources. Consume can be used for most forest, shrub and
grasslands in North America.
Keywords: Prescribed burning, woody fuel consumption, duff
consumption, fuel moisture, smoke emissions, piled fuels.
Cooperative Acknowledgment
This publication was developed by the Pacific Northwest
Research Station, Fire and Environmental Research Applications
Group, and URS Corporation in cooperation with the Region 6
Aviation and Fire Management Office, USDA Forest Service, to
better serve the needs of forest land managers.
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Product Registration Card
CONSUME
Version 2.1
Name
Organization
Address
Phone #:
Fax #:
E-mail:

Pacific Northwest Research Station,
Forestry Sciences Laboratory,
4043 Roosevelt Way NE,
Seattle, WA 98105.
Phone 206-732-7826
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Place
Stamp
Here
Pacific Northwest Research Station
Seattle Forestry Sciences Laboratory
4043 Roosevelt Way NE
Seattle, WA 98105
ATTN: Roger Ottmar
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i
About This User's Guide
Welcome to Consume version 2.1. Consume is a user-friendly
computer program that calculates woody fuel and duff
consumption and emission of pollutants for resource managers
who prescribe fire for management of forest and rangeland
resources and have some working knowledge of Microsoft
Windows® applications. This User Guide is divided into ten
parts:
Consume Overview. Describes general features of Consume.
Consume Basics. Presents basic information you will need to
know to use Consume, such as installation, basic navigation and
getting help.
Recording and Managing Data. Provides information on data
files.
Creating and Interpreting Reports. Describes the different
kinds of reports generated and how to interpret them.
Quick Reference. Offers quick information about each screen
and key that you can use in Consume.
References. Lists literature cited in this manual.
Appendix A: Tips and Cautions. Points out helpful tips and
cautions that may save you time.
Appendix B: Troubleshooting. Describes error messages and
helps diagnose problems.
Appendix C: Scientific Background. Provides scientific
background for Consume, including documentation of major
equations.
Glossary: Defines key words used in this manual and
Consume.
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ii
Consume User's Guide
Conventions
This manual uses the following conventions:
Menu selections, buttons, and dialog box names are shown in
Bold text. For example, “Select the File menu.”
Commands you type from the keyboard are shown in italics. For
example, “Enter Test Unit 1 as the name of the trial burn unit”
Key names are shown in SMALL CAPS. For example, “Press the
ESC key to exit Consume.”
Key combinations are shown separated by a hyphen (-). For
example, “press SHIFT-F1” means “hold down the SHIFT key and
press F1.”
“Click” refers to pressing the primary mouse button (Usually the
left mouse button).
“Double click” refers to pressing the primary mouse button twice.
“Right click” refers to pressing the secondary mouse button.
Flowcharts
The following paragraphs describe the symbols used to depict
the flow of the program.
All the charts flow from the top down. Side branches show the
relative order of data used during the processing of the
calculations.
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About This User's Guide
iii
INPUT DATA
Rectangles represent input data, including any measured or
estimated value that is necessary for the calculations performed
by Consume. Examples are fuel loadings, fuel moisture
measurements, duff depth, and weather data.
PROCESS
Hexagons represent processes. These processes may contain
any number of individual calculations. The result of the process
is represented by the title of the process (e.g., duff reduction).
Examples are consumption calculations, fuel moisture estimates,
and duff reduction.
DECISION?
The diamond shape represents a decision. Consume must often
choose between different processes according to conditions
present on a unit, in order to calculate various parameters
properly. The diamond shape shows where a decision is made,
and the paths taken as a result of the decision.
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iv
Consume User's Guide
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v
Contents
1
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2
3
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6
9
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12
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14
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19
22
23
24
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29
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37
38
39
40
40
41
41
44
Consume Overview
How Can Consume Help Me?
How Do I Use Consume?
What Data Do I Enter?
How Does Consume Analyze Data?
What Results Do I Get?
Consume Basics
Installing and Setting Up
Running the Install Program
Checking Your System Configuration
Using the Sample Data
Switching from Previous Versions of Consume
Starting Consume
Exiting Consume
Getting Help
Overview of Using Consume Screens
Burn Unit Screen
Fuel Characteristic Classes
Pile Groups
Weather Data Entry Screens
Reports Menu Screen
Backing Up and Restoring the Consume
Database
Recording and Managing Data
Recording Burn Unit Data
About Burn Unit Data
Creating Unit Records
Basing a New Unit Record on an Existing One
Modifying Unit Records
Viewing Unit Records
Deleting Unit Records
Recording Weather Data
How Many Weather Zones?
About Weather Zone Data
Creating Weather Zones
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Consume User's Guide
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48
49
51
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76
Modifying Weather Zones
Viewing Weather Zones
Deleting Weather Zones
Recording Daily Weather Data
About Daily Weather Data
Adding Daily Weather Records
Modifying Daily Weather Records
Viewing Daily Weather Records
Deleting Daily Weather
Importing Daily Weather
Recording Pile Group Data
About Pile Group Data
Creating Pile Group Records
Modifying Pile Group Records
Viewing Unit Records
Deleting Pile Group Records
Defining Default Loading Data
About FCC Data
Specifying the FCC
Creating and Interpreting Reports
About Reports
Creating Reports
Burn Unit Information Report Options
Fuel Consumption by Date Report Options
Emissions by Date Report Options
Fuel Consumption by 1000-hour Fuel Moisture Report
Options
Emissions by 1000-hour Fuel Moisture Report Options
Weather and Unit Information Report Options
Printer Setup
Using Consume Reports in Other Programs
Interpreting Reports
Interpreting Fuel Consumption by Date Reports
Interpreting Emissions by Date Reports
Interpreting Fuel Consumption by 1000-hour Fuel
Moisture Reports
Interpreting Emissions by 1000-hour Fuel Moisture
Reports
Interpreting Weather Information Reports
Interpreting Burn Unit Information Reports
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Contents
vii
87
Quick Reference
91
Appendix A: Tips and Cautions
93
93
94
95
97
97
98
98
122
127
134
134
141
145
Appendix B: Troubleshooting
Running Consume for the First Time
Record Validation
Consume Support
Appendix C: Scientific Background
Introduction
Consume Algorithms
Activity–Non Piled Fuels
Natural Fuels
Activity–Piled Fuels
Emission Algorithms
Fuel Consumption by Combustion Stage
Emissions
Activity–Piled Emission Factors
147
References
151
Glossary
155
Index
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Consume User's Guide
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1
Consume Overview
Land managers use prescribed fire to maintain and restore
ecosystems, reduce fuel loadings, expose mineral soil, improve
wildlife habitat, and reduce the hazard of wildfire.
In the past, a fire that consumed most of the organic material on
a site was thought to have met management objectives. As
understanding of forest ecosystems has increased, forest
managers have become more discriminating in their use of
prescribed fire. Now prescribed fires are applied to satisfy
forestry management objectives and benefit other forest
ecosystems as a whole.
The Consume program is a decision-making tool, designed to
assist you in your use of prescribed fire. Consume can help you
achieve your prescribed burn objectives while minimizing the
impact of prescribed fire on air quality, soil, water, wildlife, and
other resources.
How Can Consume Help Me?
Consume predicts fuel consumption and pollutant emissions
based on a number of factors. Using these predictions, you can
accurately determine when and where to conduct a prescribed
burn to achieve desired objectives, while reducing the impact on
other resources.
For example, if a management objective for an activity, non-piled
unit (harvested with logging slash) was to retain an average duff
depth of two inches on the unit, the manager could use
Consume to determine the 1000-hour fuel moisture at which a
burn could take place and meet the objective.
Another management objective might be to produce less than
100 tons of particulate matter less than 2.5 micrometers in
diameter (PM2.5) from a prescribed burn. By adjusting fuel and
weather input variables, the manager could determine whether
the prescribed burn will meet the 100-ton objective.
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CONSUME User's Guide
How Do I Use Consume?
To use Consume, follow these basic steps:
1. Identify units to be burned in the upcoming burn season.
2. Gather and enter data about each unit to be burned. For
more information about the specific unit data to gather, see
"Recording Unit Data."
3. For Activity–non-piled (logged or thinned forest land) units,
Consume may calculate consumption and emissions based
on measured or calculated 1000 hour fuel moisture. If
predicted fuel moisture values are desired, then the user
must collect and input weather zone and daily weather
information. You can do this before or after you gather unit
data. Weather zones should cover the entire area where the
units are located. For information about the specific weather
zone data to gather, see "Recording Weather Zone Data."
For more information about the specific daily weather data to
gather, see "Recording Daily Weather Data."
4. Create Consume reports to find optimal dates for conducting
prescribed burns, or to determine the quantity of fuels that
will be consumed on given dates or at given fuel moistures.
For more information about the reports you can create, see
"Creating and Interpreting Reports."
5. Update and make changes to existing data as necessary.
For more information about making changes see "Recording
and Managing Data."
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CONSUME Overview
3
What Data Do I Enter?
Consume calculates consumption and emissions for three
different unit types that include Activity–non-piled, Activity–piled,
and Natural fuels. The data requirements vary for each type.
Different algorithms and assumptions are available to add
flexibility in data requirements (e.g. Activity fuel consumption may
be based on either a measured, or predicted initial 1000-hour
fuel moisture). Appendix C contains complete technical
information about Consume's methods. The basic types of data
may include the following:


Unit data are information about the specific units you will be
burning. Consume predicts consumption and resulting
emissions for three unique types of units: Activity–non-piled,
Activity–piled, and Natural. Unit data vary by type and may
include: number of acres, wind, ignition time, slope, fuel
loadings, duff depth, pile size, and other prescription factors.
Weather zone data/daily weather data are information
about forest areas that have similar weather characteristics.
It is required only for activity–non-piled units when a 1000hour fuel moisture content is not known but needs to be
predicted. Weather Zones include initial fuel moisture,
relative humidity, latitude, temperature, and other factors.
Daily weather data reflect changing conditions.
You enter this data into the Consume database using data entry
screens.
How Does Consume Analyze Data?
Once you have entered unit and weather data into Consume, it
can predict the quantity of fuels that would be consumed and the
resulting pollutants from a prescribed burn on a given date. The
algorithms used vary by unit type.
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CONSUME User's Guide
Algorithms for Activity–Non-Piled Fuels
Consume uses separate algorithms to predict consumption of 1and 10-hour fuels, 100-hour fuels, large woody fuels, and duff
(Ottmar and others, 1993). Fuel loading, slope, wind speed, and
10-hour fuel moisture is used to predict the consumption of the 1and 10- and 100-hour fuels.
The most important factor in determining total large woody fuel
consumption is the 1000-hour fuel moisture content (1000-Th).
You can either enter a measured value directly, use the NFDRS1000-hour (NFDRS-Th ) value (Deeming and others 1977) or
have Consume predict the adjusted 1000-hour (ADJ-Th value
based on daily weather. Direct measurement of the 1000-hour
fuel moisture content is the best predictor of fuel consumption.
The adjusted 1000-hour fuel moisture content is nearly as good a
predictor as the measured value and superior to the NFDRS1000-hour value (Sandberg and Ottmar 1983).
Major variables that control duff consumption include woody fuel
consumption, diameter reduction, preburn duff depth, and duff
moisture content. Because actual duff moisture content is
difficult to measure, Consume classifies duff as wet, moist, or dry
based on days since significant rainfall. The duff consumption
algorithm is divided into separate regimes for wet, moist, and dry
duff.
The rate of smoke production from a prescribed fire will not stay
constant during the burn, but change with the phase of the fire.
Less smoke is produced per ton of fuel consumed during the
efficient flaming stage than during the less efficient smoldering
phase. Consequently, fuel consumption is to be broken down by
combustion stage if the best estimations of total emissions
produced are to be made. Consume uses 100 hour fuel
consumption and large woody fuel flaming diameter reduction to
estimate consumption during the flaming phase of the woody
fuels and duff. The smoldering consumption is estimated by
subtracting the flaming consumption from the total consumption.
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CONSUME Overview
5
Fuel consumption by fire phase multiplied by the appropriate fire
phase emission factor for a specific pollutant will give an estimate
of total emissions. Consume uses this procedure to estimate
total emissions for a fire in activity fuel that are not piled.
In Appendix C, you can find more detailed information about the
Consume algorithms and the equations they use.
Algorithms for Activity–Piled Fuels
Consume uses a recently developed model to calculate
consumption of fuels from pile fires (Hardy 1996). Unlike Activity–
non-piled and Natural fuels, consumption for piles is not directly
dependent upon fuel size. The major factors in determining
consumption are:

Total gross volume of the pile.

Net volume of the woody biomass.

Density or weighted-average density of the wood.

Consumable (oven-dry) mass of wood.

Proportion of mass consumed.
Consumption is calculated for a single pile definition.
Consumption for multiple piles of the same shape, size and type
is the single pile consumption times the number of piles.
The mass of emissions produced by a burning pile is calculated
by multiplying the mass of fuel consumed by an emission factor
for PM2.5, PM10, and PM. Emission factors for other
compounds were not available at the time of the release of
Consume 2.1. The emission factors for these particle sizes
differ with the combustion efficiency of the burning pile. Cleaner
piles burn more efficient than dirty piles and the soil mix of the
pile determines the emission factor to use. The consumption of
fuels in piles cannot be separated into the flaming and
smoldering phase, therefore the pile emission factor is a
composition of combustion phases.
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CONSUME User's Guide
In Appendix C, you can find more detailed information about
Consume pile algorithms and the equations that are used.
Algorithms for Natural Fuels
Consume uses two different models to predict consumption from
natural fuel units. Model selection is dependent on whether the
duff fuel moisture content is known. For larger fuel types, more
precise double parameter equations are used when the duff fuel
moisture is known. Consume selects the correct equation
automatically, based on the data supplied.
The rate of smoke production from a prescribed fire will not stay
constant during the burn, but change with the phase of the fire.
Less smoke is produced per ton of fuel consumed during the
efficient flaming stage than during the less efficient smoldering
phase. Consequently, fuel consumption is to be broken down by
combustion stage if the best estimations of total emissions
produced are to be made.
Fuel consumption by fire phase multiplied by the appropriate fire
phase emission factor for a specific pollutant will give an estimate
of total emissions. Consume uses this procedure to estimate
the total emissions for a fire in natural fuels.
In Appendix C, you can find more detailed information about
Consume natural fuel algorithms and the equations that are
used.
What Results Do I Get?
You can view the results of Consume’s predictions in several
types of reports:

Fuel Consumption by Date reports show you the quantity of
fuels that would be consumed in burns on different calendar
dates.
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CONSUME Overview



7
Fuel Consumption by 1000-hour Fuel Moisture reports
show you the quantity of fuels that would be consumed in
burns at different values of 1000-hour fuel moisture (only for
Activity–non-piled units).
Emissions by Date reports show the total emissions of
criteria pollutants from burns on a specified date.
Emissions by 1000-hour Fuel Moisture reports show the
quantity of emissions from a burn at different values of
1000-hour fuel moisture (only for Activity–non-piled units)..
Consume can also provide reports that summarize the data you
entered:


Weather Information reports show all or part of the weather
data that have been entered into the Consume database,
and when fuels reach a target fuel moisture value.
Burn Unit Information reports show all or part of the unit
data that have been entered into the Consume database.
The report varies by unit type.
You can display reports on screen, print them on a printer, or use
them as files in other programs, such as a database
management system, spreadsheet, or word processor.
Finally, Consume also prints a summary of a unit or weather
information directly from the data entry screen.
You will find detailed information about reports in "Creating and
Interpreting Reports."
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CONSUME User's Guide
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9
Consume Basics
This chapter introduces you to the basic information you need in
order to use Consume version 2.1, including:

Installing, upgrading, and using the Consume sample
database.

How to start and exit Consume.

An overview of the Consume screens and how to use them.

Information about backing up and restoring files.
Installing and Setting Up
You can install Consume on a personal computer with the
following system:

Intel Pentium®-60 or better, or compatible. A Pentium®-90 or
better is strongly recommended.

30 megabytes of available disk space.

Microsoft Windows® 95, 98 or NT.
Running the Install Program
Consume is available on compact disc (CD). Setup and
installation instructions are presented below.
To install Consume on your computer from a CD:
1.
Insert the CD into the CD drive. The installation program will
begin automatically.
2.
Follow the installation instructions.
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CONSUME User's Guide
By default, the installation program will install the application
in a directory named C:\Program Files\Consume. If this
directory does not exist, the installation routine will prompt
you for approval and create the directory.
If you want to install Consume in a different directory,



Click the Change Directory button.
Type the complete path (including drive letter) to the
directory under Path.
or
Select the destination directory from the Directories
box.
3.
When the install program displays the name of the correct
directory, click the installation button. This is the large
button with the picture of a computer.
4.
The install program will place the Consume icon on your
computer desktop and the Windows start menu.
The install program will display an error message or warning if:


The directory already contains files. It will ask you if you wish
to replace the existing files.
The drive does not have enough space. Specify a different
drive, or delete unneeded files from the drive. The
Consume program files require about 30 megabytes of disk
space.
Checking Your System Configuration
Before you start Consume, check your system configuration to
make sure Consume will run properly. The monitor must be set
to use Windows® small fonts.
To check your video configuration in Windows® 95:
1.
Click the Windows Start button.
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CONSUME Basics
11
2.
Select the Settings menu item.
3.
Click the Control Panel menu item.
4.
Double click on the Display icon.
5.
Select the Settings tab.
This screen will show the computer's current font size setting. If it
is not set to “Small Fonts” then change the setting. (NOTE: If you
change the setting you may need to restart the computer before
the change takes effect.)
6.
Click the OK button on the Display Properties screen.
7.
Close the Control Panel.
To check your video configuration in Windows® 98:
1.
Click the Windows Start button.
2.
Select the Settings menu item.
3.
Click the Control Panel menu item.
4.
Double click on the Display icon.
5.
Select the Settings tab.
6.
Click the Advanced button.
7.
Select the General tab.
This screen will show the computer's current font size setting. If it
is not set to “Small Fonts” then change the setting. (NOTE: If you
change the setting you may need to restart the computer before
the change takes effect.)
8.
Click the OK button on this screen.
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CONSUME User's Guide
9.
Click the OK button on the Display Properties screen.
10. Close the Control Panel.
Using the Sample Data
When you first install Consume, it includes some sample
weather and unit records. Before you use Consume to create
your own database, you can use these sample records to try out
Consume and see how it works.
For example, you can use the sample database to view and
modify existing data and create reports.
When you are ready to start using Consume to enter your own
data, you can delete the sample records. For more information
about deleting records, see "Deleting Weather Zones," "Deleting
Unit Records," "Deleting Daily Weather" and/or "Deleting Pile
Group Records."
Switching from Previous Versions of
Consume
Consume version 2.1 does not include the ability to import
historical data from version 1.0. Because the updated algorithms
require more data, burn unit data from the previous version
would not be sufficient to create a complete and valid burn unit in
the new version.
Daily Weather information may be imported electronically from
any Weather Information Management System (WIMS) data set.
(See "Importing Daily Weather".)
Starting Consume
You start Consume from the Windows® Start menu.
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CONSUME Basics
13
To start Consume:
1.
Click on the Windows Start button.
2.
Select the Programs menu.
3.
Click on the Consume menu choice.
The Consume title screen appears for a few seconds and
disappears. The burn unit screen appears. All major
application functions can be reached from the burn unit
screen.
Exiting Consume
Unlike version 1.0, Consume version 2.1 does not automatically
save changes as you make them. It allows you to edit a unit and
save or discard those changes before exiting the application. If
you exit the program after making changes, the application will
prompt you to save or cancel.
To exit Consume:
1.
From any main Consume screen, click on the Exit
Consume button.
If you have unsaved changes the application will ask you
whether you wish to save the changes.
2.

Click Yes to save the changes and exit;

Click No to a discard the changes and exit; or

Click Cancel to return to Consume.
Before you exit the program, it displays the message “Are
you sure you want to exit Consume?”
Click the Yes button to exit Consume, or click the No button
to return to the burn unit screen.
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CONSUME User's Guide
You can also exit Consume by double clicking on the tree icon in
the upper left corner of the Consume window or clicking the X
button in the upper right hand corner of the Consume window.
Getting Help
You can get help from many places in Consume by pressing F1.
Consume displays a Help screen with specific information about
that part of the application. Help is displayed in your computer's
default web browser. To exit Help, close the browser.
More general help can be obtained from the help menu.
1.
Select the Help menu from the menu bar. The three
options are: About to find technical data about the version
of Consume and support contacts; Index to find specific
help topics and access the User’s Guide online; and Tech
Support, which navigates the Internet to the Consume
Technical Support Web Page. You must be connected to
the Internet to enable this option.
2.
Click Index from the Help menu.
3.
Click on the desired topic.
Overview of Using Consume Screens
Consume version 2.1 uses a simple, straightforward method of
navigation. Almost any screen can be reached directly by clicking
on a button or menu option. Where a box has a “down arrow”
next to it, click it to view the list of options in that box. See
"Recording and Managing Data" for detailed instructions. This
manual also includes a Quick Reference guide to assist users.
You enter data and produce reports in Consume by using the
following primary screens:

Use the Burn Unit screen to enter unit information;
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CONSUME Basics


15
Use the Weather Data screens to enter weather zone and
daily weather data; and/or
Use the Reports Menu screen to select a report to create.
Information such as fuel characteristic classes and pile group
definitions are entered through secondary screens. These
screens are accessed by clicking the indicated button on the
Burn Unit Screen.
Before discussing the details of data entry in these screens,
basic methods for adding, editing and deleting information must
be understood. All screens use consistent methods for adding,
editing, and deleting information. More detailed instructions are
presented in "Recording and Managing Data." Basic activities
work as follows.
Mode of
Operation
Consume operates in one of two modes. Browse mode allows you
to view information and move from one selection to another.
Consume is always in browse mode unless you are in edit mode.
When you change any information on a screen, Consume
automatically switches to edit mode. Edit mode is indicated by the
presence of the Save Unit and Cancel Unit buttons at the screen
bottom. Once in edit mode, you cannot leave the burn unit screens
until you save or cancel any edits.
Creating a NewTo create a new unit:
Unit
 Click on the Create/Copy Unit button.

