Proceeding of ’99 Korea-Japan Joint Seminar
on Particle Image Velocimetry
pp39-50
Mixing Process in the Jet Flow of Lobed Nozzle
Tetsuo SAGA, Hui HU and Toshio KOBAYASHI
Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo
7-22-1 Roppongi, Tokyo 106, Japan
Abstract
The vortical and turbulent structure changes in the near field (X/D<3.0) of the jet mixing flow caused by a lobed nozzle
had been investigated experimentally in the present study. The techniques of planar Laser Induced Fluoresce (LIF) and
Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) were used to accomplish the flow visualization and velocity field measurements. The
experimental results showed that, compared with a circular jet flow, lobed jet mixing flow was found to have shorter laminar
region, smaller scale of the spanwise Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices, earlier appearance of small scale turbulent structures and
larger intensive mixing region in the near field of the jet mixing flow. The central line velocity decay of the lobed jet mixing
flow was also found to be much faster than that in a conventional circular jet. All these indicted the better mixing
enhancement performance of a lobed nozzle over a conventional circular nozzle.
Keywords: Jet mixing flow, jet mixing enhancement, Lobed nozzle, PIV technique and LIF technique
Introduction
The physics of mixing layer is of considerable interest from both fundamental and practical points of view. It has been
widely suggested that mixing process be intimately connected with transient of turbulence. In the engineering flows,
mixing process govern the mixing rate in the combustion chambers, jet noise level of the airplane and vehicles, and the
spread of pollutant at industrial sites. The research for understanding the physics of the mixing process and revealing the
mechanism for the mixing enhancement are very necessary and important for many engineering applications, such as
combustion efficiency improvement, jet noise suppression and size reduction of such functional devices.
During the past decades, it has became clear that an enormously powerful mechanism for enhancing flow mixing is
generation the streamwise vortices in a mixing flow by using some vortex generators such as lobed nozzles. Investigating
the evolution of various vortices in a lobed jet mixing flow and interaction between these vortices to reveal the changes of
turbulent and vortical structures in a lobed jet mixing flow compared with conventional jet are the subjects of present
study.
A lobed nozzle, which consists of a splitter plate with convoluted trailing edge, is an extraordinary fluid mechanic
device for efficient mixing of two co-flow streams with different velocity, temperature and/or spices. Such device had been
known since the earliest days of jet engines and received considerable attention for reducing jet noise since the 1960’s.
More recently, it has emerged as an attractive approach for mixing the core and bypass streams of turbofan engines to
improve propulsion efficiency, reduce the specific fuel consumption (SFC) and suppress the infrared radiation emission
(Power et al. 1994, Presz et al.1994 and Hu et al.1996). Lobed nozzle/mixer has also been received attention for using in
supersonic ejectors for jet noise reduction at aircraft take off and landing as well as in combustion chamber for enhancing
mixing between fuel and air (Tillman et al.1993 and Smith et al.1997).
About the researches to reveal the mechanism of the mixing enhancement of a lobed nozzle/mixer, Paterson (1982) is the
first one to measure the velocity and turbulent characteristics downstream of a lobed nozzle/mixer systemically by using
Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV). He concluded that a lobed nozzle/mixer could cause large-scale streamwise vortices
shed at the trailing edge of lobes. So the downstream of flow field is embedded with many array of large-scale streamwise
vortices of alternating sign, which are believed to be primarily responsible for the enhanced mixing.
The study of McCormick et al. (1994) revealed more details for the flow patterns downstream of a lobed nozzle/mixer.
Based on the pulsed-laser sheet flow visualization with smoke and three dimensional velocity measurements with Hot Film
Anemometer (HFA), they suggested that the interaction of Kelvin-helmholtz (spanwise) vortices with the streamwise
- 39 -
vortices produces the high levels of mixing. The streamwise vortices deform the normal vortices into pinch-off structures
and increase the stirring effect in the mixing flow. These result in the creation of intense small-scale turbulence and mixing.
