Going North
Mexican Immigrants in Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee
Beata D. Kochut, Research Analyst
Jeffrey M. Humphreys, Director
Selig Center for Economic Growth
Terry College of Business
The University of Georgia
1
2
Introduction
This study of Mexicans and Mexican-Americans showcases how they help to shape a state’s
economic profile. The authors use pertinent data for Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Tennessee to
crystallize the overall image of this vibrant people, and in so doing, show how integral Mexicans are to
the communities in which they live.
Most attention is focused on Georgia, which has a sizable Mexican population. Although economic
issues are key, some demographic issues also are discussed.
The Selig Center for Economic Growth gratefully acknowledges the support provided by the
Consulate General of Mexico in Atlanta and the sponsorship provided by the Institute of Mexico.
About the Authors
Beata D. Kochut received her Masters Degree in Political Science from Poland’s Warsaw University in
1983, and a Master of Arts in History from the Louisiana State University in 1989. Since joining the Selig
Center for Economic Growth in 1994, she has co-authored the Georgia Statistical Abstract and the Economic
Yearbook for Georgia’s MSAs, and contributed articles to the Georgia Business and Economic Conditions
and the Georgia Economic Outlook publications. Ms. Kochut is a regular contributor of demographic and
economic data to Georgia Trend magazine, and an author of studies on transaction processing, biotechnology,
and Georgia’s ports.
Jeffrey M. Humphreys, director of the Selig Center, is widely known for his work in market research,
economic forecasting, transportation, and economic development. He is best known, however, for his economic forecasts and detailed estimates of the spending power of minorities. Dr. Humphreys is a member of the
Governor’s Council of Economic Advisors and is a columnist for Georgia Trend magazine.
The authors gratefully acknowledge Lorena Akioka, who skillfully edited and produced this final report,
and Mary Evans for her help in formatting the tables.
Going North copyright ©2006 by the Selig Center for Economic Growth. All rights reserved.
3
4
Going North
Mexican Immigrants in Georgia
5
The following discussion is based primarily on the analysis of the public use micro-data sample (PUMS), which
is prepared from the responses to the 2004 American Community Survey. Because of the additional statistical
procedures used to produce this sample, PUMS data differ from the published, pre-tabulated American Community
Survey (ACS) data. The Survey itself is mailed to a selected number of addresses in every state: the Georgia data
are based on 12,646 household interviews. The public use micro-data sample is a statistically valid selection of data
from these interviews. Standard error estimates are presented in the Appendix.
The survey-based data are self-reported, and differ from the information based on government or establishment
data. Income data are tabulated according to the Survey’s unique subject definitions, which are not the same as
those used in other data sets, including the decennial census of population and housing.
GEORGIA
Population overview
The analysis of data from the 2004 American Community Survey (ACS) sheds new light on the lives of 390,579
Georgia residents who declare Mexican origin, either by birth, or by culture. The data show that the Mexican
community in Georgia is a relatively young, hard working group of newcomers, who arrived here during the
unprecedented economic and population boom of the mid-1990s. These new workers relieved the tight labor markets
of the Nineties, especially in the construction and hospitality industries.
According to the ACS, 390,579, or 4.6 percent of Georgia’s residents were either born in Mexico, or reported
Mexican origin. The 2000 Census reported that 3.4 percent of the state’s residents were of Mexican origin. Between
2000 and 2004, the number of residents of Mexican origin increased by 115,291, or 41.9 percent, which is the
seventh largest number increase in the nation, following California, Texas, Arizona, Illinois, Colorado, and Nevada.
Table 1. Population by Hispanic Origin, Georgia, 2004
Population
Percent of total
Not Hispanic
Mexican
8,004,532
93.3
390,579
4.6
Other Hispanic
185,196
2.2
Total
8,580,307
100.0
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on U. S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, PUMS, 2004.
Although the total number of Mexicans in Georgia comprises only 4.6 percent of the general population in
2004, in several age categories that percentage is much higher. For example, over 8 percent of those in the 25-to-34
age bracket are Mexican,; among those 20-to-24 years old, 7.3 percent are Mexican; and, most importantly, 7.2
percent of children under 5 years of age are Mexican.
Hispanics as Percent of Total Population, by Age,
Georgia, 2004
Percent
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
84
m
or
e
74
an
d
to
85
75
64
to
65
59
to
60
54
to
55
44
to
45
34
to
35
25
to
24
19
to
20
to
15
10
to
14
9
Other Hispanics
to
5
5
Un
de
r
Mexican
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on U. S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, PUMS, 2004.
6
Mostly foreign born, the 25-to-34 year olds are by far the largest age group among Mexicans in Georgia. By
age distribution, this group constitutes a much larger portion of the community (27.8 percent), than the 18.9 percent
national average. Conversely, those 45 and older make up only 8 percent of the Mexican community in Georgia
compared to the 17.5 percent national average.
Age distribution, population of Mexican origin, United States,
Georgia, 2004
30.0
25.0
20.0
US
15.0
GA
10.0
5.0
m
or
e
84
85
an
d
to
to
75
to
to
74
64
65
60
to
59
54
55
44
45
to
to
35
to
34
24
25
20
to
19
14
15
to
to
10
5
Un
de
r
5
9
0.0
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on U. S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, PUMS, 2004.
Of the 390,579 Mexicans in Georgia, 133,831 (34.3 percent) are U.S. citizens by birth, 11,872 (3 percent) are
naturalized U.S. citizens, and 244,876 (62.7 percent) are not U.S. citizens. In 2004, Georgia ranked tenth in the
nation based on the total number of people of Mexican decent, but ranked fifth based on the number of Mexicans
who are not U.S. citizens, following only California, Texas, Arizona, and Illinois.
In 2004, 82.6 percent of Georgia’s 47,893 children of Mexican origin under 5 years old were born in Georgia,
and another 13.1 percent were born elsewhere in the United States. Next on the age scale, in the smaller (37,953)
group of 5-to-9 year olds, 78.1 percent were born in the United States, and 21.9 percent were born outside of the
country. The percentage of foreign born increases to 41.7 in the 10-to-14 year old group, and to over 90 percent in
the population of those who are between 25 and 44 years old. The percentage of foreign born who are 55-to-64
years old also exceeds 80 percent.
In 2004, 41 percent, or 106,350 Mexican immigrants who resided in Georgia reported 2000 or later as their year
of entry into the U.S., 42.6 percent (110,399) entered the United States between 1990 and 1999, 12.7 percent
(32,972) came between 1980 and 1989, and the remaining 3.7 percent (9,520) arrived before 1979. In contrast, the
Mexican migration to some other states began in the 1950s, and has remained very high throughout the decades that
followed. As a result, Mexican communities in California, Arizona, and Texas have a mix of long-timers and
newcomers, and many more American-born residents of Mexican origin. (See Tables 2 and 3).
School enrollment
Nationally, over 90 percent of the school-age Hispanic population (5-to-19 years old) are enrolled in schools
(2003 Current Population Survey), but the number drops to just over 14.2 percent for the 20-to-30 year olds, compared
to over 24 percent for the total population in that age group, a trend mirrored by the data in the 2004 American
Community Survey. While 93 percent of the school-age non-Hispanics in Georgia were enrolled in 2004, only 77.3
of Mexican youths went to school. Moreover, while over 20 percent of non-Hispanic 20-to-30 year olds were in
college, only 7.1 percent of Mexicans sought higher education.
The Georgia Department of Education reports that 121,252 Hispanic students were enrolled in the state’s K-12
public schools in 2004. The American Community Survey’s number (108,117), however, is over 10 percent below
the official enrollment figures—a difference that may be the result of the ACS undercounting the actual numbers,
sampling errors, and to the fact that the counts were taken at different times of the year.
According to the 2004 ACS, the largest number of Mexican students is enrolled in grades 1-through-4 and 5through-8 (25,947, and 24,668, respectively). The number of Mexican students in high schools is much lower:
19,780. Among the non-Hispanic students, roughly the same number (about 470,000) is enrolled in each of the
7
Table 2. Hispanic Residents by Year of Entry into the United States, 2004
Before 1950
1951 to 1979
Year of Entry, Mexican
1980 to 1989
1991 to 1999
Area
2000 to 2004
Total
Number
Georgia
United States
0
85,938
9,520
1,930,913
32,972
2,384,055
110,399
3,777,579
106,350
2,191,356
259,241
10,369,841
41.0
21.1
100.0
100.0
Percent
Georgia
United States
0.0
0.8
Before 1950
3.7
18.6
12.7
23.0
42.6
36.4
Year of Entry, Other Hispanic
1951 to 1979
1980 to 1989
1991 to 1999
Area
2000 to 2004
Total
26,782
1,276,838
103,082
7,108,125
26.0
17.7
100.0
100.0
Number
Georgia
United States
1,045
100,760
17,720
1,934,861
20,188
1,687,971
37,347
2,107,695
Percent
Georgia
United States
1.0
1.4
17.2
27.5
19.6
23.9
36.2
29.6
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on U. S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, PUMS, 2004.
Foreign born Mexicans in Georgia, by year of entry, 2004
Georgia
19
59
an
d
be
fo
re
19
62
19
65
19
68
19
71
19
74
19
77
19
80
19
83
19
86
19
89
19
92
19
95
19
98
20
01
20
04
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5,000
0
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on U. S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, PUMS, 2004.
8
Table 3. School Enrollment by Age, Georgia, 2004
Percent enrolled in
public or
private school
or college
Not enrolled in the
past 3 months
Enrolled in
public school
or college
Enrolled in
private school
or college
127,098
119,619
958,693
1,187,456
3,149,056
57,203
1,440,867
180,701
61,585
48,165
61,229
147,241
62,580
25,228
23,319
48.2
93.0
20.2
6.8
2.2
Under 5
5 to 19
20 to 30
31 to 40
41 and older
12,899
22,242
104,488
90,037
40,569
5,770
73,351
5,615
218
878
275
2,211
2,316
577
184
31.9
77.3
7.1
0.9
2.6
Other Hispanic Under 5
5 to 19
20 to 30
31 to 40
41 and older
3,443
4,040
28,856
33,019
50,801
2,023
34,766
3,556
1,770
1,111
3,289
3,168
3,656
1,126
619
60.7
90.4
20.0
8.1
3.3
143,440
145,901
1,092,037
1,310,512
3,240,426
64,996
1,548,984
189,872
63,573
50,154
64,793
152,620
68,552
26,931
24,122
47.5
92.1
19.1
6.5
2.2
Hispanic origin
Age
Non-Hispanic Under 5
5 to 19
20 to 30
31 to 40
41 and older
Mexican
Total
Under 5
5 to 19
20 to 30
31 to 40
41 and older
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on U. S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, PUMS, 2004.
grade groups (1-to-4, 5-to-8, and 9-to-12). Nationally, the percentage of Mexican youths enrolled in high schools is
also smaller than in the lower grades, but the drop is not nearly as steep.
The relatively small number of Mexican and other Hispanic students in high school partially can be explained
by the higher dropout rates among these populations. According to the Georgia Department of Education, the high
school dropout rate of 7 percent for Hispanic students exceeds the all-student average of 5.1 percent. Other factors
illustrate the point: while 26.5 percent of Mexicans between 6 and 10 years old were foreign born, the number
climbs to 47.5 percent for the 11-to-16 year olds, and to 71.7 percent for the 17-to-19 year olds. In fact, 34.3 percent
of high-school aged Mexicans in Georgia arrived from Mexico between 2000 and 2004, and a large percentage of
them sought work and never enrolled in schools. While 70 percent of American-born Mexican teenagers are enrolled,
only 31 percent of their foreign-born counterparts are in school.
The number of Mexican students in both elementary and high schools is likely to increase, with a large group of
American-born children of Mexican parents preparing to enter the education system within the next five years.
Currently, there are 47,893 Mexican children under the age of five—7.2 percent of the total population in that age
group in Georgia—which is a much higher percentage than in any other school-age group in the state in 2004.
Employment
In 2004, 197,351 Mexicans were employed in Georgia, which constitutes 4.8 percent of all employed civilians
in the state. Nationally, that proportion is much higher: 8 percent. In contrast, 3.6 percent of Mexicans over 16 years
old are unemployed in Georgia, compared to the 4.9 percent average of the total population in this age group. But
the actual unemployment rate—or the percentage of the unemployed among those in the civilian labor force—is
much lower for Mexicans than for the general population (4.8 percent for Mexicans compared to 7.3 percent for the
state as a whole). Nationally, the overall unemployment rate (7.2 percent in 2004) is much lower than for Mexican
workers (9.1 percent). The unemployment rates as reported by the American Community Survey are much higher
than other estimates due to differences in sample size and wording of survey questions.
9
Also, the percentage of the Mexican population aged 16 or older who are in the labor force is higher in Georgia
than the national average. Among other things, this statistic points to the fact that fewer Mexican youths stay in
high school and continue to college. It is important to note, however, that compared to the foreign born, more of the
American-born teenaged Mexicans in Georgia are in school or in the military services, and only a small percentage
is unemployed.
Compared to non-Hispanic workers, more Mexicans in Georgia are wage and salary employees in private
establishments (72.6 percent of non-Hispanic and 86.5 percent of Mexicans), but the opposite is true in the case of
government employment, where only 1.9 percent of Mexican workers find jobs, compared to 15.6 percent of the
non-Hispanics. Nationally, 9.7 percent of workers of Mexican origin are government employees, compared to 15.5
percent of non-Hispanics.
In Georgia, 11 percent of working Mexicans are self-employed, 7,744 own incorporated businesses, and 17,664
are in unincorporated businesses. Only 10.6 percent of non-Hispanics in Georgia are self-employed. Nationally, 6.8
percent of Mexican workers are self-employed, compared to 10.7 percent of non-Hispanics. Most Mexican
unincorporated businesses are in construction, followed by professional and personal services, manufacturing and
retail. Among the incorporated businesses, construction also tops the list, followed by transportation and professional
services.
Industry impact
Although employed by every major industry sector, the bulk of Mexican workers in Georgia is concentrated in
just five industries: over 90 percent of them hold jobs in construction, manufacturing, entertainment, services, and
trade. Within industry sectors, construction and production workers, cleaners, and food preparation workers are the
four largest occupational groups among Mexicans civilians (29.8 percent, 16.9 percent, 15.7 percent, and 9.4 percent,
respectively), although thousands of Mexicans report working in transportation-related occupations, as well as
office, sales, and managerial trades. In comparison, among the non-Hispanic workers, office and administrative
support occupations are the largest group, followed by sales, managerial, and production and operations workers
(15.1 percent, 12.1 percent, 9.7 percent, and 7.3 percent, respectively). Among non-Mexican Hispanics, construction
workers are the largest occupational group at 20.4 percent, followed by 12.1 percent in managerial occupations,
10.6 percent in office work, 8.3 percent in production, and 8.1 percent in sales occupations.
Table 4. Employed Civilians by Industry Sector, and Hispanic Origin, Georgia, 2004
Industry Sector
Not Hispanic/Latino
Number
Percent
Construction
275,328
Manufacturing
480,416
Recreation
284,460
Professional services 371,239
Retail trade
451,257
Wholesale trade
148,727
Service industries
196,768
Agriculture
42,693
Transportation
212,911
Medical
305,111
Social and
community services 80,071
Finance
259,991
Administration
224,242
Utilities
45,345
Information
114,735
Education
289,541
Mining
8,705
Total
3,791,540
Mexican
Other Hispanic/Latino
Total
Number Percent Number
Percent Number
Percent
7.3
12.7
7.5
9.8
11.9
3.9
5.2
1.1
5.6
8.0
62,192
33,713
29,468
19,295
16,654
9,760
7,938
4,874
3,906
2,860
31.5
17.1
14.9
9.8
8.4
4.9
4.0
2.5
2.0
1.4
19,503
11,973
6,014
6,321
7,557
3,339
6,614
NA
4,681
2,783
22.5
13.8
7.0
7.3
8.7
3.9
7.6
0.0
5.4
3.2
357,023
526,102
319,942
396,855
475,468
161,826
211,320
47,567
221,498
310,754
8.8
12.9
7.9
9.7
11.7
4.0
5.2
1.2
5.4
7.6
2.1
6.9
5.9
1.2
3.0
7.6
0.2
100.0
2,414
1,325
1,193
816
403
378
162
197,351
1.2
0.7
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.1
100.0
1,733
6,079
3,565
360
1,850
4,144
NA
86,516
2.0
7.0
4.1
0.4
2.1
4.8
0.0
100.0
84,218
267,395
229,000
46,521
116,988
294,063
8,867
4,075,407
2.1
6.6
5.6
1.1
2.9
7.2
0.2
100.0
NA Not available.
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on U. S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, PUMS, 2004.
10
Table 5. Employed Civilians by Hispanic Origin as Percent of Industry Total Employment, Georgia, 2004
Non-Hispanic
Construction
Agriculture
Entertainment
Manufacturing
Wholesale trade
Professional services
Service industries
Retail trade
Social and community services
Mining
Transportation
Utilities
Medical
Administration
Finance
Information
Education
All industries
77.1
89.8
88.9
91.3
91.9
93.5
93.1
94.9
95.1
98.2
96.1
97.5
98.2
97.9
97.2
98.1
98.5
93.0
Percent of all employed
Mexican
Other Hispanic
17.4
10.2
9.2
6.4
6.0
4.9
3.8
3.5
2.9
1.8
1.8
1.8
0.9
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.1
4.8
5.5
0.0
1.9
2.3
2.1
1.6
3.1
1.6
2.1
0.0
2.1
0.8
0.9
1.6
2.3
1.6
1.4
2.1
Total
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on U. S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, PUMS,
Construction, manufacturing, and the entertainment (hotel/motel, recreation and food service) industries are the
three largest employers of Mexicans in Georgia: 31.5 percent or 62,192 Mexicans work in construction (the proportion
is even higher among the foreign-born Mexicans), 17.1 percent (33,713) hold manufacturing jobs, and 14.9 percent
(29,468) work in lodging, food services, and related areas. This trend mirrors national averages, although nationally,
Mexican workers are more dispersed among industries. For Georgia’s non-Hispanics, the three largest employers
are manufacturing, which provides12.7 percent of jobs, retail trade with 11.9 percent, and professional services
with 9.8 percent.
The ethnic composition of the industry workforce offers an additional insight into the impact of Mexican and
other Hispanic workers on the employment demographics in Georgia. A look at the Hispanic workers’ share of
industry employment points to construction, agriculture, and entertainment as the industries most affected by the
presence of Mexicans and other Hispanic workers.
Mexicans and the Construction Boom
The construction industry is the prime example of Mexican workers’ impact on the state’s economy. 1996 was
a watershed year in Mexican migration to Georgia, with at least 10,000 Mexicans arriving each year since then. The
peak occurred in 2000, when over 25,000 new arrivals began looking for jobs. Most found work in the construction
industry, which employed 62,192 Mexicans, or 31.5 percent of Mexican workers in the state in 2004. These workers
held 17.4 percent of construction jobs in the state, and together with other Hispanics held close to a quarter (23
percent) of all construction jobs in Georgia.
The new migrants found work quickly in this rapidly expanding industry, which between 1996 and 2004 built
71,414 homes a year on average in Georgia. Nonresidential construction activity was also brisk in the years leading
to and following the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, and the area became a hot market for real estate and construction.
As reported by the Economic Census, the 1997-2002 percentage increases in the number of construction firms,
the number of employees, and sales were considerably higher in Georgia than the U.S. average. Georgia employers,
however, were better able to contain the cost of labor, and the average annual pay in construction increased by little
more than half of the national average rate of increase.
In 2004, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that the annual average construction pay in Georgia was
$38,431. According to ACS, 69.7 percent of construction workers—and 80.1 percent of the Mexican construction
workers—in Georgia made between $10,000 and $30,000 a year. This relatively low labor cost was in part facilitated
by the influx of over 81,000 Hispanic workers, over 80 percent of who were on the lowest rungs of the pay scale.
11
Table 6. Growth in Georgia’s Construction Industry, 1997-2002*
Georgia
1997-2002 change in:
Establishments
Sales ($1000)
Payroll ($1000)
Paid employees
Average annual pay ($)
Number change
2,361
12,779,722
2,164,574
57,311
2,378
Percent change
United States
Number change
Percent change
13.2
44.7
46.2
34.9
8.3
53,873
337,974,541
80,107,540
1,528,229
4,604
8.2
39.4
46.0
27.0
15.0
*Establishments with payroll.
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on 1997 and 2002 Economic Census.
