2409.17,6.2-6.4
Page 1 of 42
6.2 - FINANCING.
1. Appropriated Funds. Section 4 of the National Forest Management Act of 1976, Public Law 94-588 (16 U.S.C. 1601),
authorizes use of this appropriation. The R&SI funds (Reforestation and Stand Improvement) i.e. NFFV, limitation is within Forest
Land Management (FLM) and is a multi-year appropriation. It shall be considered a specific appropriation and shall be used to
exclusion of other general appropriations, such as Protection and Management Funds (P&M).
Reforestation and Timber Stand Improvement Funds are available to replant and otherwise treat National Forest Systems lands to
maintain them in appropriate forest cover with species of trees, degree of stocking, and rate of growth to benefit forest land
management objectives.
2. Knutson-Vandenburg Collections (K-V). Authority for requiring purchasers of National forest timber to make deposits to
finance the cost of sale area improvement is given in the Knutson-Vandenburg Act of June 9, 1930, (46 Stat. 527; 16 U.S.C. 276576B), and as amended by the National Forest Management Act of October 22, 1976, (Public Law 94.588).
The cutting, treating, or otherwise removing of undesirable trees or other growth is authorized. This work includes cultural work of all
kinds necessary to increase growth or improve the quality of the existing stand. Human, animal, insect, and disease control measures
that are accomplished coincident with the cultural operations and disposal of slash or other abatement of fire, insect or disease hazards
created by the cultural operation may be financed with K-V Funds. Protection of a resource after a cultural operation has been
completed shall be funded by the benefiting appropriated funds.
Form FS-2400-50, Sale Area Improvement and K-V Collection Plan, is the document which records resource activity needs and
supports the collection of K-V funds. The plan shall display all authorized K-V treatments needed within the timber sale area. The
plan shall be revised as needed to reflect changes in the amount, kind, or cost of Sale Area Improvement (SAI) work to be done on the
sale and/or the amount to be collected.
When the sale is closed, all uncompleted SAI work, including that which could not be financed with K-V funds, shall be added to a
work inventory and scheduled for accomplishment with K-V funds, appropriated reforestaion and tree improvement funds, and/or
other benefiting funding sources.
K-V funds will be used only within the sale area. Areas outside the sale should be treated with other funds. Projects must appear in
an approved SAI plan and be financed before K-V funds can be used.
After the close of the sale, K-V work should be completed as soon as possible. The maximum period for expenditures is 5 years. The
holding of K-V funds beyond the maximum time for the planned work requires approval of the Regional Forester for each SAI plan
involved.
6.3 - TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT METHODS. Stocking guides and density management theory and concepts are included in
Regional Supplements to Chapter 9, Stocking Guides, of FSH 2409.17. Included in chapter 9 are stocking charts by species and the
theory and application of Reineke's Stand Density Index.
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 2 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
Exhibit 01 displays a useful aid for the preparation, implementation, and monitoring of timber stand improvement projects. This aid
provides a cross reference of average stand diameter, basal area, trees per acre, tree spacing, and Reineke's Stand Density Index.
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 3 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
6.3 - Exhibit 01
Stand Density Relationship
BASAL AREA (SQ. FT.)
5
10
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
ASD
SDI
SPC
TPA
1
23
46
92 184 276 368 461 552 645 737 829 921 1013
7
5
3
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
916 1833 3667 7334 11M 15M 18M 22M 26M 29M 33M 37M 40M
1
2
17
14
229
35
10
448
70 140 209 279 349 419 489 558 628 698 768
7
5
4
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
916 1833 2750 3667 4583 5500 6417 7334 8250 9167 10M
2
3
15
21
101
30
15
203
59
10
407
119 178 237 297 356 415 475 534 594 653 712 772 831
7
6
5
5
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
874 1222 1629 2037 2444 2852 3259 3667 4074 4481 4889 5296 5704
3
4
13
28
57
26
19
114
53
14
229
106
10
458
159
8
687
212 265 317 370 423 476 529 482 635 688 841 794 847
7
6
6
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
3
916 1145 1375 1604 1833 2062 2291 2521 2750 2979 3208 3437 3667
4
5
12
34
36
24
24
73
48
17
146
97
12
293
145
10
440
194
9
586
242
8
733
290 339 387 435 484 532 581 629 677 726 774
7
7
6
6
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
880 1026 1173 1320 1466 1613 1760 1906 2053 2200 2346
5
6
11
41
25
22
29
50
45
21
101
90
15
203
135
12
305
180
10
407
225
9
509
270
8
611
315
8
713
360
7
814
405 450 495 540 585 630 675 720
7
7
6
6
6
6
5
5
916 1018 1120 1222 1324 1426 1527 1629
6
11
48
21
34
42
24
85
17
127
14
169
12
211
11
254
10
296
9
338
8
380
8
7
423
8
465
7
508
7
550
7
592
6
634
6
677
6
7
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 4 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
8
18
37
74
149
224
299
374
449
523
592
673
847
823
898
972 1047 1122 1197
10
55
14
20
39
28
40
28
57
80
19
114
120
16
171
160
14
229
200
12
286
240
11
343
281
10
401
321
10
458
361
9
515
401
9
572
441
8
630
481
8
687
521
8
744
561
7
802
601
7
859
642
7
916
8
6.3 - Exhibit 01--Continued
SDI
SPC
9
69
18
49
37
34
73
24
110
20
147
17
183
15
220
14
257
13
293
12
330
11
367
11
403
10
440
10
477
10
513
9
550
9
587
9
9
18
37
73
110
147
183
220
257
293
330
367
403
440
477
513
550
587
12
9
83
6
17
58
12
34
41
25
68
29
50
102
24
76
136
21
101
170
18
127
205
17
152
239
16
178
273
15
203
307
14
229
341
13
254
375
12
289
409
12
305
443
12
331
477
11
356
511
11
381
545
10
407
12
14
8
97
4
16
68
9
32
48
18
64
34
37
96
27
56
128
24
74
160
22
93
192
20
112
224
18
130
256
17
149
288
16
168
321
15
187
353
15
205
385
14
224
417
136
243
449
13
261
481
12
280
512
12
299
14
16
8
110
3
15
78
7
30
55
14
61
39
28
91
32
42
122
28
57
152
25
71
182
23
85
213
21
100
243
19
114
273
18
128
304
17
143
334
17
157
365
16
171
395
15
186
425
15
200
456
14
214
486
14
229
16
18
7
124
2
14
88
5
29
62
11
58
44
22
87
36
33
116
31
45
145
28
56
174
25
67
203
23
79
232
22
90
261
21
101
290
20
113
319
19
124
348
18
135
377
17
147
406
17
158
435
16
169
464
16
181
18
20
7
138
2
14
97
4
28
69
9
56
49
18
83
40
27
111
34
36
139
31
45
167
28
55
195
26
64
222
24
73
250
23
82
278
22
91
306
21
100
333
20
110
361
19
119
390
18
128
417
18
137
445
17
146
20
10
TPA
10
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 5 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
22
7
152
1
13
107
3
27
76
7
54
54
15
80
44
22
107
38
30
134
34
37
161
31
45
187
29
53
214
27
60
241
25
68
368
24
75
294
23
83
321
22
90
348
21
98
375
20
106
401
20
113
428
19
121
22
24
6
165
1
13
117
3
26
83
6
52
58
12
78
48
19
103
51
25
129
37
31
155
34
38
181
31
44
207
29
50
232
28
57
258
26
63
284
25
70
310
24
76
336
23
82
362
22
89
389
21
95
413
21
101
24
26
6
179
1
13
127
2
25
90
5
50
63
10
75
52
16
100
45
21
125
40
27
150
37
32
175
34
37
200
32
43
225
30
48
250
28
54
275
27
59
300
26
65
325
25
70
350
24
75
375
23
81
400
22
86
26
6.3 - Exhibit 01--Continued
SDI
SPC
TPA
28
6
193
1
12
136
2
24
97
4
49
68
9
736
56
14
97
48
18
121
43
23
146
39
28
170
36
32
194
34
37
219
32
42
243
31
46
267
29
51
291
28
56
316
27
60
340
26
65
364
25
70
389
24
74
28
30
6
207
1
12
146
2
24
103
4
47
73
8
71
60
12
95
52
16
118
46
20
142
42
24
165
39
28
189
37
32
213
34
36
236
33
40
360
31
44
284
30
48
307
29
52
331
28
57
354
27
61
378
26
65
30
5
10
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
BASAL AREA (SQ. FT.)