In the paper of the Belovich et al.(1997), the results of these previous researches were summarized as that the mixing
process in a lobed nozzle/mixer is controlled by three primary elements. The first is the streamwise vortices generated due
to the lobed shape. The second is the increasement in interfacial area between the two flows due to the special geometry of
the lobed structure, and the third is the Brown-Roshiko type structures which occurring in any shear layer due to the
Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities.
Although many important results had been got through these investigations, much work still need to understand the fluid
dynamic mechanism of mixing enhancement by a lobed nozzle more clearly, especially about the vortical and turbulent
structure changes in a lobed jet mixing flow compared with a conventional jet flow. In the meanwhile, most of the previous
researches were conducted by using Pitot probe, Laser Doppler Velocimetry(LDV) or Hot Film Anemometer (HFA), which
are very hard to reveal the vortical and turbulent structures in lobed jet mixing flows instantaneously and globally due to the
limitation of these experimental techniques. In the present study, both planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) and Particle
Image Velocimetry (PIV) techniques were used to study the lobed jet mixing flows instantaneously and globally. By using
the directly perceived LIF flow visualization images, velocity fields, vorticity distributions and turbulence intensity
distributions of PIV measurement results, the evolution and interaction characteristics of the spanwise Kelvin-Helmholtz
vortices with streamwise vortices in the lobed jet mixing flow were studied. The changes of the turbulent and vortical
structures in the near field of jet mixing flow caused by a lobed nozzle were discussed in detail.
Experimental set-up
Figure 1 shows the schematically experimental set-up used in the present study. The test nozzles were installed in the
middle of the water tank (600mm*600mm*1000mm). Fluorescent dye (Rhodamine B) for LIF or PIV tracers (polystyrene
particles of d=20-30 m, density is 1.02kg/cm3) was premixed with water in jet supply tank, and jet flow was supplied by a
pump. The flow rate of the jet, which was used to calculate the representative velocity and Reynolds numbers, was
measured by a flow meter. Convergent unit and honeycomb structures were installed at the inlet of test nozzles to insure the
turbulence intensity levels of jet flows at the exit of test nozzles were less than 3%.
The pulsed laser sheet (thickness is about 1.0 mm) used for LIF visualization and PIV measurement was supplied by twin
Nd:YAG Lasers with the frequency of 10 Hz and power of 200 mJ/pulse. The time interval between the two pulses can be
adjustable. 1008 by 1016 pixels Cross-Correlation CCD array camera (PIVCAM 10-30) were used to capture the LIF and
PIV images. The twin Nd:YAG Lasers and the CCD camera were controlled by a Synchronizer Control System. The LIF
and PIV images captured by the CCD camera were digitized by an image processing board, then transferred to a work
station (CPU450MHz, RAM 1024MB, HD20GB) for image processing and displayed on a PC monitor.
Rhodamine B was used as fluorescent dye in the present experiment. The fluorescent light ( f=590nm) was separated
from the scattered laser light( l=532nm) by installation a high pass optical filter at the head of the CCD camera. A low
concentration Rhodamine B solution (0.5mg/l) was used to insure the strength of fluorescent light being linear with the
concentration of the fluorescent dye and the effect of laser light attenuation being negligible as the laser light sheet
propagated through the flow (Hu et al. 1999).
For the PIV image processing, rather than tracking individual particle, cross correlation method (Willert et al., 1991) was
used in the present study to obtain the average displacement of the ensemble particles. The images were divided into 32 by
32 pixel interrogation windows, and 50% overlap grids were employed. The resolution the PIV images for the present
research is about 120 m/pixel. The post-processing procedures which including sub-pixel interpolation (Hu et al., 1998)
and velocity outliner deletion (Westerweel, 1994) were used to improve the accuracy of the PIV result.
Figure 2 shows the two test nozzles used in the present study: a baseline circular nozzle and a lobed nozzle with six lobes.
The height of the lobes is 15mm and the inner and outer penetration angles of the lobe structures are about 220 and 140
respectively. The equivalent diameters of these two nozzles at the exit were designed to be the same, i.e. D=40mm. In the
present study, the jet velocities were set as about 0.1m/s and 0.2m/s. The Reynolds Number of the jet flows, based on the
nozzle exit diameter and the jet velocities, were about 3,000 and 6,000.