Enter the unit name, ID/permit number, new unit date and unit
type.

Click OK.
You must be in browse mode to create a new unit.
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16
Copying a
Unit
CONSUME User's Guide
To make a copy of an existing unit:

Click on the Create/Copy Unit button.

Enter the unit name, ID/permit number, new unit date and unit
type.

Click the ”Copy existing Unit" option.

Select the unit that you wish to copy from.

Click OK.
The duplicate must be of the same unit type as the original. You
may only select from units of the same type identified on the unit
creation screen. If the unit that you want to copy does not appear
in the list, make sure that your duplicate unit is of the appropriate
unit type.
Selecting an
Existing Unit
To select an existing unit, open the selection box located at the top
of the screen by clicking on the arrow. Scroll up or down and click
on the desired unit.
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CONSUME Basics
17
Editing an
Existing Unit
To edit unit information, click on the desired box and change the
value. The program will switch to edit mode and display the Save
Unit and Cancel Unit buttons to remind you that you are making
changes. Don’t forget to save your changes.
Saving /
Canceling
Changes to a
Unit
To save changes to a new or edited unit, click on the Save Unit
button. The program will notify you of errors. If you have errors,
(i.e., the unit is invalid) you may save the unit as is, or continue
editing. However, consumption and emissions can not be
calculated for invalid units.
Printing Unit
Information
To print a summary of information for a unit, click on the printer
icon. To print details on multiple units, use a report. See "Creating
and Interpreting Reports.".
Calculating
To calculate consumption for all complete and valid units, click the
Consumption Consumption button.
Calculating
Emissions
To calculate emissions for all complete and valid units, click the
Emission button.
Deleting a
Unit
To delete a burn unit, select the existing unit and then click the
Delete button at the bottom of the screen.
Burn Unit Screen
When you start Consume, the first screen you see is the Burn
Unit screen. From this screen, you can choose an option to enter
different types of data or create reports. You can return to this
screen from other screens by clicking the Burn Unit button.
The burn unit screen consists of three pages. Each of these
pages contains different data for each burn unit. Page tabs or
data fields that have gray titles are not applicable to the selected
unit or fuel type. The three pages are:

Unit Information.

Fuels Information for Activity–non-piled and Natural units –
(See "Fuel Characteristic Classes").

Pile Information for units with piles – (See "Pile Groups").
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CONSUME User's Guide
Burn Unit Screen - Unit Information Page
The Burn Unit screen appears when you start Consume. You
can move easily between Consume screens by clicking on the
navigation buttons located at the bottom or by choosing menu
options. You move between screen pages by clicking on the
labeled tab near the top of the page.
You may view different burn units by selecting the desired unit
from the unit selection box.
Use the Unit Information page to enter basic defining data
regarding a burn unit.
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CONSUME Basics
19
Burn Unit Screen - Fuels Information
Use the Fuels Information page to enter basic defining data
regarding a burn unit. Fuel information may be entered manually
if values are known from a fuel inventory. Default values can also
be used based on a set of descriptive fuelbeds called fuel
characteristic classes (FCC) (Ottmar and others in press). To
use a FCC, click on the red button labeled Create Default
Loadings. This can only be used for units designated as
Activity-non-piled and natural. Units designated as piled will use
the “Pile Information” tab to provide fuels information.
Fuel Characteristic Classes
Calculations for Activity–non-piled and Natural units require initial
fuel loadings. You may assign default fuel loadings based on a
representative fuel characteristic class.
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20
CONSUME User's Guide
The FCC screen is accessed from the Fuels information page of
the Burn Unit screen. Click the red button labeled Create
Default Loadings to access the FCC screens.
Burn Unit Screen - Pile Information
Use the Pile Information page to view or access data for specific
pile groups within the specified burn unit. To create or edit pile
groups, click on the red button labeled Create Pile Groups.
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CONSUME Basics
21
FCC Screens
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22
CONSUME User's Guide
Pile Groups
Pile-based burn units contain one or more pile groups. Each
group represents a collection of identical piles. To add or edit a
pile group within a unit, click on the red button labeled Create
Pile Groups.
The pile group information is contained on the following three
pages.

Pile Dimension and Quality.

Packing Ratio.

Other details.
Pile Group Information Screen
Creating Pile groups is very similar to creating burn units.
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CONSUME Basics
23
Weather Data Entry Screens
Use the Weather Data entry screens to enter weather data to
allow Consume to predict the Adj-Th fuel moisture content for
activity-non-piled units if the NFDRS-Th or a measured 1000hour fuel moisture content is not available. The Weather Zone
Information page contains initial weather zone data. The Daily
Weather Information page contains daily weather records. Daily
weather records must run consecutively from the start of the
weather zone until the given burn date.
Weather Zone Entry Screen
Use the Weather Zone entry screen to enter initial weather zone
data.
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CONSUME User's Guide
Daily Weather Information Screen
Use the Daily Weather entry screen to enter daily weather data.
The Weather Data entry screens are very similar to the Burn Unit
Data entry screens. You use the same techniques to choose
options, move around from one data field to another, and enter
data.
Reports Menu Screen
In the Reports screen, you can choose one of several types of
reports to create. You display the Reports Menu screen by
clicking the Reports button from the Burn Unit screen.
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CONSUME Basics
25
Reports Menu Screen
Use the Reports Menu screen to choose a report.
To generate a report using the Reports Menu:
1.
Select the report type from the Report Name pull down list.
2.
Select the Units to be included in the report by either:
 Double clicking on the unit name; or
 Clicking on the unit name followed by clicking on the
“right pointing hand” button.
3.
Enter any report parameters that apply. (Parameters that
are grayed out are not required.)
4.
Click the Run Report button.
You will find detailed information about each type of report in
"Creating and Interpreting Reports."
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CONSUME User's Guide
Backing Up and Restoring the Consume Database
The information in Consume is stored in one file, Consume.mdb.
To protect your data from accidental deletion or disk failure, you
should make regular backup copies of this file.
An alternative backup method is to export the data to a file. This
file may be stored and recovered or transferred to other
computers.
To export Burn Unit data:
1.
Select File Menu at the top of the screen.
2.
Select Export.
3.
Select the Units to be exported by either:

Double clicking on the unit name; or

Clicking on the unit name followed by clicking on the
“right pointing hand” button.
4.
Click OK.
5.
Specify the location for the backup file.
If you need to restore the database (.mdb) files because a
database error occurred, reinstall the application from your CD
and import the Burn Unit information.
To import Burn Unit data:
1.
Select File Menu at the top of the screen.
2.
Select Import.
3.
Select Burn Units.
4.
Select the Units to be imported by either:
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CONSUME Basics
27

Double clicking on the unit name; or

Clicking on the unit name followed by clicking on the
“right pointing hand” button.
5.
Click OK.
6.
Select the file to be imported.
Note: Weather data is not backed up. You may need to re-import
WIMS data. (See "Importing Daily Weather")
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CONSUME User's Guide
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29
Recording and Managing Data
To create the reports that will assist you in managing prescribed
burns, Consume requires a record for each burn unit to be fully
defined. You can save a partially defined burn unit, but reports
will not be available for that burn unit until it is fully defined. Any
burn may use some or all of the following types of data:
Unit data – describes the characteristics of a unit of land for
which you want a fuel consumption prediction. Unit data can
be custom-entered, or set to default loading conditions using
Fuel Characteristic Classes (FCC).
Weather Zone data – describes the weather characteristics of
an area with one or more burn units.
Daily Weather data – describes sequential daily weather
information for a zone. This is used to estimate the Adj-Th
fuel moisture content for Activity-non–piled units if required
by the user.
Pile Group data – describes the size, number and composition
of piles on piled units.
Fuels Information - Allows the user to input fuels data or use
default fuel loadings for Activity non-piled and Natural fuel
burn units using FCCs.
You use Consume’s data entry screens to create, modify,
delete, and view these data. For more information, see "Creating
Unit Records."
You can also view weather and unit data by creating reports. For
more information, see "Creating and Interpreting Reports."
Recording Burn Unit Data
You must record data for each unit you plan to treat by
prescribed burning. Unlike Consume Version 1.0, weather data
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30
Consume User's Guide
is no longer required to determine consumption. Additionally,
Consume now accommodates three types of units: Activity–
non-piled, Activity–piled, and Natural.
You use Consume to:
Create new unit records.
Base new unit records on existing records.
Modify existing unit records.
View existing unit records.
Delete unit records.
About Burn Unit Data
Each of the three types of burn units has different data
requirements. Data entry is split into three pages for ease of
entry. Data that are not needed for a given burn unit are
disabled and displayed as a light gray label. Each unit record
includes some or all of the following:
Unit Information Page
Unit name
The name of the burn unit. This name will appear in reports.
Consume does not require that this name be unique. This adds
flexibility, but may also lead to confusion.
One option to reduce possible confusion is to include the unit
number in the unit name. A second option is to use the burn permit
number to distinguish between units with the same name.
For example, suppose there are several units in the Happy Creek
timber sale. If all the units will be treated with prescribed fire, create
unique names by combining the timber sale name with the unit
number: Happy Creek 01, Happy Creek 02, and so on.
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Recording and Managing Data
31
Unit/Permit
Number
An optional unit identification. This field may be used to further
identify the unit. It is specifically designed for the burn permit
number of a unit.
Unit Size
(acres)
The number of acres in the unit that will be treated by prescribed
fire. For example, if 10 acres of a 35-acre unit will be treated, enter
10.
Consume uses the number of acres treated to calculate total
consumption for Activity–non-piled and Natural fuels.
Weather Zone A weather zone is an area of one or more units that share the
same daily weather conditions.
Weather data are optional. If you plan to use daily weather
information to calculate the adjusted 1000-hour Fuel Moisture
(ADJ-TH) rather than using measured fuel moisture (Measured) or
the National Fire Danger Rating System’s 1000-hour Fuel Moisture
(NFDRS-TH), you must first create a weather zone. You must
create a weather zone before you can assign it to a burn unit.
Date of Burn
The date of the prescribed burn. Consume is year 2000 compliant.
You may enter the year as either a two- or four-digit year.
Consume treats two-digit years from 00- to 30 as 2000 - 2030.
Length of
Ignition
(minutes)
The amount of time, in minutes, that it will take to ignite the area to
be burned. For example, if it will take three hours to complete
ignition of the area, enter 180.
When you enter initial unit data, you may want to use the ignition
time value listed in the prescribed burn plan. However, to obtain
accurate consumption values as the unit's ignition date
approaches, you must check this initial entry and make
modifications if necessary.
Consume uses ignition time to determine if the fire will be of high
intensity. The intensity of a fire affects the diameter reduction of
large woody fuels.
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Harvest date
Consume User's Guide
The approximate date that the timber on the unit was cut. If the
timber was cut over an extended period of time, enter the date
when 70 percent of the timber was cut.
If only the month and year are known, enter the day as the 15th of
the month.
Consume uses the harvest date to determine the drying days for
large woody fuels.
Type dates as three part dates with either a two- or four-digit year.
For example, enter dates as mm/dd/yy or mm/dd/yyyy. The harvest
date must be before the burn date.
Consume uses the harvest date to determine if large woody fuels
are cured.
Snow-off
date
The approximate date that snow melted from the unit. If only the
month and year are known enter the day as the 15th of the month.
Consume uses the snow-off date to determine the drying days for
large woody fuels.
Type dates as three part dates with either a two- or four-digit year.
For example, enter dates as mm/dd/yy or mm/dd/yyyy. The harvest
date must be before the burn date.
Consume uses the snow-off date to determine if large woody fuels
are cured.
If there was no snow on the unit between the harvest date and burn
date, then enter a date with the year 9999. Consume will then
ignore the snow-off date in determining if large woody fuels are
cured.
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Recording and Managing Data
Windspeed
(miles/hr)
33
The prescribed midflame windspeed, in miles per hour, during the
burn. The maximum windspeed is 35 miles per hour.
When you enter initial unit data, you may want to use the wind
speed value specified in the prescribed burn plan. However, to
obtain accurate consumption values as the unit's ignition date
approaches, you must check this initial entry and make
modifications if necessary.
Consume uses windspeed as a factor in predicting 100-hour (1- to
3-inch-diameter) fuel consumption.
Slope (%)
The average vertical change (rise) in the unit's ground surface over
a given horizontal distance (run). Slope is expressed in percent
(%).
Consume uses slope to predict consumption of 100-hour fuels.
10-hour fuel
moisture (%)
The moisture content of 10-hour fuels (0.26- to 1-inch-diameter
roundwood fuels). 10-hour fuel moisture is expressed as a
percentage of the ovendry weight of the fuel.
When you first enter unit data, you may want to use the 10-hour
fuel moisture listed in the prescribed burn plan. However, to obtain
accurate consumption values as the unit's ignition date
approaches, you must check this initial entry, and make
modifications if necessary.
You can determine 10-hour fuel moisture from moisture samples,
moisture meters, or fuel sticks. It is recommended that 15 moisture
samples or 15 moisture meter measurements be collected
vertically across the fuel bed to represent a unit-average 10-hour
fuel moisture. If you use fuel sticks, place the sticks in the fuel bed
and multiply the measurement by 1.4 to better represent a unitaverage 10-hour fuel moisture.
Consume uses 10-hour fuel moisture as a factor in predicting 100hour (1- to 3-inch-diameter) fuel consumption.
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Consume User's Guide
1000-hour
The measured or estimated 1000-hour fuel moisture for the unit.
Fuel Moisture
(%)
1000-hour fuel moisture is the moisture content of sound, woody
material 3-8 inches in diameter and can be directly measured or
estimated using the ADJ-Th or NFDRS-Th fuel moisture models.
Fuel moisture is expressed as a percent of the ovendry weight of
the fuel. The value for 1000-hour fuel moisture must be an integer
between 1 and 500.
1000-hour
The source of the 1000-hour fuel moisture data for the unit, either
Fuel Moisture directly measured (MEAS-Th), or estimated using the ADJ-Th or
Source
NFDRS-Th fuel moisture models.
Measured – The directly-measured fuel moisture that represents
the average unit fuel moisture of large woody fuels. Input this value
directly.
ADJ-Th – Adjusted 1000-hour fuel moisture is an estimated fuel
moisture that represents the average unit fuel moisture of large
woody fuels. Selecting this option requires a weather zone and
daily weather information.
NFDRS-Th – National Fire Danger Rating System’s 1000-hour fuel
moisture content.
Duff Type
The primary type of duff in the area of the unit that will be treated.
The duff type choices are red, black and moss/lichen.
Duff Fuel
Moisture
(%)
The duff fuel moisture of the area of the unit that will be treated.
This field is optional. When available, it allows Consume to use a
double parameter equation to calculate consumption of large
natural fuels.
The double parameter equation is more precise and is
automatically selected by Consume when the duff moisture
content is present.
Days Since
Rain
The number of days since significant rainfall. Significant rainfall is
one-quarter inch.
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Recording and Managing Data
35
Fuels Information Page
The pre-burn loading of all types and sizes of fuel in the unit. Use
the planar intersect method or a photo series to estimate fuel
loadings. Values may be entered by hand. If desired, default
loadings may be set by selecting an FCC. See "Defining Default
Loading Data."
Accurate loading estimates are required to accurately calculate
consumption and emissions.
Sound Fuel
Loadings
(tons/acre)
Rotten Fuel
Loadings
(tons/acre)
Loadings of sound fuels should be entered for each of the following
size classes:
Diameter
(inches)
Timelag
(hours)
0.0-0.25
0.26-1.0
1.1-3
3.1-9
9.1-20
20.1+
1
10
100
1000
10000
10000+1
Enter the loading of rotten 3.0 + inch fuels.
1
Fuels 20.1 inches or more in diameter have a timelag
greater than 10,000 hours.
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36
Other Fuel
Information
Consume User's Guide
Loadings and depths of other fuels should be entered for each of
the following:
Type
Enter
Duff
Litter
Shrubs
Grass/Herbs
Depth in inches
Depth in inches
tons/acre
tons/acre
FCC Number If you have defined default loadings based on an FCC, the FCC
number will be displayed in this field. See "Defining Default Loading
Data"
Pile Information
Pile groups
This grid displays a summary of all pile groups defined for a given
burn unit. To add, edit, or view pile groups click on the red Create
Pile Group button. See "Recording Pile Group Data."
Creating Unit Records
At the beginning of each burn season, you need to record unit
data for the units that will be treated with prescribed burns.
To create a unit record:
1.
Click on the Create/Copy Unit Button.
You must be in browse mode to create a new unit. If the
Create/Copy Unit Button is not visible, you must save or
cancel changes made to the current burn unit, then you will
be in browse mode.
The Create New Unit entry screen appears.
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Recording and Managing Data
2.
Enter the New Burn Unit Name.
3.
Enter the New Burn Unit ID/Permit Number.
4.
Enter the New Burn Unit Date.
5.
Select the Type of fuel.
6.
Click OK.
7.
Enter the Burn Unit data.
8.
Click the Save Unit button.
37
Consume will validate data entry and display any problems.
If no problems were identified, Consume will save the
information. Otherwise, Consume will prompt you to save
the information as is, cancel your work, or continue editing.
Basing a New Unit Record on an Existing
One
You can use an existing unit record as the basis for a new one.
This allows you to create a new record for a similar area without
creating it from scratch. Once you have created the new record,
you can modify its data as needed.
To base a new unit record on an existing record, you go through
the same steps as creating a new record but add two additional
steps.
To base a new unit record on an existing record:
1.
Click on the Create/Copy Unit Button.
You must be in browse mode to create a new unit. If the
Create/Copy Unit Button is not visible, you must save or
cancel changes made to the current burn unit, then you will
be in browse mode.
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Consume User's Guide
The Create New Unit entry screen appears.
2.
Enter the New Burn Unit Name.
3.
Enter the New Burn Unit ID/Permit Number.
4.
Enter the New Burn Unit Date.
5.
Select the Type of fuel.
6.
Click the Copy Existing Unit option.
7.
Select the unit that you wish to copy.
The duplicate must be of the same unit type as the original.
You may only select from units of the same type identified
on the unit creation screen. If the unit that you want to copy
does not appear in the list, make sure that your new
duplicate unit is of the appropriate unit type.
8.
Click OK.
9.
Modify the Burn Unit data.
10. Click the Save Unit button.
Consume will validate data entry and display any problems.
If no problems were identified, Consume will save the
information. Otherwise, Consume will prompt you to save
the information as is, cancel your work, or continue editing.
Modifying Unit Records
If a unit record contains incorrect, incomplete, or out-of-date
data, you can make changes to it. You may have entered data
from a prescribed burn plan when you first created the unit
record. As the planned burn date approaches, you may want to
verify the accuracy of this data and modify it as needed.
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Recording and Managing Data
39
To modify a unit record:
1.
Select the desired unit. Open the selection box located at
the top of the screen by clicking on the arrow. Scroll up or
down and click on the desired unit.
The Unit information appears.
2.
Click on the desired box and change the value. Repeat this
step until all changes are completed.
After you make your first change, Consume will switch to
edit mode to remind you that you are making changes. In
edit mode, the Create/Copy Unit button changes to a Save
Unit button.
3.
Click the Save Unit button.
Consume will validate data entry and display any problems.
If no problems were identified, Consume will save the
information. Otherwise, Consume will prompt you to save
the information as is, cancel your work, or continue editing.
Viewing Unit Records
Consume can display the information of any Burn unit at any
time from the Burn Unit Screen. This gives you a quick way to
view unit data as you create, modify, or delete unit records.
To view a unit record:
To view the information on a unit, open the selection box located
at the top of the screen by clicking on the arrow. Scroll up or
down and click on the desired unit.
To print data for several units, you can create a Unit Information
report. See "Creating Reports" for more information.
You can click on the printer icon to get an instant printout of the
currently selected unit’s information.
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Consume User's Guide
Deleting Unit Records
After conducting prescribed burns on units, you may want to
delete their unit records. You delete unit records from the Burn
Unit Screen.
To delete a unit record:
1.
Select the desired unit. Open the selection box located at
the top of the screen by clicking on the arrow. Scroll up or
down and click on the desired unit.
The Unit information appears.
2.
Click the Delete Unit button.
Consume will prompt you to verify that you wish to delete
the record. There is no way to recover a record once it has
been deleted, so use delete with care.
Recording Weather Data
Weather data from a weather zone applies to Activity–non-piled
units and is needed only if measured or NFDR-Th fuel moisture
content values are not available. You will be predicting the
Adjusted 1000-hr fuel moisture.
Weather data are comprised of both weather zones and daily
weather information. A weather zone is a geographic area in
which weather data are collected daily. A weather zone should be
located so that it offers representative weather data for units that
are to be treated with prescribed fire.
For example, if a group of logged units is in a geographic area
represented by a single manual weather station or a remote
automatic weather station (RAWS), that area would be a suitable
weather zone.
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Recording and Managing Data
41
You can use Consume to:
Create new weather zones.
Modify existing weather zones.
View existing weather zones.
Delete weather zones.
How Many Weather Zones?
Fuel consumption estimates for Activity–non-piled units rely
heavily on estimates of large woody fuel moisture. You can
increase the accuracy of large woody fuel moisture predictions by
creating as many weather zones as needed to ensure that the
daily weather events occurring in each unit will be represented as
precisely as possible. At a minimum, you should create a
weather zone for each weather station.
Each weather zone is characterized by an initial 1000-hour fuel
moisture. Units that share location and this initial fuel moisture
can use the same weather zone.
You can determine initial 1000-hour fuel moisture in several
ways. The methods are, in order of accuracy, measured,
adjusted, or assumed standard values.
About Weather Zone Data
Weather zone data are based on a 24-hour observation period.
For example, the observation period could be from 1400 hours to
1400 hours the following day. Weather zone data includes the
following information:
Weather
Zone
Name
A unique name for the weather zone. This name will appear in
reports, and you will use it when you work with units and daily
weather. Assign a name to the weather zone that is easy for you
and others to remember and identify.
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42
Starting
Date
Consume User's Guide
The date of the initial weather reading for the weather zone. The
date must be within the last twelve months. Type dates as three
part dates with either a two- or four-digit year. For example, enter
dates as mm/dd/yy or mm/dd/yyyy.
Caution: You must have valid, accurate weather data for the
starting date, and for every day thereafter. Because you cannot
change the starting date, be sure you can obtain reliable weather
data for that date and for all subsequent dates.
Initial 1000Hour Fuel
Moisture (%)
The moisture content of cured, woody 1000-hour (3- to 9-inchdiameter) fuels on the weather zone's starting date. Fuel moisture
is expressed as a percent of the ovendry weight of the fuel. The
value for initial 1000-hour fuel moisture must be an integer
between 1 and 500.
Note: Adjusted 1000-hour fuel moisture is a crucial factor in
predicting large woody fuel consumption for Activity–non-piled
units. To get accurate results, the value you enter in the Initial
1000-hour fuel moisture field must accurately reflect the actual
fuel moisture of the large woody fuels on the units in the weather
zone.
You can determine initial 1000-hour fuel moisture in several
ways. The methods are listed below in decreasing order of
accuracy:
Measure the fuel moisture by oven drying 20 cross sections
of 1000-hour fuels collected from units in the weather zone.
This is the most accurate method.
Use the adjusted 1000-hour fuel moisture estimated by an
earlier prototype of Consume, or fuel moisture nomograms
(Ottmar and Sandberg, 1985). This method will be accurate
only if weather data has been continuously maintained.
Assume that fuel moisture will be 45 percent in April and
May, 35-40 percent in summer months, and 50 percent or
more in winter months. Use this method only if you cannot
use the methods above.
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Recording and Managing Data
43
Consume requires initial fuel moisture to determine adjusted
1000-hour fuel moisture.
Latitude
(degrees)
A measurement of the distance of a site from the equator. Each
degree of latitude runs in an east-west direction parallel to the
equator. There are 180 degrees of latitude from pole to pole. All
weather zones in the northern hemisphere will have a latitude
between 0 °N and 90 °N, so the Latitude field must contain a
number between 0 and 90.
Consume uses latitude to determine the length of the drying day,
which is one of the factors used to calculate adjusted 1000-hour
fuel moisture.
Maximum
and
Minimum
Temperature
(degrees F)
The highest and lowest air temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit
(°F), during the 24-hour observation period. For example, if the
temperature on the starting date ranged from 50 °F to 75 °F, you
would enter 50 in the minimum temperature field and 75 in the
maximum temperature field.
Maximum
and
Minimum
Relative
Humidity (%)
The highest and lowest relative humidity, during the 24-hour
observation period. For example, if the reported relative humidity
on the starting date ranged from 35 to 85 percent, you would enter
35 in the minimum relative humidity field and 85 in the maximum
relative humidity field.
Consume uses temperature and humidity data to determine
adjusted 1000-hour fuel moisture.
Days Since
Significant
Rainfall
The number of days since a significant amount of rain fell in a 48hour period. A significant amount of rainfall is 0.25 inches.
For example, suppose the starting date was Wednesday, July
14. If an inch of rain fell on the previous Saturday and Sunday
(July 10 and 11), with no rainfall since, you would enter 2 in the
Days since significant rainfall field.
Consume uses the data in this field to predict duff consumption.
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44
Hours of
Rainfall
(hours)
Consume User's Guide
The hours of total rainfall in the 24-hour observation period of the
starting date.
If a trace of rain fell, enter 1. If rain fell for several hours, enter
the cumulative total duration of all occurrences, rounded up to
the next full hour.
If it was raining at the time of the observation, enter the duration
of rainfall up to that time. Account for the remainder of the rainfall
in the first daily weather record (if the total duration of the rainfall
for both days exceeds one hour).
Consume uses the data in this field to estimate adjusted 1000hour fuel moisture.
Creating Weather Zones
To obtain accurate predictions, you should create as many
weather zones as your weather station network will allow, subject
to the limitation that all units in the weather zone must have the
same initial 1000-hour fuel moisture.
To create a weather zone:
1.
If you are starting in the Consume Burn Unit Screen, click
on the Weather button.
The Weather Zone entry screen appears.
Note: The Weather button will not be available in edit mode.
Save or discard current changes to exit edit mode.
2.
Click on the Add Weather Zone button.
3.
Enter the name of the weather zone and click OK.
4.
Enter the weather zone data.
6. Click the Save Weather Zone button.
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Recording and Managing Data
45
Consume will validate data entry and display any problems.
If no problems were identified, Consume will save the
information. Otherwise, Consume will prompt you to save
the information as is, cancel your work, or continue editing.
Modifying Weather Zones
If a weather zone contains incorrect data, you can make changes
to it.
Caution: You cannot change the name or starting date of a
weather zone. If you want a weather zone to have a different
name or starting date, you must delete the weather zone and
create a new one. If you delete a weather zone, all of its
associated daily weather data will be deleted.
To modify a weather zone:
1.
Starting from the Consume Burn Unit screen, click on the
Weather button.
The Weather Zone entry screen appears.
Note: The Weather button will not be available in edit mode.
Save or discard current changes to exit edit mode.
2.
Select the desired weather zone. Open the selection box
located at the top of the screen by clicking on the arrow.
Scroll up or down and click on the desired weather zone.
The weather zone information appears.
3.
Click on the desired box and change the value. Repeat this
step until all changes are completed.
After you make your first change, Consume will switch to
edit mode to remind you that you are making changes. This
will be apparent by the fact that the Add Weather Zone
button changes to a Save Weather Zone button.
4.
Click the Save Weather Zone button.
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46
Consume User's Guide
Consume will validate data entry and display any problems.
If no problems were identified, Consume will save the unit
information. Otherwise, Consume will prompt you to save
the information as is, cancel your work, or continue editing.
Viewing Weather Zones
You can view the information of any weather zone at any time
from the weather zone screen. This gives you a quick way to see
weather zone data as you create, modify, or delete zones.
To view a weather zone:
To view the information on a weather zone, open the selection
box located at the top of the screen by clicking on the arrow.
Scroll up or down and click on the desired weather zone.
If you want a printed or onscreen listing of the data for several
weather zones, you can create a weather zone report. See
"Creating and Interpreting Reports" for more information.
You can also click on the printer icon to get an instant printout of
the currently selected weather zone’s information.
Deleting Weather Zones
If you need to remove weather zones from the database, you can
do so from the weather zone screen.
Caution: When you delete a weather zone, Consume also
deletes all the daily weather data for that zone.
To delete a weather zone:
1.
If you are starting in the Consume Burn Unit screen, click
on the Weather button.
The Weather Zone entry screen appears.
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Recording and Managing Data
2.
47
Click the Delete Weather Zone button.
Consume will prompt you to verify that you wish to delete
the record. There is no way to recover a record once it has
been deleted, so use delete with care.
Recording Daily Weather Data
Consume uses weather data to calculate adjusted 1000-hour
fuel moisture when the Adj-Th option has been selected as the
1000-hour Fuel Moisture Source. This fuel moisture value is then
used to produce fuel consumption estimates for units in the
database. Once you have created a weather zone, you can use
the information to calculate fuel consumption estimates for a
burn on the starting date in a weather zone. To get fuel
consumption estimates for burns on days subsequent to the
starting date, you must enter daily weather data. If you have
multiple weather zones, you need to enter daily weather data for
each zone.
To predict large woody fuel moisture accurately, Consume
requires an uninterrupted sequence of daily weather
observations. This means you must create a daily weather record
for each day between the starting date for a weather zone and
the burn date. Consume does not allow you to enter daily
weather data in non-sequential order. For instance, you cannot
enter weather data for June 15 before you enter data for June 14.
If you miss a weather observation, use the previous day's
weather data, or estimate the data to the best of your ability.
Note: Once you add a daily weather record, you can change it,
and you can delete it. If you delete a daily weather record, all
subsequent daily records are also deleted. You can delete all
daily weather information by deleting the weather zone.
You can use Consume to:
Add daily weather records.
Modify existing daily weather records.
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Consume User's Guide