Table 7. Annual Wages in Construction, by Hispanic Origin, 2004
$10,000 to $30,000
Non-Hispanic/Latino
Number
Percent
$31,000 to $50,000
Over $50,000
Total
182,561
66.3
53,125
19.3
39,642
14.4
275,328
100.00
Mexican
Number
Percent
49,815
80.1
11,540
18.6
837
1.3
62,192
100.0
Other Hispanic/Latino
Number
Percent
16,629
85.3
2,058
10.6
816
4.2
19,503
100.0
Total Hispanic
Number
Percent
66,444
81.3
13,598
16.6
1,653
2.0
81,695
100.0
249,005
69.7
66,723
18.7
41,295
11.6
357,023
100.0
Total
Number
Percent
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on the data from American Community Survey, PUMS, 2004.
The influx fueled Georgia’s construction boom during the tight labor market of the late 1990s, and helps it sustain
a steady growth now.
Georgia’s booming construction industry is a unique example, however, and should not be automatically applied
to other industries that employ large numbers of Hispanic workers. The entertainment and leisure industry, for
instance, did not increase its rate of sales or employment as fast as construction did, but its average wages—albeit
low—were very close to the national average.
Wages
A review of annual wages reveals that 84.5 percent of Mexican civilians employed in Georgia make $30,000 or
less, compared to the 57.5 percent of the non-Hispanic workers, and 39.2 percent of Mexicans earn between $10,000
and $20,000 a year.
Although the majority of Mexican construction workers find themselves at the lower end of the industry pay
scale, a relatively large group (19.9 percent) takes home an average wage of $30,000 or more, including 1.3 percent
who earns more than $50,000.
12
Annual Civilian Wages, Mexican and Non-Hispanic Workers, 2004
Percent
45.0
40.0
Non Hispanic
35.0
Mexican
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
$1
0,
00
$1
0
or
0,
00
le
ss
0
to
$2
$2
0,
0,
00
00
0
0
to
$3
$3
0,
0,
00
00
0
0
to
$4
$4
0,
0,
00
00
0
0
to
$5
$5
0,
0,
00
00
0
0
to
$6
$6
0,
0,
00
00
0
0
to
$7
$7
0,
0,
00
00
0
0
to
$8
$8
0,
0,
00
00
0
0
to
$9
$9
0,
0,
00
00
0
0
to
$1
$1
00
00
,0
00
,0
00
or
m
or
e
0.0
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on the data from American Community Survey, PUMS, 2004.
Table 8. Manufacturing Wage Ranges, by Wage Range and Hispanic Origin, Georgia, 2004
Not
Hispanic/Latino
Wage range
10,000 or less
10,000 to 20,000
20,000 to 30,000
30,000 to 40,000
40,000 to 50,000
50,000 to 60,000
60,000 to 70,000
70,000 to 80,000
80,000 to 90,000
90,000 to 100,000
100,000 or more
Total
Number
42,794
88,337
113,967
72,607
50,502
35,854
20,912
16,961
8,664
11,248
18,570
480,416
Mexican
Percent
Number
Percent
8.9
18.4
23.7
15.1
10.5
7.5
4.4
3.5
1.8
2.3
3.9
100.0
7,294
17,422
4,972
2,679
0
186
224
661
0
275
0
33,713
21.6
51.7
14.7
7.9
0.0
0.6
0.7
2.0
0.0
0.8
0.0
100.0
Other
Hispanic/Latino
Number
453
2,183
3,450
1,604
1,680
195
1,334
0
0
280
794
11,973
Total
Percent
Number
Percent
3.8
18.2
28.8
13.4
14.0
1.6
11.1
0.0
0.0
2.3
6.6
100.0
50,541
107,942
122,389
76,890
52,182
36,235
22,470
17,622
8,664
11,803
19,364
526,102
9.6
20.5
23.3
14.6
9.9
6.9
4.3
3.3
1.6
2.2
3.7
100.0
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on the data from American Community Survey, PUMS, 2004.
While manufacturing production workers in Georgia make an average of $27,227 a year (based on a 40-hour
per week/52-week scale), 73 percent of the Mexican workers earn $20,000 or less in annual wages (compared to
27.3 percent of non-Hispanics), 22.7 percent make between $20,000 and $40,000, and the remaining 4.1 percent
earn $50,000 a year or more. Over 70 percent of the Mexican workers have relatively low-paying jobs in food
processing, textiles, and wood, paper, and furniture manufacturing; the remaining 30 percent are employed in better
paid, durable goods manufacturing. Only about 4.1 percent of Mexican workers—most of who are in paper
manufacturing—make more than the $41,473 average annual wage in manufacturing.
Over 90 percent of those in the recreation, amusement and other entertainment industry, the third largest employer
of Mexican workers, report less than $20,000 in annual wages, compared to 74.1 percent of non-Hispanics, and
52.3 percent of other Hispanics.
13
Income
Georgia’s Mexican residents reported $4.7 billion in personal income in 2004, which constitutes 2.4 percent of
the state’s total money income of $195.6 billion. The personal income reported by the American Community Survey
is lower than other personal income estimates, however, because it excludes capital gains, money received from the
sale of property, and the value of in-kind income such as food stamps and public housing, and some types of lump
sum receipts. As such, it corresponds closely to money income.
Compared to total personal income as reported by the Georgia Department of Revenue, money income represents
about 77 percent of income in Georgia. So, based on income figures supplied by the ACS and data from the Georgia
Table 9. Money Income and Population in Georgia, by Hispanic Origin, 2004
Money Income
Dollars
Percent
Non-Hispanic
Mexican
Other Hispanic
Total
186,781,123,561
4,700,002,690
4,146,419,373
195,627,545,625
Population
95.5
2.4
2.1
100.0
Number
Percent
8,004,532
390,579
185,196
8,580,307
93.3
4.6
2.2
100.0
Source: American Community Survey, 2004.
Table 10. Estimated State Taxes Collected in Georgia, by Hispanic Origin, 2004
Personal Income
Non-Hispanic
Mexican
Other Hispanic
Total
$242,669,320,000
$6,098,496,000
$5,336,184,000
$254,104,000,000
Taxes per
thousand dollars
of personal
income
Non-Hispanic
Selective sales tax
General Sales and Use Tax
Personal Income tax
Estate taxes
Property taxes
Other
Other taxes and fees
Taxes Collected, 2004
Mexican
Other Hispanic
Total
906,234,648
4,902,078,966
6,829,822,178
65,674,480
64,463,467
437,649,311
567,787,257
3.57
19.29
26.88
0.26
0.25
1.72
2.23
865,454,089
4,681,485,412
6,522,480,180
62,719,128
61,562,611
417,955,092
542,236,831
21,749,632
117,649,895
163,915,732
1,576,188
1,547,123
10,503,583
13,626,894
19,030,928
102,943,658
143,426,266
1,379,164
1,353,733
9,190,636
11,923,532
51.97
12,611,656,511
316,942,153
277,324,384 13,205,923,048
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on data from the Georgia Department of Revenue, 2004 Statistical Report;
American Community Survey, 2004.
Department of Revenue, Georgia’s Mexican taxpayers should have contributed personal income tax of $316,942,153
in 2004, or 2.4 percent of the state’s total income tax collections (excluding corporate income tax).
Wages and salaries income comprises the bulk of income for Mexican respondents (88.4 percent of total income,
compared to 78.7 percent for non-Hispanic and 82 percent for other Hispanics). The portion provided by selfemployment (8.4 percent) is larger than it is for non-Hispanics (6.3 percent), but smaller than for other Hispanics
(11.7 percent). Compared to other groups, Mexican respondents reported that only a relatively small portion of their
income is derived from supplemental Social Security and public assistance.
14
Table 11. Money Income by Source and Hispanic Origin, Georgia, 2004
Source of Income
Total
Amount
Percent
Total person’s income
195,627,546
Wages or salary income
154,576,354
Self-employment income
12,632,234
Interest, dividends, and
net rental income
6,069,549
Retirement income
8,265,995
Social Security income
9,488,251
Supplementary Security Income 700,686
Public assistance income
126,410
All other income
3,768,066
Income (in thousands of dollars)
Non-Hispanic
Mexican
Amount
Percent Amount Percent
100.0 186,781,124
79.0 147,022,997
6.3 11,750,518
3.1
4.2
4.9
0.4
0.1
1.9
6,036,457
8,157,578
9,408,749
693,789
124,838
3,586,197
Other Hispanic
Amount Percent
100.0
78.7
6.3
4,700,003
4,152,687
394,887
100.0
88.4
8.4
4,146,419
3,400,670
486,829
100.0
82.0
11.7
3.2
4.4
5.0
0.4
0.1
1.9
6,959
43,702
35,159
3,838
971
61,800
0.1
0.9
0.7
0.1
0.0
1.3
26,133
64,715
44,343
3,060
601
120,068
0.6
1.6
1.1
0.1
0.0
2.9
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on data fromAmerican Community Survey, 2004.
15
16
Going North
Mexican Immigrants in Alabama
17
The following discussion is based primarily on the analysis of the public use micro-data sample (PUMS), which
is prepared from the responses to the 2004 American Community Survey. Because of the additional statistical procedures used to produce this sample, PUMS data differ from the published, pre-tabulated American Community
Survey data. The Survey itself is mailed to a selected number of addresses in every state: the Alabama data are
based on 7,162 household interviews. The public use micro-data sample is a statistically valid selection of data from
these interviews. Standard error estimates are included in the Appendix.
The survey-based data are self-reported, and differ from the information based on government or establishment
data. Income data are tabulated according to the American Community Survey’s unique subject definitions, which
are not the same as those used in other data sets, including the decennial census of population and housing.
ALABAMA
Population overview
The analysis of data from the 2004 American Community Survey (ACS) puts the number of residents who
declare Mexican origin, either by birth, or by culture in Alabama at 66,798, or 1.5 percent. The 2000 Census
reported that 1 percent or the state’s residents were of Mexican origin. Between 2000 and 2004 the number of
residents of Mexican origin increased by 22,276, or 50 percent. While the number increase ranks twenty-fifth in the
nation, the percentage change ranks seventh, following Connecticut, Delaware, Arkansas, Maryland, Kentucky, and
Virginia (none of them exceeding a 3.5 percent Mexican share of total population).
Table 1. Population by Hispanic Origin, Alabama, 2004
Non-Hispanic
Population
Percent of total
Mexican
4,328,443
98.0
Other Hispanic
66,798
1.5
Total
19,318
0.4
4,414,559
100.0
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on American Community Survey, PUMS, 2004.
Although the total number of Mexicans in Alabama composed just 1.5 percent of the general population in
2004, that percentage is higher in several age categories. For example, 3.6 percent of those between 25 and 34 years
old are Mexican, among 20 to 24 year olds, where 3.5 percent of those between 20 and 25 years old are of Mexican,
and 3.3 percent of children under 5 years old are Mexican.
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Mexican
84
m
or
e
74
85
an
d
to
75
64
to
65
60
to
59
54
to
55
44
to
to
45
to
34
35
to
24
25
to
19
20
15
to
to
10
5
Un
de
r
14
9
Other Hispanics
5
Percent
Mexicans as Percent of Total Population, by Age, Alabama, 2004
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on American Community Survey, PUMS, 2004.
18
The 25-to-34 olds are by far the largest age group among Mexicans in Alabama. By age distribution, this group
makes up a much larger portion of the community (31.2 percent), than the 18.9 percent national average. Conversely,
those 45 and older comprise only 4.9 percent of the Mexican community in Alabama compared to the 17.5 percent
national average.
Age Distribution, Population of Mexican Origin, Alabama,
2004
35
30
25
20
AL
15
US
10
5
or
e
84
85
an
d
m
to
74
75
to
64
65
to
59
60
to
54
55
to
44
45
to
34
35
to
24
25
to
19
20
to
14
15
to
5
to
10
U
nd
er
5
9
0
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on American Community Survey, PUMS, 2004.
Out of the 66,798 Mexicans in Alabama, 22,399 (33.5 percent) are U.S. citizens by birth, 1,172 (1.8 percent) are
naturalized U.S. citizens, and 43,227 (64.7 percent) are not U.S. citizens. In 2004, Alabama ranked 32 in the nation
based on the total number of people of Mexican decent.
In 2004, 86.5 percent of Alabama’s 9,834 children of Mexican origin under 5 years old were born in Alabama,
4.3 percent were born elsewhere in the United States, and 9.1 percent were foreign born. Next on the age scale, in
the group of 5-to-9 year olds, 69.4 percent of the 6,818 children were born in the United States, and 30.6 percent
were born outside of the country. The percentage of foreign-born Mexicans increases to well over 50 percent in the
10-to-19 year old group, and to over 90 percent in the population of those who are 25 to 34 years old. Among the
older age groups, the percentage of foreign born ranges from 38.9 percent (74-to-84 year olds) to 64 percent (45-to54 year olds).
In 2004, 48.3 percent, or 21,928 Mexican immigrants who resided in Alabama reported 2000 or later as their
year of entry into the U.S., 43.8 percent (19,880) entered the United States between 1990 and 1999, 5.7 percent
(2,566) migrated between 1980 and 1989, and the remaining 2.3 percent (1,040) arrived before 1979. In contrast,
the Mexican migration to other states began in the 1950s and has remained very high throughout the ensuing
decades. As a result, Mexican communities in California, Arizona, and Texas have a mix of long-timers and recently
arrived residents, and a larger portion of American-born residents of Mexican origin. (See Table 2.)
School enrollment
Nationally, over 90 percent of the school-age Hispanic population (5-to-19 years old) are enrolled in schools
(2003 Current Population Survey), but the number drops to just over 14.2 percent for the 20-to-30 year olds, compared
to over 24 percent for the total population in that age group, a trend mirrored by the data in the 2004 American
Community survey. While 93.2 percent of the school-age non-Hispanics in Alabama were enrolled in schools in
2004, only 76.8 of Mexican youths were students. Also, while over 24.3 percent of non-Hispanic 20-to-30 year olds
are in college, only 1.5 percent of Mexicans sought higher education, far below the national average of 15.1 percent.
According to the 2004 ACS, the largest number of Mexican students (3,553) was enrolled in grades 1 through
4. The number in grades 5-to-8 falls to 2,994, and even fewer (1,669) Mexican students are in high school. Among
the much smaller group of other Hispanic students in Alabama, college undergraduates comprise the bulk (2,450),
followed by students in grades 1-to-4 (1,129). Among non-Hispanics, the most are enrolled in grades 5 to 8.
The small number of Mexican students who attend high school can be explained partially by their higher
dropout rate, but the demographics of the school-age children and youth show that, compared to non-Hispanics, the
high school age group is relatively small. Place of birth is a factor, too: while over 80 percent of U.S.-born Mexican
19
Table 2. Hispanic Residents by Year of Entry into the United States, 2004
Before 1950
1951 to 1979
Year of Entry, Mexican
1980 to 1989
1991 to 1999
Area
2000 to 2004
Total
Number
Alabama
United States
269
85,938
771
1,930,913
2,566
2,384,055
19,880
3,777,579
21,928
2,191,356
45,414
10,369,841
48.3
21.1
100.0
100.0
Percent
Alabama
United States
0.6
0.8
Before 1950
1.7
18.6
5.7
23.0
43.8
36.4
Year of Entry, Other Hispanic
1951 to 1979
1980 to 1989
1991 to 1999
Area
2000 to 2004
Total
5,084
1,276,838
8,612
7,108,125
59.0
17.7
100.0
100.0
Number
Alabama
United States
158
100,760
1,802
1,934,861
192
1,687,971
1,376
2,107,695
Percent
Alabama
United States
1.8
1.4
20.9
27.5
2.2
23.9
16.0
29.6
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth based on American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
Foreign born Mexicans in Alabama, by year of entry, 2004
Alabama
19
59
an
d
be
fo
re
19
62
19
65
19
68
19
71
19
74
19
77
19
80
19
83
19
86
19
89
19
92
19
95
19
98
20
01
20
04
7,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
0
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth based on American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
teenagers were in school, only 29.6 percent of the foreign born sought an education. Note also that about half of the
high-school-aged Mexicans in Alabama are foreign born.
The number of Mexican students is likely to increase both in elementary and high schools, with a large group of
American-born children of Mexican parents preparing to enter the education system. The 9,834 children under 5
years old make up 14.7 percent of the Mexican population in Alabama. In 2004, Mexican children under age 5
totaled 3.3 percent of that age group in Alabama, more than twice the 1.5 percent of Mexicans among the state’s
total population.
20
Table 3. School Enrollment by Age, Alabama, 2004
Not enrolled in the
past 3 months
69,060
60,002
477,110
558,101
1,905,821
26,448
736,696
128,895
31,952
23,380
26,795
84,253
24,631
5,244
7,869
43.5
93.2
24.3
6.2
1.6
Under 5
5 to 19
20 to 30
31 to 40
41 and older
3,156
3,148
26,657
11,906
3,635
679
10,415
401
169
213
0
0
0
0
420
17.7
76.8
1.5
1.4
14.8
Other Hispanic Under 5
5 to 19
20 to 30
31 to 40
41 and older
169
0
2,211
4,035
5,148
178
3,302
1,660
308
503
0
651
296
0
0
51.3
100.0
46.9
7.1
8.9
72,385
63,150
505,978
574,042
1,914,604
27,305
750,413
130,956
32,429
24,096
26,795
84,904
24,927
5,244
8,289
42.8
93.0
23.6
6.2
1.7
Hispanic origin
Age
Non-Hispanic Under 5
5 to 19
20 to 30
31 to 40
41 and older
Mexican
Total
Under 5
5 to 19
20 to 30
31 to 40
41 and older
Enrolled in
private school
or college
Percent enrolled in
public or
private school
or college
Enrolled in
public school
or college
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
Employment
In 2004, 32,830 Mexicans were employed in Alabama, which constitutes 1.7 percent of all employed civilians
in the state. Nationally, that proportion is much higher: 8 percent. In contrast, 4 percent of Mexicans over 16 years
old are unemployed in Alabama, compared with the 4.4 average unemployment rate for the state. But the actual
unemployment rate is lower for Mexicans than for the general population (5.3 percent for Mexicans, compared to
7.1 percent for the state as a whole). Nationally, the overall unemployment rate (7.2 percent in 2004) is much lower
than among Mexican workers (9.1 percent). The unemployment rates as reported by the American Community
Survey are much higher than other estimates due to differences in sample size and wording of survey questions.
Also, the percentage of Mexicans aged 16 or older in Alabama’s labor force is higher than the national average.
Among other things, this statistic confirms that fewer Mexican youths stay in high school and continue on to
college. The percentage of Mexicans in the armed forces is also slightly higher in Alabama (0.7 percent of Mexicans
16 years and older) than in the nation as a whole (0.2 percent).
Compared to non-Hispanic workers, more Mexicans in Alabama are wage and salary employees in private
establishments (73.6 percent of non-Hispanic, 92.2 percent of Mexicans), but the opposite is true in the case of
government employment, where only 2.7 percent of Mexican workers find jobs, compared to 16.4 percent of the
non-Hispanics. Nationally, 9.7 percent of workers of Mexican origin are government employees, as are15.5 percent
of non-Hispanics.
In Alabama, 3.6 percent of Mexicans is self-employed; 412 own unincorporated businesses and 1,034 are in
incorporated businesses. Almost all of the Mexican-owned unincorporated businesses are in professional and personal
services, while the incorporated businesses are in the recreation and entertainment industries.
Industry impact
Although employed across industry sectors, most of the Mexican workers in Alabama have jobs in construction
(10,016 or 30.5 percent) and manufacturing (9,787 or 29.8 percent). The entertainment, professional and personal
21
services, transportation and trade sectors provide together another 11,085 jobs (33.8 percent). While 34.4 percent of
foreign-born Mexicans work in construction, only 5.4 percent of their American-born counterparts do. The opposite
is true for the entertainment industry, where 39.8 percent of U.S.-born Mexicans work.
The concentration of Mexican workers in construction, manufacturing, and entertainment mirrors national trends,
although nationwide, Mexican workers are more dispersed among industries. For the non-Hispanics in Alabama,
Table 4. Employed Civilian Workers in Alabama, by Hispanic Origin, 2004
Industry Sector
Non-Hispanic
Number
Percent
Construction
Manufacturing
Entertainment
Professional services
Transportation
Service industries
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Information
Agriculture
Mining
Social and community services
Medical
Administration
Education
Finance
Utilities
136,061
274,996
139,197
153,126
77,831
98,191
70,134
246,885
40,272
26,832
10,583
31,428
225,742
113,904
159,157
109,271
28,021
7.0
14.2
7.2
7.9
4.0
5.1
3.6
12.7
2.1
1.4
0.5
1.6
11.6
5.9
8.2
5.6
1.4
Mexican
Number
Percent
10,016
9,787
3,840
2,189
1,496
1,382
1,181
997
780
433
258
258
213
0
0
0
0
30.5
29.8
11.7
6.7
4.6
4.2
3.6
3.0
2.4
1.3
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
the three largest employers are the manufacturing industry, which provides 14.2 percent of jobs, retail trade with
12.7 percent, and medical establishments, which provide 11.6 percent of jobs.