In the present study, the comparison of the turbulent and vortical structure changes in lobed jet mixing flow with a
conventional circular jet flow in the axial slices were investigated firstly. The three studied axial slices for the lobed jet
mixing flow are the lobe trough slice, lobe peak slice and lobe side slice (Figure 2(c).). Then, the LIF flow visualization and
PIV measurement at several cross sections for the lobed jet mixing flow and conventional circular jet flow were also
conducted to reveal the changes of the vortical and turbulent structures in the cross planes of the jet mixing flow.
For the PIV measurement results, the time average values, which include the mean velocity vectors, mean streamwise
vorticity distributions and mean turbulence intensity fields, were also used to compare the mixing characteristics in the
lobed jet mixing flows with conventional circular jet flow. These mean values of the PIV measurement results were
calculated based on the average of 400 frames of the instantaneous PIV velocity fields, which were obtained at the
- 40 -
frequency of 10 Hz.
It had been found that the intensive mixing of the core jet flow with ambient flows could be achieved in the very near
field of the jet flow by using a lobed nozzle/mixer. So, the CCD camera view were set at the near region (X/D<3.0) of the
jet mixing flow in the present study.
Results and discussion
1. In the axial slices
Figure 3 shows the LIF flow visualization and PIV measurement results in the axial slice of a conventional circular jet
with the Reynolds number of 6,000. From the LIF flow visualization result (Fig.3(a)) and PIV instantaneous velocity field
(Fig.3(b)), it can be seen that there is a laminar region in the circular jet flow at the downstream of the circular nozzle. At
the end of the laminar region (X/D 2.0), spanwise Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices were found to roll up. Pairing and
combining of these spanwise vortices and the jet flow transition to turbulence were found to conduct at much downstream
(X/D=4-8), which is out of the CCD camera view of the present study. None of the small-scale turbulent and vortical
structures can be found in the investigated region (X/D<3.0) for the circular jet flow. The LIF visualization result got by the
present study is very similar to the result reported by Liepmann et al (1992).
From the PIV measurement results at the same Reynolds number level, it can be seen that the circular jet flow dose not
expend until the spanwise Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices began to roll up at the downstream of X/D=2.0. A low turbulence
intensity region (the region of the turbulence intensity value less than 0.02m/s in the Fig. 3(c)) can be found in the central of
the circular jet flow, which is called potential core region for the jet flow. In the circular jet flow, it was found to extend to
the downstream of the location of X/D=3.0.
Figure 4 shows the LIF visualization and PIV measurement results of the lobed jet mixing flow in the axial slice passing
the lobe trough (Fig. 2(c)). Compared with the circular jet flow (Fig.3), the laminar region of the lobed jet mixing flow was
much shorter in this axial slice (Fig.4(a) and Fig.4(b)). The spanwise Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices were found to roll up
almost just from the trailing edge of the lobed nozzle. It can also be found that the size of these spanwise Kelvin-Helmholtz
vortices were much smaller than that in the circular jet mixing flow (Fig.3(a)). Some small scale turbulent and vortical
structures, which indicates the intensive mixing of the core jet flow with ambient flow, were found to appear in the flow
field from the downstream of X/D=1.0.
From the PIV measurement results (Fig.4(b) and Fig.4(c)) at this axial slice, it can also be seen that the lobed jet flow
began to expend almost just from the exit of the lobed nozzle. The expand angle of the lobe jet mixing flow was found to be
bigger than that in the conventional circular jet flow. The bigger high-turbulence-intensity regions (the regions of the
turbulence intensity values bigger than 0.03m/s in the Fig.4(d) ) can be found to concentrate in the near field of the lobed jet
mixing flow. The potential core region (the regions of turbulence-intensity value less than 0.02m/s in the Fig.4(d)) at the
central of the lobed jet flow was much smaller and shorter than that in the circular jet flow(Fig.3(d)).