View existing daily weather records.

Delete daily weather records.

Import WIMS data.
About Daily Weather Data
Daily weather information is stored on the second page of the
weather zone screen.
If you want to use a weather zone that is not recorded in the
Consume database, you must create a new weather zone before
you can create a daily weather record for it.
Each daily weather record includes the following data:
Date
The date on which the daily weather readings were collected. You
must create new records in date order. When you create a new
record, Consume automatically enters the date after the last daily
weather record. To modify or view existing weather data, simply
scroll through the records to find the desired information.
For example, if the last daily weather entry for a weather zone
was July 15, 2000, Consume enters 07/16/00 (July 16, 2000) as
the date for the next daily weather entry. You should enter
weather data for this date before moving on to the next date.
Weather zone data are based on a 24-hour observation period.
For example, the observation period could be from 1400 hours to
1400 hours the following day.
Maximum and
Minimum
Temperature
(degrees F)
The highest and lowest air temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit
(°F), during the 24-hour observation period for the date in the Date
field. For example, if the temperature on the starting date ranged
from 50 to 75 °F, you would enter 50 in the minimum temperature
field and 75 in the maximum temperature field.
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Maximum and
Minimum
Relative
Humidity (%)
49
The highest and lowest relative humidity during the 24-hour
observation period for the date in the Date field. For example, if the
reported relative humidity on the starting date ranged from 35 to 85
percent, you would enter 35 in the minimum relative humidity field
and 85 in the maximum relative humidity field.
Consume uses temperature and humidity data to determine
adjusted 1000-hour fuel moisture.
Hours of Rain The hours of total rainfall in the 24-hour observation period of the
(hours)
date in the Date field.
If more than a trace of rain fell, enter 1. If rain fell for several
hours, enter the cumulative total of all occurrences, rounded up
to the next whole hour.
If it was raining at the time of the observation, enter the duration
of rainfall up to that time. Account for the remainder of the rainfall
the next day (if the total duration of the rainfall for both days
exceeds one hour).
Consume uses the data in this field to estimate adjusted 1000hour fuel moisture.
Significant
Rain?
Indicates whether the specified day received significant rain. A
significant amount of rainfall is 0.25 inches. This amount is
necessary to saturate the duff layer.
Click the box for each day which received significant rainfall.
Consume uses the data in this field to predict duff consumption.
Adding Daily Weather Records
When using daily weather records to predict large woody fuel
moisture, you must add daily weather records for each and every
day between the weather zone's start date and the last date you
want Consume to analyze.
As a result, Consume allows you to add a new daily record only
for the day immediately following the last record in a zone.
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50
Consume User's Guide
To add a daily weather record:
1.
Starting from the Consume Burn Unit screen, click on the
Weather button.
The Weather Zone Data entry screen appears.
Note: The Weather button will not be available in edit
mode. Save or discard current changes to exit edit mode.
2.
Select the weather zone to which daily records will be
added. Open the selection box located at the top of the
screen by clicking on the arrow. Scroll up or down and click
on the desired weather zone.
The weather zone information appears.
3.
Click the Daily Weather Information tab
The Daily Weather Data entry screen appears. Consume
displays the weather information for the four most recent
daily weather records.
4.
Click on the Add Daily Weather button.
Data entry fields are added at the bottom of the display.
Consume displays the date one day after the most recent
daily weather record. For example, if the most recent daily
weather record was for July 4, 2000, Consume displays the
information from July 4, and displays July 5, 2000 in the
Date field.
5.
Enter the required data.
Note: it is possible to change the date. Consume will
automatically assign the correct date. Only modify the date
with extreme caution, as subsequent daily records will be
sequentially dated from this date.
6.
Click on the Save Daily Weather button.
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51
Modifying Daily Weather Records
If daily weather data need to be corrected, you can modify any of
the daily weather records you have added. Do not modify the
date of any daily weather records.
You can view or print a listing of all the daily weather data in the
Consume database from the Reports Menu. For more
information, see "Creating and Interpreting Reports."
To modify a daily weather record:
1.
If you are starting in the Consume Burn Unit screen, click
on the Weather button.
The Weather Zone Data entry screen appears.
Note: The Weather button will not be available in edit
mode. Save or discard current changes to exit edit mode.
2.
Select the weather zone to which daily records will be
added. Open the selection box located at the top of the
screen by clicking on the arrow. Scroll up or down and click
on the desired weather zone.
The weather zone information appears.
3.
Click the Daily Weather Information tab.
The Daily Weather Data entry screen appears. Consume
displays the weather information for the four most recent
daily weather records
4.
Click on the desired box and change the value. Repeat this
step until all changes are completed.
After you make your first change, Consume will switch to
edit mode to remind you that you are making changes. This
will be apparent because the Add Daily Weather button
changes to a Save Daily Weather button.
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Consume User's Guide
5.
Click the Save Weather Zone button.
Consume will validate data entry and display any problems.
If no problems were identified, Consume will save the unit
information. Otherwise, Consume will prompt you to save
the information as is, cancel your work, or continue editing.
Changes in weather zone data can invalidate burn units that
use it if the fuel moisture source is "Adj-Th". To prevent
problems, be sure to revalidate any existing burn unit data
after editing weather zone data.
Viewing Daily Weather Records
You can use the Daily Weather entry screen to view the daily
weather data for any zone. For a complete listing of weather
data, create a Weather Information report from the Reports
Menu. For more information, see "Creating and Interpreting
Reports."
To view a daily weather record:
1.
Starting from the Consume Burn Unit screen, click on the
Weather button.
The Weather Zone Data entry screen appears.
Note: The Weather button will not be available in edit mode.
Save or discard current changes to exit edit mode.
2.
Select the weather zone to be viewed. Open the selection
box located at the top of the screen by clicking on the arrow.
Scroll up or down and click on the desired weather zone.
The weather zone information appears.
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Recording and Managing Data
3.
53
Click the Daily Weather Information tab.
The Daily Weather Data entry page appears. Consume
displays the weather information for the four most recent
daily weather records.
If you want a printed or onscreen listing of the data for several
daily weather records, you can create a weather zone report. See
"Creating and Interpreting Reports" for more information.
You can also click on the printer icon to get an instant printout of
the currently selected weather zone’s information, including daily
weather.
Deleting Daily Weather
If you need to remove daily weather records from the database,
you can do so from the weather zone screen, daily weather page.
Note: When you delete a weather zone, Consume also deletes
all the daily weather data for that zone. (see "Deleting a Weather
Zone.")
To delete an individual daily weather record:
1.
Starting in the Consume Burn Unit screen, click on the
Weather button.
The Weather Zone Data entry screen appears.
Note: The Weather button will not be available in edit mode.
Save or discard current changes to exit edit mode.
2.
Select the weather zone from which daily records will be
deleted. Open the selection box located at the top of the
screen by clicking on the arrow. Scroll up or down and click
on the desired weather zone.
The weather zone information appears.
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Consume User's Guide
3.
Click the Daily Weather Information tab.
The Daily Weather Data entry screen appears. Consume
displays the weather information for the four most recent
daily weather records.
4.
Click the Delete Daily Weather button.
5.
Enter the date of the daily weather record to be deleted.
6.
Click OK.
Note: Daily weather records must be sequential. Deleting
any individual daily weather record will not only delete that
record, but all subsequent records as well.
Importing Daily Weather
Consume will allow you to enter daily weather data directly from
WIMS. When importing data, make sure that your data begins
with the date specified in the weather zone definition, and that the
Daily Weather information is complete and sequential.
To import Daily Weather Records:
1.
Click on the File menu option located in the upper left hand
corner of any screen.
2.
Select Import.
3.
Select WIMS Data.
4.
Select the weather zone to which the daily weather
information will be added. Open the selection box by clicking
on the arrow. Scroll up or down and click on the desired
weather zone.
5.
Click OK.
The Windows file selection dialog will appear.
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Recording and Managing Data
6.
Select the directory and file containing the WIMS data.
7.
Click OK.
55
Recording Pile Group Data
When a burn unit consists of piles, these piles must be defined
by groups. Each pile group represents a collection of identical
piles. An area with piles of varying shape, size or composition
would require multiple pile groups.
Pile groups are displayed from the Pile Information page of the
Burn Unit screen. This page is only available for burn units that
have been defined as “Activity–piled.”
You can use Consume to:
Create new pile groups.
Modify existing pile group records.
View existing pile group records.
Delete pile group records.
About Pile Group Data
Pile group information is spilt between three pages:
Pile Dimensions and Quality
Pile Group
Name
The name of the pile group. These names must be unique within a
pile group. It is possible to have pile groups in different units with
the same name.
Pile Shape
The shape of all piles in this pile group. Each pile shape requires
specific dimensions. A graphical representation of each pile is
displayed. See "Pile Shape Drawing."
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Consume User's Guide
Pile
Dimensions
Enter dimensions for all displayed fields. These dimensions
represent the information required to adequately characterize a
pile.
Pile Shape
Drawing
A graphical representation of the pile shape. You may select the
pile shape by clicking on this area and selecting from the available
options.
Consume uses the shape and dimensions to determine the
volume of the pile.
Packing Ratio
Packing Ratios Air comprises much of the gross volume of a pile. The ratio of
wood volume to the total pile volume, the packing ratio, ranges
from 6 to 26 percent. Select the most appropriate from the
following:

Piles with species content dominated by ponderosa pine, with
mean diameters of the large woody fuel averaging less than 10
inches, have a packing ratio of 10 percent (0.10).
Piles dominated by short-needled conifers have packing ratios
from 15 to 20 percent (0.15 - 0.20).

Highly compacted, clean piles with larger logs (diameters
greater than 10 inches), especially those built with a crane or
loader, can have packing ratios as high as 25 percent (0.25).
These values represent broad categories and should be used to
help select the most appropriate packing ratio.
Other Details
Percent of Pile The percent of the pile that consists of soil (best estimate).
that is Soil
Consume uses "percent of pile that is soil" to determine the mass
of combustible material in the pile.
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Recording and Managing Data
57
Primary
Species
(>= 50%)
The species that represents a majority of the fuel in this pile. If no
single species is greater or equal to 50% then sum the most
abundant species until the sum equals or exceeds 50%. Select the
most abundant species among those summed to represent the
group.
Percent of
Primary
Species
The percent of the pile that is the primary species (must be greater
that or equal to 50%). Consume uses "percent of primary species"
to determine the weighted-average density of the piled fuels.
Secondary
Species
(<50%)
The species that best represents the remainder of the pile.
Percent of
Secondary
Species
The percent of the pile that is the secondary species. Consume
will set this amount to 100 minus the Percent of Primary Species.
Consume uses "percent of secondary species" to determine the
weighted-average density of the piled fuels.
Number of
Piles of this
type
The number of individual piles included in this pile group.
Consume uses "number of piles of this type" to determine the total
fuel loading on the burn unit.
Pile Quality
Is the pile clean, dirty, or really dirty. Consume uses "pile quality"
to determine the appropriate emission factor for particulate matter.
Creating Pile Group Records
To create pile groups, you must first create an Activity–Piled burn
unit.
To create a Pile Group record:
1.
Starting from the Consume Burn Unit screen, click on the
Pile Group Information page.
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Consume User's Guide
2.
Click the red Create Pile Groups button.
If no pile groups already exist for this burn unit, then the pile
group name dialog screen appears, go to step 4.
3.
If pile groups exist for this burn unit, click on the Create Pile
Group button.
You must be in browse mode to create a new Pile Group. If
the Create Pile Group button is not visible, you must save
or cancel changes made to the current group, then you will
be in browse mode.
The pile group naming dialog screen appears.
4.
Enter the new pile group name.
5.
Click OK.
6.
Enter the pile group data.
7.
Click the Save button.
Consume will validate data entry and display any problems.
If no problems were identified, Consume will save the unit
information. Otherwise, Consume will prompt you to save
the information as is, cancel your work, or continue editing.
Modifying Pile Group Records
If a Pile Group record contains incorrect or out-of-date data, you
can make changes to it.
To modify a Pile Group record:
1.
Starting from the Consume Burn Unit screen, click on the
Pile Group Information page.
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Recording and Managing Data
2.
59
Click the red Create Pile Groups button.
If no pile groups already exist for this burn unit, then the pile
group name dialog screen appears, see "Creating Pile
Group Records."
3.
Select the desired pile group. Open the selection box
located at the top of the screen by clicking on the arrow.
Scroll up or down and click on the desired pile group.
The pile group information appears.
4.
Make all desired changes.
After you make your first change, Consume will switch to
edit mode. Consume will change the Create Pile Group
button to a Save button.
5.
Click the Save button.
Consume will validate data entry and display any problems.
If no problems were identified, the unit information will be
saved. Otherwise, Consume will prompt you to save the
information as is, cancel your work, or continue editing.
Viewing Unit Records
You can view the information of any pile group at any time from
the Pile Group Screen. This gives you a quick way to view pile
group data as you create, modify, or delete unit records.
To view a Pile Group record:
1.
Starting from the Consume Burn Unit screen, click on the
Pile Group Information page.
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Consume User's Guide
2.
Click the red Create Pile Groups button.
If no pile groups already exist for this burn unit, then the pile
group name dialog screen appears, see "Creating Pile
Group Records."
3.
Select the desired pile group. Open the selection box
located at the top of the screen by clicking on the arrow.
Scroll up or down and click on the desired pile group.
The pile group information appears.
If you want a printed or onscreen listing of the data for several
units, you can create a Unit Information report. See "Creating
and Interpreting Reports" for more information.
You can also click on the printer icon to get an instant printout of
the currently selected pile group’s information.
Deleting Pile Group Records
You may delete individual pile groups from a Burn Unit. Pile
groups are deleted from the Pile Group Screen.
To delete a Pile Group record:
1.
Starting from the Consume Burn Unit screen, click on the
Pile Group Information page.
2.
Click the red Create Pile Groups button.
If no pile groups already exist for this burn unit, then the pile
group name dialog screen appears, see "Creating Pile
Group Records."
3.
Select the desired pile group. Open the selection box
located at the top of the screen by clicking on the arrow.
Scroll up or down and click on the desired pile group.
The pile group information appears.
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Recording and Managing Data
4.
61
Click the Delete button.
Consume will prompt you to verify that you wish to delete
the record. There is no way to recover a record once it has
been deleted, so use delete with care.
Defining Default Loading Data
Activity–non-piled and Natural Burn Units require initial fuel
loadings for each class of fuel. If initial fuel loadings are
unknown, use default values. Default loadings may be assigned
by selecting the best representative FCC via the FCC Wizard.
This wizard will allow you to specify the FCC directly by number.
If the FCC number is unknown, you may determine the initial fuel
loadings and the FCC number by entering the following
information:

General Species.