Within industry sectors, production and construction are the two most common occupations—in fact, over
20,709 of Alabama’s Mexicans (60 percent) have jobs in one of these categories. Another 5,778 (17.6 percent) are
employed in the transportation and food service occupations. Sales personnel, managers, and cleaners each account
for about 4 percent of the Mexican workforce (1,310, 1,297, and 1,116, respectively) and personal service providers,
agricultural and office workers account for about 5 percent (1,544).
In comparison, among the non-Hispanic workers, office and administrative support occupations are the largest
group, followed by sales, production and operations, management, and transportation (13.2, 11.6, 8.9, 8.9, and 8
percent, respectively). Among non-Mexican Hispanics, food preparation, office workers, repairers, installers, and
production workers are the largest occupational groups.
A look at annual wages reveals that 82.5 percent of Mexican civilians employed in Alabama make $20,000 or
less, compared to 43.2 percent of the non-Hispanic workers, and 28.8 percent of Mexicans earn less then $10,000.
Although over 95 percent of Mexican construction workers find themselves at the bottom end of the industry pay
scale, a handful (3.1 percent) took home an average of $50,000 to $60,000 in 2004.
In manufacturing, the second largest employer of Mexican workers in Alabama, 80 percent took home $20,000
or less in annual wages, 14.5 percent made between $20,000 and $30,000, and the remaining 6.6 percent earned
between $40,000 and $50,000 or more a year. Nearly half of the Mexican workers in Alabama’s manufacturing
sector were employed in relatively low-paying meat processing plants. Another 33 percent were employed in furniture
manufacturing, and non-metallic mineral production. The remaining workers found employment in electronics,
textiles, and carpet manufacturing.
While almost all of the Mexican workers in the recreation and other entertainment industry earned less than
$30,000 in annual wages, nearly half (1,819) were at the bottom, earning less than $10,000. On the other hand, 23
percent, or 885 workers, earned between $20,000 and $30,000.
22
Employed Mexican and Non-Hispanic Civilians by Wage Range,
Alabama, 2004
Non-Hispanic
e
or
0
or
m
00
0,
,0
10
00
0,
10
00
to
90
90
,0
,0
00
to
to
00
80
0
00
00
,0
00
80
,0
00
70
,0
00
to
70
,0
00
,0
60
,0
00
to
60
,0
00
50
50
,0
00
to
40
to
40
,0
00
00
30
,0
20
,0
,0
00
to
20
to
00
,0
30
,0
le
or
00
,0
10
10
00
Mexican
ss
Percent
60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
Income range ($)
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
Income
Mexican residents, who comprise 1.5 percent of Alabama’s population, reported $589 million in personal income
in 2004, or about 0.7 percent of the state’s total money income of $90.4 billion.
The personal income reported by the American Community Survey is lower than other personal income estimates
because it does not include capital gains, money received from the sale of property, and the value of in-kind income
such as food stamps and public housing, and some kinds of lump sum receipts. As such, it corresponds closely to
money income.
Wages and salaries income comprises the highest portion of income for Mexican respondents (94.5 percent of
total income, compared to 74 percent for non-Hispanics and 76.8 percent for other Hispanics). The portion provided
by self-employment (1.1 percent) is lower than it is for non-Hispanics (5.4 percent), and other Hispanics (14.1
percent). Compared to other groups, Mexican respondents reported the smallest portion of income derived from
supplemental Social Security and public assistance.(See Table 6.)
Table 5. Personal Income and Population in Alabama, by Hispanic Origin, 2004
Personal Income
Dollars
Percent
Non-Hispanic
Mexican
Other Hispanic
Total
89,553,924,858
589,121,253
277,268,870
90,420,314,981
99.0
0.7
0.3
100.0
Population
Number
Percent
4,328,443
66,798
19,318
4,414,559
98.0
1.5
0.4
100.0
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
23
Table 6. Money Income by Source and Hispanic Origin, Alabama, 2004
Source of Income
Total
Amount Percent
Total person’s income
90,420,315
Wages or salary income
66,901,786
Self-employment income
4,847,951
Interest, dividends, and
net rental income
3,410,978
Retirement income
5,978,846
Social Security income
6,814,401
Supplementary Security income 625,765
Public assistance income
51,810
All other income
1,788,778
Source:
24
Income (in thousands of dollars)
Non-Hispanic
Mexican
Amount Percent Amount Percent
Other Hispanic
Amount Percent
100.0
74.0
5.4
89,553,925
66,132,198
4,802,466
100.0
73.8
5.4
589,121
556,574
6,278
100.0
94.5
1.1
277,269
213,014
39,206
100.0
76.8
14.1
3.8
6.6
7.5
0.7
0.1
2.0
3,408,713
5,964,859
6,797,146
622,845
51,810
1,773,888
3.8
6.7
7.6
0.7
0.1
2.0
1,797
6,918
4,730
1,837
0
10,987
0.3
1.2
0.8
0.3
0.0
1.9
468
7,068
12,525
1,083
0
3,904
0.2
2.5
4.5
0.4
0.0
1.4
Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on American Community Survey, 2004.
Going North
Mexican Immigrants in Mississippi
25
The following discussion is based primarily on the analysis of the public use micro-data sample (PUMS), which
is prepared from the responses to the 2004 American Community Survey. Because of the additional statistical
procedures used to produce this sample, PUMS data differ from the published, pre-tabulated American Community
Survey data. The Survey itself is mailed to a selected number of addresses in every state: the Mississippi data are
based on 9,042 household interviews. The public use micro-data sample is a statistically valid selection of data from
these interviews. Standard error estimates are included in the Appendix.
The survey-based data are self-reported, and differ from the information based on government or establishment
data. Income data are tabulated according to the American Community Survey’s unique subject definitions, which
are not the same as those used in other data sets, including the decennial census of population and housing.
MISSISSIPPI
Population overview
According to the 2004 American Community Survey (ACS), 27,348, or 1percent of Mississippi’s residents
were either born in Mexico or reported Mexican origin. The 2000 Census reported that 0.8 of the state’s residents
were of Mexican origin. Between 2000 and 2004, the number of Mexican residents increased by 5,732, or 26.5
percent, which ranked a respective 37 and 32 in the nation. Mississippi’s Mexican population is small, but between
2000 and 2004 it increased at a pace just above the 25.2 percent national average.
Table 1. Population by Hispanic Origin, Mississippi, 2004
Non-Hispanic/Latino
Population
Percent of total
2,765,569
98.5
Mexican
Other Hispanic
27,348
1.0
14,147
0.5
Total
2,807,064
100
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
Although the total number of Mexicans in Mississippi composed just 1percent of the general population in
2004, they comprise less than 2 percent of all age categories except for the 25-to-34 age bracket, where 2 percent of
the population were Mexican.
Hispanics as Percent of Total Population, by Age,
Mississippi, 2004
2.5
2.0
1.5
Mexican
1.0
Other Hispanics
0.5
15 14
to
20 19
to
25 24
to
35 34
to
45 44
to
55 54
to
60 59
to
65 64
to
75 74
85
to
an 84
d
m
or
e
to
10
to
5
Un
de
r
5
9
0.0
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
26
Age Distribution, Population of Mexican Origin, United
States, Mississippi, 2004
30.0%
25.0%
20.0%
US
15.0%
MS
10.0%
5.0%
an
d
m
or
e
84
74
to
to
85
75
64
to
60
65
59
54
to
55
44
to
to
45
34
to
25
35
24
19
to
20
14
to
15
to
to
5
10
U
nd
er
5
9
0.0%
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
The 25-to-34 olds are by far the largest age group among Mexicans in the state. By age distribution, this group
makes up a much larger portion of the community (27.7 percent), than the 18.9 percent national average. Those 45
and older make up 13.7 percent of the state’s Mexican community, which is lower than the 17.5 percent national
average, but relatively large in comparison to other Southern states.
Out of the 27,348 Mexicans in Mississippi, 14,916 (54.5 percent) are U.S. citizens by birth, 2,559 (9.4 percent)
are naturalized U.S. citizens, and 9,873 (36.1 percent) are not U.S. citizens. In 2004, Mississippi ranked 38 in the
nation based on the total number of people of Mexican decent, and ranked 37 based on the number of Mexicans who
are not U.S. citizens.
In 2004, 72.7 percent of Mississippi’s 3,405 children of Mexican origin under 5 years old were born in the state,
another 20.2 percent were born elsewhere in the United States, and 7 percent were foreign born. Next on the age
scale, in the smaller (2,151) group of 5-to-9 year olds, 89.9 percent were born in the United States, and 10.1 percent
were born outside of the country. The percentage of foreign born rises to 20.5 in the 10-to-14 age group, reaches
46.2 percent among the 15-to-19 year olds, and exceeds 70 percent among the 20 to 34 year olds.
Foreign Born Residents of Mexican Descent, by Year of Entry,
Mississippi, 2004
2,000
1,400
1,200
1,000
Mississippi
800
600
400
200
0
19
37
19
41
19
45
19
49
19
53
19
57
19
61
19
65
19
69
19
73
19
77
19
81
19
85
19
89
19
93
19
97
20
01
Number
1,800
1,600
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
27
Table 2. Foreign Born Residents, by Hispanic Origin and the Year of Entry into the United States, 2004
Before 1950
1951 to 1979
Year of Entry, Mexican
1980 to 1989
1991 to 1999
Area
2000 to 2004
Total
Number
Mississippi
United States
96
85,938
1,025
1,930,913
1,675
2,384,055
5,726
3,777,579
4,280
2,191,356
12,802
10,369,841
33.4
21.1
100.0
100.0
Percent
Mississippi
United States
0.7
0.8
Before 1950
8.0
18.6
13.1
23.0
Year of Entry, Other Hispanic
1951 to 1979
1980 to 1989
1991 to 1999
Area
Mississippi
United States
44.7
36.4
2000 to 2004
Total
1,832
1,276,838
5,234
7,108,125
35.0
17.7
100.0
100.0
Number
0
100,760
550
1,934,861
1,418
1,687,971
1,434
2,107,695
Percent
Mississippi
United States
0.0
1.4
10.5
27.5
27.1
23.9
27.4
29.6
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
Judging from the place of birth, citizenship status, and the year of entry, the Mexican community in Mississippi
is a mix of U.S. and foreign-born residents, the majority of whom are U.S. citizens.
In 2004, 44.7 percent, or 5,726 of foreign born Mexican residents in Mississippi reported that they came to this
country between 1990 and 1999, 33.4 percent (4,280) entered the United States between 2000 and 2004, 13.1
percent arrived between 1980 and 1989, and 8.7 percent emigrated before 1979.
School enrollment
Nationally, over 90 percent of the school-age Hispanic population (5-to-19 years old) are enrolled in schools
(2003 Current Population Survey), but the number drops to just over 14.2 percent for the 20-to-30 year olds, compared to over 24 percent of the total population in that age group, a trend mirrored by the ACS data. While 92.6
percent of the school-age non-Hispanics in Mississippi were enrolled in schools in 2004, only 71.1 of Mexican
youths were students. Also, while over 24 percent of non-Hispanic 20-to-30 year olds are in college, only 1.8
percent of Mexicans sought higher education. Interestingly, 8.4 percent of the state’s Mexican residents over 41
years old were enrolled as undergraduates.
The Mississippi Department of Education reports the number of Hispanic students enrolled in grades K-12 in
2004 at 5,418.1, or 1.1 percent of the student body, well over the 3,859 recorded by the ACS. Although the difference very likely represents the ACS’ undercount of the Hispanic population, it can also be explained by the fact that
the enrollment data was compiled at different times of the school year and does not account for the students who left
the school during the year. Sampling error also accounts for the difference.
According to the ACS, the largest number of Mexican students was enrolled in grades 1 through 4 and 5 through
8 (1,261 and 1,086 respectively). Only 788 Mexican students stayed in high school; however, at the college level,
Mexicans comprised 26 percent (or 1,303) of enrolled Mexicans—a higher proportion than the non-Hispanic and
other Hispanics groups.
28
Table 3. School Enrollment by Age, Mississippi, 2004
Not enrolled in the
past 3 months
46,073
44,324
319,037
355,398
1,139,353
24,792
497,479
90,051
20,453
17,238
13,830
60,997
10,431
2,979
4,570
45.6
92.6
24.0
6.2
1.9
Under 5
5 to 19
20 to 30
31 to 40
41 and older
574
1,653
7,343
5,646
4,563
310
3,859
132
118
418
0
211
0
0
0
35.1
71.1
1.8
2.0
8.4
Other Hispanic Under 5
5 to 19
20 to 30
31 to 40
41 and older
173
0
3,285
2,243
2,955
142
3,069
418
518
0
0
294
0
0
0
45.1
100.0
11.3
18.8
0.0
46,820
45,977
329,665
363,287
1,146,871
25,244
504,407
90,601
21,089
17,656
13,830
61,502
10,431
2,979
4,570
45.5
92.5
23.5
6.2
1.9
Hispanic origin
Age
Non-Hispanic Under 5
5 to 19
20 to 30
31 to 40
41 and older
Mexican
Total
Under 5
5 to 19
20 to 30
31 to 40
41 and older
Enrolled in
private school
or college
Percent enrolled in
public or
private school
or college
Enrolled in
public school
or college
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
Employment
In 2004, 15,480 Mexicans were employed, which constitutes 1.3 percent of all employed civilians in Mississippi. In contrast, 6.3 percent of Mexicans over 16 years old are unemployed, compared with the 5.8 percent average for the state. But the actual unemployment rate is lower for Mexicans than for the general population (7.5
percent for Mexicans versus 9.4 percent total for the state). Nationally, however, 9.1 percent of Mexicans are
unemployed, compared to 7.2 percent of all others. The unemployment rates as reported by the American Community Survey are much higher than other estimates due to differences in sample size and wording of survey questions.
Compared to non-Hispanic workers, more Mexicans in Mississippi are wage and salary employees in private
establishments (71 percent of non-Hispanics, 86.3 percent of Mexicans), but the opposite is true in the case of
government employment, where 8.3 percent of Mexican workers find jobs, compared to 17.3 percent of the nonHispanics. Nationally, 9.7 percent of workers of Mexican origin are government employees, as are 15.5 percent of
non-Hispanics.
In Mississippi, 5 percent of Mexicans are self-employed, compared to 10 percent of non-Hispanics; 426 own
incorporated businesses and 478 are in unincorporated businesses. Nationwide, 6.8 percent of Mexicans are selfemployed, compared to 10.7 percent of non-Hispanics. Almost all the Mexican unincorporated businesses are in
professional and personal services and transportation, while the incorporated businesses center on entertainment
and agriculture.
Industry impact
Mexicans in Mississippi are employed by most major industry sectors, although most (44 percent) hold jobs in
manufacturing, agriculture, and construction. About a third of the Mexican workforce is in the entertainment, and
retail and wholesale trade sectors; and the rest work in professional and business services, mining, transportation,
and health care.
29
Within industry sectors, the largest occupational groups for Mexican workers are transportation and material
moving (22.5 percent), construction (13.7 percent), farming (13.3 percent), and production (11.4 percent). Mexicans also have jobs as food preparers and servers, repairers, installers, and miners. In comparison, non-Hispanics
primarily work in administrative support occupations are the largest group, followed by sales, and production and
operations workers (14.4 percent, 11.5 percent, and 10.2 percent, respectively). Among non-Mexican Hispanics,
Table 4. Employed Civilians by Industry Sector, and Hispanic Origin, Mississippi, 2004
Industry Sector
Non-Hispanic/Latino
Number
Percent
Manufacturing
183,421
Agriculture
25,438
Construction
79,134
Entertainment
111,482
Retail trade
149,173
Wholesale trade
44,785
Service industries
52,654
Professional services
69,922
Mining
9,184
Transportation
52,054
Medical
126,410
Administration
64,567
Education
100,662
Finance
62,459
Social and community
services
20,034
Information
18,266
Utilities
12,996
Total
1,182,641
Mexican
Other Hispanic/Latino
Total
Number Percent Number
Percent Number
Percent
15.5
2.2
6.7
9.4
12.6
3.8
4.5
5.9
0.8
4.4
10.7
5.5
8.5
5.3
2,565
2,219
1,975
1,653
1,554
1,443
1,162
875
796
539
404
295
0
0
16.6
14.3
12.8
10.7
10.0
9.3
7.5
5.7
5.1
3.5
2.6
1.9
0.0
0.0
721
0
550
503
773
269
68
344
0
280
280
0
784
0
14.6
0.0
11.1
10.2
15.6
5.4
1.4
6.9
0.0
5.7
5.7
0.0
15.8
0.0
186,707
27,657
81,659
113,638
151,500
46,497
53,884
71,141
9,980
52,873
127,094
64,862
101,446
62,459
15.5
2.3
6.8
9.4
12.6
3.9
4.5
5.9
0.8
4.4
10.6
5.4
8.4
5.2
1.7
1.5
1.1
100.0
0
0
0
15,480
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
378
0
0
4,950
7.6
0.0
0.0
100.0
20,412
18,266
12,996
1,203,071
1.7
1.5
1.1
100.0
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
Table 5. Employed Civilians by Hispanic Origin as Percent of Industry Total Employment, 2004, Mississippi
Percent of all employed
Non-Hispanic
Agriculture
Mining
Wholesale trade
Construction
Service industries
Entertainment
Manufacturing
Professional services
Retail trade
Transportation
Administration
Education
Finance
Information
Medical
Social and community services
Utilities
92
92
96
97
98
98
98
98
98
98
100
99
100
100
99
98
100
Mexican
Other Hispanic
Total
8
8
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
2
0
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
30
sales occupations are the largest group, followed by production and operations, construction, and science occupations (18.9 percent, 11.2 percent, 11.1 percent, and 10.5 percent, respectively).
The ethnic composition of the workforce offers an additional insight into the impact of Mexican and other
Hispanic workers on the employment demographics in Mississippi. Mexican workers comprise the largest share of
employment in agriculture and mining (8 percent). The workforce in all other industries is mostly non-Hispanic.
Wages
Over 68 percent of Mexican jobholders in Mississippi make $30,000 or less in annual wages, almost the same
proportion as among the non-Hispanic workers. In general, more non-Hispanics and non-Mexican Hispanics find
themselves in the lowest wage bracket, earning $10,000 or less. On the other hand, proportionately more Mexicans
than non-Hispanics earn between $10,000 and $20,000 in annual wages.
In the middle of the pay scale, a larger proportion of Mexicans than non-Hispanics takes home between $30,000
and $40,000 a year, and about the same proportion of Mexicans and non-Hispanics make between $40,000 and
$60,000 annually. The situation was quite different in the upper income brackets: 8 percent of non-Hispanics and
5.7 percent of non-Mexican Hispanics earned $60,000 or more in 2004, and only 1.1 percent of Mexicans did.
Most Mexican manufacturing workers find themselves at the lower end of the pay scale, with 63.7 percent
making between $10,000 and $20,000 a year, 20.7 percent earning less than $10,000, and 15.5 percent earning
between $30,000 and $40,000 annually.
Annual Civilian Wages, Mexican and Non-Hispanic Workers,
Mississippi, 2004
Not Hispanic/Latino
0,
e
or
0
or
10
10
0,
00
to
00
m
00
0
00
,0
00
,0
90
80
,0
00
to
90
,0
00
00
to
80
,0
00
,0
70
,0
00
to
70
,0
00
60
,0
60
50
,0
00
to
50
,0
,0
00
to
40
,0
to
40
,0
00
30
,0
20
00
to
30
20
to
00
,0
00
00
,0
le
or
00
,0
10
10
00
Mexican
ss
Percent
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
In agriculture, the majority of Mexicans was self-employed and earned between $50,000 and $60,000 in 2004.
In construction, over half of the Mexican workforce made between $40,000 to $50,000, almost 40 percent earned
between $20,000 and $40,000, and only 8 percent made less then $10,000.
Income
Mississippi’s Mexican residents reported $427.6 million in personal income in 2004, or about 0.8 percent of the
state’s total money income of $50.5 billion.
The personal income reported by the American Community Survey is lower than other personal income estimates because it does not include capital gains, money received from the sale of property, and the value of in-kind
income such as food stamps and public housing, and some kinds of lump sum receipts. As such, it corresponds
closely to money income.
Wages and salaries income comprises the highest portion of income for Mexican respondents (87.8 percent of
total income, compared to 74.3 percent for non-Hispanics, and 72.7 percent for other Hispanics). The portion
provided by self-employment (4.2 percent) is lower than it is for non-Hispanics (6.6 percent), and for other Hispanics (13.3 percent). Compared to these groups, Mexican respondents in Mississippi reported a relatively smaller
portion of income derived from public assistance. (See Tables 6 and 7.)