Figure 5 shows the LIF flow visualization and PIV measurement results in the lobed jet mixing flow at the axial slice
passing the lobe peak plane. The laminar region at the exit of the lobed nozzle in this axial slice was not a straight cylinder
like that in the circular jet (Fig.3(a)), and looked like a expansive cut-off cone along the downstream of the lobe structure
instead. Compared with that in the lobe trough slice, the laminar region in the lobe peak axial slice was a bit longer
(X/D=0.5), but it was still much shorter than that in the circular jet mixing flow. This may be caused by the different
thickness of the boundary layer at the exit of the lobed nozzle (the work of the Brink et al.(1993) had verified that the
thickness of the boundary layer at the lobe trough is smaller than that in the lobed peak), and the thicker boundary layer at
the lobe peak need a longer streamwise distance to roll-up the Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices (Hussain et al. 1989). In this axial
slice, it can also be seen that small-scale turbulent and vortical structures were found to appear in the flow field from the
downstream of location X/D=1.0. Form the PIV time average results, it can be seen that most of the high-turbulenceintensity regions were concentrated at the near field of the lobed jet mixing flow. The potential core region at the central of
the lobed jet mixing flow at this axial slice is also much smaller and shorter than that in circular jet mixing flow.
Figure 6 gives the LIF flow visualization and PIV measurement results of the lobed jet mixing flow in the axial slice
passing the lobe side plane (Fig.2(c)). In this axial slice, some streak flow structures can be seen clearly in the downstream
of the lobe structure trailing edge. These structures were the Kelvin-Helmholtz vortical tubes shed periodically from the
lobe training edge, which was observed and called “normal vortex” by McCormick et al.(1994). At the downstream of the
location X/D 1.0, small scale turbulent and vortical structures were found to appear in the flow field. As the same as that
in the lobe trough and lobe peak axial slices, most of the high intensity regions were found to concentrate at the near field of
the lobed jet mixing flow. The potential core region at the central of the lobed jet mixing flow in this axial slice was also
much smaller and shorter than that in the circular jet.
2. In the cross planes
Figure 7 shows the LIF flow visualization results of the lobed jet mixing flow in six cross planes. At the downstream
- 41 -
locations of X l0mm (X/D=0.25, Fig.7(a)) and X 20mm (X/D=0.50, Fig.7(b)), the existence of the streamwise vortices
in the form of 6 petal “mushrooms” can be seen clearly in the lobed jet mixing flow. The spanwise Kelvin-Helmholtz
vortices rolling up at the lobe trough were found to be as six crescents at these cross sections. As the streamwise distance
increasing, the “mushrooms” grew up, which indicated the intensification of the streamwise vortices generated by lobed
nozzle.
As the streamwise vortices distance increased to X 30mm (X/D=0.75, Fig.7(c)), the streamwise vortices generated by
the lobed nozzle in the form of “mushrooms” structure keep on intensification. Six new counter-rotating streamwise vortex
pairs can also be found in the flow field at six lobe troughs. Although the existence of the horseshoe structures at the lobe
trough had been conjectured by Paterson (1982) about twenty years ago, this is the best known visualization result and
provides unquestionable evidence of their existence.
At the location of X=40mm (X/D=1.0, Fig. 7(d)), some small scale turbulent and vortical structures began to appear in
the flow due to the intensive mixing of the core jet flow with ambient flows. This verified the LIF visualization results of in
the axial slices which shown on the figure 4(a), Fig.5(a) and Fig. 6(a). The interaction between the streamwise vortices and
Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices made adjacent “mushrooms” merging with each other, which indicated the process that the
streamwise vortices deform the Kelvin-Helmholtz vortical tube into pinch-off structures suggested by McCormick et
al.(1994).
At the location of X 60mm (X/D=1.5, Fig.7(e)) and X 80mm (X/D=2.0, Fig.7(f)), the “mushroom” shape structures
almost disappeared in the flow field due to the intensive mixing between the core jet flow and ambient flows. The flow filed
was almost fully filled with small-scale turbulent and vortical structures.