Activity Category.

Treatment Category.

Age Category, and

Load Category.
About FCC Data
FCC selection is based on the following items (not all choices are
available for natural fuels):
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62
General
Species
Consume User's Guide
The prominent species in the area being classified. Select from the
following:









Activity
Category
The activity category of the area being classified. Select from the
following:




Treatment
Category
Grass
Grass/Lodgepole
Grass/Ponderosa
Lodgepole
Mixed Conifer
Mixed Conifer/Shrub
Ponderosa
Shrub
Western Juniper
None
Commercial thinning
Logging
Pre-commercial thinning
The treatment category of the area being classified. Select from
the following:









None
Crush
Lop and Scatter
Average YUM
Clean Pile
Average Pile
Dirty Pile
Dirtiest Pile
No Mechanical Treatment
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Recording and Managing Data
Age
Category
The age category of the area being classified. Select from the
following:




Load
Category
Bare ground
Immature
Mature
Over Mature
The load category of the area being classified. Select from the
following:



Low
Medium
High
Specifying the FCC
To specify the FCC by number:
1.
Starting from the Consume Burn Unit screen, click on the
Fuels Information page.
2.
Click the red Create Default Loadings button.
3.
Enter the FCC number.
4.
Click Next.
5.
If you have entered a valid FCC number, Click OK.
If you have entered an invalid number, Consume will give
you another chance. If you don’t know the FCC number,
leave the FCC field blank and click next. (see "To Specify
the FCC Number by Characteristics.")
To specify the FCC number by Characteristics:
1.
Starting from the Consume Burn Unit screen, click on the
Fuels Information page.
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63
64
Consume User's Guide
2.
Click the red Create Default Loadings button.
3.
Leave the FCC number blank.
4.
Click OK.
5.
Select the general species. Click the species and click Next
or double click the species.
6.
Select the activity category. Click the Category and click
Next or double click the category.
7.
Select the treatment category. Click the category and click
Next or double click the category.
8.
Select the age category. Click the category and click Next or
double click the category.
9.
Select the load category. Click the category and click Next
or double click the category.
Consume will display the resulting FCC information,
10. Click the Finish button.
Consume will return to the Burn Unit screen.
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65
Creating and Interpreting
Reports
Once you have entered all necessary Burn Unit data, you can
create several types of reports to predict consumption and
summarize the contents of the database.
About Reports
The following reports are available:






A Fuel Consumption by Date report presents fuel
consumption in one or more Burn Units by date.
An Emissions by Date report presents pollutant emissions
from one or more Burn Units by burn date.
A Fuel Consumption by 1000-hour Fuel Moisture report
estimates fuel consumption in one or more units at each
value of fuel moisture in a range of values that you specify.
An Emissions by 1000-hour Fuel Moisture report
estimates pollutant emissions from one or more units at
each value of fuel moisture in a range of values that you
specify (for Activity–non-piled units only).
A Weather Information report summarizes weather zone
and daily weather data that has been entered into
Consume, and resulting adjusted 1000–hour fuel moisture
values for units represented by each weather zone.
A Burn Unit Information report summarizes unit data that
has been entered into Consume.
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Consume User's Guide
Creating Reports
You create a report from the Report screen.
Reports Screen
Use the report screen like this one to set options for a report.
Select the report type and burn units to include.
Use the following steps to create any Consume report.
To create a report:
2.
Starting from the Consume Burn Unit screen, click on the
Reports button.
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67
The Report screen appears.
7.
Select the report type desired. Open the selection box
located at the top of the screen by clicking on the arrow.
Scroll up or down and click on the desired report.
Once the report type is selected, the options necessary to
create the report will become active. Report options are
described in detail below.
8.
Select the Burn Units to be included in the report.
You can select Burn Units in one of two ways. You may
select a Burn Unit by clicking on the Burn Unit name located
in the left box followed by clicking on the pointing hand to
move the Burn Unit to the selection box.
or
You may select a Burn Unit by double clicking on the Burn
Unit name.
9.
Click the Run Report button.
The report will be displayed on the screen. From here you
can browse the report using the scroll bar on the right and
the arrows in the upper left corner of the window. For multipage reports, the right arrow moves to the next page and
the left arrow moves back a page. To close the report
window, click on the ‘X’ in the upper right corner of the
window.
10. To print the report, click on the printer icon.
The report will be displayed to the screen. You may now
print the report or save it to a file. Do one of the following:
To print the report, click on the printer icon and follow the
menus.
or
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68
Consume User's Guide
To save the report to a file, click the envelope icon and
follow the menus. You may select a range of file types.
See "Using Consume Reports in Other Programs."
Burn Unit Information Report Options
This report requires no additional inputs.
Fuel Consumption by Date Report Options
This report requires no additional inputs.
Emissions by Date Report Options
This report requires no additional inputs.
Fuel Consumption by 1000-hour Fuel
Moisture Report Options
The Fuel Consumption by 1000-hour Fuel Moisture report is only
valid for Activity-non-piled units since natural fuel and pile
consumption algorithms do not require 1000-hour fuel moisture
content as an input variable. You must set the following options
for a Fuel Consumption by 1000-hour Fuel Moisture report.
1000-hour
Fuel Source
(Measured/
ADJ-TH/
NFDR/TH)
Consumption calculations are dependent on the source of the
1000-hour fuel moisture. For this report, you must specify the fuel
moisture data source for the range of 1000-hour fuel moistures
specified above. This report will use this source for all selected
units regardless of the source specified in the burn unit definition.
By comparing the report results from two different fuel moisture
sources, you can evaluate the effect of gathering more accurate
fuel moisture data.
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69
Lowest/
Highest
1000–Hour
Fuel
Moisture
In these fields, type the lowest and highest 1000-hour fuel
moistures you want to evaluate. For example, if you want to find
out what consumption would be at 1000-hour fuel moistures from
25 to 35 percent, type 25 in the Lowest fuel moisture field and 35 in
the Highest fuel moisture field.
Increment
In the increment field, specify the size of the incremental steps in
the range of 1000-hour fuel moistures that will appear in the report.
For example, if you want to examine fuel consumption estimates at
1000-hour fuel moistures of 25, 30, and 35 percent, type 5. To
examine fuel consumption estimates at 1000-hour fuel moistures
of 25, 26, and 27 percent, type 1.
For more information about Fuel Consumption by 1000-hour Fuel
Moisture reports, see "Interpreting Reports."
Emissions by 1000-hour Fuel Moisture
Report Options
The Emissions by 1000-hour Fuel Moisture report is only valid for
Activity-non-piled units since natural fuel and pile consumption
algorithms do not require 1000-hour fuel moisture content as an
input variable. You must set the following options for a
Emissions by 1000-hour Fuel Moisture report.
1000-hour
Fuel Source
Consumption and therefore emission calculations are dependent
on the source of the 1000-hour fuel moisture. For this report, you
must specify the data source for the range of 1000-hour fuel
moistures specified above. This report will use this source for all
selected units regardless of the source specified in the burn unit
definition.
By comparing the report results from two different fuel moisture
sources, you can evaluate the effect of gathering more accurate
fuel moisture data.
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Consume User's Guide
Lowest/
Highest
1000–Hour
Fuel
Moisture
In these fields, type the lowest and highest 1000-hour fuel
moistures you want to evaluate. For example, if you want to find
out what consumption would be at 1000-hour fuel moistures from
25 to 35 percent, type 25 in the Lowest fuel moisture field and 35 in
the Highest fuel moisture field.
Increment
In the Fuel moisture increment field, specify the size of the
incremental steps in the range of 1000-hour fuel moistures that will
appear in the report. For example, if you want to examine fuel
consumption estimates at 1000-hour fuel moistures of 25, 30, and
35 percent, type 5. To examine fuel consumption estimates at
1000-hour fuel moistures of 25, 26, and 27 percent, type 1.
For more information about Fuel Consumption by 1000-hour Fuel
Moisture reports, see "Interpreting Reports."
Weather and Unit Information Report
Options
This report requires no additional inputs.
Printer Setup
Consume can print reports on any printer that is compatible with
your computer. Your default system printer is used unless you
specify another. See your Windows and printer's documentation
for more information.
Using Consume Reports in Other
Programs
You can save Consume reports in many other program formats
(including most word processors, spreadsheets, and database
management programs).
To save a report output:
1.
Starting from a Report Output screen, click the envelope
icon.
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71
The Report Destination Dialog screen will appear.
2.
Select Report Format.
3.
Select the destination.
4.
Set destination parameters.
Depending on the format and destination, several different
parameters may be necessary.
5.
Click OK.
You might want to use Consume reports in other programs for
several reasons:



 Word processors: Include report information in a paper,
management report, or other document. You can then
change fonts, styles, and paragraph formats to make the
information more attractive and easier to read.
Spreadsheets: Combine Consume consumption predictions
with other data to calculate smoke emission. Create charts
that show Consume report information graphically. Present
statistical analyses of weather, fuel loadings, consumption, or
any other report information.
Database management programs: Retrieve any information
in Consume using database querying and reporting tools.
Maintain a comprehensive database of all management data
by combining Consume report information with information
in other databases.
Interpreting Reports
This section explains the contents of each type of Consume
report. For more information about the calculations Consume
uses for reports, see "Appendix C, Scientific Background."
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Consume User's Guide
Interpreting Fuel Consumption by Date
Reports
A Fuel Consumption by Date report estimates consumption for
one or more units.
You create this report to compare and contrast different
prescribed burn scenarios. The same unit can be modeled to
determine the effects of different dates on consumption (due to
weather and drying time) and to determine the best dates for
treating units with prescribed burns.
The following information appears in a Fuel Consumption by
Date report.
Unit Name
The name of the burn unit you are evaluating.
Unit/Permit
Number
The optional unit number, burn permit, or other identifier.
Date
The date of the modeled prescribed burn.
Fuel
Consumption of fuels in the burn in each timelag category in tons
Consumption per acre, consumption of duff in the burn in tons per acre, and total
(tons/acre)
fuels consumed in the burn in tons. The piled units will only report
total tons of fuel consumed.
Interpreting Emissions by Date Reports
An Emissions by Date report estimates emissions for one or
more units.
You create this report to compare and contrast different
prescribed burn scenarios. The same unit can be modeled to
determine the effects of different drying times and weather on
emissions and to determine the best dates for treating units with
prescribed burns. For piled units, only PM, PM10, and PM2.5 are
reported.
The following information appears in a Emissions by Date report.
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73
Unit
The name of the burn unit you are evaluating.
Unit/Permit
Number
The optional unit number, burn permit, or other identifier.
Date
The date of the modeled prescribed burn.
Pollutant
Emissions
(tons)
Cumulative emissions of each pollutant produced by the prescribed
burn, in tons. The air pollutants include: particulate matter (PM),
inhalable particulate matter (PM10), fine particles (PM2.5), carbon
monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHC). For piled units, only PM, PM10,
and PM2.5 are reported.
Interpreting Fuel Consumption by
1000-hour Fuel Moisture Reports
A Fuel Consumption by 1000-hour Fuel Moisture report predicts
fuel consumption by fuel size class for a range of 1000-hour fuel
moistures. The user selects whether the range of fuel moistures
represent measured, NFDRS or 1000-hour values. This report
can be generated only for Activity–non-piled units.
For more information, see "Fuel Consumption by 1000-hour Fuel
Moisture Options."
Create a Fuel Consumption by 1000-hour Fuel Moisture report to
help determine when a prescribed burn will meet fuels
management site objectives.
The following information is included in a Fuel Consumption by
1000-hour Fuel Moisture report:
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Consume User's Guide
Unit
The name of the burn unit you are evaluating.
Unit/Permit
Number
The optional unit number, burn permit, or other identifier.
Fuel
Consumption
(tons/acre)
Consumption of fuels in the burn in each timelag (fuel size)
category, in tons per acre, consumption of duff, litter, shrubs and
herbs in the burn in tons per acre, and total fuels consumed in the
burn in tons.
Interpreting Emissions by 1000-hour Fuel
Moisture Reports
An Emissions by 1000-hour Fuel Moisture report predicts air
pollutant emissions from each burn unit for a range of 1000-hour
fuel moistures. The user selects whether the range of fuel
moistures represent measured, NFDRs or Adjusted 1000-hour
values. This report can be generated only for Activity–non-piled
units.
For more information, see "Emissions by 1000-hour Fuel
Moisture Options."
Create an Emissions by 1000-hour Fuel Moisture report to help
determine whether a prescribed burn will meet smoke
management objectives applicable to the burn unit.
The following information is included in an Emissions by
1000-hour Fuel Moisture report.
Unit
The name of the burn unit you are evaluating.
Unit/Permit
Number
The optional unit number, burn permit, or other identifier.
Date
The date of the modeled prescribed burn.
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75
1000–Hour
Fuel
Moisture (%)
The Fuel Moisture modeled by Consume for 1000–hour timelag
fuels on the unit, for the burn date.
Emissions
(tons)
Cumulative emissions of each pollutant produced by the prescribed
burn, in tons. The air pollutants include PM, PM10, PM2.5, CO, CO2,
CH4, and NMHC.
Interpreting Weather Information Reports
A Weather Information report shows weather data that have
been entered into the Consume database for one or more
weather zones. For each weather zone, the report shows the
initial weather zone data and each daily weather record. The
report also shows the calculated Adjusted 1000-hour fuel
moisture for each date.
The following information is included in a Weather Information
report.
Weather Zone The unique name of the weather zone.
Name
Starting Date
The date of the initial data for the weather zone.
Initial 1000–
Hour Fuel
Moisture (%)
The beginning moisture content of 1000–hour fuels on units
represented by this weather zone.
Latitude
The latitude (to the nearest degree) of the burn units in this
weather zone.
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Consume User's Guide
Daily Weather For each weather zone included in the report, the Weather
data
Information report shows the initial weather on the starting date for
that weather zone, followed by all the daily weather data that have
been entered in the Daily Weather Entry screen or imported from
WIMS.
For more information about each type of data, see "Recording
Daily Weather Data."
Adjusted
1000-hour
FM (%)
Consume calculates adjusted 1000-hour fuel moisture for each
date that has daily weather data. Adjusted 1000-hour fuel moisture
is a critical factor in predicting consumption of large woody fuels.
Interpreting Burn Unit Information Reports
A Burn Unit Information report shows all the unit data entered in
the Unit Entry screen of the Consume database for one or more
units.
For more information about each type of data, see "Recording
Unit Data."
Information common to all types of units include the following:
Unit
The name of the burn unit you are evaluating.
Unit/Permit
Number
The optional unit number, burn permit, or other identifier.
Fuel Type
The general type of fuel on the unit.
Valid?
This variable is found in Pile Group Unit reports, and tells the user
whether all data needed to calculate consumption have been
entered for the pile group.
Following the general unit information, specific loading data are
provided for Natural and Activity–non-piled units. Similarly,
specific pile data are listed for each pile group on the selected
Activity–piled units. Pile qualities and dimensions are listed.
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77
The information relevant to each specific unit type includes:
Activity-Non-piled Units
General Information
Weather Zone The unique name of the weather zone
Acres
The number of acres in the unit that will be treated by prescribed
fire. For example, if 10 acres of a 35-acre burn will be treated,
enter 10.
10-Hr FM(%)
The moisture content of 10-hour fuels (0.26- to 1-inch-diameter
roundwood fuels). 10-hour fuel moisture is expressed as a
percentage of the ovendry weight of the fuel.
1000-hr FM
source
The source of the 1000-hour fuel moisture data for the unit, either
directly measured (MEAS-Th), or estimated using the ADJ-Th or
NFDRS-Th fuel moisture models.
1000-hr FM(%) The measured or estimated 1000-hour fuel moisture for the unit.
Slope (%)
The average vertical change (rise) in the unit's ground surface over
a given horizontal distance (run). Slope is expressed in percent
(%).
Duff Type
The primary type of duff in the area of the unit that will be treated.
The duff type choices are red, black and moss/lichen.
Ignition (min.) The amount of time, in minutes, that it will take to ignite the area to
be burned. For example, if it will take three hours to complete
ignition of the area, enter 180.
Wind (MPH)
The prescribed midflame windspeed, in miles per hour, during the
burn. The maximum windspeed is 35 miles per hour.
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Consume User's Guide
Duff Fuel
Moist.(%)
The duff fuel moisture of the area of the unit that will be treated.
This field is optional. When available, it will allow Consume to use
a more precise double parameter equation to calculate
consumption of large natural woody fuels and duff. The double
parameter equation also will allow the user to show a change in
consumption by duff moisture content.
Burn Date
The date of the prescribed burn. Consume is year 2000 compliant.
You may enter the year as either a two- or four-digit year.
Consume treats two-digit years from 00- to 30 as 2000 - 2030.
Harvest Date
The approximate date that the timber on the unit was cut. If the
timber was cut over an extended period of time, enter the date
when 70 percent of the timber was cut.
Snow Off Date The approximate date that snow melted from the unit. If only the
month and year are known enter the day as the 15th of the month.
Enter a year of 9999 if there was no snow on the unit.
Characterization Information
General
Species
The prominent species in the area being classified. Select from
the following:









Grass
Grass/Lodgepole
Grass/Ponderosa
Lodgepole
Mixed Conifer
Mixed Conifer/Shrub
Ponderosa
Shrub
Western Juniper
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Creating and Interpreting Reports
Activity
Category
The activity category of the area being classified. Select from the
following:




Treatment
Category
79
None
Commercial thinning
Logging
Pre-commercial thinning
The treatment category of the area being classified. Select from
the following:









None
Crush
Lop and Scatter
Average YUM
Clean Pile
Average Pile
Dirty Pile
Dirtiest Pile
No Mechanical Treatment
Age Category The age category of the area being classified. Select from the
following:




Bare round
Immature
Mature
Over Mature
Load Category The load category of the area being classified. Select from the
following:



Low
Medium
High
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FCC#
Consume User's Guide
If you have defined default loadings based on an FCC, the FCC
number will be displayed in this field. See "Defining Default Loading
Data".
Loading Information
0-0.25
(tons/acre)
The loading of 1-hour fuels (0- to 0.25-inch-diameter roundwood
fuels).
0.26-1.0
(tons/acre)
The loading of 10-hour fuels (0.26- to 1-inch-diameter roundwood
fuels).
1.01-3.0
(tons/acre)
The loading of 100-hour fuels (1.01-3.0-inch-diameter roundwood
fuels).
3.01-9.00
(tons/acre)
The loading of 1000-hour fuels (3.01-9.00 -inch-diameter
roundwood fuels).
9.01-20.00
(tons/acre)
The loading of 10000-hour fuels (9.01-20.00-inch-diameter
roundwood fuels).
20.01+
(tons/acre)
The loading of 10000-hour fuels (20.01+-inch-diameter roundwood
fuels).
3.00+ Rotten
(tons/acre)
The loading of rotten 1000-hour fuels (3.0+-inch-diameter
roundwood fuels).
Activity–Piled Units
General Information
Burn Date
The date of the prescribed burn. Consume is year 2000 compliant.
You may enter the year as either a two- or four-digit year.
Consume treats two-digit years from 00- to 30 as 2000 - 2030.
Acres
The number of acres in the unit that will be treated by prescribed
fire. For example, if 10 acres of a 35-acre burn will be treated,
enter 10.
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81
Pile Group Information
Pile Group
Name
The name of the pile group. These names must be unique within a
pile group. It is possible to have pile groups in different units with
the same name.
Number of
Piles
The number of individual piles included in this pile group.
Pile Shape
The shape of the pile.
Valid?
This variable is found in Pile Group Unit reports, and tells the user
whether all data needed to calculate consumption have been
entered for the pile group.
Width 1 (ft.)
Width required to define the pile.
Width 2 (ft.)
If required, second width required to define the pile.
Height 1 (ft.)
Height required to define the pile.
Height 2 (ft.)
If required, second height required to define the pile.
Length 1 (ft.)
Length required to define the pile.
Length 2 (ft.)
If required, second length required to define the pile.
Pile Quality
Is the pile clean, dirty, or really dirty.
Pack Ratio
Air comprises much of the gross volume of a pile. The ratio of
wood volume to the total pile volume, the packing ratio, ranges
from 6 to 26 percent.
Pile Soil (%)
The percent of the pile that consists of soil (best estimate).
Primary
Species (%)
The percent of the pile that is the primary species (must be greater
that or equal to 50%).
Secondary
Species (%)
The percent of the pile that is the secondary species. Consume
will set this amount to 100 minus the Percent of Primary Species.
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Consume User's Guide
Density 1
(lb/cu ft)
Fuel bulk density of primary species.
Density 2
(lb/cu ft)
Fuel bulk density of secondary species.
Total Volume The volume of the pile.
per pile (cu ft)
Loading per
pile (lb)
The total fuel load in the pile.
Total
The total fuel consumed for all piles in the group.
Consumption
per group (lb)
Natural
General Information
Acres
The number of acres in the unit that will be treated by prescribed
fire. For example, if 10 acres of a 35-acre burn will be treated,
enter 10.
Duff Type
The primary type of duff in the area of the unit that will be treated.
The duff type choices are red, black and moss/lichen.
Duff Fuel
Moisture (%)
The duff fuel moisture of the area of the unit that will be treated.
This field is optional. When available, it will allow Consume to use
a more precise double parameter equation to calculate
consumption of large natural woody fuels and duff. The double
parameter equation also will allow the user to show a change in
consumption by duff moisture content.
Burn Date
The date of the prescribed burn. Consume is year 2000 compliant.
You may enter the year as either a two- or four-digit year.
Consume treats two-digit years from 00- to 30 as 2000 - 2030.
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Creating and Interpreting Reports
10-Hour FM
83
The moisture content of 10-hour fuels (0.26- to 1-inch-diameter
roundwood fuels). 10-hour fuel moisture is expressed as a
percentage of the ovendry weight of the fuel.
Characterization Information
General
Species
The prominent species in the area being classified. Select from the
following:









Activity
Category
The activity category of the area being classified. Select from the
following:




Treatment
Category
Grass
Grass/Lodgepole
Grass/Ponderosa
Lodgepole
Mixed Conifer
Mixed Conifer/Shrub
Ponderosa
Shrub
Western Juniper
None
Commercial thinning
Logging
Pre-commercial thinning
The treatment category of the area being classified. Select from
the following:









None
Crush
Lop and Scatter
Average YUM
Clean Pile
Average Pile
Dirty Pile
Dirtiest Pile
No Mechanical Treatment
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Consume User's Guide
Age Category The age category of the area being classified. Select from the
following:




Bare round
Immature
Mature
Over Mature
Load Category The load category of the area being classified. Select from the
following:



FCC#
Low
Medium
High
If you have defined default loadings based on an FCC, the FCC
number will be displayed in this field. See "Defining Default Loading
Data".
Loading Information
0-0.25
(tons/acre)
The loading of 1-hour fuels (0- to 0.25-inch-diameter roundwood
fuels).
0.26-1.0
(tons/acre)
The loading of 10-hour fuels (0.26- to 1-inch-diameter roundwood
fuels).
1.01-3.0
(tons/acre)
The loading of 100-hour fuels (1.01-3.0-inch-diameter roundwood
fuels).
3.01-9.00
(tons/acre)
The loading of 1000-hour fuels (3.01-9.00 -inch-diameter
roundwood fuels).
9.01-20.00
(tons/acre)
The loading of 10000-hour fuels (9.01-20.00-inch-diameter
roundwood fuels).
20.01+
(tons/acre)
The loading of 10000-hour fuels (20.01+-inch-diameter roundwood
fuels).
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85
3.00+ Rotten
(tons/acre)
The loading of rotten 1000-hour fuels (3.0+-inch-diameter
roundwood fuels).
Duff Depth
(in.)
The average depth of decomposed organic matter on the unit.
Litter Depth
(in.)
The average depth of undecomposed organic matter on the unit.
Grass/Herbs
(tons/acre)
The average loading of grass and herbs on the unit.
Duff
(tons/acre)
The average loading of duff on the unit.
Litter
(tons/acre)
The average loading of litter on the unit.
Shrubs
(tons/acre)
The average loading of shrubs on the unit.
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Consume User's Guide
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Quick Reference
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Consume User's Guide
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Quick Reference
89
Unit Types Consume calculates consumption and emissions for the
Activity-non-piled – A treated (i.e. logged) unit without natural
fuels or piles.
Activity-piled – A treated unit consisting solely of piled fuels.
Natural – A unit consisting generally of natural fuels.
Navigation All primary screens can be accessed directly from the buttons
and Edit located at the bottom of the screen. These buttons will change to
Modes show available options.
Edit mode enables the Save Unit and Cancel Unit options.
Browse mode enables the Create/Copy Unit, Delete Unit,
Weather, Consumption, Emission and Reports options.
Creating a To create a new unit, click on the Create/Copy Unit button. Enter
New Unit the unit name, unit/permit number, new unit date and unit type.
Click OK. You must be in browse mode to create a new unit.
Copying a To make a copy of an existing unit, click on the Create/Copy Unit
Unit button. After entering the unit name, unit/permit number, new unit
date and unit type, click the Copy existing Unit option. Select the
unit that you wish to copy from. Click OK.
The duplicate must be of the same unit type as the original. You
may only select from units of the same type identified on the unit
creation screen. If the unit that you want to copy does not appear
in the list, make sure that your duplicate unit is of the appropriate
unit type.
Completing a Complete all information on all active screens. Click the Save
New Unit Unit button when done. The application will advise you of any
errors.
Selecting an To select an existing unit, open the selection box located at the
Existing Unit top of the screen by clicking on the arrow. Scroll up or down and
click on the desired unit.
Editing an To edit unit information, click on the desired box and change the
Existing Unit value. The program will switch to edit mode to remind you that
you are making changes. Don’t forget to save your changes.
Help For instant access to the Consume User’s Guide and to navigate
online to the technical support Web page, click the Help button at
the top of the screen.
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Consume Quick Reference
following three unit types:
Consume Quick Reference
90
Saving /
Canceling
Changes to a
Unit
Printing Unit
Information
Calculating
Consumption
Calculating
Emissions
Reports
CONSUME Users Guide
To save changes to a new or edited unit, click on the Save Unit
button. The program will notify you of errors. You may save the
unit as is, or continue editing. Consumption and emissions can
not be calculated for invalid units.
To print a summary of one unit’s information, click on the printer
icon. To print details on multiple units use the reports.
To calculate consumption for all complete and valid units, click
the Consumption button.
To calculate emissions for all complete and valid units, click the
Emission button.
Consume contains standard reports. Click on Reports and select
the desired report from the report selection list. Select the units to
include in the report. (Double click each desired unit.) Complete
all requested information. Click the Run Report button.
Consume will display the results. You may print the results by
clicking on the printer icon or save them to a file by clicking on the
open envelope icon.
Secondary Most burn units will contain one or more of the following:
Information Fuel Characteristic Classes – Calculations for Activity-non-piled
and natural units require initial fuel loadings. You may assign
default fuel loadings based on a representative FCC. To select an
FCC, click the Create Default Loadings button on the Fuels
Information page and answer the five questions. (Note: Selecting
loadings based on an FCC will overwrite your existing loadings.)
Pile Groups – Pile units contain one or more pile groups. Each
group represents a collection of identical piles. To add or edit a
pile group within a unit, click on the Create/Edit Piles button on
the Pile Information page.
Daily Weather – If measured or NFDRS 1000-hour fuel moisture
data are unavailable then you must use daily weather information
to calculate the 1000-hour fuel moisture. Daily weather
information is organized by weather zone. To add a weather zone,
click on Weather. Click Add Weather Zone. Enter and save the
zone information. To add daily weather, select the Daily Weather
Information page for a given zone and click Add Daily Weather.
Daily weather must be continuous through the burn date.
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91
Appendix A: Tips and Cautions
Setting up your database: When you install Consume, the
database contains sample data. When you are ready to start
using Consume to enter your own data, you may want to delete
this unit and weather zone data.
Using on-line help: Use Consume’s on-line help screens to
find information about screens and fields quickly. Select the help
index from the Help button menu, or press F1 to view a help
screen for the current location of the cursor.
Deleting weather zones: When you delete a weather zone, you
also delete all the daily weather records associated with that
weather zone.
Initial 1000-hour fuel moisture: Adjusted 1000-hour fuel
moisture is a crucial factor in predicting large woody fuel
consumption for an activity fuel unit if the user does not have a
measured or a NFDRS 1000-hour fuel moisture value. To get
accurate adjusted 1000-hour fuel moisture, the value you enter in
the Initial 1000-hour fuel moisture field for a weather zone must
accurately reflect the actual fuel moisture of the large woody
fuels on the units in the weather zone.
Scroll through data in entry screens: In any of the Consume
data entry screens, you can view records easily using the
selection pull down box.
Using Consume reports with word processors: Consume
reports can be saved to specific word processor formats. From
the report browse screen, click the envelope icon. You will be
prompted to enter the file type.
Using Consume reports with spreadsheet programs:
Consume reports can be saved to specific spreadsheet formats.
From the report browse screen, click the envelope icon. You will
be prompted to enter the file type. Use a Consume report file in
a spreadsheet program to analyze the report information further
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92
CONSUME Users Guide
(for example, to create a chart showing consumption at different
levels of fuel moisture).
Making backups: The information in the Consume database is
stored in the file "Consume.mdb". You should use the Consume
backup utilities for backing up data. If you need to access the
data directly, "Consume.mdb" may be opened with Microsoft
Access. To protect your data from accidental deletion, open the
file in Microsoft Access with caution. You should make regular
backup copies of the data file.
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93
Appendix B: Troubleshooting
This appendix provides troubleshooting information. If you do not
find the answer to your problem here, see "Consume Support" at
the end of this section.
Running Consume for the First Time
Consume supports 640 x 480 screen resolutions and higher.
There are no requirements for color depth. However, 16 bit color
depth is recommended.
The screens on Consume will not look correct unless the display
is set to small display fonts. If the labels on your screens seem to
wrap strangely, adjust the display font setting as follows:
To check your video configuration in Windows® 95:
1.
Click the Windows Start button.
2.
Select the Settings menu item.
3.
Click the Control Panel menu item.
4.
Double click on the Display icon.
5.
Select the Settings tab.
This screen will show the computer's current font size setting. If it
is not set to “Small Fonts” then change the setting. (If you change
the setting you may need to restart the computer before the
change takes effect.)
6.
Click the OK button on the Display Properties screen.
7.
Close the Control Panel.
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94
CONSUME Users Guide
To check your video configuration in Windows® 98:
1.
Click the Windows Start button.
2.
Select the Settings menu item.
3.
Click the Control Panel menu item.
4.
Double click on the Display icon.
5.
Select the Settings tab.
6.
Click the Advanced button.
7.
Select the General tab.
This screen will show the computer's current font size setting. If it
is not set to “Small Fonts” then change the setting. (If you change
the setting you may need to restart the computer before the
change takes effect.)
8.
Click the OK button on this screen.
9.
Click the OK button on the Display Properties screen.
10. Close the Control Panel.
Record Validation
Each time you attempt to save a new or edited record, Consume
will validate your data entry. This validation compares your data
versus a range of allowable entries. The range of values for each
entry should accommodate any realistic scenario.
In most cases Consume will list the data fields that are outside
of the validation criteria.
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Appendix C: Scientific Background
95
Consume Support
For more help on installation or use of Consume, contact the
Consume support help desk by one of the following methods:
On the Web: Link to http:\\www.fs.fed.us/pnw/fera
By E-mail: Send questions or comments to rottmar@fs.fed.us
By Phone: During the year 2001, the Consume help staff can be
reached at (206) 343-7933 x319. After 2001, the current support
hotline number can be obtained by calling the Seattle Forestry
Science Lab, Fire and Environmental Research Applications
Group, Pacific Northwest Research Station, USDA-Forest
Service at (206) 732-7826.
To ensure timely receipt of future updates to Consume, please
fill out the registration card and mail to:
USDA-Forest Service
Pacific Northwest Research Station
ATTN: Consume Registrar
4043 Roosevelt Way NE
Seattle, WA 98105
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96
CONSUME Users Guide
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Appendix C: Scientific Background
97
Appendix C: Scientific
Background
This appendix provides scientific background for the Consume
program, including:



An introduction to the research and assumptions on which
Consume is based.
A general overview of the algorithms Consume uses.
Documentation of the major equations used to calculate
consumption.
Introduction
In the early 1980s, the Fire and Environmental Resource
Application Group (FERA) of the Pacific Northwest Research
Station began to develop fuel-consumption models and emission
factors for prescribed burning situations in the Pacific Northwest.
Consume 1.0 incorporates the set of consumption algorithms
formulated from data collected at operational burns.
During the 1990's, FERA began developing models of fuel
consumption by combustion stage for other fuel types beyond the
Pacific Northwest and different configurations of fuels. In
addition, FERA began developing a new system to characterize
fuels called the Fuel Characteristic System allowing managers to
select different fuel loadings for input into Consume 2.1.
Consume 2.1 now includes calculations for Activity-non-piled,
Activity-piled, and natural fuels. In addition, Consume also allows
the user to use measured 1000-hour (MEAS-Th), adjusted 1000hour (ADJ-Th), or NFDRS 1000-hour (NFDRS-Th) fuel moisture
values to calculate fuel consumption for activity, non-piled fuels.
The initial fuel loadings may be set from default values based on
the Fuel Characteristic Class (FCC) System (Ottmar 1996;
Ottmar and others, in press). These changes enhance
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98
CONSUME Users Guide
Consume’s flexibility and utility. Finally, emission factors were
added to Consume allowing estimation of emissions. For more
information about these changes, contact the Seattle Forestry
Sciences Laboratory of the Pacific Northwest Research Station to
obtain detailed technical documentation.
In certain cases, Consume uses preliminary consumption
models, pending the development of more complete and
accurate models that will cover additional fuel types such as
chaparral, sagebrush, pinyon/juniper, and black spruce. As
these improved models become available, they will be
incorporated into future versions of Consume.
This technical section is divided into separate sections describing
Consumption and Emission calculations
Consume Algorithms
Consume includes separate equations to calculate consumption
of Activity–non-piled fuels, Natural fuels and Activity-piled fuels.
Each of these is discussed separately.
Activity–Non Piled Fuels
Consume uses several different models to calculate
consumption of fuels of different sizes.



Small (1- and 10-Hour) fuels are assumed to consume
completely in any burn.
Medium (100-Hour) fuel consumption is calculated based
on several factors, including 10-hour fuel moisture content,
windspeed, and slope.
Large (1000- to 10000+-Hour) fuel consumption is based
primarily on the 1000-hour fuel moisture content. Other
factors include the consumption of 100-hour fuels and
duration of ignition time.
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Appendix C: Scientific Background


99
Duff consumption is calculated based on duff depth, days
since rain, and the consumption of large fuels.
Total Biomass Consumption is based on consumption
per acre.
This User's Guide refers to fuels by timelag category (1-hour, 10hour, and so on). The following table shows fuels by timelag
category, and their corresponding diameters.
Diameter
(inches)
Timelag
(hours)
0.0-0.25
0.26-1.0
1.1-3
3.1-9
9.1-20
20.1+
1
10
100
10001
10000
10000+2
The rest of this appendix provides more detailed information
about each consumption model.
Small/Medium (1-hour, 10-hour, and 100-hour) Woody Fuel
Consumption
Consume assumes that all 1-hour and 10-hour fuels in a unit are
consumed during a burn, regardless of weather, location, or
other conditions. This was determined from data collected in the
field. Managers generally do not meet objectives if they burn a
1The
true definition for 1000-hour fuels is 3 to 8 inches in
diameter. However, it is common practice among forest
managers to define 1000-hour fuels as 3 to 9 inches in diameter.
CONSUME has adopted the 3- to 9-inch-diameter definition.
2Fuels
20.1 inches or more in diameter have a timelag greater
than 10000 hours.
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100
CONSUME Users Guide
unit when only a small portion of the 1-hour and 10-hour fuels are
consumed.
The equations for 100-hour fuel consumption were derived from
fuel consumption theory, with several of the coefficients
determined from a burn study (Ottmar and others, 1990) and
from fire spread research (Rothermel, 1972).
1-hour and 10-hour Fuel Consumption Equations
The consumption of 1-hour and 10-hour fuels equals their preburn loadings in tons per acre.
1-hour Fuel Consumption = 1-hour Fuel Load
10-hour Fuel Consumption = 10-hour Fuel Load
100-hour Fuel Consumption Equations
The following flow chart shows the factors that are used in
determining 100-hour fuel consumption.3
3See
“About this User's Guide” for an explanation of flowchart
symbols.
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Appendix C: Scientific Background
101
A
Default
100-hr Fuel
Load
B
Flux
Correction
C-D
10-hr Fuel
Moisture
Slope
Windspeed
100-hr
Fuel Load
E
Percent
Consumption
F
Total
Consumption
Consume uses this algorithm to calculate consumption of 100hour fuels. The lettered equations are explained below.
Equation A: Default 100-hour fuel load
A theoretical relationship between windspeed, slope, and heat
flux has been developed. It is based on a typical unit (20%
slope, zero windspeed, ignited by hand) with an average fuel
loading. Therefore, one of the factors used to determine the heat
flux correction (Equation B) is a default 100-hour fuel load.
Consume currently assumes a default 100-hour fuel load of 4.8
tons per acre (Howard 1981, Ottmar and others 1993).
Equation B: Heat flux correction
A theoretical heat flux correction formula is used to calculate the
drying of fuels during ignition and consumption. Consume
calculates the heat flux correction based on a ratio of 100-hour
fuel loading, default 100-hour fuel loading, slope, and wind
speed.
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102
CONSUME Users Guide
Heat Flux Correction =

 
100 - hour Fuel Load
Slope - 20 Windspeed 

 


 Default 100 - hour Fuel Load  *  1 

60
4

 

100-hour Fuel Load = 100-hour fuel loading of unit
(tons/acre)
Default 100-hour Fuel Load: Based on FCC or default value
of 6.6 (tons/acre)
Slope: Average slope of unit (percent)
Windspeed: Midflame windspeed at time of burn
(miles/hour)
20: Slope of typical unit (percent)
60: Coefficient (slope required to double rate of fire spread
[Rothermel, 1972]) (dimensionless)
4: Coefficient (effective windspeed required to double rate of
fire spread [Rothermel, 1972]) (dimensionless)
Equation C: 10-hour fuel moisture correction
Consume uses 10-hour fuel moisture as part of the calculation
to determine percent consumption of 100-hour fuels. 10-hour
fuel moisture is adjusted based on propagating heat flux
correction (Equation B).
10-hour FM Correction =
Fuel Moisture Flux *
 lnHeat flux correction  




ln
2


Fuel Moisture Flux: 3.0 percent (amount of change in
moisture content for each doubling of flux [Rothermel 1972])
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Appendix C: Scientific Background
Equation D: Adjusted 10-hour fuel moisture content
The factor from Equation C is used to adjust 10-hour fuel
moisture (percent), using the following equation:
Adjusted 10-hour Fuel Moisture =
(10-hour FM - 10-hour FM Correction)
Equation E: Percent consumption of 100-hour fuels
Consume uses the following theoretical equation to determine
percent consumption of 100-hour fuels.
For units with an adjusted 10-hour fuel moisture < 26.7:
Percent 100-hour Consumption =
0.9 - (Adjusted 10-hour FM - 12) * 0.0535
12: Moisture content at which 100-hour fuels will not
completely consume. (Rothermel, 1972) (dimensionless)
0.0535: Slope of the line determined from actual data
regression. (Ottmar and others 1990) (dimensionless)
For units with an adjusted 10-hour fuel moisture < 29.3:
Percent 100-hour Consumption = -169.08+
(Adjusted 10-hour FM) * 18.393 –
(Adjusted 10-hour FM)2 * 0.6646+
(Adjusted 10-hour FM)3 * 0.00798
This equation serves to smooth the Percent 100-hour
Consumption equation.
For units with an adjusted 10-hour FM ≥ 29.3:
Percent 100-hour Consumption = 0
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103
104
CONSUME Users Guide
Equation F: Total 100-hour fuel consumption
Using the percent consumption (Equation E), Consume
calculates the total consumption of 100-hour fuels in tons per
acre.
Total 100-hour Fuel Consumption =
100-hour Fuel Loading * Percent 100-hour Fuel Consumption
Large Woody Fuel Consumption
1000-hour fuel moisture
The average fuel moisture content of 1000-hour fuels in a unit to
be burned is by far the most critical variable in determining how
much fuel will be consumed (Sandberg and Ottmar 1983). The
three types of 1000-hour fuel moisture readings that can be used
in Consume are described below:

Measured 1000-hour fuel moisture (Meas-Th): A 1000hour fuel moisture derived by collecting fuel samples, oven
drying them, and measuring the difference between the
moist and dry weight of the samples is the most accurate fuel
moisture, but is also very time-consuming to obtain. Twenty
logs across the unit must be sampled, and the samples must
be oven dried to determine percent moisture content based
on an oven-dry weight.