31
Table 6. Personal Income and Population in Mississippi, by Hispanic Origin, 2004
Personal Income
Dollars
Percent
Non-Hispanic
Mexican
Other Hispanic
Total
49,780,427,005
427,574,108
247,480,692
50,455,481,805
Population
98.7
0.8
0.5
100.0
Number
Percent
2,765,569
27,348
14,147
2,807,064
98.5
1.0
0.5
100.0
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
Table 7. Money Income by Source and Hispanic Origin, Mississippi, 2004
Source of Income
Total
Amount Percent
Total person’s income
50,455,482
Wages or salary income
37,510,906
Self-employment income
3,334,796
Interest, dividends, and
net rental income
1,518,455
Retirement income
2,614,333
Social Security income
3,846,931
Supplementary Security income 464,067
Public assistance income
50,269
All other income
1,115,726
Income (in thousands of dollars)
Non-Hispanic
Mexican
Amount Percent Amount Percent
100.0
74.3
6.6
49,780,427
36,955,664
3,283,724
100.0
74.2
6.6
427,574
375,382
18,121
100.0
87.8
4.2
247,481
179,860
32,951
100.0
72.7
13.3
3.0
5.2
7.6
0.9
0.1
2.2
1,505,346
2,593,117
3,822,576
462,790
49,953
1,107,257
3.0
5.2
7.7
0.9
0.1
2.2
2,002
15,419
12,859
593
30
3,169
0.5
3.6
3.0
0.1
0.0
0.7
11,107
5,797
11,496
684
286
5,299
4.5
2.3
4.6
0.3
0.1
2.1
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
32
Other Hispanic
Amount Percent
Going North
Mexican Immigrants in Tennessee
33
The following discussion is based primarily on the analysis of the public use micro-data sample (PUMS), which
is prepared from the responses to the 2004 American Community Survey. Because of the additional statistical
procedures used to produce this sample, PUMS data differ from the published, pre-tabulated American Community
Survey data. The Survey itself is mailed out to the selected number of addresses in every state: the Tennessee data
are based on 10,068 household interviews, and the PUMS is a statistically valid selection of data from these interviews. Standard error estimates are included in the Appendix.
The survey-based data are self-reported, and thus differ from the information based on government or establishment data. Income data are tabulated according to the Survey’s unique subject definitions, which are not the same as
those used in other data sets, including the decennial census of population and housing.
TENNESSEE
Population overview
According to the 2004 American Community Survey, 116,006, or 2 percent of Tennessee’s residents were either
born in Mexico, or reported Mexican origin. The 2000 Census reported that 1.4 or the state’s residents were of
Mexican origin. Between 2000 and 2004, the number of Mexican residents increased by 38,634, or 49.9 percent,
which is the nineteenth largest number increase in the nation, but the eighth steepest percentage increase in the
country.
Table 1. Population by Hispanic Origin, Tennessee, 2004
Non-Hispanic
Mexican
5,577,759
97.1
116,006
2.0
Population
Percent of total
Other Hispanic
49,402
0.9
Total
5,743,167
100.0
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on data from American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
Although the total number of Mexicans in Tennessee composes just 2 percent of the general population in 2004,
that percentage is much higher in several age categories: nearly 5 percent of those between 20 and 24 are Mexican,
and 4.6 percent of children under age 5 are Mexican.
Hispanics as Percent of Total Population, by Age,
Tennessee, 2004
Percent
6.0
5.0
4.0
Mexican
3.0
Other Hispanics
2.0
1.0
84
m
or
e
74
an
d
to
to
to
85
75
65
to
64
59
60
54
55
45
to
44
34
to
to
35
to
24
25
to
19
20
14
15
to
10
to
5
Un
de
r
5
9
0.0
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on data from American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
34
Age Distribution, Population of Mexican Origin, United
States, Tennessee, 2004
Percent
30.0
25.0
20.0
US
15.0
TN
10.0
5.0
m
or
e
84
to
an
d
85
75
to
74
64
65
to
60
to
59
54
55
to
45
to
44
34
35
to
to
25
to
24
19
20
14
15
to
to
10
5
U
nd
er
5
9
0.0
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on data from American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
The 25-to-34 olds are by far the largest age group among Mexicans in Tennessee. By age distribution, this
group makes up a much larger portion of the community (24.3 percent) than the 18.9 percent national average.
Conversely, those 45 and older comprise only 7.6 percent of the Mexican community in Tennessee, compared to
17.5 percent national average.
Out of the 116,006 Mexicans in Tennessee, 49,475 (42.6 percent) are American born, 2,916 (2.5 percent) are
naturalized U.S. citizens, and 63,615 (54.8 percent) are not U.S. citizens. In 2004, Tennessee ranked 22 in the nation
based on the total number of people of Mexican decent, and ranked 15 based on the number of Mexicans who are
not U.S. citizens.
In 2004, 87.2 percent of Tennessee’s 17,416 Mexican children under 5 years old were born in Tennessee, and
another 8.6 percent were born elsewhere in the United States. In the group of 12,259 Mexican children ages 5 to 9
year olds, 60.7 percent were born in the United States, and 39.3 percent were born outside of the country. The
percentage of foreign born is slightly lower in the 10-to-14 year old group, but increases to 56.5 percent in the
population of those between 15 and 19. Over 80 percent of Tennessee’s Mexican adults who are between 25 and 44
are foreign born.
In 2004, 54.2 percent, or 36,563 Mexican immigrants who resided in Tennessee reported that they moved to the
U.S. between 1990 and 1999, 34.4 percent (23,215) entered the country between 2000 and 2004, 8.5 percent arrived
between 1980 and 1989, and 2.8 percent have lived here since 1979.
Foreing Born Mexicans Tennessee, by Year of Entry, 2004
Foreign Born Mexicans in Tennessee, by Year of Entry, 2004
10,000
9,000
8,000
Number
7,000
6,000
5,000
Tennessee
4,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
19
63
19
65
19
67
19
69
19
71
19
73
19
75
19
77
19
79
19
81
19
83
19
85
19
87
19
89
19
91
19
93
19
95
19
97
19
99
20
01
20
03
0
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on data from American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
35
Table 2. Foreign Born Residents, by Hispanic Origin and the Year of Entry into the United States, 2004
Before 1950
1951 to 1979
Year of Entry, Mexican
1980 to 1989
1991 to 1999
Area
2000 to 2004
Total
Number
Tennessee
United States
0
85,938
1,871
1,930,913
5,751
2,384,055
36,563
3,777,579
23,215
2,191,356
67,400
10,369,841
34.4
21.1
100.0
100.0
Percent
Tennessee
United States
0.0
0.8
Before 1950
2.8
18.6
8.5
23.0
Year of Entry, Other Hispanic
1951 to 1979
1980 to 1989
1991 to 1999
Area
Tennessee
United States
54.2
36.4
2000 to 2004
Total
9,757
1,276,838
25,448
7,108,125
38.3
17.7
100.0
100.0
Number
489
100,760
2,235
1,934,861
4,026
1,687,971
8,941
2,107,695
Percent
Tennessee
United States
1.9
1.4
8.8
27.5
15.8
23.9
35.1
29.6
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on data from American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
School enrollment
Nationally, over 90 percent of the school-age Hispanic population (5-to-19 years old) are enrolled in school
(2003 Current Population Survey), but the number drops to just over 14.2 percent for the 20-to-30 year olds, compared to over 24 percent of the total population in that age group, a trend mirrored by the data in the 2004 American
Community survey. According to ACS, 90.7 percent of the school-age non-Hispanics in Tennessee were enrolled in
2004, compared to 79.6 of Mexican youths. Also, while over 23 percent of non-Hispanic 20-to-30 year olds are
enrolled in college, only 4.1 percent of Mexicans were, compared to the 15.2 percent national average.
The Tennessee Department of Education reports that 30,759 Hispanic students were enrolled in grades K-12 in
2004—or 3.2 percent of the student body. The ACS’ number (25,455) falls far below the official enrollment figures,
which may be due to undercounting. The discrepancy also may be explained by the fact that the counts were taken
at different times of the year, and that data are based on “net enrollment” which includes any student who entered
the school system during the year, but does not count those who left.
According to the ACS, the largest number of Mexican students was enrolled in grades 1-4 and 5-8 (8,767 and
7,100, respectively). The number of Mexican students in high school falls precipitously to 3,127. The Tennessee
Department of Education cited a dropout rate of 17.7 percent for Hispanic students in 2003, far more than the allstudent average. Demographics also play a role: the number of younger school age children (5 to 9 years old) is
almost twice as many as the number who are 15 to 19 years old. It should also be noted that the percentage of U.S.born Mexican teenagers who are enrolled in school exceeds 92 percent, higher than the equivalent percentage for
non-Hispanics. Over 43 percent of the Tennessee’s Mexican teenagers were born in the United States. Moreover,
there are 17,416 Mexican youngsters about ready to begin kindergarten.
Employment
In 2004, 2 percent (or 53,407) of Tennessee’s labor force was Mexican, although 4.7 percent of young Mexicans were unemployed (compared with the 4.6 average for the state). The actual unemployment rate, however, is
36
Table 3. School Enrollment by Age, Tennessee, 2004
Percent enrolled in
public or
private school
or college
Not enrolled in the
past 3 months
Enrolled in
public school
or college
Enrolled in
private school
or college
81,805
101,834
606,379
773,181
2,469,682
35,028
879,333
149,421
38,802
32,474
30,546
112,584
34,775
9,567
9,259
44.5
90.7
23.3
5.9
1.7
Under 5
5 to 19
20 to 30
31 to 40
41 and older
3,502
5,319
35,165
22,362
11,855
511
19,881
1,329
254
991
466
887
156
0
391
21.8
79.6
4.1
1.1
10.4
Other Hispanic Under 5
5 to 19
20 to 30
31 to 40
41 and older
500
2,363
12,367
8,790
11,971
61
5,574
180
769
164
381
1,468
0
937
0
46.9
74.9
1.4
16.3
1.4
85,807
109,516
653,911
804,333
2,493,508
35,600
904,788
150,930
39,825
33,629
31,393
114,939
34,931
10,504
9,650
43.8
90.3
22.1
5.9
1.7
Hispanic origin
Age
Non-Hispanic Under 5
5 to 19
20 to 30
31 to 40
41 and older
Mexican
Total
Under 5
5 to 19
20 to 30
31 to 40
41 and older
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on data from American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
lower among Mexicans than among the general population (6.5 percent for Mexicans compared to 7.1 percent for
the state as a whole). The unemployment rates as reported by the American Community Survey are much higher
than other estimates due to differences in sample size and wording of survey questions.
The percentage of the Mexican population aged 16 or older who are in the labor force in Tennessee is higher
than the national average, mostly because many of them have dropped out of school to get jobs instead. Compared
to non-Hispanic workers, more Mexicans in Tennessee are wage and salary employees in private establishments
(74.8 percent of non-Hispanics and 80.8 percent of Mexicans), but the opposite is true in the case of government
employment, where 6 percent of Mexicans find jobs, compared to 14.3 percent of the non-Hispanics. Nationally,
9.7 percent of government employees are Mexican, compared to 15.5 percent of non-Hispanics.
In Tennessee, 11.3 percent of Mexicans are self-employed, compared to 9.9 percent of non-Hispanics; 458 own
incorporated businesses and 6,840 are in unincorporated businesses. Nationally, 6.8 percent of Mexican workers
are self-employed, compared to 10.7 percent of non-Hispanics. The largest number of the Mexican unincorporated
businesses are in construction, followed by professional and personal services, and mining. Among the incorporated businesses, the entertainment industry tops the list.
Industry impact
Mexican workers in Tennessee are employed in large numbers by most major industry sectors, with the largest
concentration in construction, manufacturing, services, entertainment, and agriculture. Almost half (47 percent)
have jobs in construction and manufacturing, while 29.5 percent of the Mexican workforce is in professional and
business services, recreation, and agriculture. The industry distribution of the U.S.-born Mexicans is less concentrated, with significant numbers employed throughout industry sectors.
Within industry sectors, construction and production, together with farming, transportation, and food preparation are the most common occupations among Mexican civilians (24.5 percent, 16.5 percent, 9.8 percent, 9.7 percent and 8.8 percent, respectively). Thousands of Mexicans also work as cleaners, managers, and sales clerks. In
37
comparison, among the non-Hispanic workers, office and administrative support occupations are the largest group,
followed by sales, and production and operations workers, and managers, (14.9 percent, 11.3 percent, 10.5 percent,
and 8.6 percent, respectively). Among non-Mexican Hispanics, 17.5 percent are production workers, followed by
16 percent who have construction jobs and 10.2 percent who work in transportation.
A look at the Hispanic workers’ share of industry employment reveals that although many Mexicans work in
construction and manufacturing, they constitute 21 percent of the labor force in mining and 17 percent of those in
agriculture.
Table 4. Employed Civilians by Industry Sector, and Hispanic Origin, Tennessee, 2004
Industry Sector
Non-Hispanic/Latino
Number
Percent
Construction
170,583
Manufacturing
465,603
Professional services
218,631
Entertainment
212,272
Agriculture
22,553
Retail trade
318,355
Personal services
126,291
Administration
114,989
Education
204,634
Wholesale trade
106,985
Medical
264,373
Transportation
131,874
Mining
2,822
Finance
158,545
Social and community
services
43,349
Information
51,894
Utilities
27,125
Total
2,640,878
Mexican
Number Percent
Other Hispanic/Latino
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
6.5
17.6
8.3
8.0
0.9
12.1
4.8
4.4
7.7
4.1
10.0
5.0
0.1
6.0
13,359
11,515
5,924
5,022
4,829
2,361
1,875
1,724
1,480
1,415
1,256
813
756
569
25.0
21.6
11.1
9.4
9.0
4.4
3.5
3.2
2.8
2.6
2.4
1.5
1.4
1.1
3,849
6,030
2,522
1,579
535
1,137
1,384
470
827
944
1,986
509
68
1,614
16.0
25.1
10.5
6.6
2.2
4.7
5.8
2.0
3.4
3.9
8.3
2.1
0.3
6.7
187,791
483,148
227,077
218,873
27,917
321,853
129,550
117,183
206,941
109,344
267,615
133,196
3,646
160,728
6.9
17.8
8.4
8.1
1.0
11.8
4.8
4.3
7.6
4.0
9.8
4.9
0.1
5.9
1.6
2.0
1.0
100.0
314
195
0
53,407
0.6
0.4
0.0
100.0
0
232
335
24,021
0.0
1.0
1.4
100.0
43,663
52,321
27,460
2,718,306
1.6
1.9
1.0
100.0
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on data from American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
Table 5. Employed Civilians by Hispanic Origin as Percent of Industry Total Employment, 2004, Tennessee
Industry
Mining
Agriculture
Construction
Professional services
Manufacturing
Entertainment
Administration
Service industries
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Social and community services
Education
Transportation
Medical
Information
Finance
Utilities
All industries
Non-Hispanic
77.4
80.8
90.8
96.3
96.4
97.0
98.1
97.5
97.8
98.9
99.3
98.9
99.0
98.8
99.2
98.6
98.8
97.2
Percent of all employed
Mexican
Other Hispanic
21
17
7
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
2
1.9
1.9
2.0
1.1
1.2
0.7
0.4
1.1
0.9
0.4
0.0
0.4
0.4
0.7
0.4
1.0
1.2
0.9
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on data from American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
38
Total
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
Wages
The data show that 84.9 percent of Mexicans employed in Tennessee make $30,000 or less in annual wages,
compared to 62.2 percent of the non-Hispanic workers; and 36.7 percent of Mexicans earn between $10,000 and
$20,000 dollars a year (compared to 19.1 percent of non-Hispanics).
40.0
35.0
30.0
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
Not Hispanic
Mexican
10
,0
00
10
,0
00
or
le
ss
to
20
20
,0
,0
00
00
to
30
30
,0
,0
00
00
to
40
40
,0
,0
00
00
to
50
50
,0
,0
00
00
to
60
60
,0
,0
00
00
to
70
70
,0
,0
00
00
to
80
80
,0
,0
00
00
to
90
90
,0
,0
00
00
to
1
10
00
0,
,0
00
00
0
or
m
or
e
Percent
Annual Civilian Wages, Mexican and Non-Hispanic
Workers, 2004
Dollars
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on data from American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
The majority of Mexican construction workers—33.8 percent of who make less than $10,000—find themselves
at the lower end of the industry pay scale; however, 23.2 percent of them earn between $10,000 and $20,000
annually, and 31.8 percent draws a salary between $20,000 and $30,000.
In the manufacturing sector—where 21.6 percent of Mexicans work—most (81.7 percent) took home $20,000
or less in annual wages, 14 percent made between $20,000 and $30,000, and the remaining 3.3 percent (493 workers) earned $40,000 a year or more.
Of the nearly 6,000 Mexican workers in professional and business services, 58 percent of them earned annual
salaries of $20,000 or less. Another 14.1 percent (836 workers) made between $20,000 and $30,000 thousand
dollars a year, but nearly one third of the sector’s Mexican workers earned more than $40,000 in 2004. Most of
those employed in the recreation, amusement and other entertainment industries, on the other hand, were paid less
than $30,000 a year, with 43 percent earning less than $10,000.
Income
Tennessee’s Mexican residents reported $1.3 billion in personal income in 2004, which makes up 1 percent of
the state’s total money income of $122.7 billion.
Table 6. Personal Income and Population in Tennessee, by Hispanic Origin, 2004
Personal Income
Dollars
Percent
Non-Hispanic
Mexican
Other Hispanic
Total
120,629,179,822
1,255,591,391
863,117,233
122,747,888,447
98.3
1.0
0.7
100.0
Population
Number
Percent
5,577,759
116,006
49,402
5,743,167
97.1
2.0
0.9
100.0
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on data from American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
39
The personal income reported by the American Community Survey is lower than other personal income estimates because it does not include capital gains, money received from the sale of property, and the value of in-kind
income such as food stamps and public housing, and some kinds of lump sum receipts. As such, it corresponds
closely to money income.
Wages and salaries income comprises the largest portion of income for Mexican respondents (84.2 percent of
total income, compared to 75.3 percent for non-Hispanics, and 88.5 percent for other Hispanics). The portion
provided by self-employment (11.4 percent) is higher than in both the non-Hispanic group (7 percent), and for other
Hispanics (2.3 percent). Compared to non-Hispanics, Mexicans derived a relatively larger portion of income from
public assistance.