While for the circular jet flow at the same Reynolds number level, the jet flow is still in this laminar region at the location
of X=40mm (X/D=1.0, Fig.8(a)). The spanwise Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices was found to begin to roll up at the location of
X=80mm (X/D=2.0, Fig. 8(b)). At the downstream of X=80mm (X/D=2.0, Fig. 8(b)), some streamwise vortices due to the
azimuth instability (Liepmann et al.) were found to appear in the flow field. However, neither small-scale turbulent
structures nor small-scale vortical structures can be found at the cross planes of these locations for the circular jet flow.
Figure 9 to Figure 12 show the PIV measurement results at four typical cross planes of the lobed jet mixing flow, which
include instantaneous velocity fields, mean velocity fields, turbulent intensity distributions and mean streamwise vorticity
distributions. The large scale streamwise vortices generated by the special geometry of the lobe nozzle can be seen clearly at
the cross plane of X= 20mm (X/D=0.5, Fig.9). The intensive mixing regions (the high turbulence intensity regions in the
were found to be in the same configuration as the trailing edge of the lobed nozzle. Since the large scale streamwise vortices
generated by the lobed nozzle are steady vortices, they can be identified clearly in the PIV time average results (mean
velocity field and mean streamwise vorticity distribution).
As the streamwsie distance increase to 40mm (X/D=1.0, Fig. 10), the instantaneous velocity field was found to be more
turbulent than that in the X/D=20 cross plane (Fig 9A), However, the geometry of the lobed nozzle still can be identified
from the velocity field. As the same as LIF visualization results, the smaller scale streamwise horseshoe vortical structures
can also be seen from the mean velocity field and mean streamwise vorticity field besides the six large scale vortices pairs
generated by the lobed nozzle. The intensive mixing regions were found to expand outward and inward from the turbulence
intensity distribution.
As the streamwise downstream increasing to X 60mm (X/D=1.5, Fig.11) and X 80mm (X/D=2.0, Fig.12), the
instantaneous velocity fields became much more turbulent, which indicate the more intensive mixing occurring in these
section. The geometrical configuration of the lobed nozzle almost can not be identified from the instantaneous velocity
fields. The large scale streamwise vortices generated by the lobed nozzle were found to break into much smaller vortices,
and the vorticity of the streamwise vortices was also found to be decayed a lot due to the mixing of the core jet flow with
ambient flows. The intensive mixing regions expended much more seriously at these locations, which almost filled the
studied window fully.
3. Central line velocity decay
In order to give a more quantitative comparison of the mixing characteristics in the lobed jet mixing flow with
conventional circular jet flow, the central line velocity decay in the conventional circular jet and lobed jet mixing flow were
given on the Fig.13. From the figure it can be seen that, the central line velocity of the circular jet flow almost keeps in
constant in the studied region. Previous research had shown that the length of potential core region in the conventional
circular jet flow also ranges about 4-6 times of the circular nozzle exit diameter. While, for the lobed jet flow, the central
line velocity was found to begin to decay in the downstream of location Y/D=1.0. This means that the length of the potential
core region in the lobed jet flow is just about 1/4 to 1/6 of the conventional circular jet flow, which also indicated the better
mixing enhancement performance of the lobed nozzle quantitatively
- 42 -
4. The preliminary results of a stereoscopic PIV system
The above PIV measurement results are obtained from a "classical" PIV system, which is just two-dimensional method.
The "classical" PIV system is only capable of recording the projection of velocity into the plane of the laser sheet, i.e the
out-of-plane velocity component is lost while the in-plane components are affected by an unrecoverable error due to the
perspective transformation (Nisino 1999). For highly three-dimension flows like lobed jet mixing flow, this may lead to
substantial measurement error of the local velocity vector. In order to get the velocity three components simultaneously to
reveal the interaction and evolution of various vortices in the lobed jet mixing flow, a stereoscopic PIV measurement
(Parsad, 1993) is being conducted in our laboratory.
For the velocity three components simultaneous measurement, stereoscopic PIV technique is a most straightforward but
not necessarily easily implemented PIV technique. It used two cameras at different view axis to do PIV recording (Fig.14).