SDI
SPC
TPA
ASD
Reineke's Stand Density Index
Spacing Between Trees
Trees Per Acre
Average Stand Diameter
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 6 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
6.31 - Methods of Treatment.
There are several methods or tools available for accomplishing stand density management. This section deals primarily with
precommercial thinning, as commercial thinning is normally accomplished using commercial procedures. The tools of precommercial
thinning are essentially divided into hand, mechanical, chemical, and fire, using either force account (Forest Service hired) or service
contracts for a labor source. Timber stand improvement practitioners should use the Missoula Equipment and Development Center's
handbook "Equipment for Reforestaion and Timber Stand Improvement" as a reference.
1. Hand. Several tools are available for accomplishing this job, but most are very slow, expensive, and hazardous to use. This
method is usually confined to very small-sized, sapling-size trees and other vegetation. A partial list of common tools that are
generally available is shown below along with specific comments concerning their use:
a. Axe. Requires high operator skill and training. Dangerous in most areas, especially where footing is difficult or in
dense stands.
b. Pruning Shear. Requires minimal skill; easy and safe to operate; fast hand tool. Limited to maximum cutting diameters
of one and one half inches.
c. Machete. Requires very skilled operators. Dangerous in dense stands; requires good footing; moderately fast.
d. Brush Tool. Usually a "D" shaped bladeholder with a 4- to 6-inch replaceable blade and handle. Requires minimal
training; moderately safe even in dense stands.
e. Handsaws. Require low skill; slow to operate, especially in dense stands.
2. Powered Hand Tools. These tools are the most commonly used equipment. They are often not as safe to operate as
nonpower hand tools. They usually require some instructions and training to operate safely and efficiently.
a. Light Chain Saw. This is one of the most satisfactory thinning tools in current use. It can be equipped with either a
cutting bar or bow. Training and safety equipment are required.
b. Brush Cutters. This circular saw-cutting tool is useful for small dense stands less than 1-1/2 inches in diameter.
Training is required, especially in rocky terrain, as this machine is difficult to use and must be kept sharp. Brush cutters
are most appropriate in very dense stands.
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 7 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
3. Mechanical. Machines used in this category are either self-propelled or require a prime mover for their operation. These
machines flail or "chew-up" unwanted trees. Tree selection is poor because swaths of trees are removed. This method is most
appropriate in overdense, large seedling, or sapling-size stands that will stagnate without any expression of dominance. This
equipment is normally limited to slopes less than 35 percent.
Thinning is accomplished leaving narrow strips of trees for release and with later hand treatment to select the best residual trees.
Many fire-created, overdense stands are cheaply and efficiently treated using this method.
Some examples of machines can be found in the Missoula Equipment Development Center (MEDC) Handbook titled "Equipment for
Reforestation and Timber Stand Improvement."
4. Girdling. This method of killing trees is listed separately because trees are not severed from the stem. The girdlers
normally cut through the phloem into the xylem stopping the flow of nutrients, thus killing the tree. Be aware it may take more than
one year for a girdled tree to die depending on the tree species and quality of the girdling.
There are both powered and hand models of girdlers. The hand models take little skill to use, but are often limited to materials smaller
than 4 inches (one model takes to 14 inches). The powered models will handle larger materials. The major problem with girdling is
that the operator must get close to the tree and go around it.
Chain saws are sometimes effective girdling tools, but they require more skill and involve higher operator risk.
5. Chemicals. This method uses herbicides which are placed directly into, on, or around the bole of a tree. The liquid
herbicides are translocated and through various actions, depending on the chemicals, cause the tree to die.
Chemical injection like girdling kills the standing tree making it more useful for products such as posts, poles, and firewood. It also
has a delaying effect on the creation of ground slash, but may create aerial or other fuel problems. The advantage of chemicals is
primarily in thinning older, larger, precommercial stands where felling is difficult or not feasible.
The tools used are principally of two types: (1) the injectors which are long tubes with a cutting bit on one end, and (2) the "Hack and
squirt" hatchet-type which "frills" the tree at a convenient height and material is squirted into the "frill." Spraying the base of the tree
or the root crown is also possible in limited situations, and is referred to as "Basal Spraying." Equipment such as the "Spot-Gun" are
useful for this operation.
Specific equipment is outlined in the MEDC Handbook titled "Equipment for Reforestation and Timber Stand Improvement."
The herbicides used in chemical treatment vary with the target species, objective, method of application, time of year, off-target
effects, and associated other resources. Chemical effectiveness varies with species. In some cases, the limb structure of the trees to be
treated influences the tool to be used. Chemicals must be applied in accordance with label directions. Some chemicals may have
problems with "flash-back" or killing of untreated trees due to root contacts. Another problem may be that cattle cannot graze for 90
days following treatment. In each project proposal, the chemical thinning alternative should be analyzed for effectiveness.
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 8 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
Chemicals effective for thinning are shown in exhibit 01. Specific instructions for their use are contained on their labels.
Chemicals applied for thinning should be applied under the direct supervision of an appropriately licensed applicator. Each treatment
must have an evaluation made following the treatment. This evaluation should determine if objectives and requirements have been
met safely as well as cost effectively. During and following the project, safety programs should comply with monitoring programs.
6. Prescribed Fire. The use of propane torches to weed and clean may be a suitable alternative for thinning up to year 15.
Broadcast burning may be appropriate in some situations. Refer to section 6.34 for cautions when using these methods.
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 9 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
6.31 - Exhibit 01
Methods of Treatment
EXAMPLES OF CHEMICALS USED IN THINNING (INJECTION, CUT SURFACE, BASAL APPLICATION) 3/
Chemical
Herbicide (Common
Name)
Sample common trade
name
Species
Target
Formulation
Season
of
Category/
Relatively 1/ Oral
Application Persistence LD-50 Chemical/Grou
p
Use Precautions 2/
Dicamba
Banvel 40 W.S.
Hardwoods
and
Conifers
Dimethylamine
All
Medium
1040
III/General
Label safety
equipmentRestrict grazing
Glyphosate
Roundup
Hardwoods
and
Conifers
Isopropylamine
All
Short
4400
II/Glycine
Wear goggles and
gloves
Hexazinone
Velpar L.
Hardwoods
25% Water Late Winter to
Dispersible early Summer
Liquid
Medium
1690
III/Triazine
Wear goggles, and label
safety gear. Basal spray.
MSMA
Silvisar 550
Hardwoods
and
Conifers
Monosodiu
m acid
methanearsonate water
soluble
Fall and
Winter
Short
700
III/Arsenic
Wear protective clothingRequires urine monitoring
- Restrict grazing
Picloram w/2, 4-D
Tordon RTU
Hardwoods
and
Triisopropanolamie
Summer
Fall
Medium
Long
8200
III/General
NOT
Wear goggles
May cause flashback
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 10 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
Conifers
Triclopyr
GARLON4
Chemical
Herbicide (Common
Name)
Sample common trade
name
salts of
Picloram and
2, 4-D amine
salt
Hardwoods Butoxethyl
Basal Spray ester
Species
Target
RESTRICTED
All
Short
Medium
713
I/General
6.31 - Exhibit 01--Continued
Season
of
Category/
Relatively 1/ Oral
Formulation Application Persistence LD-50 Chemical/Grou
p
Wear goggles or face
shield and rubber gloves.