Table 7. Money Income by Source and Hispanic Origin, Tennessee, 2004
Source of Income
Total
Amount
%
Total person’s income
122,747,888
Wages or salary income
92,485,097
Self-employment income
8,590,369
Interest, dividends, and
net rental income
4,740,672
Retirement income
5,797,845
Social Security income
8,061,833
Supplementary Security income 569,530
Public assistance income
100,152
All other income
2,402,390
Source:
40
Income (in thousands of dollars)
Non-Hispanic
Mexican
Amount
%
Amount
%
100.0 120,629,180
75.3 90,663,879
7.0
8,427,655
3.9
4.7
6.6
0.5
0.1
2.0
4,729,288
5,767,249
8,025,252
567,248
95,982
2,352,628
Other Hispanic
Amount
%
100.0
75.2
7.0
1,255,591
1,057,480
142,729
100.0
84.2
11.4
863,117
763,739
19,985
100.0
88.5
2.3
3.9
4.8
6.7
0.5
0.1
2.0
427
14,589
21,131
1,649
3,987
13,600
0.0
1.2
1.7
0.1
0.3
1.1
10,958
16,008
15,450
633
183
36,163
1.3
1.9
1.8
0.1
0.0
4.2
Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on data from American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
Going North
Appendix
41
TABLE 1
Population of Mexican Origin as a Percentage of Total Population, by State, 2000 and 2004
2004
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
District of Columbia
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
United States
Total Population
2000
Percent Mexican
Total Population
Percent Mexican
4,414,559
635,963
5,638,345
2,668,372
35,057,375
4,498,611
3,389,483
518,074
805,421
16,957,665
8,580,307
1,227,008
1,360,152
12,368,348
6,058,172
2,849,976
2,653,454
4,031,134
4,383,224
1,278,725
5,424,648
6,193,986
9,858,908
4,958,748
2,807,064
5,587,906
903,109
1,708,711
2,301,197
1,261,970
8,503,294
1,855,776
18,661,943
8,270,028
609,691
11,172,251
3,412,202
3,506,284
11,971,696
1,037,002
4,059,838
741,480
5,743,167
21,890,579
2,349,472
600,632
7,219,758
6,071,325
1,771,784
5,353,642
492,534
1.5
2.7
25.6
3.6
28.7
14.3
1.2
1.0
2.7
2.7
4.6
2.2
7.7
11.0
3.5
2.9
4.8
1.2
0.8
0.2
1.1
0.4
2.6
2.4
1.0
1.8
1.6
5.8
17.8
0.5
1.4
23.7
1.7
4.3
0.8
1.0
5.1
7.7
0.6
0.7
1.8
1.2
2.0
29.6
8.0
0.2
1.5
7.0
0.3
3.1
4.4
4,447,100
626,932
5,130,632
2,673,400
33,871,648
4,301,261
3,405,565
572,059
783,600
15,982,378
8,186,453
1,211,537
1,293,953
12,419,293
6,080,485
2,926,324
2,688,418
4,041,769
4,468,976
1,274,923
5,296,486
6,349,097
9,938,444
4,919,479
2,844,658
5,595,211
902,195
1,711,263
1,998,257
1,235,786
8,414,350
1,819,046
18,976,457
8,049,313
642,200
11,353,140
3,450,654
3,421,399
12,281,054
1,048,319
4,012,012
754,844
5,689,283
20,851,820
2,233,169
608,827
7,078,515
5,894,121
1,808,344
5,363,675
493,782
1.0
2.1
20.8
2.3
25.0
10.5
0.7
0.9
1.7
2.3
3.4
1.6
6.1
9.2
2.5
2.1
5.5
0.8
0.7
0.2
0.8
0.4
2.2
1.9
0.8
1.4
1.3
4.2
14.3
0.4
1.2
18.1
1.4
3.1
0.7
0.8
3.8
6.3
0.4
0.6
1.3
0.8
1.4
24.3
6.1
0.2
1.0
5.6
0.2
2.4
4.0
285,674,993
9.0
281,421,906
7.3
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, Terry College of Business, The University of Georgia; based on data from
U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
42
TABLE 2
Population of Mexican Origin, by State, 2000 and 2004
State
2004 Mexican Population
Number
State Rank
2000 Mexican Population
Number
State Rank
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
District of Columbia
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
66,798
17,142
1,444,736
96,139
10,077,213
643,235
41,802
5,001
21,775
453,162
390,579
27,478
104,980
1,359,765
214,407
82,950
128,640
47,527
33,481
3,071
61,754
21,829
260,030
119,358
27,348
99,826
14,621
98,272
410,010
6,518
116,479
439,351
309,115
358,648
5,159
107,210
174,865
270,788
70,798
6,932
73,485
8,946
116,006
6,485,549
188,430
1,380
111,197
423,991
5,601
168,093
21,893
32
42
3
28
1
5
35
49
41
6
10
37
25
4
15
29
19
34
36
50
33
40
14
20
38
26
43
27
9
46
21
7
12
11
48
24
17
13
31
45
30
44
22
2
16
51
23
8
47
18
39
44,522
13,334
1,065,578
61,204
8,455,926
450,760
23,484
5,098
12,986
363,925
275,288
19,820
79,324
1,144,390
153,042
61,154
148,270
31,385
32,267
2,756
39,900
22,288
220,769
95,613
21,616
77,887
11,735
71,030
285,764
4,590
102,929
330,049
260,889
246,545
4,295
90,663
132,813
214,662
55,178
5,881
52,871
6,364
77,372
5,071,963
136,416
1,174
73,979
329,934
4,347
126,719
19,963
32
41
4
28
1
5
36
46
42
6
10
40
23
3
15
29
16
35
34
50
33
37
13
21
38
24
43
27
9
47
20
7
11
12
49
22
18
14
30
45
31
44
25
2
17
51
26
8
48
19
39
United States
25,843,363
NA
20,640,711
NA
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2004, Census 2000; ranking calculated by the Selig Center
for Economic Growth, Terry College of Business, The University of Georgia.
43
TABLE 3
Population of Mexican Origin, by State, with Nominal and Percent Change, 2000-2004
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
District of Columbia
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
United States
2004
Mexican Population
2000
66,798
17,142
1,444,736
96,139
10,077,213
643,235
41,802
5,001
21,775
453,162
390,579
27,478
104,980
1,359,765
214,407
82,950
128,640
47,527
33,481
3,071
61,754
21,829
260,030
119,358
27,348
99,826
14,621
98,272
410,010
6,518
116,479
439,351
309,115
358,648
5,159
107,210
174,865
270,788
70,798
6,932
73,485
8,946
116,006
6,485,549
188,430
1,380
111,197
423,991
5,601
168,093
21,893
25,843,363
44,522
13,334
1,065,578
61,204
8,455,926
450,760
23,484
5,098
12,986
363,925
275,288
19,820
79,324
1,144,390
153,042
61,154
148,270
31,385
32,267
2,756
39,900
22,288
220,769
95,613
21,616
77,887
11,735
71,030
285,764
4,590
102,929
330,049
260,889
246,545
4,295
90,663
132,813
214,662
55,178
5,881
52,871
6,364
77,372
5,071,963
136,416
1,174
73,979
329,934
4,347
126,719
19,963
20,640,711
2000-2004 Change
Percent
Number
State
State
Percent
Rank
Number
Rank
50.0
28.6
35.6
57.1
19.2
42.7
78.0
-1.9
67.7
24.5
41.9
38.6
32.3
18.8
40.1
35.6
-13.2
51.4
3.8
11.4
54.8
-2.1
17.8
24.8
26.5
28.2
24.6
38.4
43.5
42.0
13.2
33.1
18.5
45.5
20.1
18.3
31.7
26.1
28.3
17.9
39.0
40.6
49.9
27.9
38.1
17.5
50.3
28.5
28.8
32.7
9.7
25.2
7
27
21
3
38
11
1
49
2
36
13
17
24
39
15
20
51
5
48
46
4
50
43
34
32
30
35
18
10
12
45
22
40
9
37
41
25
33
29
42
16
14
8
31
19
44
6
28
26
23
47
NA
22,276
3,808
379,158
34,935
1,621,287
192,475
18,318
-97
8,789
89,237
115,291
7,658
25,656
215,375
61,365
21,796
-19,630
16,142
1,214
315
21,854
-459
39,261
23,745
5,732
21,939
2,886
27,242
124,246
1,928
13,550
109,302
48,226
112,103
864
16,547
42,052
56,126
15,620
1,051
20,614
2,582
38,634
1,413,586
52,014
206
37,218
94,057
1,254
41,374
1,930
5,202,652
25
38
3
21
1
5
30
49
35
11
7
36
23
4
12
28
51
32
44
47
27
50
18
24
37
26
39
22
6
42
34
9
15
8
46
31
16
13
33
45
29
40
19
2
14
48
20
10
43
17
41
NA
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2004, Census 2000; percentages and ranking calculated by
the Selig Center for Economic Growth, Terry College of Business, The University of Georgia.
44
TABLE 4
Population by Hispanic Origin and State, 2004
State
Non-Hispanic
Number
Percent
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
4,328,443
605,670
4,046,147
2,550,605
22,810,995
3,635,980
3,030,390
757,895
472,195
13,704,408
8,004,532
1,130,230
1,238,754
10,630,489
5,793,599
2,746,818
2,492,646
3,956,521
4,262,968
1,267,306
5,129,769
5,712,104
9,499,797
4,785,624
2,765,569
5,444,029
884,332
1,590,426
1,773,627
1,235,862
7,228,794
1,045,848
15,649,164
7,763,822
602,755
10,929,908
3,193,427
3,170,584
11,522,122
927,810
3,939,157
728,707
5,577,759
14,272,679
2,100,381
595,508
6,800,848
5,547,488
1,760,795
5,119,264
459,523
98.0
95.2
71.8
95.6
65.1
80.8
89.4
94.1
91.1
80.8
93.3
92.1
91.1
85.9
95.6
96.4
93.9
98.1
97.3
99.1
94.6
92.2
96.4
96.5
98.5
97.4
97.9
93.1
77.1
97.9
85.0
56.4
83.9
93.9
98.9
97.8
93.6
90.4
96.2
89.5
97.0
98.3
97.1
65.2
89.4
99.1
94.2
91.4
99.4
95.6
93.3
66,798
17,142
1,444,736
96,139
10,077,213
643,235
41,802
21,775
5,001
453,162
390,579
27,478
104,980
1,359,765
214,407
82,950
128,640
47,527
33,481
3,071
61,754
21,829
260,030
119,358
27,348
99,826
14,621
98,272
410,010
6,518
116,479
439,351
309,115
358,648
5,159
107,210
174,865
270,788
70,798
6,932
73,485
8,946
116,006
6,485,549
188,430
1,380
111,197
423,991
5,601
168,093
21,893
1.5
2.7
25.6
3.6
28.7
14.3
1.2
2.7
1.0
2.7
4.6
2.2
7.7
11.0
3.5
2.9
4.8
1.2
0.8
0.2
1.1
0.4
2.6
2.4
1.0
1.8
1.6
5.8
17.8
0.5
1.4
23.7
1.7
4.3
0.8
1.0
5.1
7.7
0.6
0.7
1.8
1.2
2.0
29.6
8.0
0.2
1.5
7.0
0.3
3.1
4.4
19,318
13,151
147,462
21,628
2,169,167
219,396
317,291
25,751
40,878
2,800,095
185,196
69,300
16,418
378,094
50,166
20,208
32,168
27,086
86,775
8,348
233,125
460,053
99,081
53,766
14,147
44,051
4,156
20,013
117,560
19,590
1,158,021
370,577
2,703,664
147,558
1,777
135,133
43,910
64,912
378,776
102,260
47,196
3,827
49,402
1,132,351
60,661
3,744
307,713
99,846
5,388
66,285
11,118
0.4
2.1
2.6
0.8
6.2
4.9
9.4
3.2
7.9
16.5
2.2
5.6
1.2
3.1
0.8
0.7
1.2
0.7
2.0
0.7
4.3
7.4
1.0
1.1
0.5
0.8
0.5
1.2
5.1
1.6
13.6
20.0
14.5
1.8
0.3
1.2
1.3
1.9
3.2
9.9
1.2
0.5
0.9
5.2
2.6
0.6
4.3
1.6
0.3
1.2
2.3
4,414,559
635,963
5,638,345
2,668,372
35,057,375
4,498,611
3,389,483
805,421
518,074
16,957,665
8,580,307
1,227,008
1,360,152
12,368,348
6,058,172
2,849,976
2,653,454
4,031,134
4,383,224
1,278,725
5,424,648
6,193,986
9,858,908
4,958,748
2,807,064
5,587,906
903,109
1,708,711
2,301,197
1,261,970
8,503,294
1,855,776
18,661,943
8,270,028
609,691
11,172,251
3,412,202
3,506,284
11,971,696
1,037,002
4,059,838
741,480
5,743,167
21,890,579
2,349,472
600,632
7,219,758
6,071,325
1,771,784
5,353,642
492,534
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
245,224,073
85.8
25,843,363
9.0
14,607,557
5.1
285,674,993
100.0
United States
Mexican
Number
Percent
Other Hispanic
Number Percent
Number
Total
Percent
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2004, Census 2000; percentages calculated by the Selig Center for
Economic Growth, Terry College of Business, The University of Georgia.
45
Table 5
Residents of Mexican Origin, by Place of Birth and Citizenship, 2004
State
Number
U.S. Born
Percent
Rank
Naturalized U.S. Citizen
Number Percent
Rank
Non U.S.-Citizen
Number Percent
Rank
Alabama
22,399
Alaska
12,615
Arizona
902,536
Arkansas
43,017
California
6,023,342
Colorado
417,630
Connecticut
21,168
Delaware
7,612
District of Columbia
2,437
Florida
216,716
Georgia
133,831
Hawaii
23,508
Idaho
61,024
Illinois
701,901
Indiana
114,012
Iowa
61,458
Kansas
81,166
Kentucky
25,991
Louisiana
25,554
Maine
2,559
Maryland
31,517
Massachusetts
10,601
Michigan
197,349
Minnesota
73,609
Mississippi
14,916
Missouri
71,083
Montana
13,410
Nebraska
63,059
Nevada
215,442
New Hampshire
4,852
New Jersey
43,247
New Mexico
326,880
New York
121,897
North Carolina
134,589
North Dakota
5,019
Ohio
75,527
Oklahoma
104,827
Oregon
143,688
Pennsylvania
38,141
Rhode Island
3,182
South Carolina
21,413
South Dakota
7,205
Tennessee
49,475
Texas
4,422,432
Utah
118,372
Vermont
1,260
Virginia
56,899
Washington
268,843
West Virginia
4,047
Wisconsin
99,823
Wyoming
15,570
33.5
73.6
62.5
44.7
59.8
64.9
50.6
35.0
48.7
47.8
34.3
85.6
58.1
51.6
53.2
74.1
63.1
54.7
76.3
83.3
51.0
48.6
75.9
61.7
54.5
71.2
91.7
64.2
52.5
74.4
37.1
74.4
39.4
37.5
97.3
70.4
59.9
53.1
53.9
45.9
29.1
80.5
42.6
68.2
62.8
91.3
51.2
63.4
72.3
59.4
71.1
50
12
23
43
26
18
38
48
39
41
49
4
28
35
32
11
21
29
7
5
37
40
8
24
30
14
2
19
34
9
47
10
45
46
1
16
25
33
31
42
51
6
44
17
22
3
36
20
13
27
15
1,172
1,367
93,893
9,457
999,714
34,199
3,263
1,096
351
32,570
11,872
1,022
5,054
179,349
8,827
7,649
5,884
958
1,070
217
6,163
2,436
15,611
10,581
2,559
6,944
611
7,423
40,110
216
10,629
28,476
33,017
20,475
140
8,162
12,010
11,080
4,618
288
3,535
194
2,916
495,462
15,901
65
7,396
34,724
223
7,803
1,348
1.8
8.0
6.5
9.8
9.9
5.3
7.8
5.0
7.0
7.2
3.0
3.7
4.8
13.2
4.1
9.2
4.6
2.0
3.2
7.1
10.0
11.2
6.0
8.9
9.4
7.0
4.2
7.6
9.8
3.3
9.1
6.5
10.7
5.7
2.7
7.6
6.9
4.1
6.5
4.2
4.8
2.2
2.5
7.6
8.4
4.7
6.7
8.2
4.0
4.6
6.2
51
14
26
6
5
31
15
32
21
19
46
43
33
1
40
9
37
50
45
20
4
2
29
11
8
22
38
18
7
44
10
27
3
30
47
17
23
41
25
39
34
49
48
16
12
35
24
13
42
36
28
43,227
3,160
448,307
43,665
3,054,157
191,406
17,371
13,067
2,213
203,876
244,876
2,948
38,902
478,515
91,568
13,843
41,590
20,578
6,857
295
24,074
8,792
47,070
35,168
9,873
21,799
600
27,790
154,458
1,450
62,603
83,995
154,201
203,584
0
23,521
58,028
116,020
28,039
3,462
48,537
1,547
63,615
1,567,655
54,157
55
46,902
120,424
1,331
60,467
4,975
64.7
18.4
31.0
45.4
30.3
29.8
41.6
60.0
44.3
45.0
62.7
10.7
37.1
35.2
42.7
16.7
32.3
43.3
20.5
9.6
39.0
40.3
18.1
29.5
36.1
21.8
4.1
28.3
37.7
22.2
53.7
19.1
49.9
56.8
0.0
21.9
33.2
42.8
39.6
49.9
66.1
17.3
54.8
24.2
28.7
4.0
42.2
28.4
23.8
36.0
22.7
2
43
28
10
29
30
17
4
12
11
3
47
22
25
15
46
27
13
41
48
20
18
44
31
23
40
49
34
21
38
7
42
9
5
51
39
26
14
19
8
1
45
6
35
32
50
16
33
36
24
37
United States
60.6
NA
2,190,100
8.5
NA
7,994,613
30.9
NA
15,658,650
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, Terry College of Business, The University of Georgia; based on data from U.S. Census
Bureau, American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
46
TABLE 6
Population of Mexican Origin as Percent of Total Population, by Age Group, 2004
State/Age Group
Total
Number
Mexican
Percent
Number
of Total
Alabama
Under 5
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 59
60 to 64
65 to 74
75 to 84
85 and over
Total
Mexican
Percent
Number
of Total
Mississippi
295,527
278,013
334,775
285,679
313,754
581,428
643,309
638,029
271,753
210,103
312,010
195,810
54,369
4,414,559
9,834
6,818
3,885
2,860
10,908
20,845
8,356
1,756
0
845
0
691
0
66,798
3.3
2.5
1.2
1.0
3.5
3.6
1.3
0.3
0.0
0.4
0.0
0.4
0.0
1.5
Georgia
Under 5
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 59
60 to 64
65 to 74
75 to 84
85 and over
Total
State/Age Group
Total
Number
Under 5
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 59
60 to 64
65 to 74
75 to 84
85 and over
Total
208,029
196,602
215,514
199,770
209,950
375,484
396,556
394,431
157,627
123,417
185,097
111,797
32,790
2,807,064
3,405
2,151
1,364
2,208
2,673
7,582
4,209
2,228
221
419
633
255
0
27,348
1.6
1.1
0.6
1.1
1.3
2.0
1.1
0.6
0.1
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.0
1.0
382,703
381,045
385,944
362,254
382,453
802,210
879,783
843,388
340,385
280,174
394,763
243,089
64,976
5,743,167
17,416
12,259
6,902
6,926
18,735
28,210
16,684
4,425
1,196
1,464
772
1,017
0
116,006
4.6
3.2
1.8
1.9
4.9
3.5
1.9
0.5
0.4
0.5
0.2
0.4
0.0
2.0
Tennessee
666,623
645,459
625,103
576,943
614,711
1,306,395
1,372,385
1,179,445
451,496
351,316
462,627
252,351
75,453
8,580,307
47,893
37,953
28,233
31,618
44,920
108,405
60,427
19,965
5,186
2,811
2,596
572
0
390,579
7.2
5.9
4.5
5.5
7.3
8.3
4.4
1.7
1.1
0.8
0.6
0.2
0.0
4.6
United States
Under 5
20,002,766 3,017,296
5 to 9
19,655,098 2,703,945
10 to 14
21,056,129 2,465,033
15 to 19
19,078,461
2,112,364
20 to 24
19,340,727 2,457,561
25 to 34
38,667,491 4,894,032
35 to 44
43,596,918 3,672,123
45 to 54
41,231,774 2,278,233
55 to 59
16,232,615
705,695
60 to 64
12,603,968
476,155
65 to 74
17,984,999
641,919
75 to 84
12,365,921
339,943
85 and over 3,858,126
79,064
Total
285,674,993 25,843,363
15.1
13.8
11.7
11.1
12.7
12.7
8.4
5.5
4.3
3.8
3.6
2.7
2.0
9.0
Under 5
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 59
60 to 64
65 to 74
75 to 84
85 and over
Total
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, Terry College of Business, The University of Georgia, based on data from U.S. Census
Bureau, American Community Survey, 2004.