By doing the view reconciliation (Soffol et al., 1998), the corresponding image segments in the two views are matched to
get three component of the velocity vector in the laser sheet plane (Saga, 1999). Figure 15 to Figure 17 show some
preliminary measurement results of the stereoscopic PIV system, the analysis of the mixing process in the lobed jet flow and
conventional circular jet flow based on the stereoscopic PIV results will be conducted in the future.
Conclusion
Both the planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) and Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) techniques were used in the
present study to investigate the changes of the turbulent and vortical structures in a jet mixing flow caused by a lobed
nozzles. The LIF visualization and PIV measurement results revealed the great differences of the turbulent structures and
vortex scales between the lobed jet mixing flow and conventional circular jet flow. Compared with the circular jet flow, the
lobed jet mixing flow was found to have shorter laminar region, smaller scale of the spanwise Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices,
earlier appearance of small-scale turbulent and vortical structures and larger intensive mixing regions in the near field of the
jet flow. Besides the large scale streamwise vortices generated by the special geometry lobed nozzle, the counter rotating
horseshoe vortices were also be visualized clearly in the cross planes. It was also found that the length of the potential core
region in the lobed jet mixing flow is only about 1/4 to 1/6 of that in the conventional circular jet flow. All these indicated
the better mixing enhancement performance of a lobed nozzle over a circular nozzle.
Based on the result of the present experimental research, the analysis to reveal the mechanism of the mixing enhancement
performance of lobed nozzles and the suggestions to do optimism design of lobed nozzles will be conducted in the coming
work.
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pp236-247
Laser sheet
water tank
Optical filter
for LIF
CCD camera
optical system
CCD camera
for PIV
mixing region
comb structure
YAG
flow meter
tested nozzle
Image process
laser
system
pump
jet supply tank
monitor
Host computer
Figure 1. The schematic of the experimental set-up
Z
Z
Y
X
lobe peak slice
lobe trough slice
a. circular nozzle
lobe width
W= 6mm
lobe side slice
lobe heigth
H=15mm
inner penetration
angle
220
140
outer penetration angle
c. three studied axial slices
b. lobed nozzle
- 44 -
Figure 2. The test nozzles and three studied axial slices
3.5
0.2 m/s
3.5
0.2 m/s
3
3
Turbulent Intensity
0.0851
0.0811
0.0770
0.0729
0.0689
0.0648
0.0607
0.0566
0.0526
0.0485
0.0444
0.0403
0.0363
0.0322
0.0281
0.0240
0.0200
0.0159
0.0118
0.0077
0.0037
2.5
2.5
2
Y
Y/D
2
1.5
1.5
1
1
0.5
0.5
0
0
-2
-1
0
1
-2
2
-1
0
1
2
X
X/D
a.LIF visulization
b. PIV instantaneous result
c.mean velocity and turbulence intensity
Figure 3. LIF visulization and PIV measurement result in the circular jet mixing flow (Re=6,000)
3.5
0.2 m/s
3.5
0.2 m/s
3
3
Turbulent Intensity
0.0851
0.0811
0.0770
0.0729
0.0689
0.0648
0.0607
0.0566
0.0526