Basal spray.
Use Precautions 2/
2,4-D
DMA 4
Hardwoods
and
Conifers
Dimethylamine
Ethyhexyl
exter
May-Oct.
Short
300-800
IV/
Wear goggles.
Chlorophenoxy
Weed-Rhap 2-4D
FORMULA 40
Hardwoods
and
Conifers
Alkanolamin
e
May-Oct.
Short
300-800
IV/
Wear goggles.
Chlorophenoxy
2,4-DP
Weed
Hardwoods
and
Conifers
Butoxyethanol
ester
All
(Varies)
Short
300-800
IV/
Wear goggles.
Chlorophenoxy
1/ Persistence as half-life short < 1 month
Medium 1-6 months
2/ Always read the label and follow all use precautions and directions
3/ Not a complete list of recommended products.
Long > 6 months, under humid conditions
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 11 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
6.32 - Pruning and Release.
6.32a - Pruning.
Branches, live or dead, as they are incorporated into the stem of the tree form knots. Knots are one of the main lumber grade defects
which reduce the value of the finished product. Branches are removed by pruning, which in turn, over many years produces higher
grade knot-free wood. Two types of pruning have been classified: 1) natural pruning, and 2) artificial pruning.
1. Natural Pruning. Natural pruning usually takes place as a three step process. The first step involves the death of a branch.
The next step is the shedding of the dead branch and the last step is the healing over of the stub which is left after the branch is shed.
Natural pruning is a slow process. Some species of trees lose dead branches more slowly than others. Once the branch is shed, 10
years or longer is often required before the effects of the branch have stopped affecting the new wood. Natural pruning occurs much
more readily in dense stands of timber because the amount of light which falls on branches below the main crown of the tree is greatly
reduced in dense stands. This causes the branch to die. In ponderosa pine stands in the southwest, fire can also play an important role
in natural pruning when lower branches of the trees are killed.
When dead branches are incorporated into the wood of the stem, the quality of the wood is lower than that of the wood formed around
live branches. The reason for this is that a dead branch does not have any continuous fibers which connect it to the stem. This means
the knot will generally be loose. The wood of a live branch is connected by continuous fibers and this generally makes a much firmer
knot.
Intensively managed fast growing stands and trees grown in plantations most often have much less natural pruning than natural
unmanaged stands.
2. Artificial Pruning. Artificial pruning involves the removal of branches before they are naturally shed by the tree. Artificial
pruning can be done to remove just dead branches or it can be done to remove both dead and live branches. When pruning is done
properly, the scars left by the removal of green branches tend to heal more quickly and produce better quality "firm knots" than the
scars left by the removal of dead branches.
Selection of trees to be pruned in a stand is very important. Because of the time it takes to produce enough knot free wood to make
pruning profitable, only the best trees which are well spaced and will be carried to the end of the rotation should be pruned.
The maximum benefits of pruning are achieved when the whole first log has been pruned in several steps because the branches can be
removed when they are small and the scars heal quickly. If pruning is delayed until the first log can be pruned in one operation, many
of the lower branches may get larger than is desirable for the fastest healing of the scar.
The numbers of trees pruned should be based upon the number of trees per acre expected to be retained until the final harvest. These
trees should be marked for future reference, well documented in a silvicultural prescription, and recorded in an ongoing record
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 12 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
keeping data base. This is critical for tracking the value added in these trees. Trees should be pruned to a height of 9 or 17 feet. A list
of species priority must be developed for pruning tree selection.
6.32b - Release.
Release cuttings fall into three different categories: 1) cleaning, 2) weeding, and 3) liberation cuttings. All release cuttings are
designed to free desirable crop trees that are not larger than saplings from competing trees, brush, or grasses.
1. Cleaning. A cleaning is a treatment in a stand which is designed to release crop trees from trees of the same age, but
generally less desirable species that are directly competing with or overtopping the crop trees. This can be done by cutting, girdling,
and spraying. Cleanings do not generally remove all trees other than the crop trees but only the trees that are in direct competition with
the crop trees.
2. Weeding. Weeding is more of a general term than cleaning, and it denotes the removal of all vegetation that is competing
with crop trees. This includes brush, grass, and trees of undesirable characteristics both younger and older than the desired crop trees.
An example of weeding is the removal of heavy bunch grasses in an established plantation where the grass is strongly competing with
the seedlings and is likely to for some time in the future.
3. Liberation Cutting. This term denotes the treatment of older, overtopping, undesirable trees that are directly competing
with the crop trees not past the sapling size. This treatment is similar to a removal cutting in the shelterwood harvesting method,
except that the trees which are removed in liberation cutting are of less desirable species and were not left as a seed source. An
example of a liberation cutting would be the removal of overtopping pinyon pine and juniper trees from a ponderosa pine understory
in the ponderosa pine-pinyon/juniper transition zone.
6.33 - Fertilization.
Until research and administrative studies have been completed and the benefits, particularly economic, of fertilization are ascertained
for each species, no fertilization program should be undertaken. Fertilization is an expensive program requiring high rates of return.
6.34 - Prescribed Burning.
Prescribed burning is a powerful tool for use in protection and improvement of precommercial and commercial stands of timber. It
can also be a disaster if not properly used, burning thousands of dollars in current and future value. Prescribed burns can be used to
thin, weed, prune, and to some degree, sanitize stands of timber. All of these effects can improve a stand's condition. Prescribed
burning can also protect a stand both before and after a stand has been thinned. Highly experienced and knowledgeable personnel
must be used and the operation closely supervised both by fuels management and timber management, to ensure that the desired
results are being obtained.
Currently in most stands suitable for timber management, prescribed burning would not be the most desirable method of thinning
because of the lack of control of spacing and leave tree selections. It can, in some cases, also be more expensive than other methods
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 13 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
as well. In spite of some possible shortcomings, several other benefits may be obtained through burning. These benefits include the
removal of undesirable brush, ground fuels, lower limbs of remaining trees and release of nutrients tied up in dead organic material.
Fire also tends to discriminate against dwarf mistletoe infected trees.
6.4 - FORCE ACCOUNT AND SERVICE CONTRACT THINNING.
1. Tree Selection. Tree selection during the first thinning is the most influential management step in the development of a
managed forest. At this point, the greatest number of trees are cut, therefore, the greatest genetic influence is exerted. Species
composition can be greatly influenced at this stage. Crop tree species to be favored for the rotation are determined. The progress of
future thinnings is determined by the spacing developed. Insect and disease susceptibility can be influenced immediately as well as in
the future. The economic attributes of the stand are determined by the selection of specific trees.
Following are the basics in the leave tree or crop tree selection process:
a. It must meet the Forest Land Management Plan objectives and must be documented in the silvicultural prescription.
This requires that the silviculturist must develop specific leave tree selection criteria for each unit to be thinned.
b. Favor, for retention, trees that are dominant or codominant over intermediate or suppressed trees. Favor intermediate
trees over suppressed trees. This criteria is to be used when thinning from below.
c. Remove, to the extent possible, insect-infested or disease-affected trees. Particular attention should be paid to
removing dwarf mistletoe and rust-inffected trees. In all cases, those trees left that are insect or disease-inffected should
be capable of reaching merchantability standards by the next scheduled entry without seriously impairing the production
capabilities or management objectives of the stand.
d. Retain trees with mechanical damage, sweep, or forks if they are the only choices and are needed to to meet short term
objectives.
e. Select for the desired tree characteristics in the future, especially when stands will be naturally regenerated at rotation.