47
TABLE 7
Population by Age and Hispanic Origin, 2004
Age Group
Non-Hispanic/Latino
Number
Percent
Mexican
Number Percent
Other Hispanics
Number
Percent
Total
Number Percent
Alabama
Under 5
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 59
60 to 64
65 to 74
75 to 84
85 and over
Total
284,489
269,316
329,774
281,861
299,990
556,448
632,046
633,368
271,595
208,989
311,393
194,805
54,369
4,328,443
6.6
6.2
7.6
6.5
6.9
12.9
14.6
14.6
6.3
4.8
7.2
4.5
1.3
100.0
9,834
6,818
3,885
2,860
10,908
20,845
8,356
1,756
0
845
0
691
0
66,798
14.7
10.2
5.8
4.3
16.3
31.2
12.5
2.6
0.0
1.3
0.0
1.0
0.0
100.0
1,204
1,879
1,116
958
2,856
4,135
2,907
2,905
158
269
617
314
0
19,318
6.2
9.7
5.8
5.0
14.8
21.4
15.0
15.0
0.8
1.4
3.2
1.6
0.0
100.0
295,527
278,013
334,775
285,679
313,754
581,428
643,309
638,029
271,753
210,103
312,010
195,810
54,369
4,414,559
6.7
6.3
7.6
6.5
7.1
13.2
14.6
14.5
6.2
4.8
7.1
4.4
1.2
100.0
600,022
591,941
580,966
534,820
556,714
1,158,124
1,278,203
1,136,959
440,636
344,941
456,549
249,795
74,862
8,004,532
7.5
7.4
7.3
6.7
7.0
14.5
16.0
14.2
5.5
4.3
5.7
3.1
0.9
100.0
47,893
37,953
28,233
31,618
44,920
108,405
60,427
19,965
5,186
2,811
2,596
572
0
390,579
12.3
9.7
7.2
8.1
11.5
27.8
15.5
5.1
1.3
0.7
0.7
0.1
0.0
100.0
18,708
15,565
15,904
10,505
13,077
39,866
33,755
22,521
5,674
3,564
3,482
1,984
591
185,196
10.1
8.4
8.6
5.7
7.1
21.5
18.2
12.2
3.1
1.9
1.9
1.1
0.3
100.0
666,623
645,459
625,103
576,943
614,711
1,306,395
1,372,385
1,179,445
451,496
351,316
462,627
252,351
75,453
8,580,307
7.8
7.5
7.3
6.7
7.2
15.2
16.0
13.7
5.3
4.1
5.4
2.9
0.9
100.0
203,259
192,888
213,061
196,851
206,295
365,002
389,534
391,231
157,096
122,375
183,894
111,385
32,698
2,765,569
7.3
7.0
7.7
7.1
7.5
13.2
14.1
14.1
5.7
4.4
6.6
4.0
1.2
100.0
3,405
2,151
1,364
2,208
2,673
7,582
4,209
2,228
221
419
633
255
0
27,348
12.5
7.9
5.0
8.1
9.8
27.7
15.4
8.1
0.8
1.5
2.3
0.9
0.0
100.0
1,365
1,563
1,089
711
982
2,900
2,813
972
310
623
570
157
92
14,147
9.6
11.0
7.7
5.0
6.9
20.5
19.9
6.9
2.2
4.4
4.0
1.1
0.7
100.0
208,029
196,602
215,514
199,770
209,950
375,484
396,556
394,431
157,627
123,417
185,097
111,797
32,790
2,807,064
7.4
7.0
7.7
7.1
7.5
13.4
14.1
14.1
5.6
4.4
6.6
4.0
1.2
100.0
Georgia
Under 5
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 59
60 to 64
65 to 74
75 to 84
85 and over
Total
Mississippi
Under 5
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 59
60 to 64
65 to 74
75 to 84
85 and over
Total
(continued)
48
TABLE 7 (Continued)
Population by Age and Hispanic Origin, 2004
Age Group
Non-Hispanic/Latino
Number
Percent
Mexican
Number Percent
Other Hispanics
Number
Percent
Total
Number Percent
Tennessee
Under 5
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 59
60 to 64
65 to 74
75 to 84
85 and over
Total
360,468
364,797
377,311
351,643
355,707
764,571
853,408
834,788
337,550
278,479
392,918
241,143
64,976
5,577,759
6.5
6.5
6.8
6.3
6.4
13.7
15.3
15.0
6.1
5.0
7.0
4.3
1.2
100.0
17,416
12,259
6,902
6,926
18,735
28,210
16,684
4,425
1,196
1,464
772
1,017
0
116,006
15.0
10.6
5.9
6.0
16.2
24.3
14.4
3.8
1.0
1.3
0.7
0.9
0.0
100.0
4,819
3,989
1,731
3,685
8,011
9,429
9,691
4,175
1,639
231
1,073
929
0
49,402
9.8
8.1
3.5
7.5
16.2
19.1
19.6
8.5
3.3
0.5
2.2
1.9
0.0
100.0
382,703
381,045
385,944
362,254
382,453
802,210
879,783
843,388
340,385
280,174
394,763
243,089
64,976
5,743,167
6.7
6.6
6.7
6.3
6.7
14.0
15.3
14.7
5.9
4.9
6.9
4.2
1.1
100.0
Under 5
15,649,885
5 to 9
15,737,217
10 to 14
17,363,498
15 to 19
15,898,858
20 to 24
15,733,649
25 to 34
31,319,917
35 to 44
37,464,418
45 to 54
37,261,265
55 to 59
14,950,153
60 to 64
11,693,409
65 to 74
16,740,435
75 to 84
11,713,225
85 and over 3,698,144
Total
245,224,073
6.4
6.4
7.1
6.5
6.4
12.8
15.3
15.2
6.1
4.8
6.8
4.8
1.5
100.0
3,017,296
2,703,945
2,465,033
2,112,364
2,457,561
4,894,032
3,672,123
2,278,233
705,695
476,155
641,919
339,943
79,064
25,843,363
11.7
10.5
9.5
8.2
9.5
18.9
14.2
8.8
2.7
1.8
2.5
1.3
0.3
100.0
1,335,585
1,213,936
1,227,598
1,067,239
1,149,517
2,453,542
2,460,377
1,692,276
576,767
434,404
602,645
312,753
80,918
14,607,557
9.1
8.3
8.4
7.3
7.9
16.8
16.8
11.6
3.9
3.0
4.1
2.1
0.6
100.0
20,002,766
19,655,098
21,056,129
19,078,461
19,340,727
38,667,491
43,596,918
41,231,774
16,232,615
12,603,968
17,984,999
12,365,921
3,858,126
285,674,993
7.0
6.9
7.4
6.7
6.8
13.5
15.3
14.4
5.7
4.4
6.3
4.3
1.4
100.0
United States
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, Terry College of Business, The University of Georgia, based on data from U.S. Census
Bureau, American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
49
TABLE 8
School Enrollment for Mexican Teens (Ages 15 to 19), by State, 2004
U.S. Born
Naturalized U. S. Citizen
15 to 19
State
Total
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
United States
1,294
1,542
82,898
3,139
608,038
33,127
842
461
19,355
11,813
2,132
3,917
69,925
11,646
8,214
6,947
1,364
1,198
108
3,349
827
15,589
3,746
1,187
4,504
1,287
5,426
17,081
393
2,807
34,031
11,300
6,209
711
7,120
8,258
12,442
1,019
0
568
497
3,015
406,962
11,783
186
5,249
23,641
127
9,085
1,353
Enrolled
Percent
Enrolled
Non-U.S. Citizen
15 to 19
Total
Enrolled
Percent
Enrolled
15 to 19
Total
Enrolled
Percent
Enrolled
1,036
875
70,313
2,757
511,514
25,107
842
413
13,255
8,302
1,297
3,564
58,300
10,564
6,087
6,048
1,364
679
52
2,570
550
13,800
3,046
1,187
3,433
949
4,395
14,713
176
1,300
27,254
8,254
5,206
711
4,826
5,830
9,090
639
0
349
408
2,802
335,933
9,403
186
4,595
20,316
127
6,289
1,038
80.1
56.7
84.8
87.8
84.1
75.8
100.0
89.6
68.5
70.3
60.8
91.0
83.4
90.7
74.1
87.1
100.0
56.7
48.1
76.7
66.5
88.5
81.3
100.0
76.2
73.7
81.0
86.1
44.8
46.3
80.1
73.0
83.8
100.0
67.8
70.6
73.1
62.7
0.0
61.4
82.1
92.9
82.5
79.8
100.0
87.5
85.9
100.0
69.2
76.7
1,566
466
37,853
4,199
223,169
11,441
533
625
13,138
19,620
0
3,646
30,885
6,338
1,941
3,475
1,283
0
0
2,139
465
4,325
2,946
1,021
1,742
0
2,077
13,662
0
2,307
6,670
11,803
13,390
0
1,620
3,412
6,145
1,351
294
2,742
65
3,911
121,013
4,036
0
3,802
11,744
0
4,530
299
464
319
24,061
2,238
151,651
6,343
533
349
2,885
6,185
0
2,069
15,021
4,076
1,522
1,262
1,173
0
0
186
465
1,557
1,712
236
1,417
0
1,695
6,040
0
1,743
4,895
3,233
6,676
0
118
1,704
5,277
719
217
1,312
65
742
72,954
3,066
0
1,002
6,336
0
1,986
149
29.6
68.5
63.6
53.3
68.0
55.4
100.0
55.8
22.0
31.5
0.0
56.7
48.6
64.3
78.4
36.3
91.4
0.0
0.0
8.7
100.0
36.0
58.1
23.1
81.3
0.0
81.6
44.2
0.0
75.6
73.4
27.4
49.9
0.0
7.3
49.9
85.9
53.2
73.8
47.8
100.0
19.0
60.3
76.0
0.0
26.4
54.0
0.0
43.8
49.8
0
0
2,409
0
19,482
0
0
0
158
185
0
100
2,432
0
629
381
0
0
0
1,187
0
1,678
1,839
0
712
0
70
1,042
0
293
277
2,069
1,096
0
1,002
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
18,125
327
0
204
896
0
316
54
0
0
2,409
0
16,909
0
0
0
158
185
0
67
2,432
0
629
0
0
0
0
1,015
0
0
398
0
493
0
28
113
0
293
277
1,813
0
0
466
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
16,715
0
0
0
896
0
316
54
0.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
86.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
67.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
85.5
0.0
0.0
21.6
0.0
69.2
0.0
40.0
10.8
0.0
100.0
100.0
87.6
0.0
0.0
46.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
92.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
100.0
1,467,712 1,211,744
82.6
587,689
345,653
58.8
56,963
45,666
80.2
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, Terry College of Business, The University of Georgia, based on data from U.S. Census
Bureau, American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
50
Table 9
School Enrollment, by Grade and Hispanic Origin, 2004
Alabama
Georgia
Mississippi
Tennessee
Number
enrolled Percent
Number
enrolled Percent
Number
enrolled Percent
Number
enrolled Percent
United States
Number
enrolled
Percent
Non-Hispanic
Nursery/Preschool
Kindergarten
Grades 1 to 4
Grades 5 to 8
Grades 9 to 12
College
Grad school
Total enrolled
65,240
57,889
216,370
264,770
248,857
198,788
44,249
1,096,163
6.0
162,342
5.3
119,007
19.7 471,100
24.2 461,991
22.7 467,736
18.1 343,754
4.0
82,188
100.0 2,108,118
7.7
5.6
22.3
21.9
22.2
16.3
3.9
100.0
47,656
44,306
156,479
173,778
167,073
131,611
21,917
742,820
6.4
85,124
6.0
73,117
21.1 286,344
23.4 295,157
22.5 300,481
17.7 235,152
3.0
56,414
100.0 1,331,789
6.4
5.5
21.5
22.2
22.6
17.7
4.2
100.0
3,906,345
3,163,442
12,668,710
13,771,282
13,897,245
12,319,220
3,151,404
62,877,648
6.2
5.0
20.1
21.9
22.1
19.6
5.0
100.0
679
2,368
3,553
2,994
1,669
1,034
0
12,297
5.5
19.3
28.9
24.3
13.6
8.4
0.0
100.0
7,544
7,383
25,947
24,668
19,780
5,889
184
91,395
8.3
8.1
28.4
27.0
21.6
6.4
0.0
100.0
427
183
1,261
1,086
788
1,008
295
5,048
8.5
3.6
25.0
21.5
15.6
20.0
5.8
100.0
977
1,669
8,767
7,100
3,127
2,940
286
24,866
3.9
6.7
35.3
28.6
12.6
11.8
1.2
100.0
494,511
565,494
2,132,824
1,966,772
1,795,354
1,139,597
124,154
8,218,706
6.0
6.9
26.0
23.9
21.8
13.9
1.5
100.0
928
0
1,129
866
1,058
2,450
467
6,898
13.5
0.0
16.4
12.6
15.3
35.5
6.8
100.0
6,903
3,809
12,573
13,269
7,957
7,622
2,951
55,084
12.5
0.0
22.8
24.1
14.4
13.8
5.4
100.0
142
248
1,435
744
787
667
418
4,441
3.2
5.6
32.3
16.8
17.7
15.0
9.4
100.0
1,811
426
1,934
1,530
1,727
355
1,751
9,534
19.0
4.5
20.3
16.0
18.1
3.7
18.4
100.0
273,682
263,513
964,838
991,966
940,969
800,804
145,776
4,381,548
6.2
6.0
22.0
22.6
21.5
18.3
3.3
100.0
6.0
176,789
5.4
130,199
19.8 509,620
24.1 499,928
22.6 495,473
18.1 357,265
4.0
85,323
100.0 2,254,597
7.8
5.8
22.6
22.2
22.0
15.8
3.8
100.0
48,225
44,737
159,175
175,608
168,648
133,286
22,630
752,309
6.4
87,912
5.9
75,212
21.2 297,045
23.3 303,787
22.4 305,335
17.7 238,447
3.0
58,451
100.0 1,366,189
6.4
5.5
21.7
22.2
22.3
17.5
4.3
100.0
4,674,538
3,992,449
15,766,372
16,730,020
16,633,568
14,259,621
3,421,334
75,477,902
6.2
5.3
20.9
22.2
22.0
18.9
4.5
100.0
Mexican
Nursery/Preschool
Kindergarten
Grades 1 to 4
Grades 5 to 8
Grades 9 to 12
College
Grad school
Total enrolled
Other Hispanic
Nursery/Preschool
Kindergarten
Grades 1 to 4
Grades 5 to 8
Grades 9 to 12
College
Grad school
Total enrolled
Total
Nursery/Preschool
Kindergarten
Grades 1 to 4
Grades 5 to 8
Grades 9 to 12
College
Grad school
Total enrolled
66,847
60,257
221,052
268,630
251,584
202,272
44,716
1,115,358
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, Terry College of Business, The University of Georgia, based on data from U.S. Census
Bureau, American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
51
TABLE 10
Foreign Born Residents of Mexican Origin, by Year of Entry into the United States, 2004
Before 1950
1951 - 1979
State
Alabama
Georgia
Mississippi
Tennessee
United States
1991 - 1999
2000 - 2004
Total
19,880
110,399
5,726
36,563
3,777,579
21,928
106,350
4,280
23,215
2,191,356
45,414
259,241
12,802
67,400
10,369,841
43.8
42.6
44.7
54.2
36.4
48.3
41.0
33.4
34.4
21.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number
269
0
96
0
85,938
771
9,520
1,025
1,871
1,930,913
State
Alabama
Georgia
Mississippi
Tennessee
United States
1980 - 1989
2,566
32,972
1,675
5,751
2,384,055
Percent
0.6
0.0
0.7
0.0
0.8
1.7
3.7
8.0
2.8
18.6
5.7
12.7
13.1
8.5
23.0
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2004, Census 2000; percentages and ranking calculated by the
Selig Center for Economic Growth, Terry College of Business, The University of Georgia.
52
TABLE 11 – Part 1
Population by Hispanic Origin, by Place of Birth and Age Group, 2004
Non-Hispanic/Latino
State/Age Group
U.S. Born*
Number
Percent
Foreign Born
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Alabama
Under 5
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 59
60 to 64
65 to 74
75 to 84
85 and over
Total
283,076
266,359
328,446
280,249
295,551
543,205
622,593
625,526
266,539
205,765
306,530
192,634
53,646
4,270,119
99.5
98.9
99.6
99.4
98.5
97.6
98.5
98.8
98.1
98.5
98.4
98.9
98.7
98.7
1,413
2,957
1,328
1,612
4,439
13,243
9,453
7,842
5,056
3,224
4,863
2,171
723
58,324
0.5
1.1
0.4
0.6
1.5
2.4
1.5
1.2
1.9
1.5
1.6
1.1
1.3
1.3
284,489
269,316
329,774
281,861
299,990
556,448
632,046
633,368
271,595
208,989
311,393
194,805
54,369
4,328,443
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
597,343
582,886
568,804
522,238
536,144
1,059,077
1,182,839
1,073,041
415,923
332,306
435,201
240,665
73,130
7,619,597
99.6
98.5
97.9
97.6
96.3
91.4
92.5
94.4
94.4
96.3
95.3
96.3
97.7
95.2
2,679
9,055
12,162
12,582
20,570
99,047
95,364
63,918
24,713
12,635
21,348
9,130
1,732
384,935
0.4
1.5
2.1
2.4
3.7
8.6
7.5
5.6
5.6
3.7
4.7
3.7
2.3
4.8
600,022
591,941
580,966
534,820
556,714
1,158,124
1,278,203
1,136,959
440,636
344,941
456,549
249,795
74,862
8,004,532
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
202,906
192,531
213,014
196,141
205,433
361,178
386,482
388,926
155,269
120,370
182,686
110,534
32,698
2,748,168
99.8
99.8
100.0
99.6
99.6
99.0
99.2
99.4
98.8
98.4
99.3
99.2
100.0
99.4
353
357
47
710
862
3,824
3,052
2,305
1,827
2,005
1,208
851
0
17,401
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.4
0.4
1.0
0.8
0.6
1.2
1.6
0.7
0.8
0.0
0.6
203,259
192,888
213,061
196,851
206,295
365,002
389,534
391,231
157,096
122,375
183,894
111,385
32,698
2,765,569
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Georgia
Under 5
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 59
60 to 64
65 to 74
75 to 84
85 and over
Total
Mississippi
Under 5
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 59
60 to 64
65 to 74
75 to 84
85 and over
Total
(continued)
53
TABLE 11 – Part 1 (Continued)
Population by Hispanic Origin, by Place of Birth and Age Group, 2004
Non-Hispanic/Latino
State/Age Group
U.S. Born*
Number
Percent
Foreign Born
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Tennessee
Under 5
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 59
60 to 64
65 to 74
75 to 84
85 and over
Total
359,640
362,958
374,630
346,195
347,376
729,714
830,315
808,748
329,943
273,993
384,782
238,044
64,795
5,451,133
99.8
99.5
99.3
98.5
97.7
95.4
97.3
96.9
97.7
98.4
97.9
98.7
99.7
97.7
828
1,839
2,681
5,448
8,331
34,857
23,093
26,040
7,607
4,486
8,136
3,099
181
126,626
0.2
0.5
0.7
1.5
2.3
4.6
2.7
3.1
2.3
1.6
2.1
1.3
0.3
2.3
360,468
364,797
377,311
351,643
355,707
764,571
853,408
834,788
337,550
278,479
392,918
241,143
64,976
5,577,759
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
United States
Under 5
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 59
60 to 64
65 to 74
75 to 84
85 and over
Total
15,488,076
15,395,174
16,884,131
15,230,536
14,726,191
27,923,469
33,467,951
33,940,191
13,650,297
10,664,922
15,222,368
10,810,225
3,404,999
226,808,530
99.0
97.8
97.2
95.8
93.6
89.2
89.3
91.1
91.3
91.2
90.9
92.3
92.1
92.5
161,809
342,043
479,367
668,322
1,007,458
3,396,448
3,996,467
3,321,074
1,299,856
1,028,487
1,518,067
903,000
293,145
18,415,543
1.0
2.2
2.8
4.2
6.4
10.8
10.7
8.9
8.7
8.8
9.1
7.7
7.9
7.5
15,649,885
15,737,217
17,363,498
15,898,858
15,733,649
31,319,917
37,464,418
37,261,265
14,950,153
11,693,409
16,740,435
11,713,225
3,698,144
245,224,073
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
54
TABLE 11 – Part 2
Population by Hispanic Origin, by Place of Birth and Age Group, 2004
Mexicans
State/Age Group
U.S. Born*
Number
Percent
Foreign Born
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Alabama
Under 5
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 59
60 to 64
65 to 74
75 to 84
85 and over
Total
9,150
4,734
1,568
1,294
214
1,171
2,368
633
0
845
0
422
0
22,399
93.0
69.4
40.4
45.2
2.0
5.6
28.3
36.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
61.1
0.0
33.5
684
2,084
2,317
1,566
10,694
19,674
5,988
1,123
0
0
0
269
0
44,399
7.0
30.6
59.6
54.8
98.0
94.4
71.7
64.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
38.9
0.0
66.5
9,834
6,818
3,885
2,860
10,908
20,845
8,356
1,756
0
845
0
691
0
66,798
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
45,826
29,640
16,436
11,813
9,976
7,036
5,057
4,339
530
562
2,044
572
0
133,831
95.7
78.1
58.2
37.4
22.2
6.5
8.4
21.7
10.2
20.0
78.7
100.0
0.0
34.3
2,067
8,313
11,797
19,805
34,944
101,369
55,370
15,626
4,656
2,249
552
0
0
256,748
4.3
21.9
41.8
62.6
77.8
93.5
91.6
78.3
89.8
80.0
21.3
0.0
0.0
65.7
47,893
37,953
28,233
31,618
44,920
108,405
60,427
19,965
5,186
2,811
2,596
572
0
390,579
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