National Fire Danger Rating System 1000-hour fuel
moisture (NFDR-Th): This is the least accurate estimate of
1000-hour fuel moisture, but it is relatively east to obtain
through use of nomograms of the NFDR-Th computer model
(Fosberg and others 1981, Deeming and others 1978). It is
based on daily relative humidity, temperature and
precipitation.
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Appendix C: Scientific Background

105
Adjusted 1000-hour fuel moisture (ADJ-Th): This 1000hour fuel moisture estimate is nearly as accurate as a
measured 1000-hour fuel moisture. It is derived by the ADJTh model, which is almost identical to the NFDR-Th model.
The NFDR-Th model predicts the lowest average fuel
moisture, while the ADJ-Th model predicts an average unit
fuel moisture. The ADJ-Th can be obtained by using
nomograms or the Consume computer model (Peterson and
Ottmar 1991).
Adjusted 1000-hour Fuel Moisture
The most important factor in determining total large woody fuel
consumption in Activity—nonpiled units is the 1000-hour fuel
moisture content (1000-Th). You can either enter a measured
value directly, use the NFDRS-1000 hour (NFDRS-Th) or have
Consume predict the adjusted 1000-hour (ADJ-Th) value based
on daily weather information.
Direct measurement of the 1000-hour fuel moisture content is the
best predictor of fuel consumption. The adjusted 1000-hour fuel
moisture content is nearly as good a predictor as the measured
and superior to the NFDRS-1000 hour value (Sandberg and
Ottmar 1983).
When the Consume User's Guide refers to the 1000-hour fuel
moisture content, it is the moisture content of sound, woody
material 3-8 inches in diameter that has been directly measured
(MEAS-Th), or estimated using the ADJ-Th or NFDRS-Th fuel
moisture models. Consume contains the adjusted 1000-hour
fuel moisture model and can estimate this variable. The model is
a modification of the 1000-hour fuel moisture model of the
National Fire Danger Rating system, to make better predictions
for the consumption of Douglas fir, hemlock, mixed conifer, and
lodgepole pine fuels common to the Pacific Northwest.
The adjusted 1000-hour fuel moisture model requires daily
measurements of rain duration, maximum and minimum relative
humidity, and maximum and minimum temperature. For a
detailed description of the model, see Ottmar and Sandberg,
1985.
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106
CONSUME Users Guide
Diameter Reduction
Diameter reduction (DRED) is the reduction of the diameter of a
cylindrical log caused by fire. It is measured in inches. Consume
uses days of curing, fuel moisture, and consumption of 100-hour
fuels to estimate the diameter reduction of large woody fuels.
Diameter reduction for 1000- and 10000-hour fuels is
independent of the original diameter (Sandberg and Ottmar
1983). The flow chart and equations located on the following
page explain how Consume estimates diameter reduction.
Equation G: Evaluating if curing has occurred
The 1000-hour and 10000-hour fuels are cured when their fuel
moisture drops to 60 percent (approximately three drying
months).
Consume uses a three-step process to determine if fuels are
cured.
First, Consume estimates an uncured 1000-hour fuel moisture:
Uncured Fuel Moisture =
119.64 exp- 0.0069 * Days Since Harvest

Uncured Fuel Moisture: Fuel moisture content of large
woody material that has not had time to cure.
Days Since Harvest: Number of days without snow on the
unit since harvest; determined from snow-off date and
harvest date.
Second, Consume determines if the uncured fuel moisture is
greater than the 1000-hour fuel moisture input by the user. If it
is, Consume uses it instead of the 1000-hour fuel moisture in the
diameter reduction equations (Equations I, J, K, and L).
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Appendix C: Scientific Background
Measured
1000-hr Fuel
Moisture
107
Harvest Date
Adjusted
1000-hr Fuel
Moisture
ADJ-Th
1000-hr Fuel
Moisture
Uncured
1000-hr Fuel
Moisture
G
Fuel
Cured?
NFDR-Th
1000-hr Fuel
Moisture
1000-hr FM
= Adj.
1000-hr FM
Snow-off
Date
1000-hr FM
= Uncured
1000-hr FM
H
Spring- or
Summerlike?
Percent
100-hr Fuel
Consumption
J
Summer-like
Diameter
Reduction
I
Spring-like
Diameter
Reduction
K
High 1000-hr FM
Adjustments
10-hr Fuel
Moisture
L
High Intensity
Adjustments
M
Quadratic
Mean
Diameter
N
Percent
Volume
Reduction
O
1000-hr and
10000-hr Fuel
Consumption
10000P-hr
Fuel
Loading
P
10000P-hr
Fuel
Consumption
Q
Total Large
Woody Fuel
Consumption
Acres
Ignition
Duration
1000-hr
Fuel
Loading
10000-hr
Fuel
Loading
Consume use this algorithm to calculate consumption of large
(1000-hour and 10000-hour) woody fuels. The lettered equations
are explained below
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108
CONSUME Users Guide
Third, Consume determines if the selected 1000-hour fuel
moisture (regardless of 1000-hour fuel moisture or uncured fuel
moisture) is greater than 60 per cent. If it is, the large woody
fuels are uncured, and Consume uses the uncured fuel moisture
in the diameter reduction equations (Equations I, J, K, and L).
Equation H: Evaluating whether spring-like burning
conditions occurred
Consume uses the percent consumption of 100-hour fuels to
find whether burning conditions are spring-like or summer-like.
If the consumption of 100-hour fuels is less than 80 percent,
conditions are spring-like, and Consume uses Equation I to
calculate diameter reduction.
If the consumption of 100-hour fuels is greater than 80 percent,
conditions are summer-like, and Consume uses Equation J to
calculate diameter reduction.
Between 75 and 85 percent, Consume uses a step function to
smooth the transition between spring-like and summer-like
conditions.
Equation I: Spring-like diameter reduction equation
If burning conditions are spring-like, Consume uses one of the
following equations to calculate diameter reduction in inches,
depending on the type of fuel moisture data available (Ottmar
and others 1990):
Diameter Reduction = -0.097(MEAS-Th) + 4.747
Diameter Reduction = -0.096(ADJ-Th) + 4.6495
Diameter Reduction = -0.120(NFDRS-Th) + 4.305
MEAS-Th: Measured 1000-hour fuel moisture content
(percent).
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Appendix C: Scientific Background
109
ADJ-Th: Adjusted 1000-hour fuel moisture content
(percent). (Ottmar and Sandberg, 1985)
NFDRS-Th: National Fire Danger Rating System 1000-hour
fuel moisture content (percent). (Deeming and others 1977)
Equation J: Summer-like diameter reduction equation
If burning conditions are summer-like, Consume uses one of the
following equations to calculate diameter reduction in inches,
depending on the type of fuel moisture available (Sandberg and
Ottmar 1983). Consume also uses several additional equations
when high-intensity fire conditions exist (see “High-Intensity Fire
Conditions” for more information).
Diameter Reduction = -0.108(MEAS-Th) + 5.68
Diameter Reduction = -0.125(ADJ-Th) + 6.27
Diameter Reduction = -0.150(NFDRS-Th) + 5.58
MEAS-Th: Measured 1000-hour fuel moisture content
(percent).
ADJ-Th: Adjusted 1000-hour fuel moisture content
(percent). (Ottmar and Sandberg, 1985)
NFDRS-Th: National Fire Danger Rating System 1000-hour
fuel moisture content (percent). (Deeming and others 1977)
Equation K: High fuel moisture diameter reduction
equations
If the 1000-is extremely high, it is necessary to smooth diameter
reduction so that it approaches, but never reaches, zero. This
prevents an estimated diameter reduction of less than zero.
Once the Diameter reduction drops to 0.5 inches or less the
following equations are used to estimate diameter reduction:
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110
CONSUME Users Guide
Diameter Reduction = -0.0178(MEAS-Th) + 1.499
Diameter Reduction = -0.0178(ADJ-Th) + 1.499
Diameter Reduction = -0.0178(NFDRS-Th) + 1.499
Diameter Reduction = -0.005(1000-Th) + 0.731
Equation L: High-intensity fire adjustment to diameter
reduction
The intensity of fire can limit the consumption of large woody
fuels. Mass ignition causes small fuels to be consumed more
rapidly, thereby increasing the intensity of the fire. This can
shorten the fire duration, causing large fuels to absorb less
energy and have less consumption.
Consume takes this into account by reducing the amount of
diameter reduction of 1000-hour and 10000-hour fuels as fires
increase in intensity.
Several variables influence the possible levels of fire intensity.
Consume uses 10-hour fuel moisture, duration of ignition time,
unit size, and the 1000-hour fuel moisture to determine fire
intensity. The following table shows how fire intensity affects
diameter reduction.
Fire intensity
DRED reduction
(percent)
Extreme
Very high
High
Medium
33
22
11
Not reduced
Extreme-intensity fires
Consume uses the following factors to determine whether a fire
is of extreme intensity:
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Appendix C: Scientific Background



111
10-hour fuel moisture content must be less than 15 percent.
The 1000-hour fuel moisture must be less than or equal to 40
percent.
Unit size must be greater than or equal to 10 acres.
If a fire meets these conditions, Consume then evaluates if the
size of the burn and speed of ignition result in a mass ignition:
For units of less than 10 acres, extreme-intensity fires cannot
occur.
For units of 10 to 20 acres:
Maximum Ignition Duration = Acres
For units of more than 20 acres:
Maximum Ignition Duration = (0.5 * Acres) + 10
Maximum Ignition Duration: The total number of minutes
that can elapse in the ignition period and still be considered
a mass ignition.
Acres: The number of acres treated with prescribed fire.
If ignition duration is less than maximum ignition duration, the
intensity of the fire is extreme. Consume reduces diameter
reduction by 22 to 33 percent, depending on the 10-hour fuel
moisture and the 1000-hour fuel moisture.
Very-high-intensity fires
If a fire does not meet conditions for extreme-intensity fires,
Consume uses the following factors to determine whether the
fire is very high intensity:

10-hour fuel moisture content must be less than or equal to
15 percent.
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CONSUME Users Guide

The 1000-hour fuel moisture must be less than or equal to 50
percent.
If a fire meets these conditions, Consume evaluates whether the
size of the burn and speed of ignition result in a mass ignition:
For units of up to 20 acres:
Maximum Ignition Duration = 2 * Acres
For units of more than 20 acres:
Maximum Ignition Duration = Acres + 20
Maximum Ignition Duration: The total number of minutes
that can elapse in the ignition period and still be considered
a mass ignition.
Acres: Number of acres treated with prescribed fire.
If ignition duration is less than maximum ignition duration, the
intensity of the fire is very high. Consume reduces diameter
reduction by 11 to 22 percent, depending on the 10-hour fuel
moisture and the 1000-hour fuel moisture.
High-intensity fires
If a fire does not meet the conditions for very-high-intensity fires,
Consume uses the following factors to determine whether the
fire is high intensity:


10-hour fuel moisture content must be less than or equal to
18 percent.
The 1000-hour fuel moisture must be less than or equal to 50
percent.
If a fire meets these conditions, Consume evaluates whether the
size of the burn and speed of ignition result in a mass ignition:
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Appendix C: Scientific Background
113
For units of up to 20 acres:
Maximum Ignition Duration = 4 * Acres
For units of more than 20 acres:
Maximum Ignition Duration = (2 * Acres) + 40
Maximum Ignition Duration: The total number of minutes
that can elapse in the ignition period and still be considered
a mass ignition.
Acres: The number of acres treated with prescribed fire.
If ignition duration is less than maximum ignition duration, the
intensity of the fire is high. Consume reduces diameter
reduction by 0 to 11 percent, depending on the 10-hour fuel
moisture and the adjusted 1000-hour fuel moisture.
Medium-intensity fires
If a fire does not meet any of the above conditions, Consume
does not reduce diameter reduction.
Table M: Quadratic mean tables
The quadratic mean diameter (QMD) represents the diameter of
a log in a woody size class with average volume. Quadratic
mean diameter is used to convert calculated inches of diameter
reduction into percent volume reduction.
The quadratic mean diameters of large woody fuels vary by size
class and type of fuels (Peterson 1991, Ottmar 1998).
Size Class
QMD (in)
Activity-Non piled
1000-hr
10000-hr
10000+-hr
Natural
5.22
12.1
25.0
6.6
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Equation N: Percent volume reduction equations
Consume calculates the percent volume reduction of 1000-hour
and 10000-hour fuels with the following equations. Separate
quadratic mean diameters are used for 1000-hour and 10000hour fuels.
For 1000-hour fuels, the volume reduction equation is:
% Volume Reduction =
 1000 - hour QMD - Diameter Reduction 
1- 

1000 - hour QMD


2
1000-hour QMD: see Table M
For 10000-hour fuels, the volume reduction equation is:
% Volume Reduction =
 10000 - hour QMD - Diameter Reduction 

10000 - hour QMD


2
1- 
10000-hour QMD: see Table M
Equation O: 1000-hour and 10000-hour fuel
consumption equations
Consume calculates total 1000-hour and 10000-hour
consumption in tons per acre with the following equations:
1000-hour Fuel Consumption =
% 1000-hour Fuel Volume Reduction *
1000-hour Fuel Loading
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Appendix C: Scientific Background
115
10000-hour Fuel Consumption =
% 10000-hour Fuel Volume Reduction *
10000-hour Fuel Loading
Table P: 10000+-hour fuel consumption
The percent of consumption for materials 20 inches or more in
diameter (10000+-hour timelag fuels) is estimated by a formula
determined from a small amount of diameter reduction data
collected during 1980-1982. These data were difficult to interpret
because most large logs were rotten in the center and consumed
from the inside outward.
Consume uses the following table to calculate 10000+-hour fuel
consumption:
1000-hr Fuel Moisture
(percent)
35
34
33
32
31
30
10000+-hour
fuels consumed
(percent)
0
1
2
3
4
5
Equation Q: Total Large Woody Fuel Consumption
Total large woody fuel consumption in tons per acre is the sum of
the consumption of 1000-, 10000-, and 10000+-hour timelag
fuels in tons per acre.
Total Large Woody Fuel Consumption =
1000-hour Fuel Consumption + 10000-hour Fuel
Consumption + 10000+-hour Fuel Consumption
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Large Rotten Fuels Consumption
Consumption equations for rotten fuels greater than three inches
in diameter (in the 1000-, 10000-, and 10000+-hour timelag fuel
categories) are calculated using the same equations as for the
large sound woody fuels, but instead utilize the pre-burn rotten
fuel loadings.
Grass and Shrub Consumption
Consumption for grass fuels is equal to the pre-burn grass fuel
loading on the unit (100% consumption). Consume assumes
70% consumption for shrub fuels, thus consumption is equal to
70% of the pre-burn shrub fuel loading.
Duff Consumption
Major variables that control duff consumption include woody fuel
consumption, diameter reduction, pre-burn duff depth, and duff
moisture content. Because actual duff moisture content is
difficult to measure, Consume classifies duff as wet, moist, or
dry based on the number of days since significant rain. The duff
consumption algorithm is divided into separate regimes for wet,
moist, and dry duff (Ottmar and others 1985).
The flow chart on the following page shows the factors that are
used in determining duff consumption.
Factor R: Y-intercept adjustment
Consume uses an adjustment factor to modify the duff reduction
equations (T, U, and V) as they approach the Y axis. Without
this Y-intercept adjustment, duff consumption would be
overestimated for burns with very low consumption of large
woody fuels. The adjustment factor is the absolute minimum of
(Diameter Reduction/1.68) and 1.
Adjustment Factor 
 Diameter Reduction
min 

168

, 1

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Appendix C: Scientific Background
117
Diameter Reduction: Diameter reduction of large woody
fuels (see Equations I, J, K, and L)
1.68: Average quadratic mean diameter of 100-hour fuels
DRED
R
Adjust
Y-intercept
Days Since
Significant
Rain
Preburn
Duff Depth
S
Duff
Regime?
Large Woody
Fuel
Consumption
DRED
DRED
T
Wet Duff
Reduction
U
Moist Duff
Reduction
V
Dry Duff
Reduction
Pre-burn
Duff Depth
W
Shallow Duff
Adjustment
Duff Type
Red, Black or
Moss
Duff
Density
X
Total Duff
Consumption
Consume uses this algorithm to calculate duff consumption.
The lettered equations are explained below.
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CONSUME Users Guide
Equation S: Drying period equations
Consume uses different moisture regimes to estimate duff
reduction. The selection of the appropriate moisture regime is
dependent on the pre-burn duff depth and the days of drying prior
to the burn.
Consume uses the pre-burn duff depth to estimate the days of
drying necessary to change the duff moisture from wet to moist,
and from moist to dry. These drying periods are then compared
with the days since significant rainfall to select the appropriate
duff reduction regime.
 Duff Depth 
Days to Moist = 21 * 

3


1.18
1.18
 Duff Depth 
Days to Dry = 57 * 

3


Days to Moist: The days without significant rainfall required
to reach the threshold between the wet and moist regimes.
Days to Dry: The days without significant rainfall required to
reach the threshold between the moist and dry regimes.
Days Since Significant Rainfall: The number of days since a
significant amount of rain fell. Significant rainfall is 0.25
inches. This is the minimum amount of rainfall required to
saturate the duff layer (Cooper 1985).
If days since significant rainfall are less than days to moist,
Consume uses the wet duff regime. If days since significant
rainfall are greater than days to moist, but less than days to dry,
Consume uses the moist duff regime. If days since significant
rainfall are greater than days to dry, Consume uses the dry duff
regime.
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Appendix C: Scientific Background
119
Equation T: Wet duff reduction equation
If Consume determines (in Equation S) that the duff is wet, it
uses the following equation to determine duff reduction (Ottmar
and others 1985):
Wet Duff Reduction = (0.537 * YADJ) +
(.057 * (1000-hour Consumption + 10000-hour Consumption
+ 10000+-hour Consumption))
Wet Duff Reduction: Duff reduction in wet regime (inches)
YADJ: Y-intercept adjustment
1000-hour Consumption: Consumption of 1000-hour fuels in
tons per acre (see Equation O)
10000-hour Consumption: Consumption of 10000-hour fuels
in tons per acre (see Equation O)
10000+-hour Consumption: Consumption of 10000+-hour
fuels in tons per acre (see Equation P)
To smooth the transition between wet and moist duff regimes,
the following equation is used to correct wet duff reduction.
Adjusted wet duff reduction = Wet duff reduction +
(Moist Duff Reduction - Wet Duff Reduction) * (Days
Since Significant Rainfall) / (Days to Moist)
Equation U: Moist duff reduction equation
If Consume determines (in Equation S) that the duff is moist, it
uses the following equation to determine duff reduction (Ottmar
and others 1985):
Moist Duff Reduction =
Moist Duff Reduction =
0.323 * YADJ  + 1.034 *
Diameter Reduction

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CONSUME Users Guide
Moist Duff Reduction: Duff reduction in moist regime
(inches)
YADJ: Y-intercept adjustment
Diameter Reduction: Diameter reduction of large woody
fuels in inches (see Equations I, J, K, and L)
Equation V: Dry duff reduction
If Consume determines that the duff is dry (Equation S), it uses
the following equation to determine duff reduction:
Dry Duff Reduction =
 Days Since Rainfall - Days to Dry 
Moist Duff Reduction  

27


Dry Duff Reduction: Duff reduction in dry regime (inches)
Moist Duff Reduction: See Equation U
Days Since Rainfall: Days since significant rainfall
Diameter Reduction: Diameter reduction of large woody
fuels (see Equations I, J, K and L)
Days to Dry: See Equation S
Equation W: Shallow duff adjustment
Shallow duff has more inorganic material in it, which reduces
consumption. Consume makes an adjustment to account for
this:


If preburn duff depth is less than 1 inch, duff reduction is
multiplied by .5.
If preburn duff depth is less than 2 inches, duff reduction is
multiplied by .75.
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Appendix C: Scientific Background
121
The transition between 1 and 2 inches is smoothed with a step
function.
Equation X: Total duff consumption
Total duff consumption in tons per acre is calculated using bulk
density and duff reduction (Ottmar and others, 1993; Ottmar,
1998) (Equations T, U, or V, adjusted with Equation W if duff is
shallow).
Bulk density is:

18.7 tons per acre per inch for red (rotten log type duff),

12.1 tons per acre per inch for black (litter type duff), and

2.9 tons per acre per inch for moss and lichen.
(Ottmar and others 1993 and Ottmar 1998).
Total Duff Consumption = Duff Reduction * Density
Density: Duff bulk density (18.7 tons/acre/inch red, rotten log type
duff, 12.1 tons/acre/inch black, litter type duff, and 2.9
tons/acre/inch lichen/moss)
Total Biomass Consumption
For Activity–non-piled, Consume uses the following
calculations to determine total biomass consumption in tons per
acre and tons per unit:
Total Woody Fuel Consumption per Acre = 1-hour Fuel
Consumption per Acre + 10-hour Fuel Consumption per
Acre + Total 100-hour Fuel Consumption per Acre + Total
Large Woody Fuel Consumption per Acre + Total Large
Rotten Fuel Consumption per Acre
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CONSUME Users Guide
Total Biomass Consumption per Acre = Total Woody Fuel
Consumption per Acre + Total Duff Consumption per Acre +
Total Grass Consumption per Acre + Total Shrub
Consumption per Acre
Total Unit Biomass Consumption = Total Biomass
Consumption per Acre * Acres
Natural Fuels
The models used to predict fuel consumption for natural fuels are
different than the models used to predict consumption in
Activity—nonpiled fuels. Major variables that control the woody
fuel, litter, and duff consumption on a natural site include fuel
loading, preburn log diameter, preburn duff depth and duff
moisture content. For the larger woody fuels, litter and duff
layers, double parameter equations are used when the duff fuel
moisture content is available. The double parameter equations
allow a more precise prediction and will allow the user to show a
change in consumption by duff moisture content.
1-hour Fuel Consumption Equation
Consume assumes that all 1-hour fuels in a unit are consumed
during a burn, regardless of weather, location, or other
conditions. This was determined from data collected in the field.
Managers generally do not meet objectives if they burn a unit
when only a small portion of the 1-hour fuels are consumed.
The consumption of 1-hour fuels equals its pre-burn loading in
tons per acre.
1-hour Fuel Consumption =
1-hour Fuel Load
10-hour Fuel Consumption Equation
Consume does not assume that 100% of the 10-hour fuels are
consumed in natural fuels as it does in Activity–non piled fuels.
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Appendix C: Scientific Background
123
Consumption from 10-hour fuels is based on a regression of data
that correlates consumption with the initial preburn loading.
Consumption and loading values are both in tons per acre.
10 - hour Fuel Consumptio n 
- 0.048132  (0.917393 * 10 - hour Fuel Load)
100-hour Fuel Consumption Equations
Consumption from 100-hour fuels can be calculated from two
different equations. A double variable equation correlates
consumption (in tons/acre) with initial 100-hour fuel loading (in
tons/acre) and the duff fuel moisture (as a percent). A single
variable equation correlates consumption with only the initial 100hour fuel loading. The double parameter equation is more
precise and is automatically selected by Consume if the user
inputs a duff moisture content.
Double Variable:
100 - hour Fuel Consumptio n 
- 0.124649  [0.869309 * 100 - hour Fuel Load] [0.004804 * duff fuel moisture(% )]
Single Variable:
100 - hour Fuel Consumptio n 
- 0.186489  [0.838632 * 100 - hour Fuel Load]
Loading values are in tons per acre.
Large Woody Fuel Consumption
Consume bases consumption from large woody (3+ inch) fuels
on the percent volume reduction times the initial fuel loading. It
calculates percent volume reduction from the diameter reduction.
As with the 100-hour consumption calculations, Consume
calculates the diameter reduction from two different equations. A
double variable equation correlates diameter reduction (in
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CONSUME Users Guide
inches) with initial large woody fuel diameter (in inches) and the
duff fuel moisture (as a percent). A single variable equation
correlates diameter reduction with only the large woody initial
diameter. The double parameter equation is more precise and is
automatically selected by Consume if the user inputs a duff
moisture content.
Diameter Reduction
Double Variable:
For units with a duff fuel moisture of ≤ 70:
Large Woody Diameter Reduction 
- 1.465442  [0.466083 * preburn diameter] [0.014756 * duff fuel moisture(% )]
For units with a duff fuel moisture > 70:
Large Woody Diameter Reduction 
0.5779 *e - 0.03 *( duff fuel moisture(%)70)
Single Variable:
Large Woody Diameter Reduction 
- 1.576104  [0.352695 * preburn diameter]
Volume Reduction
Volume reduction is based on the diameter reduction and the
average QMD as follows.
Percent Volume Reduction 
1 - {[QMD - Diameter Reduction] / QMD} 2
Diameters are in inches.
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Appendix C: Scientific Background
Size Class
Activity-Non-piled
1000-hr
10000-hr
10000+-hr
Natural
125
QMD (in)
5.22
12.1
25
6.6
Consumption
Finally, Consume calculates consumption by multiplying the
percent volume reduction, times the initial large fuel loading.
Large Rotten Fuel Consumption
Consume calculates consumption of large rotten fuels (>1000hour) in the same manner as the large woody fuel, but based on
pre-burn rotten fuel loadings.
Grass and Shrub Consumption
Consumption for grass fuels is equal to the pre-burn grass fuel
loading on the unit (100% consumption). Consume assumes
70% consumption for shrub fuels, thus consumption is equal to
70% of the pre-burn shrub fuel loading.
Duff and Litter Consumption
Consume bases duff and litter consumption on the Duff/Litter
reduction times the Duff/Litter density.
As with other natural fuel calculations, Consume can calculate
the Duff/Litter reduction from two different equations. The double
variable equations correlate Duff/Litter reduction (in inches) with
initial pre-burn Duff/Litter depth (in inches) and the duff fuel
moisture (as a percent). The single variable equations correlate
diameter reduction with pre-burn Duff/Litter depth (in inches).
The double parameter equation is more precise and is
automatically selected by Consume if the user inputs a duff
moisture content.
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CONSUME Users Guide
Duff Double Variable:
Duff Reduction 
- 0.096819  [0.668982 * preburn duff depth] [0.003739 * duff fuel moisture(% )]
If the resulting duff reduction is < 2 inches, then the following
adjustment is made:
Adjusted Duff Reduction =
[Duff Reduction 
Duff Reduction( at a preburn duff depth of 1inch) *
preburn duff depth ]/2
Duff Single Variable:
Duff Reduction 
- 0.247783  [0.580875 * preburn duff depth )]
Litter Double Variable:
Litter Reduction 
- 0.124649  [0.8693 * preburn litter depth] [0.002191 * duff fuel moisture(% )]
Litter Single Variable:
Litter Reduction 
- 0.201462  [.815019 * preburn litter depth]
Consumption is the reduction times the Duff/Litter density.
Consumptio n 
Duff/Litte r reduction * density
Total Biomass Consumption
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Appendix C: Scientific Background
127
For natural units, Consume uses the following calculations to
determine total biomass consumption in tons per acre and tons
per unit:
Total Woody Fuel Consumption per Acre = 1-hour Fuel
Consumption per Acre + 10-hour Fuel Consumption per
Acre + Total 100-hour Fuel Consumption per Acre + Total
Large Woody Fuel Consumption per Acre + Total Large
Rotten Fuel Consumption per Acre
Total Biomass Consumption per Acre = Total Woody Fuel
Consumption per Acre + Total Duff Consumption per Acre +
Total Litter Consumption per Acre + Total Grass
Consumption per Acre + Total Shrub Consumption per Acre
Total Unit Biomass Consumption = Total Biomass
Consumption per Acre * Acres
Activity–Piled Fuels
Consume uses a recently developed model to calculate
consumption of fuels from pile fires (Hardy 1996). Unlike Activity–
Non-piled and Natural fuels, Consumption for piles is not directly
dependent upon fuel size. The major factors in determining
consumption are:

Total gross volume of the pile.

Net volume of the woody biomass.

Density or weighted-average density of the wood.

Consumable (oven-dry) mass of wood.

Proportion of mass consumed.
Consumption is calculated for a single pile definition.
Consumption for multiple piles of the same shape, size and type
is the single pile consumption times the number of piles.
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CONSUME Users Guide
The following flow chart shows the factors that are used in
determining pile consumption.4
A
Gross
Volume
Pile Type
Pile Dimensions
Packing Ratio
B
Net Volume
of Woody
Biomass
C
Density
Species
D
Oven Dry Mass
of Wood
E
Mass
Consumed
Consume uses this algorithm to calculate consumption for a
given pile. The lettered equations are explained below.
Equation A: Total Gross Volume of the Pile
The volume of a pile is dependent upon its shape. This model
categorizes piles into one of seven generalized shapes as shown
in following figure:
4See
“About this User's Guide” for an explanation of flowchart
symbols.
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Appendix C: Scientific Background
129
The volume for each shape is calculated using various lengths,
heights and/or widths. The equations for each shape are listed
below:
1. Half Section of Sphere
V 
2h 3
3
or
V 
hw 2
6
Where:
V = Volume (ft3)
h = height (ft)
w = width (ft)
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CONSUME Users Guide
2. Paraboloids
V 
hw 2
8
Where:
V = Volume (ft3)
h = height (ft)
w = width (ft)
3. Half-cylinder
V 
wlh
4
Where:
V = Volume (ft3)
h = height (ft)
l = length (ft)
w = width (ft)
4. Half-frustrum of cone


2
2
πl1 h1  h 2  h1h 2
V
6

if using heights,
or


2
2
πl1 w 1  w 2  w 1w 2
V
24

if using widths
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Appendix C: Scientific Background
131
Where:
V = Volume (ft3)
h1 = height (ft)
l1 = length (ft)
w1 = width (ft)
h2 = height (ft)
w2 = width (ft)
5. Cone with round ends
V


 l 1 w 12  w 22  w 1w 2   w 12  w 23

24
Where:
V = Volume (ft3)
h1 = height (ft)
l1 = length (ft)
w1 = width (ft)
w2 = width (ft)
6. Half-ellipsoid
V 
wlh
6
Where:
V = Volume (ft3)
h = height (ft)
l = length (ft)
w = width (ft)
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CONSUME Users Guide
7. Irregular solid
V 
l 1  l 2 w 1  w 2 h1  h2 
8
Where:
V = Volume (ft3)
h1 = height (ft)
l1 = length (ft)
w1 = width (ft)
w2 = width (ft)
l2 = length (ft)
Some piles may contain a significant percentage of soil within the
pile or mounded beneath the pile. Reduce the net wood volume
using an estimate of the percent of the pile occupied by soil.
Equation B: Net Volume of the Woody Biomass
Air comprises much of the gross volume of a pile. The ratio of
wood volume to the total pile volume, the packing ratio, ranges
from 6 to 26 percent. Consume uses the following three default
packing ratios (Hardy 1996):

Piles with species content dominated by ponderosa pine,
with large woody fuel mean diameters less than 10 inches,
have a packing ratio of 10 percent (0.10).

Piles dominated by short-needled conifers have packing
ratios from 15 to 20 percent (0.15 - 0.20).

Highly compacted, clean piles with larger logs (diameters
greater than 10 inches), especially those built with a crane or
loader, can have packing ratios as high as 25 percent (0.25).
The net wood volume is the gross pile volume times the
appropriate packing ratio.
Net Wood Volume = gross pile volume * packing ratio
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Appendix C: Scientific Background
133
Table C: Density or Weighted-Average Density of the
Wood
The fuel loading of the pile is based on the oven dry density of
the wood. If two species are identified, calculate a weightedaverage density. If there are more than two species, and no
single species represents a majority of the pile then sum the
most abundant species until the sum equals or exceeds 50%.
Select the most abundant species among those summed to
represent the group.
The densities available in Consume are:
Species
Rotten wood
Western red cedar
Black cottonwood
Quaking aspen
True fir
Red Alder
Sitka spruce
Ponderosa pine
Lodgepole pine
Western hemlock
Bigleaf maple
Vine maple
Douglas fir
Western larch
Tanoak
Oven Dry
Density (lb/ft3)
18.7
19.4
19.4
21.9
23.1
23.1
23.1
23.7
23.7
26.2
27.5
27.5
28.1
30.0
36.2
Equation D: Consumable (Oven-Dry) Mass of Wood
The consumable mass of wood in a pile is the net wood volume,
times the wood density or weighted average wood density.
Divide the loading in pounds by 2000 to get mass in tons.
Mass of Wood (loading, lb) = net wood volume * oven dry density
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Equation E: Proportion of Mass Consumed
The percentage of mass consumed in burning piles ranges from
75 to 95 percent (Hardy 1996) Several western states’ smoke
management-reporting programs recommend values between 85
to 90 percent. Consume sets the percentage of mass consumed
Mass of Wood Consumed = 0.90 * Mass of wood(loading)
at 90 percent (0.90).
Emission Algorithms
Consume uses two approaches for estimating emissions. The
first approach is used for non-piled (Activity and Natural) fuels
and calculates emissions based on a set of emission factors
which determine an emission factor based on the type of fuel,
and the combustion stage for each size class. Emission factors
for piled fuels are based on simple emission factors that are
based on the soil content of the pile.
Fuel Consumption by Combustion Stage
The rate of smoke emissions produced from a prescribed fire
does not stay constant during the burn, but changes with the
phase of the fire. Less smoke is produced per ton of fuel during
the efficient flaming stage than during the less efficient
smoldering phase. Consequently, fuel consumption needs to be
broken down by combustion state if the best estimations for total
emissions produced are to be made. Calculations have shown
that a 65-percent error is associated with emission calculations
using total fuel consumption only rather than breaking the
consumption into combustion phases (Sandberg, 1983).
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Appendix C: Scientific Background
135
Woody Fuels
Flaming Consumption of 1- and 10-hour Fuels
All 1-hour and 10-hour timelag fuels are assumed to consume
during the flaming stage. This is determined from field
observations during the past 10 years.
Flaming 1-hour fuel consumption = 1-hour fuel load
Where:
Flaming 1-hour fuel consumption = Consumption in tons
per acre, and
1-hour fuel load = Loading of 1-hour fuels in tons per
acre.
Flaming 10-hour fuel consumption = 10-hour fuel load
Where:
Flaming 10-hour fuel consumption = Consumption of 10hour fuels in tons per acre, and
10-hour fuel load = 10-hour fuel loading in tons per acre.
Flaming large fuel diameter reduction.
Nearly 50 prescribed burns were monitored for flaming large fuel
consumption. A non-linear exponential equation relating 100-hour
timelag fuel consumption to the large fuel flaming consumption
portion was derived from these data (Ottmar 1983):

Flaming portion  1.0 - e

  (20.0  100 hour consumptio n )


1.0  

20

 


0.2313






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2.260
136
CONSUME Users Guide
Where:
Flaming Portion = flaming portion of total percent
diameter reduction for large fuels, and
Total 100-hour consumption = total 100-hour fuel
consumption in tons per acre.
The flaming portion is multiplied by the large fuel total diameter
reduction to determine flaming diameter reduction using the
following equation:
Flaming DRED = DRED * Flaming portion
Where:
Flaming Portion = flaming portion of large fuel diameter
reduction (percent) and
DRED = Total large fuel diameter reduction.
Flaming 100-hour Fuel Consumption
The 1- to 3-inch diameter fuels will consume entirely during the
flaming stage if flaming diameter reduction of large woody fuels
is greater than 1.68 inches. If the flaming diameter reduction of
large woody fuels is less than 1.68 inches, then the 1- to 3-inch
diameter fuels will not consume completely. The 1.68-inch
diameter reduction is the quadratic mean of woody fuels 1- to 3inches in diameter as determined from the fuels inventory data
collected in 1980 by the Seattle Forestry Science Laboratory.
For flaming large fuel diameter reductions greater than 1.68
inches, flaming 100-hour fuel consumption is calculated as
follows:
Flaming 100-hour consumption = 100-hour consumption
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Appendix C: Scientific Background
137
Where:
Flaming 100-hour consumption = flaming 100-hour fuel
consumption in tons per acre, and
100-hour consumption = total 100-hour fuel consumption
in tons per acre.
If the flaming diameter reduction is less than 1.68 inches, then
the 100-hour material will not totally consume during the flaming
stage. A volume reduction equation is used to calculate the
percent flaming consumption using flaming diameter reduction of
the large woody fuels and total 1- to 3-inch diameter fuel loading:
Flaming 100-hour consumption =

 (1.68  FlamingDRED) 2 

2


(1.68)