This means choosing trees with the following general characteristics:
(1) Rapid height growth - often expressed as the distance between limb whorls. (Lodgepole pine may have some
intermediate whorls which should be discounted.)
(2) Moderately long narrow, pointed, crown - indicates capability to efficiently use the available moisture/nutrients to
produce a given volume of bole area. At least 40 percent crown to overall length is needed to utilize the growing space
after thinning.
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 14 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
(3) Rapid diameter growth - expressed by a low number of rings/inch, or radial growth.
(4) Parallel, or nearly parallel, to the ground branch angle with a few small diameter limbs per whorl or bole section. This
characteristic increases the quality and strength of wood.
(5) Stem straightness and freedom from spiral - this tree type produces the highest quality lumber with high recovery.
(6) Self-pruning in lower bole area - trees should lose lower limbs rapidly after limb death allowing production of high
quality knot-free lumber.
(7) Remember there will be several more thinnings before rotation age is reached, so it is not necessary to remove all poor
quality trees during early thinnings. It is important to maintain stocking within desired limits.
The factors above should be used to develop the tree selection criteria.
There are a number of methods suitable for selecting the trees to be left in thinning. Basically, they fall into two categories. The first
and most common used is thinner selection. In thinner selection, the person that selects the trees to be left also completes the felling,
girdling, or injection of the nonselected trees. Generally, each person involved is provided training in the leave tree selection and
spacing requirements. Each person performs the selection process eliminating other unwanted trees. This method requires a relatively
high level of skill by each operator who understands the leave tree selection criteria and spacing requirements. The chance for
mistakes using this method is high if a complex silvicultural treatment is applied in a stand that has numerous tree selection problems
to deal with, such as insects or disease, plus multiple species with variable selection criteria.
To eliminate some of the problems associated with the thinner selection method, the marking method should be used. Marking should
be done by trained crews of qualified individuals. This helps to eliminate confusion in areas where complicated or difficult to apply
thinning prescriptions are used. The marking should be done by crews of up to eight persons, each working under the supervision of a
trained Forester or TSI culturist. Marking of leave trees is the best method to use because the positive attributes of each tree is
assessed. Spacing for the best trees is more easily retained.
During marking or thinner selection, the supervisor should place circular plots behind the crews to determine if the correct trees at the
right spacing are being left. When tree marking is done incorrectly, it should be corrected by using black paint over the yellow mark.
2. Crews and Equipment. Training of the thinning crew is the single most important job necessary to accomplish the thinning
project. There are several phases in the training of crews, the actual number depending on actual accomplishment of thinning.
Contractor crew training is not a Forest Service responsibility. The Contractor must provide adequate training to their crews.
The most overlooked phase of thinning that must be accomplished is demonstration of the need for the operation. Involved personnel
must be shown why thinning is a wise investment. This is accomplished using demonstration areas or previously thinned stands. This
step should illustrate the improved quality of products and the acceleration or maintenance of growth. Thinning crews are often
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 15 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
reluctant to thin as many trees as is required unless the demonstration also shows the difference in effect of proper and improper
spacing. This demonstration is needed for Foresters, crew supervisors, and crew members. It increases their interest and efficiency.
A second training task is development of the skills to implement the thinning instructions developed from the silviculture prescription.
This task may involve the training of a marking crew, described above, or the person performing the thinning, depending on the
method. Regardless of the method, the training should include application demonstrations, individual instruction in the application,
and early followup and review during the first part of the actual accomplishment phase. This often requires illustrating in drawing,
pictorial, or other graphic form, the desired, selected tree and stand characteristics.
The next step involves a look at what the area should look like when finished. This step may require that a person be shown an
appropriate marking or a previously treated area.
After ensuring that the person to be performing the operation is familiar with the requirements and tools, have the person do the
operation. In most cases, this requires the person to demonstrate for the instructor the capability of performing the operation by doing
it on a limited basis. In the thinner selection method, this means demonstrating for the crew person the progressive thinning
technique. This technique simply requires that the most obvious trees be treated or removed first; then in one or two additional
treatments, the best trees are left at the appropriate spacing. Use of this method is essential in dense stands. It is applied progressively
to small areas.
Last, and most importantly, followup closely with supervision and suggestions. By correcting errors early with most thinners or
markers, poor practices or habits will not develop. Beware of the development of short cuts during this period. Crew members will
often have different skill levels with some members trying to develop short cuts to allow them to keep up.
Emphasize the need for high quality accomplishment by inspecting after all crew members. Other things must also be emphasized:
Care during the thinning operation must be emphasized to avoid damage to leave trees.
The importance of cutting trees to the proper stump height or below the lowest live limbs.
Stump heights should never exceed 8 inches.
Tree treatment should be completed so that the tree is severed from the stump or treated so that it will die.
a. Crew Organization. Crew sizes vary with the type of treatment. Paired saw crew (two persons) is the most efficient
when chain saws are used. This allows each person to check on the other for accidents or problems.
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 16 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
For safety, each saw crew should be assigned separate units on which to work. Saw crews should be assigned work areas
of six to eight acres, with circular sawmen assigned areas of three to four acres. These sizes allow a margin of safety, but
are sufficiently close to allow quick access to help in case of an accident.
Field and shop maintenance is necessary for chain saws and other powered equipment. One person properly trained and
equipped with the necessary tools can service and repair five to ten saws on a daily basis.
A foreman should be provided to supervise each 5- to 10-person saw crew and be responsible for: (1) crew safety, (2)
assignment of work areas, (3) training, (4) quality and quantity of work performed, (5) daily accomplishment and cost
records, and (6) reports of accomplishment and other records, including computer records.
A working crew leader should be provided for each 2- to 4-person saw crew. A working crew leader's primary
responsibility is supervision, but often is required to perform all of the tasks shown above.
b. Equipment. Maintenance and repair of all equipment is the responsibility of the crew foreman and each crew member.
While the operation can be performed in a number of ways, the most important considerations are efficiency and safety.
In order to ensure that job performance is maintained, backup equipment is usually needed. As a safety measure, saw
safety chaps, eye protection and hearing protection will be worn while operating a chain saw. Section 3-9, 3-15, and 5-17
of the Health and Safety Code Handbook deal with other safety requirements. Snag felling during thinning will be done
by qualified individuals designated by the crew foreman. Personal protective gear, except nonskid boots, will be provided
by the Forest Service. Boots (non-skid), because they are worn for other than work-related activities, must be purchased
by the crew member.
Personal protective gear needed especially for each thinning method depends on the equipment to be used. The Health
and Safety Code Handbook (FSH 6709.11) shall be used to determine what personal protective equipment and clothing
are required for specific jobs. Prepare a job safety and health hazard analysis (form FS-6700-7) for all projects. This will
identify hazards and will identify any additional protective clothing needed.
Manufacturers or suppliers of equipment for various thinning methods can be found in the MEDC Handbook titled
"Equipment for Reforestation and Timber Stand Improvement."
3. Force Account Versus Contract. Up to the point when the thinning or other timber stand improvement project is ready for
contracting or is assigned to a force account crew, thinning costs are about the same. At this point, it is necessary to determine which
system of completing the work is most appropriate (see OMB Circular A-76). Several administrative contracts or procurement
methods are available for use such as Request for Proposals and Request for Quotes. These should be reviewed with administrative
services or contracting specialists before deciding on the most appropriate system.