3,163
1,933
1,085
1,187
588
2,232
1,760
1,661
0
419
633
255
0
14,916
92.9
89.9
79.5
53.8
22.0
29.4
41.8
74.6
0.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
54.5
242
218
279
1,021
2,085
5,350
2,449
567
221
0
0
0
0
12,432
7.1
10.1
20.5
46.2
78.0
70.6
58.2
25.4
100.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
45.5
3,405
2,151
1,364
2,208
2,673
7,582
4,209
2,228
221
419
633
255
0
27,348
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
Georgia
Under 5
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 59
60 to 64
65 to 74
75 to 84
85 and over
Total
Mississippi
Under 5
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 59
60 to 64
65 to 74
75 to 84
85 and over
Total
(continued)
55
TABLE 11 – Part 2 (Continued)
Population by Hispanic Origin, by Place of Birth and Age Group, 2004
Mexicans
State/Age Group
U.S. Born*
Number
Percent
Foreign Born
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Tennessee
Under 5
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 59
60 to 64
65 to 74
75 to 84
85 and over
Total
16,769
7,441
4,602
3,015
6,218
3,899
3,153
2,094
251
554
462
1,017
0
49,475
96.3
60.7
66.7
43.5
33.2
13.8
18.9
47.3
21.0
37.8
59.8
100.0
0.0
42.6
647
4,818
2,300
3,911
12,517
24,311
13,531
2,331
945
910
310
0
0
66,531
3.7
39.3
33.3
56.5
66.8
86.2
81.1
52.7
79.0
62.2
40.2
0.0
0.0
57.4
17,416
12,259
6,902
6,926
18,735
28,210
16,684
4,425
1,196
1,464
772
1,017
0
116,006
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
United States
Under 5
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 59
60 to 64
65 to 74
75 to 84
85 and over
Total
2,915,178
2,405,356
2,063,416
1,467,712
1,334,087
1,938,621
1,362,449
999,636
338,285
221,392
353,265
213,406
45,847
15,658,650
96.6
89.0
83.7
69.5
54.3
39.6
37.1
43.9
47.9
46.5
55.0
62.8
58.0
60.6
102,118
298,589
401,617
644,652
1,123,474
2,955,411
2,309,674
1,278,597
367,410
254,763
288,654
126,537
33,217
10,184,713
3.4
11.0
16.3
30.5
45.7
60.4
62.9
56.1
52.1
53.5
45.0
37.2
42.0
39.4
3,017,296
2,703,945
2,465,033
2,112,364
2,457,561
4,894,032
3,672,123
2,278,233
705,695
476,155
641,919
339,943
79,064
25,843,363
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
56
TABLE 11 – Part 3
Population by Hispanic Origin, by Place of Birth and Age Group, 2004
Other Hispanics
State/Age Group
U.S. Born*
Number
Percent
Foreign Born
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Alabama
Under 5
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 59
60 to 64
65 to 74
75 to 84
85 and over
Total
985
832
1,000
842
2,650
911
1,682
2,245
158
164
617
314
0
12,400
81.8
44.3
89.6
87.9
92.8
22.0
57.9
77.3
100.0
61.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
64.2
219
1,047
116
116
206
3,224
1,225
660
0
105
0
0
0
6,918
18.2
55.7
10.4
12.1
7.2
78.0
42.1
22.7
0.0
39.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
35.8
1,204
1,879
1,116
958
2,856
4,135
2,907
2,905
158
269
617
314
0
19,318
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
17,723
14,865
13,260
7,044
5,845
13,168
11,851
11,587
2,580
1,686
1,895
337
337
102,178
94.7
95.5
83.4
67.1
44.7
33.0
35.1
51.4
45.5
47.3
54.4
17.0
95.7
55.2
985
700
2,644
3,461
7,232
26,698
21,904
10,934
3,094
1,878
1,587
1,647
254
83,018
5.3
4.5
16.6
32.9
55.3
67.0
64.9
48.6
54.5
52.7
45.6
83.0
43.0
44.8
18,708
15,565
15,904
10,505
13,077
39,866
33,755
22,521
5,674
3,564
3,482
1,984
591
185,196
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1,365
1,045
1,089
711
360
2,450
532
496
310
84
469
76
92
9,079
100.0
66.9
100.0
100.0
36.7
84.5
18.9
51.0
100.0
13.5
82.3
48.4
100.0
64.2
0
518
0
0
622
450
2,281
476
0
539
101
81
0
5,068
0.0
33.1
0.0
0.0
63.3
15.5
81.1
49.0
0.0
86.5
17.7
51.6
0.0
35.8
1,365
1,563
1,089
711
982
2,900
2,813
972
310
623
570
157
92
14,147
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Georgia
Under 5
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 59
60 to 64
65 to 74
75 to 84
85 and over
Total
Mississippi
Under 5
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 59
60 to 64
65 to 74
75 to 84
85 and over
Total
(continued)
57
TABLE 11 – Part 3 (Continued)
Population by Hispanic Origin, by Place of Birth and Age Group, 2004
Other Hispanics
State/Age Group
U.S. Born*
Number
Percent
Foreign Born
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Tennessee
Under 5
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 59
60 to 64
65 to 74
75 to 84
85 and over
Total
4,718
3,989
1,235
1,761
2,551
3,029
4,936
2,919
805
0
924
321
0
27,188
97.9
100.0
71.3
47.8
31.8
32.1
50.9
69.9
49.1
0.0
86.1
34.6
0.0
55.0
United States
Under 5
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 59
60 to 64
65 to 74
75 to 84
85 and over
Total
1,292,887
1,112,991
1,074,186
817,588
727,728
1,239,831
1,079,155
752,385
260,351
184,340
249,284
126,088
33,298
8,950,112
96.8
91.7
87.5
76.6
63.3
50.5
43.9
44.5
45.1
42.4
41.4
40.3
41.2
61.3
58
101
496
1,924
5,460
6,400
4,755
1,256
834
231
149
608
0
22,214
2.1
na
28.7
52.2
68.2
67.9
49.1
30.1
50.9
100.0
13.9
65.4
0.0
45.0
4,819
3,989
1,731
3,685
8,011
9,429
9,691
4,175
1,639
231
1,073
929
0
49,402
100.0
na
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
0.0
100.0
42,698
100,945
153,412
249,651
421,789
1,213,711
1,381,222
939,891
316,416
250,064
353,361
186,665
47,620
5,657,445
3.2
8.3
12.5
23.4
36.7
49.5
56.1
55.5
54.9
57.6
58.6
59.7
58.8
38.7
1,335,585
1,213,936
1,227,598
1,067,239
1,149,517
2,453,542
2,460,377
1,692,276
576,767
434,404
602,645
312,753
80,918
14,607,557
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
TABLE 11 – Part 4
Population by Hispanic Origin, by Place of Birth and Age Group, 2004
Total
State/Age Group
U.S. Born*
Number
Percent
Foreign Born
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Alabama
Under 5
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 59
60 to 64
65 to 74
75 to 84
85 and over
Total
293,211
271,925
331,014
282,385
298,415
545,287
626,643
628,404
266,697
206,774
307,147
193,370
53,646
4,304,918
99.2
97.8
98.9
98.8
95.1
93.8
97.4
98.5
98.1
98.4
98.4
98.8
98.7
97.5
2,316
6,088
3,761
3,294
15,339
36,141
16,666
9,625
5,056
3,329
4,863
2,440
723
109,641
0.8
2.2
1.1
1.2
4.9
6.2
2.6
1.5
1.9
1.6
1.6
1.2
1.3
2.5
295,527
278,013
334,775
285,679
313,754
581,428
643,309
638,029
271,753
210,103
312,010
195,810
54,369
4,414,559
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
660,892
627,391
598,500
541,095
551,965
1,079,281
1,199,747
1,088,967
419,033
334,554
439,140
241,574
73,467
7,855,606
99.1
97.2
95.7
93.8
89.8
82.6
87.4
92.3
92.8
95.2
94.9
95.7
97.4
91.6
5,731
18,068
26,603
35,848
62,746
227,114
172,638
90,478
32,463
16,762
23,487
10,777
1,986
724,701
0.9
2.8
4.3
6.2
10.2
17.4
12.6
7.7
7.2
4.8
5.1
4.3
2.6
8.4
666,623
645,459
625,103
576,943
614,711
1,306,395
1,372,385
1,179,445
451,496
351,316
462,627
252,351
75,453
8,580,307
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
207,434
195,509
215,188
198,039
206,381
365,860
388,774
391,083
155,579
120,873
183,788
110,865
32,790
2,772,163
99.7
99.4
99.8
99.1
98.3
97.4
98.0
99.2
98.7
97.9
99.3
99.2
100.0
98.8
595
1,093
326
1,731
3,569
9,624
7,782
3,348
2,048
2,544
1,309
932
0
34,901
0.3
0.6
0.2
0.9
1.7
2.6
2.0
0.8
1.3
2.1
0.7
0.8
0.0
1.2
208,029
196,602
215,514
199,770
209,950
375,484
396,556
394,431
157,627
123,417
185,097
111,797
32,790
2,807,064
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Georgia
Under 5
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 59
60 to 64
65 to 74
75 to 84
85 and over
Total
Mississippi
Under 5
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 59
60 to 64
65 to 74
75 to 84
85 and over
Total
(continued)
59
TABLE 11 – Part 4 (Continued)
Population by Hispanic Origin, by Place of Birth and Age Group, 2004
Total
State/Age Group
U.S. Born*
Number
Percent
Foreign Born
Number
Percent
Total
Number
Percent
Tennessee
Under 5
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 59
60 to 64
65 to 74
75 to 84
85 and over
Total
381,127
374,388
380,467
350,971
356,145
736,642
838,404
813,761
330,999
274,547
386,168
239,382
64,795
5,527,796
99.6
98.3
98.6
96.9
93.1
91.8
95.3
96.5
97.2
98.0
97.8
98.5
99.7
96.2
1,576
6,657
5,477
11,283
26,308
65,568
41,379
29,627
9,386
5,627
8,595
3,707
181
215,371
0.4
1.7
1.4
3.1
6.9
8.2
4.7
3.5
2.8
2.0
2.2
1.5
0.3
3.8
382,703
381,045
385,944
362,254
382,453
802,210
879,783
843,388
340,385
280,174
394,763
243,089
64,976
5,743,167
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
United States
Under 5
5 to 9
10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 24
25 to 34
35 to 44
45 to 54
55 to 59
60 to 64
65 to 74
75 to 84
85 and over
Total
19,696,141
18,913,521
20,021,733
17,515,836
16,788,006
31,101,921
35,909,555
35,692,212
14,248,933
11,070,654
15,824,917
11,149,719
3,484,144
251,417,292
98.5
96.2
95.1
91.8
86.8
80.4
82.4
86.6
87.8
87.8
88.0
90.2
90.3
88.0
306,625
741,577
1,034,396
1,562,625
2,552,721
7,565,570
7,687,363
5,539,562
1,983,682
1,533,314
2,160,082
1,216,202
373,982
34,257,701
1.5
3.8
4.9
8.2
13.2
19.6
17.6
13.4
12.2
12.2
12.0
9.8
9.7
12.0
20,002,766
19,655,098
21,056,129
19,078,461
19,340,727
38,667,491
43,596,918
41,231,774
16,232,615
12,603,968
17,984,999
12,365,921
3,858,126
285,674,993
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
*Includes population born in the United States, Puerto Rico, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands, or the Northern Marianas, as well as those born
abroad of American parents.
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, Terry College of Business, The University of Georgia, based on data from U.S. Census
Bureau, American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
60
TABLE 12
Labor Force Status, by Hispanic Origin, 2004
Labor Force Status
Alabama
Age 16 and over
Civilian labor force
Employed
Unemployed
Armed forces
Not in labor force
Civilian labor force
Unemployment rate
Georgia
Age 16 and over
Civilian labor force
Employed
Unemployed
Armed forces
Not in labor force
Civilian labor force
Unemployment rate
Mississippi
Age 16 and over
Civilian labor force
Employed
Unemployed
Armed forces
Not in labor force
Civilian labor force
Unemployment rate
Tennessee
Age 16 and over
Civilian labor force
Employed
Unemployed
Armed forces
Not in labor force
Civilian labor force
Unemployment rate
Number
Total
Percent
3,441,417
2,133,326
1,981,278
152,048
10,297
1,297,794
100.0
62.0
57.6
4.4
0.3
37.7
2,133,326
7.1
6,515,541
4,397,906
4,075,407
322,499
34,970
2,082,665
100.0
67.5
62.5
4.9
0.5
32.0
100.0
62.0
56.1
5.8
0.4
37.6
Civilian labor force 144,745,755
Unemployment rate
7.2
6,108,866
4,094,109
3,791,540
302,569
32,325
1,982,432
2,113,292
1,305,162
1,182,641
122,521
7,951
800,179
100.0
64.9
60.3
4.6
0.3
34.8
4,393,003
2,844,258
2,640,878
203,380
12,956
1,535,789
100.0
67.0
62.1
5.0
0.5
32.5
192,971,446
125,828,141
117,046,398
8,781,743
649,223
66,494,082
125,828,141
7.0
46,261
34,680
32,830
1,850
302
11,279
100.0
75.0
71.0
4.0
0.7
24.4
273,096
207,306
197,351
9,955
634
65,156
100.0
61.8
56.0
5.8
0.4
37.9
19,866
16,734
15,480
1,254
0
3,132
100.0
75.9
72.3
3.6
0.2
23.9
100.0
65.2
60.7
4.6
0.3
34.5
78,702
57,143
53,407
3,736
613
20,946
100.0
50.1
45.4
4.7
5.3
44.6
133,579
96,491
86,516
9,975
2,011
35,077
100.0
72.2
64.8
7.5
1.5
26.3
96,491
10.3
100.0
84.2
77.9
6.3
0.0
15.8
16,734
7.5
100.0
64.7
60.1
4.6
0.3
35.0
15,003
7,517
6,817
700
790
6,696
7,517
9.3
207,306
4.8
2,844,258
7.2
100.0
65.5
60.8
4.7
0.3
34.1
Mexican
Other Hispanic/Latino
Number Percent Number
Percent
34,680
5.3
1,305,162
9.4
2,926,675
7.1
United States
Age 16 and over
220,821,001
Civilian labor force 144,745,755
Employed
134,268,535
Unemployed
10,477,220
Armed forces
719,826
Not in labor force
75,355,420
100.0
61.9
57.4
4.4
0.3
37.9
4,094,109
7.4
1,327,710
9.4
4,509,672
2,926,675
2,718,306
208,369
14,157
1,568,840
3,380,153
2,091,129
1,941,631
149,498
9,205
1,279,819
2,091,129
7.1
4,397,906
7.3
2,143,112
1,327,710
1,203,071
124,639
8,853
806,549
Non-Hispanic/Latino
Number
Percent
9,954
5,814
4,950
864
902
3,238
100.0
58.4
49.7
8.7
9.1
32.5
5,814
14.9
100.0
72.6
67.9
4.7
0.8
26.6
37,967
25,274
24,021
1,253
588
12,105
57,143
6.5
25,274
5.0
17,238,564
11,793,402
10,725,740
1,067,662
39,401
5,405,761
100.010,610,991
68.4 7,124,212
62.2 6,496,397
6.2 627,815
0.2
31,202
31.4 3,455,577
11,793,402
9.1
7,124,212
8.8
100.0
66.6
63.3
3.3
1.5
31.9
100.0
67.1
61.2
5.9
0.3
32.6
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on data from the American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
61
TABLE 13
Class of Worker, by Hispanic Origin, 2004
Number
State/Class of Worker
Total
Mexican
Percent of Total
Other
NonOther
Hispanic Total Hispanic Mexican Hispanic
1,874,548
418,293
225,112
8,967
20,273
2,547,193
36,680
1,069
1,446
0
604
39,799
9,571
1,658
386
0
80
11,695
73.9
16.2
8.7
0.3
0.8
100.0
73.6
16.4
8.8
0.4
0.8
100.0
92.2
2.7
3.6
0.0
1.5
100.0
81.8
14.2
3.3
0.0
0.7
100.0
3,530,258
758,931
517,443
20,079
34,258
199,799
4,421
25,408
67
1,168
90,725
10,574
14,013
0
676
73.4
14.9
10.7
0.4
0.7
72.6
15.6
10.6
0.4
0.7
86.5
1.9
11.0
0.0
0.5
78.2
9.1
12.1
0.0
0.6
1,124,436
274,197
157,747
5,014
22,232
1,583,626
15,534
1,501
904
0
67
18,006
5,529
2,072
357
0
119
8,077
71.2
17.3
9.9
0.3
1.4
100.0
71.0
17.3
10.0
0.3
1.4
100.0
86.3
8.3
5.0
0.0
0.4
100.0
68.5
25.7
4.4
0.0
1.5
100.0
2,569,099
491,582
341,384
16,081
18,550
52,130
3,849
7,298
176
1,073
27,101
3,020
1,316
0
0
75.0
14.1
9.9
0.5
0.6
74.8
14.3
9.9
0.5
0.5
80.8
6.0
11.3
0.3
1.7
86.2
9.6
4.2
0.0
0.0
109,553,455 11,136,744 6,454,669
23,320,885 1,313,260 999,860
16,158,658
925,121 742,402
663,999
39,493
28,373
957,978
185,071
88,456
150,654,975 13,599,689 8,313,760
73.7
14.9
10.3
0.4
0.7
100.0
72.7
15.5
10.7
0.4
0.6
100.0
81.9
9.7
6.8
0.3
1.4
100.0
77.6
12.0
8.9
0.3
1.1
100.0
Non-Hispanic
Alabama
Wage and salary
1,920,799
Government
421,020
Self-employed
226,944
Unpaid (in family business)
8,967
Unemployed
20,957
Total
2,598,687
Georgia
Wage and salary
3,820,782
Government
773,926
Self-employed
556,864
Unpaid (in family business)
20,146
Unemployed
36,102
Mississippi
Wage and salary
1,145,499
Government
277,770
Self-employed
159,008
Unpaid (in family business)
5,014
Unemployed
22,418
Total
1,609,709
Tennessee
Wage and salary
2,648,330
Government
498,451
Self-employed
349,998
Unpaid (in family business)
16,257
Unemployed
19,623
United States
Wage and salary
127,144,868
Government
25,634,005
Self-employed
17,826,181
Unpaid (in family business) 731,865
Unemployed
1,231,505
Total
172,568,424
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, Terry College of Business, The University of Georgia, based on data from U.S. Census
Bureau, American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
62
TABLE 14
Population of Mexican Origin, Labor Force Status by Citizenship, 2004
Area
Employed
Number
Percent
Unemployed
Number Percent
Armed forces
Number
Percent
Not in labor force
Number Percent
U.S. Born
Alabama
Georgia
Mississippi
Tennessee
United States
4,386
23,324
5,046
12,093
4,778,966
63.1
59.1
60.6
59.9
60.1
0
1,549
754
284
557,310
0.0
3.9
9.1
1.4
7.0
89
391
0
613
35,199
1.3
1.0
0.0
3.0
0.4
2,472
14,226
2,529
7,184
2,583,378
35.6
36.0
30.4
35.6
32.5
18.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
74
4,919
0
439
683,144
6.3
41.4
0.0
15.5
31.9
0
243
0
0
1,369
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
8,733
46,011
603
13,323
2,139,239
22.9
20.8
6.4
23.9
30.0
302
634
0
613
39,401
0.7
0.2
0.0
0.8
0.2
11,279
65,156
3,132
20,946
5,405,761
24.4
23.9
15.8
26.6
31.4
Naturalized U.S. Citizen
Alabama
Georgia
Mississippi
Tennessee
United States
885
6,744
2,124
2,283
1,357,668
75.5
56.8
100.0
80.8
63.3
0
209
0
105
100,049
0.0
1.8
0.0
3.7
4.7
213
0
0
0
2,833
Non-U.S. Citizen
Alabama
Georgia
Mississippi
Tennessee
United States
27,559
167,283
8,310
39,031
4,589,106
72.3
75.4
88.3
70.1
64.3
1,850
8,197
500
3,347
410,303
4.9
3.7
5.3
6.0
5.7
Total
Alabama
Georgia
Mississippi
Tennessee
United States
32,830
197,351
15,480
53,407
10,725,740
71.0
72.3
77.9
67.9
62.2
1,850
9,955
1,254
3,736
1,067,662
4.0
3.6
6.3
4.7
6.2
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, Terry College of Business, The University of Georgia, based on data from U.S. Census