0.0485
0.0444
0.0403
0.0363
0.0322
0.0281
0.0240
0.0200
0.0159
0.0118
0.0077
0.0037
2.5
2.5
2
Y
Y/D
2
1.5
1.5
1
1
0.5
0.5
0
0
-2
-1
0
1
-2
2
-1
0
1
2
X
X/D
a.LIF visulization
b. PIV instantaneous result
c.mean velocity and turbulence intensity
Figure 4. LIF visualization and PIV measurement results for the lobed jet mixing flow in the lobe trough slice (Re=6,000)
3.5
0.2 m/s
3.5
0.2 m/s
3
3
Turbulent Intensity
0.0851
0.0811
0.0770
0.0729
0.0689
0.0648
0.0607
0.0566
0.0526
0.0485
0.0444
0.0403
0.0363
0.0322
0.0281
0.0240
0.0200
0.0159
0.0118
0.0077
0.0037
2.5
2.5
2
Y
Y/D
2
1.5
1.5
1
1
0.5
0.5
0
0
-2
-1
0
1
X/D
2
-2
-1
0
1
X
a.LIF visulization
b. PIV instantaneous result
c.mean velocity and turbulence intensity
Figure 5. LIF visaulization and PIV measurement results for the lobed jet mixing flow in the lobe peak slice (Re=6,000)
- 45 -
2
3.5
0.2 m/s
3.5
0.2 m/s
3
3
Turbulent Intensity
0.0851
0.0811
0.0770
0.0729
0.0689
0.0648
0.0607
0.0566
0.0526
0.0485
0.0444
0.0403
0.0363
0.0322
0.0281
0.0240
0.0200
0.0159
0.0118
0.0077
0.0037
2.5
2.5
2
Y
Y/D
2
1.5
1.5
1
1
0.5
0.5
0
0
-2
-1
0
1
X/D
2
-2
-1
0
1
X
a.LIF visulization
b. PIV instantaneous result
c.mean velocity and turbulence intensity
Figure 6. LIF visualization and PIV measurement results of the lobed jet mixing flow in the lobe side slice (Re=6,000)
a.X=10mm
b.X=20mm
c.X=30mm
d.X=40mm
e.X=60mm
f.X=80mm
Figure 7. LIF visulization of the lobed jet mixing flow in the serveral corss planes (Re=6,000)
- 46 -
2
a.X=40mm
b.X=80mm
b.X=120mm
Figure 8. LIF visulization of the circular jet mixing flow in the serveral corss planes (Re=6,000)
1
1
0.05m/s
0.5
0.05 m/s
0
-0.5
-0.5
-1
-1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
streamwise vorticity
Turbulent Intensity
0.0228
0.5
0.0218
0.0207
0.0197
0.0187
0.0176
0.0166
0.0155
0
0.0145
0.0134
0.0124
0.0113
0.0103
0.0093
0.0082
-0.5
0.0072
0.0061
0.0051
0.0040
0.0030
0.0019
0.5
0
0.05m/s
11.4674
10.2735
9.0797
7.8859
6.6920
5.4982
4.3044
3.1106
1.9167
0.7229
-0.4709
-1.6648
-2.8586
-4.0524
-5.2462
-6.4401
-7.6339
-8.8277
-10.0215
-11.2154
-12.4092
-1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
a. instantaneous velocity field b.mean velocity and turbulence intensity
c. mean streamwise vorticity
Figure 9. PIV measurement results in the cross planes of X=20 mm fort he lobed jet mixing flow (Re=3,000)
1
1
0.05m/s
0.5
0.05 m/s
0
-0.5
-0.5
-1
-1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
streamwise vorticity
Turbulent Intensity
0.0259
0.5
0.0247
0.0235
0.0223
0.0211
0.0199
0.0187
0.0175
0
0.0163
0.0151
0.0139
0.0127
0.0115
0.0103
0.0091
-0.5
0.0079
0.0067
0.0055
0.0043
0.0031
0.0019
0.5
0
0.05m/s
9.9464
8.9862
8.0260
7.0658
6.1056
5.1454
4.1852
3.2250
2.2649
1.3047
0.3445
-0.6157
-1.5759
-2.5361
-3.4963
-4.4565
-5.4167
-6.3769
-7.3371
-8.2973
-9.2575
-1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
a. instantaneous velocity field b.mean velocity and turbulence intensity d. mean streamwise vorticity
Figure 10. PIV measurement results in the cross planes of X=40 mm fort he lobed jet mixing flow (Re=3,000)
- 47 -
1
1
1
0.05m/s
0.5
0.05 m/s
0
-0.5
-0.5
-1
-1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