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 17 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
After reaching this decision point in timber stand improvement projects, it is necessary to determine efficiencies, cost, and capabilities
under both force account and contracting systems. Force account's major drawback is usually cost/acre with its use becoming
unrealistic when compared with contracting under most circumstances. Outlined below is a brief comparison of why costs and other
factors favor contracting under most circumstances.
Force Account
Contracting
1. Season of Work
1. Season of Work
Summer crews consisting of temporary
employees may be used. Often, this is a
shared work crew with other duties such as fire
suppression.
Work is accomplished during the best work
season. If work is accomplished at some less
efficient time, this is the Contractor's choice
resulting in low rates no matter what season.
The fixed rate of payment results in no cost
difference even in poor working conditions.
When work on timber stand improvement is
secondary, it may not be accomplished.
Use of "made up" winter crews for "work
season extension" often results in low
production rates/person-hour, frequent snow
removal, poor work conditions, and longtraevl
times are common. Normal pay scales are
higher than necessary.
2. Crew Organization
2. Crew Organization
Normal crew - five people with crew leader.
Crew leader is responsible for training,
checking, and record keeping.
Contractor and one or two assistants-Contractor is a production person and foreman.
Crew wages, although controlled by law, are
often on a "piece work" basis with high
incentives toward production. Performance
pay often given for quality levels and
longevity. A trained COR(s) is required.
3. Hours of Work
3. Hours of Work
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 18 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. or a fixed schedule
often with much nonproductive travel time per
day. Paid holidays, sick and annual leave, and
other amentities.
Usually arranged to get the most production
from "piece work" basis. Fewer paid holidays,
less sick leave, shorter vacation leave.
4. Camp
4. Camp
Requires per diem payments in tent or other
camp facilities that must be maintained.
Cooks or other facilities required WCF
(Working Capital Fund) program
establishment.
Tent, trailer, or other mobile facility. Easy to
set up and move. Live near work site.
5. Equipment
5. Equipment
Crew people not normally skilled in repair or
extra maintenance of equipment requiring
employment or purchasing of those skills.
Requires the purchase and maintenance of tools,
plus safety equipment even for a small
operation.
"Piece work" is incentive to keep equipment
well maintained and in working order. Usually
hires persons with moderate maintenance skills.
Breakdowns usually of short duration and chain
saws sharpened at home on own time.
Employer has few obligations on furnished
equipment.
6. Other
6. Other
Requires a specific amount of mandatory
Personnel required little training or supervision;
training and normal equipment training resulting highly productive personnel retained while
in weekly and daily affects on productivity.
nonproducers can be easily dismissed. A
Contracting Officers Representative (COR) and
Inspectors must be trained (FSH 6309.11,
Contract Administration Handbook).
4. Preparation of the Area. The following items must be completed for either contracting or force account thinning projects:
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 19 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
a. Area layout. Boundaries of project area must be determined and delineated with flagging and/or paint. Some paint is
required with boundary signs for contracting to ensure control.
Changes in work conditions or items which cause a change in application procedures should be delineated separately,
especially protection or modified treatment areas. Units should be as homogeneous as possible to aid in the administration
and development of programs.
b. Sample marking should be accomplished on a small area to demonstrate the treatment standard. These areas should
serve as a standard of accomplishment. The demonstration area should represent the standard of work, plus the standard
of accomplishment.
c. A map, photo, or orthophoto portrayal of the project area will be prepared. As a minimum, it will show access roads,
boundaries, total acreage, road restrictions, stand and compartment numbers, unit or area designation, special protection,
township, range, section, and scale.
The following are additional work items to be completed for contracting:
a. Annually update anticipated projects for contracting on the Advanced Acquisition Plan.
b. The first step in the contracting process is to contact the Contracting Officer to develop the strategy to determine the
best and most effective method for contracting. Next a proposed contract should be prepared in draft on the Ranger
District, checked by Forest Supervisor's staff specialist for management details, approved special supplements should be
added, and a final detailed contract prepared by the contract specialist or Contracting Officer.
c. Special contract supplemental clauses must be reviewed and approved by the Regional Office Vegetation Management
and Acquisition Staffs before inclusion into the contract package. (Regional Staffs invloved in vegetation, forestry, and
contracting are named uniquely in each Region.)
d. A prebid showing can be planned and held prior to the bid date. This may be from 1 week to 1 year prior to the bid
opening when bid guarantees are required.
e. Bid guarantee justification statements must be obtained and approved prior to advertisement.
f. Comparable monetary wage-fringe benefit rates must be determined prior to advertisement of the contract.
g. A vicinity area map will be prepared showing general locations of items (subitems), roads, and adjacent towns. This
map supplement the project map.
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 20 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
h. Determine and secure the items that will be furnished by the government.
i. Determine if salvage will be available to the Contractor and determine appropriate removal and accounting system.
j. Determine the contract time in days for completion of items or subitems. Provide a confidential cost analysis of each
bid item to the Contracting Officer to be used in determining reasonableness of the bid and justification for award.
k. Determine inspection plot size and procedure to be used. Identify contract inspectors and representatives. Check
bidders for minimum qualifications.
l. Prepare a fire plan and include in final solicitation.
m. Commit funds on a Request For Contract Action (6300-4) or Requisition (AD-700).
5. Preparation of Contract. A standard tree thinning contract has been developed. This contract should be used at all times
when thinning is accomplished by hand tools. This nonpersonal service contract shall contain the standard Federal Acquisition
Regulations (FAR) specifications, clauses, forms, and attachments contained or discussed in Exhibits 01 and 03. The contract should
be prepared with the aid of a contracting officer using the Federal Acquisition Regulations.
A standard FAR contract format does not provide for all the practices common to Regions 1-4. Supplemental specifications have been
developed to deal with these common practices and situations. Approved Regional supplemental specifications to the contract
standard provisions are shown in Exhibit 03. These approved specifications may be used according to the instructions provided
without Regional approval.
Forests can develop additional supplemental specifications as needed for the standard thinning contract. All of these technical
supplemental specification changes must, however, be approved by the Directors of Timber Management and Administrative Services
before they are used. This shall normally require a 1-month review period.
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 21 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
6.4 - Exhibit 01
Force Account and Service Contract
Standard Tree Thinning Contract
Contents
The following items are part of the Standard Tree Thinning Contract package. These are
mandatory standards for all hand-tree thinning contracts. The package should, as a minimum,
contain these items, forms, clauses, and specifications. Exhibit 03 contains the approved
Regional supplements, some of which need to be included:
INCLUDED FORMS OR INSTRUCTIONS
For requesting contract action over $100m submit a Request for Contract Action (6300-4), and
for contract actions less than $100m submit a Requisition (AD-700). Submit a Standard Form
(SF) 36, SF-36B, or SF-18.
Included information needed for Sections B-L. If the contract award is based upon criteria other
than price alone include Evaluation Criteria Section M.
Prepare and submit a cost estimate for planned contract action (see Exhibit 02).
If you have any questions concerning the contract preparation contact the Contracting Officer.
PART I - THE SCHEDULE
SECTION B - SUPPLIES OR SERVICES AND PRICES/COSTS
OPTIONAL - Contractor Furnished Equipment and Supplies
(Continuation sheets, Standard Form 36. Should contain the following:)
B-1.
Furnish all equipment, labor, supplies, supervision, transportation, and incidentals to
perform precommercial tree thinning and work in accordance with the specifications
contained herein.
(Instructions: Under this should be subitems or items, including the names shown on the project
maps. Under quantity, the acreage for each subitem or item shall be listed. Under the unit
heading, Acres or Hectares shall be shown. The designation under unit price should be arranged
to show the way subitems or items are to be bid and awarded.)