100 - hour fuel load * 1  

Where:
Flaming 100-hour consumption = Flaming 100-hour fuel
consumption in tons per acre;
Flaming DRED = large fuel flaming diameter reduction in
inches, and
100-hour fuel load = 100-hour fuel loading in tons per
acre.
Flaming Large Woody Fuel Consumption
The flaming diameter reduction is converted to percent flaming
large fuel consumption using a volume reduction equation for
1000-hour and 10000-hour fuels. Average quadratic mean
reductions are used for the different size classes, based on the
biomass studies by Peterson and others (1989), and Howard
(1981):
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CONSUME Users Guide
Flaming percent 1000 - hour consumption =
1
(1000 - hour quadratic mean diameter - Flaming DRED)
2
(1000 - hour quadratic mean diameter)
2
Flaming percent 10000-hour consumption =
1
(10000 - hour quadratic mean diameter - FlamingDRED)
2
(10000 - hour quadratic mean diameter)
2
Where:
Flaming percent consumption = flaming percent
consumption,
Quadratic mean diameter = quadratic mean diameter for
specific size class of fuel (inches)(See tables 6 and 7), and
Flaming DRED = flaming diameter reduction (inches).
The total preburn loading of the 1000- and 10000-fuels are
multiplied by the percent flaming consumption to obtain flaming
consumption for each size class in tons per acre:
Flaming 1000-hour consumption = 1000-hour fuel load *
Flaming percent 1000-hour consumption
Flaming 10000-hour consumption = 10000-hour fuel load *
Flaming percent 10000-hour consumption
Where:
Flaming 1000-hour consumption = flaming 1000-hour
woody fuel consumption in tons per acre,
Flaming 10000-hour consumption = flaming 10000-hour
woody fuel consumption in tons per acre,
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Appendix C: Scientific Background
139
1000-hour fuel load = 1000-hour fuel loading in tons per
acre,
10000-hour fuel load = 10000-hour fuel loading in tons
per acre,
Flaming percent 1000-hour consumption = percent
flaming 1000-hour fuels, and
Flaming percent 10000-hour consumption = percent
flaming 10000-hour fuels.
Because the total consumption of the 10000+ woody fuels (20inches or greater in diameter) is based on a percentage
determined from fuel moisture, the flaming portion for large fuels
is multiplied by the total consumed figure:
Flaming 10000+-hour consumption = 10000-hour
consumption * Flaming percent 10000-hour consumption
Where:
Flaming 10000+-hour consumption = flaming
consumption of 20+ inch woody fuels,
10000+-hour consumption = total 20+ inch woody fuel
consumption, and
Flaming percent 10000+-hour consumption = flaming
portion of large woody fuel diameter reduction.
Total Flaming Consumption of Woody Fuels
The 1-, 10-, 100, 1000-, 10000-, and 10000+-fuel consumption
for the flaming stage are added to determine total flaming woody
fuel consumption.
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CONSUME Users Guide
Flaming woody consumption (tons per acre) = 1-hour
consumption + 10-hour consumption + Flaming 100-hour
consumption + Flaming 1000-hour consumption + Flaming
10000-hour consumption + Flaming 10000+-hour
consumption
Where:
Flaming woody consumption (tons per acre) = Flaming
woody fuel consumption in tons per acre,
1-hour consumption = total 1-hour woody fuel
consumption in tons per acre,
10-hour consumption = total 10-hour woody fuel
consumption in tons per acre,
Flaming 100-hour consumption = flaming 100-hour fuel
consumption in tons per acre,
Flaming 1000-hour consumption = flaming 1000-hour
woody fuel consumption in tons per acre,
Flaming 10000-hour consumption = flaming 10000-hour
woody fuel consumption in tons per acre, and
Flaming 10000+-hour consumption = flaming 20+ inch
woody fuel consumption in tons per acre.
Total Smoldering Consumption of Woody Fuels
Smoldering woody fuel consumption is equal to the flaming
woody fuel consumption subtracted from the total woody fuel
consumption.
Smoldering woody consumption (tons per acre) =
Total woody consumption (tons per acre) - Flaming woody
consumption (tons per acre)
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Appendix C: Scientific Background
141
Where:
Smoldering woody consumption (tons per acre) =
smoldering woody fuel consumption in tons per acre,
Total woody consumption (tons per acre) = total woody
fuel consumption in tons per acre, and
Flaming woody consumption (tons per acre) = flaming
woody fuel consumption in tons per acre.
Emissions
Fuel consumption multiplied by an emission factor will give an
estimate of total emissions. There are several emission factors,
depending on type of burn (broadcast/under burn, crane pile,
tractor pile), type of fuel (Douglas-fir, mixed conifer, ponderosa
pine, hardwood, juniper, sage brush), and combustion stage
(flaming, smoldering). The emission factors reported in
Consume are calculated using the flaming and smoldering
emission factors from Table 1 and weighted according to the
amount of fuel consumption occurring during the flaming and
smoldering combustion phases.
Table 1. Emission factors used in Consume
Fuel or fire
Configuration
Combustion
Phasea
PM
PM10b
PM2.5
CO
CO2
CH4
NMHC
BROADCAST-BURNED SLASH (Ward, D.E.; Hardy, C.C.; Sandberg, D.V.; Reinhardt, T.E. 1989)
Douglas fir/
Flaming
24.7
16.6
14.9
143
3385
4.6
4.2
hemlock (n=12)
Smoldering
35.0
27.6
26.1
463
2804
15.2
8.4
Fire-average
29.6
23.1
21.8
312
3082
11.0
7.2
Flaming
23.0
14.0
12.2
92
3389
4.4
5.2
Smoldering
38.0
25.9
23.4
366
2851
19.6
14.0
Hardwoods (n=8)
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CONSUME Users Guide
Table 1. Emission factors used in Consume
Fuel or fire
Configuration
Combustion
Phasea
PM
PM10b
PM2.5
CO
CO2
CH4
NMHC
Fire-average
37.4
25.0
22.4
256
3072
13.2
10.8
Ponderosa/
Flaming
18.8
11.5
10.0
89
3401
3.0
3.6
Lodgepole pine
(n=3)
Smoldering
48.6
36.7
34.2
285
2971
14.6
9.6
Fire-average
39.6
25.0
22.0
178
3202
8.2
6.4
Mixed conifer
Flaming
22.0
11.7
9.6
53
3458
3.0
3.2
(n=3)
Smoldering
33.6
25.3
23.6
273
3023
17.6
13.2
Fire-average
29.0
20.5
18.8
201
3165
12.8
9.8
Flaming
21.9
15.3
13.9
82
3401
3.9
5.5
Smoldering
35.1
25.8
23.8
250
3050
20.5
15.5
Fire-average
28.3
20.4
18.7
163
3231
12.0
10.4
Juniper (n=6)
PILE-AND-BURN SLASH (Ward, D.E.; Hardy, C.C.; Sandberg, D.V.; Reinhardt, T.E. 1989)
Tractor-piled
Flaming
11.4
7.4
6.6
44
3492
2.4
2.2
(n=4)
Smoldering
25.0
15.9
14.0
232
3124
17.8
12.2
Fire-average
20.4
12.4
10.8
153
3271
11.4
8.0
Crane-piled
Flaming
22.6
13.6
11.8
101
3349
9.4
8.2
(n=4)
Smoldering
44.2
33.2
31.0
232
3022
30.0
20.2
Fire-average
36.4
25.6
23.4
185
3143
21.7
15.2
Fire-average
28.4
19.0
17.1
169
3207
16.6
11.6
"Average" Piles
BROADCAST-BURNED BRUSH (Hardy, C.C.; Conard, S.G.; Regelbrugge, J.C.; Teesdale, D.T. 1998)
Sagebrush (n=4)
Flaming
45.0
31.8
29.1
155
3197
7.4
6.8
Smoldering
45.3
29.6
26.4
212
3118
12.4
14.5
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Appendix C: Scientific Background
143
Table 1. Emission factors used in Consume
Fuel or fire
Configuration
Chaparral (n=9)
Combustion
Phasea
PM
PM10b
PM2.5
CO
CO2
CH4
NMHC
Fire-average
45.3
29.9
26.7
206
3126
11.9
13.7
Flaming
31.6
16.5
13.5
119
3326
3.4
17.2
Smoldering
40.0
24.7
21.6
197
3144
9.0
30.6
Fire-average
34.1
20.1
17.3
154
3257
5.7
19.6
WILDFIRES (IN FORESTS) (Hardy, C.C.; Ward, D.E.; Einfeld, W. 1992)
Fire-average
30.0
27.0
a
Fire-average values are weighed-averages based on measured carbon flux.
b
PM10 values are calculated, not measured, and are derived from known size-class distributions
of particulates using PM and PM2.5.
Activity—nonpiled and Natural Fuels Emissions
Basic equations for Activity—nonpiled and natural fuel burns in all
situations are:
Total flaming emissions =
Total flaming biomass consumptio n (tons) * Flaming EF
2000 lbs per ton
where Flaming EF can be:
Flaming PM EF = flaming emission factor for all
particulate matter (PM) (pounds/ton),
Flaming PM2.5 EF = flaming emission factor for PM2.5
(pounds/ton)
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144
CONSUME Users Guide
Flaming PM10 EF = flaming emission factor for PM10
(pounds/ton)
Flaming CO EF = flaming emission factor for carbon
monoxide (pounds/ton)
Flaming CO2 EF = flaming emission factor for carbon
dioxide (pounds/ton)
Flaming CH4 EF = flaming emission factor for methane
(pounds/ton); and
Flaming NMHC EF = flaming emission factor for
nonmethane hydrocarbons (pounds/ton)
Total smoldering emissions =
Total smoldering biomass consumptio n (tons) * Smoldering EF
2000 lbs per ton
where Smoldering EF can be:
Smoldering PM EF = smoldering emission factor for all
particulate matter (PM) (pounds/ton),
Smoldering PM2.5 EF = smoldering emission factor for
PM2.5 (pounds/ton)
Smoldering PM10 EF = smoldering emission factor for
PM10 (pounds/ton)
Smoldering CO EF = smoldering emission factor for
carbon monoxide (pounds/ton)
Smoldering CO2 EF = smoldering emission factor for
carbon dioxide (pounds/ton)
Smoldering CH4 EF = smoldering emission factor for
methane (pounds/ton); and
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Appendix C: Scientific Background
145
Smoldering NMHC EF = smoldering emission factor for
nonmethane hydrocarbons (pounds/ton)
Total emissions = Total flaming emissions + total
smoldering emissions
where:
Total flaming emissions = flaming emissions (pounds)
Total smoldering emissions = smoldering emissions
(pounds), and
Total emissions = total emissions (pounds).
Activity–Piled Emission Factors
The mass of an emission produced by a piled unit is calculated
by multiplying the total mass of fuel consumed times the
appropriate emission factor. Emission factors for PM (total
particulate matter), PM10 (particulate matter less than 10
micrometers, mean diameter), and PM2.5 (particulate matter less
than 2.5 micrometers, mean diameter) are based on the
combustion efficiency of the fire. Cleaner piles burn more
efficiently and therefore produce less emissions.
Pile Emissions ( lb) = Emission Factor (lb/ton) * Consumptio n (tons)
The following figure shows the emission factors for piles.
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CONSUME Users Guide
Figure 2. Emission factor nomogram for piles (Hardy,
1996).
C
le
an
A
ve
ra
ge
25
%
So O
il/ rga
Li n
tte ic
r
10
So 30
il Min
C e
on r a
te l
nt
Soil Content
50
Emission factor (lb/ton)
40
30
20
PM
10
PM10
PM2.5
0
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
Combustion efficiency
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0.95
147
References
The following works are referred to in Appendix C, “Scientific
Background.”
Cooper, Kathy Lois. 1985. The occurrence of a dry lower duff
layer in western Washington and Oregon. Seattle, WA:
University of Washington. 120 p. M.S. thesis.
Deeming, John E.; Burgan, Robert E.; Cohen, Jack D. 1977.
The national fire-danger rating system - 1978. Gen. Tech.
Rep. INT-39. Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment
Station. 63 p.
Hall, Janet. 1991. Comparison of fuel consumption between high
and moderate intensity fires in logging slash. Northwest
Science. 64(4): 158-165.
Hardy, C.C.; Ward, D.E.; Einfeld, W. 1992. PM2.5 emissions
from a major wildfire using a GIS, rectification of airborne
measurements. In: Proceedings of the 29th annual meeting of
the Pacific Northwest International Section, Air and Waste
Management Association; 1992 Nov. 11-13; Bellevue, WA,
Pittsburgh, PA: Air and Waste Management Association.
Hardy, Colin. 1996. Guidelines for Estimating Volume, Biomass,
and Smoke Production for Piled Slash. Gen. Tech. Rep PNWGTR-364. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Hardy, C.C.; Conard, S.G.; Regelbrugge, J.C.; Teesdale, D.T.
1998. Smoke emissions from prescribed burning of southern
California chaparral. Res. Pap. PNW-RP-488, Portland, OR.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station. 37 p.
Howard, James O. 1981. Logging residue in the Pacific
Northwest: characteristics affecting utilization. Res. Pap.
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148
CONSUME Users Guide
PNW-289. Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture,
Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 41 p.
Ottmar, Roger D; Vihnanek, Robert E. 1999. Stereo photo
series for quantifying fuels volume II: black spruce and white
spruce types in Alaska. Gen. Tech. Rep PNW-GTR-xxx
Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Pacific Northwest Research Station. 65 p.
Ottmar, Roger D. 1998. Moss bulk density in Alaska. Report on
file. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific
Northwest Research Station, Seattle, WA.
Ottmar, Roger D. 1998. Fuel consumption in natural fuels.
Internal report on file with: Pacific Northwest Research
Station, Seattle Forestry sciences Laboratory, 4043 Roosevelt
Way N.E., Seattle, WA 98105
Ottmar, Roger D.; Alvarado, Ernesto; Hessburg, Paul F. And
others. [In press]. Historical and current forest and range
landscapes in the Interior Columbia River Basin and portions
of the Klamath and Great Basin. Part II: linking vegetation
patterns to potential smoke production and fire behavior.
PNW General Technical Report.
Ottmar, Roger D.; Alvarado, Ernesto; Vihnanek, Robert E.
1996. Fuel condition classes. Internal report on file with:
Pacific Northwest Research Station, Seattle Forestry sciences
Laboratory, 4043 Roosevelt Way N.E., Seattle, WA 98105
Ottmar, Roger D.; Burns, Mary F.; Hall, Janet N.; Hanson,
Aaron D. 1993. Consume Users Guide, Version 1.00. Gen.
Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-304. Portland, OR: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research
Station. 118 p.
Ottmar, Roger D.; Hall, Janet N.; Vihnanek, Robert E. 1990.
Improved prediction of fuel consumption during spring-like
prescribed burns. Unpublished final report; ODIN Corporation
contract PNW-89-617. 56 p. Available from: U.S. Department
of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research
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References
149
Station, Fire and Environmental Research Applications,
Seattle, WA.
Ottmar, Roger D.; Little, Susan N.; Ohmann, Janet. 1985.
Predicting duff reduction to reduce smoke from clear cut
slash burns in western Washington and western Oregon. In:
Proceedings of the 8th conference on fire and forest
meteorology; 1985 April 29-May 2; Detroit MI. Bethesda, MD:
Society of American Foresters: 139-144.
Ottmar, Roger D.; Sandberg, David V. 1985. Calculating
moisture content of 1000-hour timelag fuels in western
Washington and western Oregon. Res. Pap. PNW-336.
Portland, OR: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Pacific Northwest Research Station. 16 p.
Peterson, Janice L.; Ottmar, Roger D. 1991. Computer
applications for prescribed fire and air quality management in
the Pacific Northwest. In: Andrews, Patricia L.; Potts, Donald
F., eds., Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Fire and
Forest Meteorology.
Rothermel, Richard C. 1972. A mathematical model for
predicting fire spread in wildland fuels. Res. Pap. INT-115.
Ogden, UT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,
Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 40 p.
Sandberg, D.V. 1983. Research leads to less smoke from
prescribed fires. In: Proceedings, 1983 Annual Meeting,
Northwest Forest Fire Council. 1983 November 21-22;
Olympia, WA, 15 p.
Sandberg, D.V. and Ottmar, R.D. 1983. Slash burning and fuel
consumption in the Douglas-fir subregion. In: Proceedings,
7th AMS/SAF Conference on Fire and Forest Meteorology.
1983 April 25-29; Fort Collins, CO. Boston, MA: American
Meteorological Society.
Ward, D.E.; Hardy, C.C.; Sandberg, D.V.; Reinhardt, T.E.
1989. Part III-emissions characterization, In Sandberg, D.V.;
Ward, D.E.; Ottmar, R.D., comps. Mitigation of prescribed fire
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CONSUME Users Guide
atmospheric pollution through increased utilization of
hardwoods, piled residues, and long-needled conifers. Final
report;. U.S. DOE, BPA. Available from U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research
Station, Seattle, WA.
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151
Glossary
Activity fuels: Fuels resulting from or altered by forestry
practices such as timber harvesting, thinning, etc., as opposed to
naturally created fuels.
Adjusted 1000-hour fuel moisture (ADJ-Th): Adjusted 1000hour fuel moisture is an estimated fuel moisture (derived from
temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation data) that
represents the average unit fuel moisture of large woody fuels in
the Pacific Northwest more precisely than the National Fire
Danger Rating System. Adjusted 1000-hour fuel moisture
predicts the fuel moisture of Douglas fir, hemlock, mixed
conifers, lodgepole pine and long-needled pine.
Clearcut: A timber harvest method in which all, or nearly all,
trees in a stand of timber are cut in one operation.
Diameter reduction (DRED): Reduction in the diameter of a
cylindrical log caused by fire.
Duff: Humus and other partially decayed material on the forest
floor.
Emissions: Pollutants such as carbon monoxide and particulate
matter that are released to the atmosphere from the combustion
of biomass.
Emission factors: The quantity of pollutant released to the
atmosphere per unit weight of fuel consumed.
FCC: Fuel Characteristic Class. A fuel bed of interest derived
from a unique combination of ecological descriptors with
assigned physical and derived fuel bed variables required for the
operation of various fires, ecosystem, and global change models.
Flaming phase: That phase of a fire where the fuel is ignited and
consumed by flaming combustion.
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Fuel loading: The amount of fuels present in a unit, expressed
quantitatively in terms of mass of fuels per unit area.
Fuel moisture: The amount of water present in fuels. Generally,
fuel moisture content is expressed as a percentage of a
material's oven-dry weight.
Heat flux: The amount of heat transferred across a surface of a
unit area in a unit of time. Also known as “thermal flux.”
High-Intensity fire: A fire caused by mass ignition of a unit,
resulting in long flame lengths, violent fire behavior, fire whirls,
and high intensities. Research has shown that high intensity fires
consume a smaller quantity of fuels than moderate intensity
prescribed burns.
Large fuels: Dead wood consisting of sound or rotten
roundwood greater than 3 inches in diameter.
Meas-Th: The measured 1000-hour fuel moisture is a direct
measured fuel moisture that represents the average unit fuel
moisture of large woody fuels.
Natural fuels: Fuels that have fallen or died through natural
causes. Generally, a unit is considered composed of natural fuels
if there has been no mechanical treatment of fuels for ten years
or more.
NFDRS-Th: National Fire Danger Rating System’s 1000-hour
fuel moisture content.
Particulate matter: Particles less than 100 microns in diameter
(a micron is one millionth of a meter). Inhalable particulate
matter are particles less than or equal to 10 microns in diameter
and often referred to as “PM10”. Respirable particulate matter are
particles less than 2.5 microns in size and are often referred to
as “PM2.5”. Respirable particles have a long residence time in
the atmosphere and penetrate deeply into the lungs. Particulate
emissions from smoke are primarily in the respirable size range.
Piles: Piled fuels from a unit.
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Glossary
153
Prescribed burn: A controlled application of fire to wildland fuels
to obtain planned objectives for silviculture, wildlife habitat
management, grazing, fire hazard reduction, and so on.
Significant rainfall: The amount of rainfall in a 48-hour period
required to saturate the duff layer. A significant amount of rain is
0.25 inch.
Small fuels: Dead wood consisting of sound or rotten
roundwood 0 to 3 inches in diameter.
Smoldering phase: That phase of the fire where the overall
reaction rate of the combustion has diminished to a point at
which concentrations of combustible gases above the fuel is too
low to support a persistent flame envelope. The smoldering
phase follows the flaming phase and is often characterized by
large amounts of smoke.
10-hour fuel sticks: A manufactured stick or set of sticks of
known dry weight. By exposing them to the weather and
weighing them periodically, you can use fuel sticks to determine
changes in the moisture content of 10-hour fuels in a unit.
1000-hour fuel moisture (1000-Th): 1000-hour fuel moisture is
the moisture content of sound, woody material 3-8 inches in
diameter and can be directly measured (MEAS-Th), or estimated
using the ADJ-Th or NFDRS-Th fuel moisture models.
Timelag: The time necessary for a fuel particle to lose ±63
percent of the difference between its initial fuel moisture content
and its equilibrium moisture content. The timelag of sound or
rotten roundwood fuels depends on their diameter, as shown in
the chart in Appendix C, “Scientific Background.”
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Index
10000-hour fuels, 80, 104, 110, 118
1000-hour and 10000-hour fuels, 106, 110,
114, 137
1000-hour fuels, 42, 80, 84, 85, 99, 114,
119, 139
100-hour fuels, 4, 33, 80, 84, 98, 101, 102,
103, 104, 106, 108, 117
10-hour fuel sticks, 153
10-hour fuels, 4, 33, 77, 80, 83, 84, 100,
135, 153
1-hour and 10-hour fuels, 99, 100
activity category, 62, 64, 79, 83
Activity fuels, 151
Adjusted 1000-hour fuel moisture, 34, 42,
75, 76, 91, 109, 151
Adjusted 10-hour fuel moisture, 103
age category, 63, 64, 79, 84
backing up and restoring, 9
backing up and restoring files, 9
browse mode, 15, 36, 37, 58, 89
burn date, 23, 32, 38, 47, 65, 75, 90
carbon dioxide, 73, 144
carbon monoxide, 73, 144, 151
consumption models, 98
creating, 22, 29, 37, 41
daily weather data, 2, 3, 15, 24, 45, 46, 47,
51, 52, 53, 54, 65, 76
Daily Weather Entry screen, 76
daily weather records, 23, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51,
53, 54, 91
Data, i, 2, 3, 12, 14, 15, 23, 24, 29, 30, 35,
36, 40, 41, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55,
61, 76, 80, 84
database,, 7, 12, 46, 48, 53
default 100-hour fuel load, 101
Default 100-hour fuel load, 101
default fuel load, 19, 29, 90
Deleting, 12, 17, 40, 46, 53, 54, 60, 91
deleting records, 12
diameter reduction, 4, 31, 106, 108, 109,
110, 111, 112, 113, 115, 116, 123, 124,
125, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139
Diameter reduction (DRED), 106, 151
diameter reduction equations, 106, 108, 109
1000-hour and 10000-hour fuels, 110, 114,
Dry duff reduction, 120
Duff, 34, 36, 77, 78, 82, 85, 99, 116, 119,
120, 121, 122, 125, 126, 127, 151
Duff reduction, 119, 120
edit mode, 15, 17, 39, 44, 45, 50, 51, 52, 53,
59, 89
Emissions, 7, 17, 65, 68, 69, 72, 73, 74, 75,
90, 141, 143, 151
equations, i, 5, 6, 97, 98, 100, 101, 106,
107, 109, 114, 116, 117, 118, 122, 123,
125, 128, 129, 143
Equations, 100, 106, 108, 117, 120, 121,
123
error messages, i
errors, 17, 89, 90
estimates, 35, 41, 47, 65, 69, 70, 72, 106
existing records, 30
exiting, 13
Exiting Consume, 13
FCC, 19, 20, 21, 29, 35, 36, 61, 63, 64, 80,
84, 90, 97, 102
FCC number, 36, 61, 63, 64, 80, 84
Files, 10
fine particles, 73
Fire and Environmental Resource
Application Group, 97
Fonts, 11, 93, 94
fuel characteristic classes, 15, 19
Fuel consumption, 5, 6, 41, 141, 148
Fuel Consumption by Date reports, 6
fuel consumption equations, 114
Fuel loading, 4, 152
fuel moisture estimates, iii
Fuel Moisture reports, 7, 69, 70
Fuels, 4, 5, 6, 17, 19, 20, 29, 35, 63, 90, 98,
99, 122, 127, 135, 139, 140, 151, 152
general species, 64
Grass, 122
Grass Consumption, 116, 125
harvest date, 32, 106
Heat flux, 101, 152
heat flux correction, 101, 102
Help, 1, 14
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CONSUME User Guide
help screens, 91
Highest fuel moisture, 69, 70
ignition time,, 3, 110
inhalable particulate, 73
initial, 3, 19, 23, 31, 33, 41, 42, 43, 44, 61,
75, 76, 90, 97, 123, 124, 125, 153
initial 1000-hour fuel moisture, 41, 42, 44
installation,, i
large fuels, 99, 110, 136, 139
Large fuels, 152
Latitude, 43, 75
Litter, 36, 85, 125, 126, 127
load category, 63, 64, 79, 84
lowest and highest, 69, 70
Lowest fuel moisture, 69, 70
mass ignition, 111, 112, 113, 152
measurement, 4, 33, 43, 105
methane, 73, 144, 145
Mode, 15
models, 6, 34, 77, 97, 98, 105, 153
Modifying, 38, 45, 51, 58
Moist duff reduction, 119
names, ii, 30, 55, 81
naming, 58
natural fuels, 3, 6, 34, 78, 82, 89, 97, 148
Natural fuels, 3, 5, 31, 98, 127, 152
Navigation, 89
nomograms, 42
nonmethane hydrocarbons, 144, 145
Pacific Northwest Research Station, ii, 3,
95, 97, 98, 147, 148, 149
packing ratio, 56, 81, 132
particulate, 1, 73, 143, 144, 145, 151, 152
percent consumption, 102, 103, 104, 108,
138
percent volume reduction, 113, 114, 123,
125
Percent volume reduction, 114
pile groups, 20, 22, 36, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60,
81, 90
piled fuels, 89, 134
PM, 5, 72, 73, 75, 143, 144, 145
PM10, 5, 72, 73, 75, 144, 145, 152
PM2.5, 1, 5, 72, 73, 75, 144, 145, 152
Pollutants, 151
quadratic mean diameters, 113, 114
Rainfall, 43, 44, 118, 120
records, 23, 40, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 53, 54,
55, 91
reports, i, 2, 6, 7, 12, 14, 17, 24, 29, 30, 41,
65, 70, 71, 76, 81, 90, 91
Reports Menu screen, 15, 24, 25
reports,, 41, 71, 76, 81
Rotten Fuel, 125
Rotten Fuels, 116
sample records, 12
screens, 3, 9, 14, 15, 17, 18, 20, 23, 24, 29,
89, 91, 93
Screens, 14, 21, 23
selecting, 18, 35, 56, 61
Shallow duff, 120
Shrub, 122
Shrub Consumption, 125
Shrub Consumption, 116
small fuels, 110
snow-off date, 32, 106
Snow-off date, 32
species, 56, 57, 62, 64, 78, 81, 83, 132, 133
starting, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51,
76
Starting Consume, 12
Temperature, 43, 48
Timelag, 35, 99, 153
total biomass consumption, 121, 127
Total duff consumption, 121
treatment category, 62, 64, 79, 83
Troubleshooting, i, 93
types, 3, 6, 17, 24, 29, 30, 35, 65, 68, 76,
89, 98, 148
uncured fuel moisture, 106, 108
Unit Entry screen, 76
unit records, 12, 30, 39, 40, 59
unit/permit number, 89
units, 3, 2, 3, 6, 7, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 29,
30, 31, 36, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 47, 55,
60, 65, 66, 68, 69, 72, 73, 75, 76, 81, 89,
90, 91, 111, 112, 113, 127
upgrading, 9
Viewing, 39, 46, 52, 59
Weather data, 27, 29, 31, 40, 76
weather zones, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 47, 75, 91
Weather zones, 2
Wet duff reduction, 119
Y-intercept adjustment, 116, 119, 120
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