streamwise vorticity
Turbulent Intensity
0.0219
0.5
0.0209
0.0199
0.0190
0.0180
0.0170
0.0160
0.0151
0
0.0141
0.0131
0.0121
0.0112
0.0102
0.0092
0.0082
-0.5
0.0073
0.0063
0.0053
0.0043
0.0034
0.0024
0.5
0
0.05m/s
4.6079
4.1586
3.7094
3.2601
2.8108
2.3615
1.9122
1.4630
1.0137
0.5644
0.1151
-0.3342
-0.7834
-1.2327
-1.6820
-2.1313
-2.5805
-3.0298
-3.4791
-3.9284
-4.3777
-1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
a. instantaneous velocity field b.mean velocity and turbulence intensity c. mean streamwise vorticity
Figure 11. PIV measurement results in the cross planes of X=60 mm fort he lobed jet mixing flow (Re=3,000)
1
1
0.05m/s
0.5
0.05 m/s
0
-0.5
-0.5
-1
-1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
streamwise vorticity
Turbulent Intensity
0.0218
0.5
0.0208
0.0199
0.0189
0.0180
0.0171
0.0161
0.0152
0
0.0142
0.0133
0.0123
0.0114
0.0105
0.0095
0.0086
-0.5
0.0076
0.0067
0.0057
0.0048
0.0038
0.0029
0.5
0
0.05m/s
3.4375
3.0745
2.7115
2.3485
1.9855
1.6225
1.2595
0.8965
0.5335
0.1704
-0.1926
-0.5556
-0.9186
-1.2816
-1.6446
-2.0076
-2.3706
-2.7336
-3.0966
-3.4596
-3.8227
-1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
central line velocity (U/U0)
a. instantaneous velocity field b.mean velocity field and turbulence intensity
c. mean streamwise vorticity
Figure 12. PIV measurement results in the cross planes of X=80 mm fort he lobed jet mixing flow (Re=3,000)
1.1
1
0.9
0.8
circular jet
0.7
lobed jet
0.6
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
downstream distance (X/D)
Figure 13. Central line velocity decay of the circular jet flow and lobed jet mixing flow (Re=6,000)
- 48 -
4
LLSNd:YAG)
2D-LDV
Lobed Nozzle
D= 40mm
3D-PIV
23
60mm60mm
23
544mm
430mm
Figure 14. The optical set-up of the stereoscopic PIV system.
Y
Y
Z
-10
-20
-30
-20
-30
-10
20
10
0
-10
-20
-30
-20
-30
-10
0
Xm
m
W m/s
21.0896
20.0605
19.0314
18.0023
16.9732
15.9441
14.9149
13.8858
12.8567
11.8276
10.7985
9.7694
8.7403
7.7112
6.6821
5.6530
4.6238
3.5947
2.5656
1.5365
0.5074
Y mm
Y mm
10
X
30
W m/s
21.0896
20.0605
19.0314
18.0023
16.9732
15.9441
14.9149
13.8858
12.8567
11.8276
10.7985
9.7694
8.7403
7.7112
6.6821
5.6530
4.6238
3.5947
2.5656
1.5365
0.5074
20
0
Z
X
30
0
10
10
Xm
m
20
20
a. Instantaneous velocity
b. time average velocity
Figure 15. The measurement result of the stereoscopic PIV system at the X=20mm cross section of the lobed jet flow
Y
20
-10
-20
-30
Y mm
10
Z
X30
U m/s
22.00
20.90
19.80
18.70
17.60
16.50
15.40
14.30
13.20
12.10
11.00
9.90
8.80
7.70
6.60
5.50
4.40
3.30
2.20
1.10
0.00
25
20
10
0
Y mm
X30
0
Y
Z
-10
-20
-30
25
0
X mm
0
X mm
-25
-25
(a) lobe peak slice
(b) lobe trough slice
Figure 16. The measurement result of the stereoscopic PIV system in the axial slice of the lobed jet flow
- 49 -
U m/s
22.00
20.90
19.80
18.70
17.60
16.50
15.40
14.30
13.20
12.10
11.00
9.90
8.80
7.70
6.60
5.50
4.40
3.30
2.20
1.10
0.00
Y
Z
W m/s
21.551
20.082
18.613
17.144
15.675
14.207
12.738
11.269
9.800
8.331
6.862
5.394
3.925
2.456
0.987
-25
0
Xm
m
X
25
Figure 17. The three- dimensional flow field reconstruction of the lobed jet mixing flow based on the measurement results
of the stereoscopic PIV system
- 50 -