OPTIONAL - Bid Limitations
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 22 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
6.4 - Exhibit 01--Continued
To protect the bidder from being obligated for more work than can be accomplished, the bidder
may qualify their bids by completing the following statement. Bids containing any qualification
other than as stated below will be considered nonresponsive: "I do not wish to be considered for
award of more than $
total dollars or
acres of work. I do not wish to be be
considered for less than $
total dollars or
acres of work."
PART I - THE SCHEDULE
(Instructions: Develop with Contracting Officer to ensure appropriate technical specifications
are included.)
SECTION C - DESCRIPTION OF WORK/WORK STATEMENT
REQUIRED
C-1
.Scope of Contract
Example: This contract requires tree thinning, slash treatment, and related work in
compliance with its terms, specifications, and provisions. This includes furnishing labor,
equipment, supervision, transportation, operating supplies, and incidentals except those
items listed as government-furnished property.
REQUIRED
C-2.
Location/Description
Example: The work site is located in: (Describe legal location, description of how to get
to the site, and access to specific units. Include any walk-in or other site problems.
Describe how unit boundaries are designated i.e. ribbons, signs, or roads. If roads are
used, show on the project map.)
C-3.
List of Specifications (Specifications Attached)
(Instructions: This is where the technical and other procedural standards are placed.)
OPTIONAL - Salvage Option
(See other clauses to control salvage in Exhibit 03 under Salvage Option.)
Salvage will be permitted under this contract. Any such material shall become the property of
the Contractor on a salvage rights basis and may be removed from the project provided project
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 23 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
work is progressing as scheduled and removal is completed prior to requesting payment for the
unit. Rights to any material not removed from the project prior to expiration of contract time
shall revert back to the government.
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 24 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
6.4 - Exhibit 01--Continued
Part I, Section C (Continued)
OPTIONAL - Equipment Authorizations
(Instructions: Indicate specific equipment authorizations or permits required in this area.)
Use of motorized equipment other than hand-held equipment such as power saws and brush
cutters will not be permitted off designated roads in the project area.
OPTIONAL - Leave Tree Description
(See Exhibit 03 for acceptable alternative clauses. Included is a highly recommended contract
provision named "Best Tree". "Best Tree" provides an alternative to rigid spacing contracts.)
Leave trees shall generally be those of the greatest height, largest crown, and straightest stems
that are free of damage due to insects, disease, physical, or mechanical causes. The Contractor
shall select leave trees in the following priorities:
1. Leave all conifer trees which exceed specified maximum d.b.h. cut limit.
2. Select additional leave trees from healthy undamaged conifers under specified maximum
d.b.h. cut limit as necessary to achieve average spacing specified. Spacing may be varied
up to percent to select the most desirable tree. However, spacing control, using the
original guides, shall be maintained whenever possible. The number of trees per acre
shall not be materially increased or decreased.
(Instructions: Alter percent to get appropriate select tree. The variation is 25 percent, but can
vary 25 to 80 percent as needed to address disease or other situations.)
3. If no healthy undamaged tree exists at the required spacing interval, leave tree with minor
damage.
OPTIONAL - Leave Tree Description
Within categories 2 through 3 above, selection will be made in the following priority order:
1. The tallest tree.
2. (See Exhibit 03 for other options.)
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 25 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
6.4 - Exhibit 01--Continued
Part I, Section C (Continued)
OPTIONAL - Cut Tree Specifications
All trees other than leave trees shall be cut below the lowest live limb, except when prevented by
natural obstacles. All live limbs below the cutting point shall be removed. Trees shall be
completely severed from the stump. Stump height shall not exceed
inches above
ground level or
inches above natural obstacles.
OPTIONAL - Minimum Cut Tree Height
All trees less than
feet tall are exempt from cutting in this contract.
OPTIONAL - Thinning Slash Treatment Specifications
1. Cut trees shall be felled away from unit boundaries, roads, telephone lines, established
trails, stock driveways, fence lines, established land corners, and streams.
2. All thinning slash shall be placed on or near the ground surface so that it will not lean
against or be suspended by an uncut tree.
3. Girdling shall be performed on items or subitems. (See options in Exhibit 03.)
OPTIONAL - Thinning Slash Treatment Specifications
Thinning slash remaining on (items or subitems) shall be treated in accordance with one of the
following methods:
1. All piles shall be constructed as compactly as possible with heavier material placed on top
and covered with waterproofed material. Some limbing may be required to construct a
compact pile. Size of material to be piled and the size of the pile shall be:
a. Piles shall be located a minimum distance from live trees and physical structures. The
minimum distance shall be
feet.
b. If conditions make it impracticable to locate piles as specified, an alternate location
shall be designated by the Contracting Officer.
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 26 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
c. Piles shall not be made on roads, in drainage ditches, within the channel of any stream,
or on down logs or stumps.
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 27 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
6.4 - Exhibit 01--Continued
Part I, Section C (Continued)
d. Covering of piles, both as to methods and materials, shall be as follows (see Exhibit
03 for options):
2. Chipping shall consist of slash disposal by means of a mechanical chipper. Chips shall be
scattered on the project area or hauled from National Forest Land. Chips shall not be
scattered in ditches, streams, or on roadbed surfaces or be allowed to accumulate to a
depth of more than
inches. (See Exhibit 03
for options.)
3. In those units requiring bucking, all cut trees and limbs over 10 feet in length and in
excess of 3 inches in diameter shall be cut into a maximum of 6-foot length from the butt
end and a maximum of 10-foot lengths for the remainder of the tree. (See Exhibit 03 for
option.)
4. In those units requiring lopping, the limbs larger than 1 inch in diameter 1 inch from the
trunk shall be cut from the trunk of felled trees to achieve a slash depth. Slash depth shall
not exceed
inches from ground line to the top limbs.
5. (see Exhibit 03 for pull-back.)
Definitions
The following definitions are provided to aid in understanding:
Average Spacing - The average of the distances between all leave trees necessary to provide the
desired number of leave trees per acre.
Bole - Tree trunk or main stem of a tree.
Buffer - A wide strip of uncut trees separating or bordering sensitive areas such as streams or
riparian zones.
Co-dominant - Trees that are not as tall as dominants, with crowns receiving overhead light.
They may be confined laterally by dominants and usually make up the main canopy with the
dominants.
Conifer - A cone-bearing tree with needles.
Crook - A defect in trees, consisting of an abrupt curvature or bend.
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 28 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
Crown - That portion of a tree which has green needles or leaves.
Cull Trees - For the purpose of this contract, cull trees are defined as: (add description for this
contract).
6.4 - Exhibit 01--Continued
Part I, Section C (Continued)
Cut tree - Trees designated to be cut down.
D.B.H. (Diameter Breast Height) - Diameter of the trunk measured at a point 4-1/2 feet above
the ground level on the uphill side of a tree.
Damage - Includes any defect or deformity of a tree resulting from agents such as wind, snow,
animals, insects, disease, and equipment, and evidenced by such things as dead or broken tops or
trunks, crooks, and deep scars.
Dominant - Trees that are somewhat above the general level of the canopy and are exposed to
full sunlight from above and to a certain extent laterally.
Excess Trees - Uncut trees that do not meet specifications and should have been cut.
Excessive Damage - Contractor-caused damage to leave trees in excess of contract
specifications. Excessive damage will include damage to the bole of the tree where the wood is
exposed, broken out tops, root damage as evidenced by lean or splitting of the bole, and any tree
pushed out of the soil.
Existing slash - Debris created prior to work under this contract (both natural and as a result of
previous operations).
Girdling - A cut through the bark and cambium tissue completely encircling the tree trunk for the
purpose of killing the tree.
Hangup Tree - Any tree with one end suspended more than 3 feet off the ground.
Intermediate - Trees that are definitely subordinate in position receiving direct sunlight only
through holes in the canopy. All trees of this class are subject to strong lateral competition.
Leave Trees - Any tree that is selected or required to be left standing as provided in the
specifications.
Live limb - A woody stem that exceeds 2 inches in length with green needles or leaves growing
from the tree bole.
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 29 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
Lopping - Cutting limbs and boles of trees to reduce depth of slash created by felled trees.
Minor Damage - Crooks in the trunk which are offset less than 3 inches from the long axis and
within 13 feet of the ground, no forks, broken top, or bark damage extending more than onefourth of the circumference of the tree.
6.4 - Exhibit 01--Continued
Missing Leave Trees - Those trees cut that should have been left.
Pull-back - Pulling thinning slash, by hand methods, back into thinned unit to clear roadway,
drainage ditches, culverts, stream channels, trails,etc.
Part I, Section C (Continued)
Riparian - Vegetation bordering watercourses, lakes, bogs, and seeps.
Roads - The area between the outside edges of the fillslope and backslope.
Sanitation - The felling, pruning, or girdling of disease infected or disease susceptible trees to
protect residual trees from infection.
Shrub - A woody plant with no main stem which does not usually grow higher than seven feet
(i.e., brush).
Slash - Limbs and trunks of downed trees and brush.
Spacing - The horizontal distance from the trunk of one leave tree to the trunk of the next nearest
leave tree.
Sweep - Gentle curve any where in the bole of the tree.
Thinning - The removal of excess trees in order to accelerate growth on selected residual trees by
reducing competition for soil moisture, nutrients, and sunlight.
Thinning slash - Debris created from work under this contract, including all cut trees and shrubs
(tops, trunks, branches).
REQUIRED - Fire Precautionary Period and Fire Requirements
During the fire precautionary period, the specific safety measures described below are applicable
to the contractors operation. The Contracting Officer will by written notice, extend the fire
precautionary period if justified by unusual weather or other conditions.
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 30 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
The fire precautionary period is (date) to (date) inclusive.
Required tools and equipment shall be kept in serviceable condition and immediately available
for firefighting at all times during the Contractor's operation in the fire precautionary period.
(Instructions: Establish the fire precautionary period based on applicable state laws or
conditions. Call State Forester's Office to obtain closures. Consult with Fire Management Staff
on needed restrictions.)
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 31 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
6.4 - Exhibit 01--Continued
Part I, Section C (Continued)
(Instructions: The following specifications are mandatory:)
Contractor shall prohibit smoking and the building of fires by persons engaged in Contractor's
operations, except at established camps. Contracting Officer may, on written request of
Contractor, designate places where: (1) Camp fires may be built for the purpose of heating
lunches; or (2) smoking may be permitted. Such designated places shall be cleared of flammable
material to mineral soil prior to use.
Contractor shall clear and maintain an area free of flammable material for a distance not less than
15 feet from tents and other structures connected with the Contractor's operation.
Contractor shall furnish fire tools, of a kind and type, satisfactory to the government for fire
suppression, sufficient to equip each person engaged in the Contractor's operation.
OPTIONAL - Fire Requirements For Permitted Salvage
(Instructions: Use in all contracts where salvage is permitted.)
Each tractor, power skidder, loader, and motor truck shall be equipped with one size 0 or larger,
round-pointed shovel. Shovels shall be placed so as to be readily accessible at all times.
REQUIRED - Fire Equipment
Each gasoline power saw shall have a spark arrester-muffler affixed and in good working
condition. Said spark arrester-mufflers shall be of the construction and maintained to the
proposed standards approved by the Forest Service. In addition, one chemical pressurized fire
extinguisher not less than an 8-ounce capacity by weight, and one size 0 or larger round-pointed
shovel, shall also be provided. The spark arrester-muffler, extinguisher, and shovel shall be
maintained in good working order. The shovel and extinguisher shall be readily available.
OPTIONAL - Storage of Flammable Materials
Gasoline, oil, grease, and other highly flammable material shall be stored in a separate building
or on a site where all flammable debris has been cleared away within a radius of 25 feet. Storage
buildings shall be more than 50 feet or more from other structures. A suitable shovel and dry
sand in a covered container of not less than 25-gallon capacity or fire extinguisher with a
minimum 2-quart capacity approved by Underwriter's Laboratories for gasoline and oil fires
shall be provided at each gasoline and oil shed.
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 32 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
6.4 - Exhibit 01--Continued
PART I - THE SCHEDULE
All mobile servicing units shall be equipped with a 2-quart minimum capacity UL-approved
(gasoline and oil fire) extinguisher.
OPTIONAL - Slash Treatment
(Instructions: Use the statements concerning slash only when slash treatment is bid separately.)
Slash treatment must be completed on each unit as thinned. Contractor shall not start thinning a
new unit until the slash treatment on the unit just thinned is completed; or
Slash must be treated within
days after it is created; or
Salvage material made available to the Contractor can, with prior arrangement with the
Contracting Officer, be removed until (date); or
Salvage material made available to the Contractor can, with prior arrangement, be removed for
(number) calendar days following completion of the
items.
(Instructions: Prepare with the Contracting Officer.)
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 33 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
6.4 - Exhibit 01--Continued
SECTION E-1 - INSPECTION OF SERVICES--FIXED PRICE
(Instructions: Include appropriate FAR clauses.)
SECTION E-2 - INSPECTION AND ACCEPTANCE
REQUIRED - Inspections
A. The Contracting Officer shall make periodic inspections. The Contractor or his
representative is encouraged to observe the inspection and will receive inspection
summaries upon request.
REQUIRED - Inspection Plot Size and Sample
B. (Plot size to be specified.)
A series of plots distributed over the entire unit sufficient to yield at least a 1-percent
sample of each unit shall be taken. (See Exhibit 03 for clause and instructions for
preparation.) Plot centers shall be marked and numbered.
REQUIRED - Inspection Quality Evaluation
C. Each plot shall be examined to record findings on Form 2400-4 (See Exhibit 04) for the
items listed below:
1. Acceptable Tree and Trees Above Maximum DBH (Columns 3 and 4) - Includes
acceptable leave trees and trees above the maximum DBH designated for not cutting. The
total of Columns 3 and 4 must not exceed the maximum acceptable trees per plot (S1 and
S2).
2. Credit for Nonstocked Spots (Column 4) - Includes the number of spots nonstocked on
individual plots that are not stocked due to insufficient original stocking or a missing tree
cut because of insects and disease (S3 and S4).
3. Surplus Trees and Trees Species Ignored (Column 5) - Includes surplus of acceptable
trees above the maximum allowable trees per plot. (S2 and **). (Note that the symbols
"**" means the tree species is not included for thinning.)
4. Category "A" Trees (Columns 6 and 7) - Includes leave trees cut and leave trees left
not meeting contract specifications (A1-A5).
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 34 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
5. Category "B" Trees (Column 8) - Includes excess trees that should have been cut and
stumps with live limbs (B and B1).
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 35 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
6.4 - Exhibit 01--Continued
Part I, Section E (Continued)
6. Category "C" Trees (Column 9) - Includes trees not completely severed from stump,
hang-up trees, high stumps, trees left with excess damage and disease, trees not girdled,
and trees improperly girdled (C1-C7).
REQUIRED - Thinning Quality Calculation
D. Upon inspection of all plots for a unit, the quality of thinning shall be calculated as
follows:
1.00 -
_
_
|
|
| Col. 6 + Col. 7 + Col. 8 |
|
Col. 3 + Col. 4
|
|_
_|
X 100 = Percent Quality
REQUIRED - Category "B" Trees
E. When inspection results are below * percent and CATEGORY "B" TREES constitute
any part of the deficiency, payment shall not be made until excess tree deficiency has
been corrected. Inspections after rework will be made in the same manner as the first
inspection but on different plot lines. The Contractor shall pay for inspections
necessitated by the rework.
* - Instructions: The minimum acceptable thinning quality is described under SECTION
G. CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION DATA.
REQUIRED - Category "C" Trees
F. The total number of CATEGORY "C" TREES shall not exceed * trees per acre.
Payment will not be made until the deficiency has been corrected and thinning quality is
above the minimums. The Category "C" Trees are not included in the thinning quality
calculation because these deficiencies are generally not critical to the primary stocking
objectives for the thinning project.
* - Needs to be completed by preparer of contract. A reasonable amount would be 5
percent of the target stand trees per acre.
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 36 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
6.4 - Exhibit 01--Continued
Part I, Section E and F. (Continued)
REQUIRED - Reinspection
G. If the original inspection results are unacceptable to the Contractor and a second
inspection is requested without rework, the same inspection procedure will be used.
However, the inspection pattern will be shifted. If the second inspection shows less than
5 percent variance from the first inspection, the Contractor shall pay the cost of the
second inspection, and the result of the first inspection shall be used in determining
payment. Requests for reinspection must be made in writing.
OPTIONAL - Acceptance of Slash Treatment
Acceptance for slash treatment will be determined by an inspection of the areas requiring
treatment and will be based on adherence to the specifications. Nonconformance with any of the
specifications shall classify the treatment as unsatisfactory and rework shall be done by the
contractor is required to bring the treatment up to specification standards.
PART I - THE SCHEDULE
(Instructions: Vary the specifications or clauses as necessary, and coordinate with Contracting
Officer for requirements.)
SECTION F-1 - DELIVERIES OR PERFORMANCE
(Instructions: Include as appropriate using the current FAR contract provisions.)
SECTION F-2 - DELIVERY
REQUIRED - Contract Time Requirement by Contract Item/Subitem
Item
(or Subitem)
Estimated
Beginning Date
Contract Time
1.1
(Date and Year)
(Calendar Days)
The Contractor shall maintain progress at a rate which will assure completion of work within the
calendar time specified above.
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 37 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
The Government will issue a Notice to Proceed as soon as weather and ground conditions are
favorable for work. The count of contract time will start on the date contractor signs the Notice
to Proceed.
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 38 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
6.4 - Exhibit 01--Continued
PART I - THE SCHEDULE (Instructions: Include applicable FAR clauses.)
SECTION G - CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION DATA
REQUIRED - Administration
A-
(Number as appropriate.)
The acreages were measured on a horizontal plane within the established boundaries.
The Contractor may at any time after award but before final invoice is submitted, request
remeasurement of any treatment area. The request will be made in writing.
Remeasurement must be made within the established boundaries of the treatment area.
If remeasurement indicates a variance of 5 percent or less from the acreages stated in the
contract, the Contractor shall pay for the actual cost of remeasurement, and no adjustment
shall be made in the acreage.
If remeasurement indicates a variance greater than 5 percent from the acreages stated in
the contract, payment will be based on the remeasured acreage, and the government will
pay for the remeasurement.
After inspection of completed acreage, the Contracting Officer will calculate the pay rate.
Pay Rates On Site Classes I-IV. The pay rate will be calculated by multiplying the
number of acres times the contract unit price per acre when the quality of the thinning is
equal to or greater than 95 percent. If thinning quality is below 95 percent but not less
than 90 a reduced payment will be made at a rate calculated by multiplying the number of
acres times the actual thinning quality times the contract unit price. No payment will be
made if thinning quality is below 90 percent.
Pay Rates On Site Classes V-VII. The pay rate will be calculated by multiplying the
number of acres times the contract unit price per acre when the quality of the thinning is
equal or greater than 90 percent. If thinning quality is below 90 percent but not less than
85 a reduced payment will be made at a rate calculated by multiplying the number of
acres times the actual thinning quality times the contract unit price. No payment will be
made if thinning quality is below 85 percent.
Pull-back and lopping will be considered incidental to thinning, and no separate payment
shall be made.
Payment will be made monthly or as agreed to with contractor at the unit price shown on
the Schedule, Section B (develop Schedule in Section B.)
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 39 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
6.4 - Exhibit 01--Continued
PART I - SECTION G AND H.
SECTION G (Continued)
OPTIONAL - Prework Meeting
Prior to commencement of work, the Contracting Officer shall arrange a meeting with the
Contractor to discuss the contract terms and work performance requirements. Also at this
meeting, such things as work progress schedule and fire prevention and suppression plans shall
be developed and established in writing.
(Include specifications dealing with all or parts of items, estimated beginning date, contract
times, rate of progress, and notices to proceed.) Optional.
SECTION H - SPECIAL CONTRACT REQUIREMENTS
(Instructions: This portion is prepared primarily by the Contracting Officers with technical
assistance. This area has several required specifications.)
1. Wage Determination.
PART II - CONTRACT CLAUSES
SECTION I - CONTRACT CLAUSES
(Instructions: This section is primarily prepared by the Contracting Officer with minor
assistance by the technical representatives.)
PART III - LIST OF DOCUMENTS, EXHIBITS, AND OTHER ATTACHMENTS
SECTION J - LIST OF ATTACHMENTS
Vicinity Map
(Instructions: Project maps shall show the general vicinity on a map(s) and units on other
map(s)).
The following items must be shown on the Project Maps:
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 40 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
1. Slash Treatment Areas and Type of Treatment
2. Roads and Road Number
3. Unit Boundary
6.4 - Exhibit 01--Continued
PART III, SECTION J (continued)
4. Streams
5. Unit Name
6. North Designation
7. Road Restrictions
8. Areas Requiring Special Protection or Having Special Restrictions
9. Township and Range Numbers
10. Scale
11. Solicitation Number
and Bid Item Number
.
PART IV
SECTION L - INSTRUCTIONS, CONDITIONS, AND NOTICE TO OFFERS
(Instructions: The Contracting Officer is primarily responsible for this section; however, some
optional notices are available and are shown below:)
OPTIONAL
(Instructions: If bonding or other form of security is desireable contact the Contracting Officer.)
Bid Guarantee - A bid guarantee of 20 percent of the total bid price shall accompany the bid.
Payment Bonds* - The Contractor shall furnish a payment bond or equivalent in the amount
of 25 percent of the contract price.
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 41 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
Performance Bond* - The penal amount of performance bond or equivalent shall be 25
percent of the original price.
* The percentage may be varied after consultation of the Contracting Officer and Program
Manager.
R3 SUPPLEMENT 2409.17-99-1
EFFECTIVE DATE: 03/31/1999
DURATION: This supplement is effective until superseded or removed
2409.17_6.2_6.4
Page 42 of 42
FSH 2409.17 – SILVICULTURAL PRACTICES HANDBOOK
CHAPTER 6 – TIMBER STAND IMPROVEMENT
6.4 - Exhibit 01--Continued
PART IV, SECTION L (continued)
A Forest Service guided tour of the area(s) will leave the
Ranger Station,
(CITY)
,
(STATE), at (TIME) . Those participating in the tour may wish to bring their
lunch.
The function of the Forest Service guide is to show the on-the-ground location of the work areas,
boundaries, other in-place markers, and the routes of travel that may be utilized in going to and
from the work areas.
Bidders who are unable to attend this showing may view the work areas on their own. Maps and
directions to the area may be obtained from the above Ranger Station.
OPTIONAL - Prebid Showing Not Feasible
The work areas covered by this solicitation are not accessible at this time; however, a prebid
showing of the sites was held last fall.