Bureau, American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
63
TABLE 15
Civilian Employment by Industry Sector and Hispanic Origin, 2004
Industry Sector
Alabama
Administration
Agriculture
Construction
Education
Entertainment
Mining
Finance
Information
Medical
Manufacturing
Professional services
Retail trade
Social, community services
Service industries
Transportation
Utilities
Wholesale trade
Total
Georgia
Administration
Agriculture
Construction
Education
Entertainment
Mining
Finance
Information
Medical
Manufacturing
Professional services
Retail trade
Social, community services
Service industries
Transportation
Utilities
Wholesale trade
Total
Mississippi
Administration
Agriculture
Construction
Education
Entertainment
Mining
Finance
Information
Medical
Manufacturing
Professional services
Retail trade
Social, community services
Service industries
Transportation
Utilities
Wholesale trade
Total
64
Non-Hispanic/Latino
Mexican
Employment
Employment
Number Percent Number Percent
113,904
26,832
136,061
159,157
139,197
10,583
109,271
40,272
225,742
274,996
153,126
246,885
31,428
98,191
77,831
28,021
70,134
1,941,631
5.9
1.4
7.0
8.2
7.2
0.5
5.6
2.1
11.6
14.2
7.9
12.7
1.6
5.1
4.0
1.4
3.6
100.0
224,242
42,693
275,328
289,541
284,460
8,705
259,991
114,735
305,111
480,416
371,239
451,257
80,071
196,768
212,911
45,345
148,727
3,791,540
64,567
25,438
79,134
100,662
111,482
9,184
62,459
18,266
126,410
183,421
69,922
149,173
20,034
52,654
52,054
12,996
44,785
1,182,641
0
433
10,016
Other Hispanic/Latino
Total
Employment
Employment
Number Percent Number Percent
3,840
258
0
780
213
9,787
2,189
997
258
1,382
1,496
0
1,181
32,830
0.0
1.3
30.5
0.0
11.7
0.8
0.0
2.4
0.6
29.8
6.7
3.0
0.8
4.2
4.6
0.0
3.6
100.0
230
0
545
169
1,104
0
183
86
666
1,189
617
189
0
271
529
131
908
6,817
3.4
0.0
8.0
2.5
16.2
0.0
2.7
1.3
9.8
17.4
9.1
2.8
0.0
4.0
7.8
1.9
13.3
100.0
114,134
27,265
146,622
159,326
144,141
10,841
109,454
41,138
226,621
285,972
155,932
248,071
31,686
99,844
79,856
28,152
72,223
1,981,278
5.8
1.4
7.4
8.0
7.3
0.5
5.5
2.1
11.4
14.4
7.9
12.5
1.6
5.0
4.0
1.4
3.6
100.0
5.9
1.1
7.3
7.6
7.5
0.2
6.9
3.0
8.0
12.7
9.8
11.9
2.1
5.2
5.6
1.2
3.9
100.0
1,193
4,874
62,192
378
29,468
162
1,325
403
2,860
33,713
19,295
16,654
2,414
7,938
3,906
816
9,760
197,351
0.6
2.5
31.5
0.2
14.9
0.1
0.7
0.2
1.4
17.1
9.8
8.4
1.2
4.0
2.0
0.4
4.9
100.0
3,565
0
19,503
4,144
6,014
0
6,079
1,850
2,783
11,973
6,321
7,557
1,733
6,614
4,681
360
3,339
86,516
4.1
0.0
22.5
4.8
7.0
0.0
7.0
2.1
3.2
13.8
7.3
8.7
2.0
7.6
5.4
0.4
3.9
100.0
229,000
47,567
357,023
294,063
319,942
8,867
267,395
116,988
310,754
526,102
396,855
475,468
84,218
211,320
221,498
46,521
161,826
4,075,407
5.6
1.2
8.8
7.2
7.9
0.2
6.6
2.9
7.6
12.9
9.7
11.7
2.1
5.2
5.4
1.1
4.0
100.0
5.5
2.2
6.7
8.5
9.4
0.8
5.3
1.5
10.7
15.5
5.9
12.6
1.7
4.5
4.4
1.1
3.8
100.0
295
2,219
1,975
0
1,653
796
0
0
404
2,565
875
1,554
0
1,162
539
0
1,443
15,480
1.9
14.3
12.8
0.0
10.7
5.1
0.0
0.0
2.6
16.6
5.7
10.0
0.0
7.5
3.5
0.0
9.3
100.0
0
0
550
784
503
0
0
0
280
721
344
773
378
68
280
0
269
4,950
0.0
0.0
11.1
15.8
10.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.7
14.6
6.9
15.6
7.6
1.4
5.7
0.0
5.4
100.0
64,862
27,657
81,659
101,446
113,638
9,980
62,459
18,266
127,094
186,707
71,141
151,500
20,412
53,884
52,873
12,996
46,497
1,203,071
5.4
2.3
6.8
8.4
9.4
0.8
5.2
1.5
10.6
15.5
5.9
12.6
1.7
4.5
4.4
1.1
3.9
100.0
TABLE 15 (Continued)
Civilian Employment by Industry Sector and Hispanic Origin, 2004
Industry Sector
Tennessee
Administration
Agriculture
Construction
Education
Entertainment
Mining
Finance
Information
Medical
Manufacturing
Professional services
Retail trade
Social, community services
Service industries
Transportation
Utilities
Wholesale trade
Total
United States
Administration
Agriculture
Construction
Education
Entertainment
Mining
Finance
Information
Medical
Manufacturing
Professional services
Retail trade
Social, community services
Service industries
Transportation
Utilities
Wholesale trade
Total
Non-Hispanic/Latino
Mexican
Employment
Employment
Number Percent Number Percent
114,989
22,553
170,583
204,634
212,272
2,822
158,545
51,894
264,373
465,603
218,631
318,355
43,349
126,291
131,874
27,125
106,985
2,640,878
6,066,796
1,449,943
7,902,205
10,510,231
9,374,032
485,250
8,699,345
3,133,078
12,101,402
13,981,974
11,410,728
13,847,731
2,305,310
5,540,936
4,852,575
1,038,146
4,346,716
117,046,398
4.4
0.9
6.5
7.7
8.0
0.1
6.0
2.0
10.0
17.6
8.3
12.1
1.6
4.8
5.0
1.0
4.1
100.0
1,724
4,829
13,359
1,480
5,022
756
569
195
1,256
11,515
5,924
2,361
314
1,875
813
0
1,415
53,407
5.2 336,864
1.2 383,288
6.8 1,541,903
9.0 537,202
8.0 1,381,919
0.4
49,570
7.4 452,501
2.7 152,233
10.3 627,778
11.9 1,516,619
9.7 945,733
11.8 1,191,228
2.0 162,533
4.7 570,108
4.1 371,264
0.9
70,572
3.7 434,425
100.010,725,740
3.2
9.0
25.0
2.8
9.4
1.4
1.1
0.4
2.4
21.6
11.1
4.4
0.6
3.5
1.5
0.0
2.6
100.0
Other Hispanic/Latino
Total
Employment
Employment
Number Percent Number Percent
470
535
3,849
827
1,579
68
1,614
232
1,986
6,030
2,522
1,137
0
1,384
509
335
944
24,021
3.1 262,310
3.6
28,587
14.4 558,551
5.0 406,951
12.9 722,929
0.5
13,341
4.2 444,055
1.4 144,479
5.9 567,932
14.1 697,690
8.8 679,523
11.1 746,256
1.5 158,208
5.3 426,089
3.5 346,951
0.7
29,643
4.1 262,902
100.0 6,496,397
2.0
2.2
16.0
3.4
6.6
0.3
6.7
1.0
8.3
25.1
10.5
4.7
0.0
5.8
2.1
1.4
3.9
100.0
117,183
27,917
187,791
206,941
218,873
3,646
160,728
52,321
267,615
483,148
227,077
321,853
43,663
129,550
133,196
27,460
109,344
2,718,306
4.3
1.0
6.9
7.6
8.1
0.1
5.9
1.9
9.8
17.8
8.4
11.8
1.6
4.8
4.9
1.0
4.0
100.0
4.0
6,665,970
0.4
1,861,818
8.6 10,002,659
6.3 11,454,384
11.1 11,478,880
0.2
548,161
6.8
9,595,901
2.2
3,429,790
8.7 13,297,112
10.7 16,196,283
10.5 13,035,984
11.5 15,785,215
2.4
2,626,051
6.6
6,537,133
5.3
5,570,790
0.5
1,138,361
4.0
5,044,043
100.0 134,268,535
5.0
1.4
7.4
8.5
8.5
0.4
7.1
2.6
9.9
12.1
9.7
11.8
2.0
4.9
4.1
0.8
3.8
100.0
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, Terry College of Business, The University of Georgia, based on data from U.S. Census
Bureau, American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
65
TABLE 16
Employment by Industry, by Mexican Origin and Citizenship, 2004
Total Employment
Industry
Alabama
Administration
Agriculture
Construction
Education
Entertainment
Mining
Finance
Information
Medical
Manufacturing
Professional services
Retail trade
Social, community services
Service industries
Transportation
Utilities
Wholesale trade
Total
Georgia
Administration
Agriculture
Construction
Education
Entertainment
Mining
Finance
Information
Medical
Manufacturing
Professional services
Retail trade
Social, community services
Service industries
Transportation
Utilities
Wholesale trade
Total
Mississippi
Administration
Agriculture
Construction
Education
Entertainment
Mining
Finance
Information
Medical
Manufacturing
Professional services
Retail trade
Social, community services
Service industries
Transportation
Utilities
Wholesale trade
Total
66
Number
Percent
U.S. Born
Number Percent
Mexican
Foreign Born
Number Percent
Number
Total
Percent
114,134
27,265
146,622
159,326
144,141
10,841
109,454
41,138
226,621
285,972
155,932
248,071
31,686
99,844
79,856
28,152
72,223
1,981,278
5.8
1.4
7.4
8.0
7.3
0.5
5.5
2.1
11.4
14.4
7.9
12.5
1.6
5.0
4.0
1.4
3.6
100.0
0
0
236
0
1,745
258
0
420
213
1,059
0
0
258
0
0
0
197
4,386
0.0
0.0
5.4
0.0
39.8
5.9
0.0
9.6
4.9
24.1
0.0
0.0
5.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.5
100.0
0
433
9,780
0
2,095
0
0
360
0
8,728
2,189
997
0
1,382
1,496
0
984
28,444
0.0
1.5
34.4
0.0
7.4
0.0
0.0
1.3
0.0
30.7
7.7
3.5
0.0
4.9
5.3
0.0
3.5
100.0
0
433
10,016
0
3,840
258
0
780
213
9,787
2,189
997
258
1,382
1,496
0
1,181
32,830
0.0
1.3
30.5
0.0
11.7
0.8
0.0
2.4
0.6
29.8
6.7
3.0
0.8
4.2
4.6
0.0
3.6
100.0
229,000
47,567
357,023
294,063
319,942
8,867
267,395
116,988
310,754
526,102
396,855
475,468
84,218
211,320
221,498
46,521
161,826
4,075,407
5.6
1.2
8.8
7.2
7.9
0.2
6.6
2.9
7.6
12.9
9.7
11.7
2.1
5.2
5.4
1.1
4.0
100.0%
1,193
2,118
1,325
0
5,602
0
172
403
772
3,947
523
2,440
1,579
875
877
5.1
9.1
5.7
0.0
24.0
0.0
0.7
1.7
3.3
16.9
2.2
10.5
6.8
3.8
3.8
0.0
6.4
100.0
0
2,756
60,867
378
23,866
162
1,153
0
2,088
29,766
18,772
14,214
835
7,063
3,029
816
8,262
174,027
0.0
1.6
35.0
0.2
13.7
0.1
0.7
0.0
1.2
17.1
10.8
8.2
0.5
4.1
1.7
0.5
4.7
100.0
1,193
4,874
62,192
378
29,468
162
1,325
403
2,860
33,713
19,295
16,654
2,414
7,938
3,906
816
9,760
197,351
0.6
2.5
31.5
0.2
14.9
0.1
0.7
0.2
1.4
17.1
9.8
8.4
1.2
4.0
2.0
0.4
4.9
100.0
64,862
27,657
81,659
101,446
113,638
9,980
62,459
18,266
127,094
186,707
71,141
151,500
20,412
53,884
52,873
12,996
46,497
1,203,071
5.4
2.3
6.8
8.4
9.4
0.8
5.2
1.5
10.6
15.5
5.9
12.6
1.7
4.5
4.4
1.1
3.9
100.0%
5.8
8.7
3.3
0.0
17.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
8.0
18.0
2.0
9.2
0.0
17.0
10.7
0.0
0.0
100.0
0
1,781
1,810
0
782
796
0
0
0
1,655
775
1,090
0
302
0
0
1,443
10,434
0.0
17.1
17.3
0.0
7.5
7.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
15.9
7.4
10.4
0.0
2.9
0.0
0.0
13.8
100.0
295
2,219
1,975
0
1,653
796
0
0
404
2,565
875
1,554
0
1,162
539
0
1,443
15,480
1.9
14.3
12.8
0.0
10.7
5.1
0.0
0.0
2.6
16.6
5.7
10.0
0.0
7.5
3.5
0.0
9.3
100.0
1,498
23,324
295
438
165
0
871
0
0
0
404
910
100
464
860
539
0
0
5,046
TABLE 16 (Continued)
Employment by Industry, by Mexican Origin and Citizenship, 2004
Total Employment
Industry
Number
Tennessee
Administration
117,183
Agriculture
27,917
Construction
187,791
Education
206,941
Entertainment
218,873
Mining
3,646
Finance
160,728
Information
52,321
Medical
267,615
Manufacturing
483,148
Professional services
227,077
Retail trade
321,853
Social, community services
43,663
Service industries
129,550
Transportation
133,196
Utilities
27,460
Wholesale trade
109,344
Total
2,718,306
United States
Administration
6,665,970
Agriculture
1,861,818
Construction
10,002,659
Education
11,454,384
Entertainment
11,478,880
Mining
548,161
Finance
9,595,901
Information
3,429,790
Medical
13,297,112
Manufacturing
16,196,283
Professional services
13,035,984
Retail trade
15,785,215
Social, community services 2,626,051
Service industries
6,537,133
Transportation
5,570,790
Utilities
1,138,361
Wholesale trade
5,044,043
Total
134,268,535
Percent
4.3
1.0
6.9
7.6
8.1
0.1
5.9
1.9
9.8
17.8
8.4
11.8
1.6
4.8
4.9
1.0
4.0
100.0
5.0
1.4
7.4
8.5
8.5
0.4
7.1
2.6
9.9
12.1
9.7
11.8
2.0
4.9
4.1
0.8
3.8
100.0
U.S. Born
Number Percent
1,401
Mexican
Foreign Born
Number Percent
Number
Total
Percent
1,588
1,316
1,397
0
569
195
1,086
1,582
868
936
127
461
281
0
286
12,093
11.6
0.0
13.1
10.9
11.6
0.0
4.7
1.6
9.0
13.1
7.2
7.7
1.1
3.8
2.3
0.0
2.4
100.0
323
4,829
11,771
164
3,625
756
0
0
170
9,933
5,056
1,425
187
1,414
532
0
1,129
41,314
0.8
11.7
28.5
0.4
8.8
1.8
0.0
0.0
0.4
24.0
12.2
3.4
0.5
3.4
1.3
0.0
2.7
100.0
1,724
4,829
13,359
1,480
5,022
756
569
195
1,256
11,515
5,924
2,361
314
1,875
813
0
1,415
53,407
3.2
9.0
25.0
2.8
9.4
1.4
1.1
0.4
2.4
21.6
11.1
4.4
0.6
3.5
1.5
0.0
2.6
100.0
283,048
49,991
379,984
394,342
479,805
29,226
303,993
114,808
433,501
482,737
369,497
683,289
96,265
210,848
217,527
54,462
195,643
4,778,966
5.9
1.0
8.0
8.3
10.0
0.6
6.4
2.4
9.1
10.1
7.7
14.3
2.0
4.4
4.6
1.1
4.1
100.0
53,816
333,297
1,161,919
142,860
902,114
20,344
148,508
37,425
194,277
1,033,882
576,236
507,939
66,268
359,260
153,737
16,110
238,782
5,946,774
0.9
5.6
19.5
2.4
15.2
0.3
2.5
0.6
3.3
17.4
9.7
8.5
1.1
6.0
2.6
0.3
4.0
100.0
336,864
383,288
1,541,903
537,202
1,381,919
49,570
452,501
152,233
627,778
1,516,619
945,733
1,191,228
162,533
570,108
371,264
70,572
434,425
10,725,740
3.1
3.6
14.4
5.0
12.9
0.5
4.2
1.4
5.9
14.1
8.8
11.1
1.5
5.3
3.5
0.7
4.1
100.0
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, Terry College of Business, The University of Georgia, based on data from U.S. Census
Bureau, American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
67
TABLE 17
Manufacturing Employment by Industry, by Hispanic Origin, Georgia, 2004
Industry
Animal food, grain and oilseed milling
Sugar and confectionery products
Fruit, vegetable preserving, specialty foods
Dairy products
Animal slaughtering and processing
Retail bakeries
Bakeries, except retail
Seafood, other misc. foods
Unspecified food industries
Beverage
Tobacco
Fiber, yarn, and thread mills
Fabric mills, except knitting
Textile, fabric finishing and coating mills
Carpets and rugs
Textile product mills except carpets, rugs
Knitting mills
Cut and sew apparel
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills
Paperboard containers and boxes
Miscellaneous paper and pulp products
Printing and related support
Petroleum refining
Miscellaneous petroleum, coal products
Resin, synthetic rubber and fibers
Agricultural chemicals
Pharmaceuticals and medicines
Paint, coating, and adhesives
Soap, cleaning compounds, cosmetics
Industrial and miscellaneous chemicals
Plastics products
Tires
Rubber products, except tires
Pottery, ceramics, related products
Structural clay products
Glass and glass products
Cement, concrete, lime, and gypsum products
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral products
Iron and steel mills and steel products
Aluminum production and processing
Nonferrous metal, exc. Aluminum production
Foundries
Metal forgings and stampings
Cutlery and hand tools
Structural metals, and tank and
shipping containers
Machine shops, turned products
Coating, engraving
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products
Unspecified metal industries
Agricultural implements
Construction, mining, oil field machinery
Commercial and service industry machinery
Metalworking machinery
Engines, turbines
Unspecified machinery
68
Non-Hispanic
Number Percent
Mexican
Number Percent
Other Hispanic
Number Percent
Total
Number Percent
3,039
2,172
1,588
473
26,913
3,663
5,515
6,403
1,409
8,967
1,242
6,154
17,655
3,402
16,198
15,701
836
6,202
14,077
2,515
3,900
18,547
1,862
671
3,163
912
4,636
1,363
2,906
13,970
13,210
1,238
4,880
0
2,237
1,748
4,791
12,482
1,329
2,699
451
1,185
2,697
1,088
0.6
0.5
0.3
0.1
5.6
0.8
1.1
1.3
0.3
1.9
0.3
1.3
3.7
0.7
3.4
3.3
0.2
1.3
2.9
0.5
0.8
3.9
0.4
0.1
0.7
0.2
1.0
0.3
0.6
2.9
2.7
0.3
1.0
0.0
0.5
0.4
1.0
2.6
0.3
0.6
0.1
0.2
0.6
0.2
0
0
0
107
8,037
0
905
670
0
0
0
1,330
2,626
0
2,806
0
0
0
1,089
810
0
1,049
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,261
0
838
0
0
0
0
0
0
175
0
0
0
0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
23.8
0.0
2.7
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.9
7.8
0.0
8.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.2
2.4
0.0
3.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3.7
0.0
2.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0
0
0
0
576
0
839
867
0
0
0
0
0
0
585
0
0
512
1,056
280
531
96
0
208
209
0
0
0
0
0
190
0
0
187
0
513
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.8
0.0
7.0
7.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.9
0.0
0.0
4.3
8.8
2.3
4.4
0.8
0.0
1.7
1.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.6
0.0
0.0
1.6
0.0
4.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3,039
2,172
1,588
580
35,526
3,663
7,259
7,940
1,409
8,967
1,242
7,484
20,281
3,402
19,589
15,701
836
6,714
16,222
3,605
4,431
19,692
1,862
879
3,372
912
4,636
1,363
2,906
13,970
14,661
1,238
5,718
187
2,237
2,261
4,791
12,482
1,329
2,874
451
1,185
2,697
1,088
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.1
6.8
0.7
1.4
1.5
0.3
1.7
0.2
1.4
3.9
0.6
3.7
3.0
0.2
1.3
3.1
0.7
0.8
3.7
0.4
0.2
0.6
0.2
0.9
0.3
0.6
2.7
2.8
0.2
1.1
0.0
0.4
0.4
0.9
2.4
0.3
0.5
0.1
0.2
0.5
0.2
11,097
2,118
922
9,473
403
4,905
4,136
2,236
2,451
1,283
16,398
2.3
0.4
0.2
2.0
0.1
1.0
0.9
0.5
0.5
0.3
3.4
0
0
0
920
0
1,254
0
0
0
0
196
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.7
0.0
3.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
0
0
0
536
205
0
0
0
0
0
321
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.5
1.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.7
11,097
2,118
922
10,929
608
6,159
4,136
2,236
2,451
1,283
16,915
2.1
0.4
0.2
2.1
0.1
1.2
0.8
0.4
0.5
0.2
3.2
TABLE 17 (Continued)
Manufacturing Employment by Industry, by Hispanic Origin, Georgia, 2004
Industry
Computer and peripheral equipment
Communications, A/V equipment
Navigational, measuring equipment
Electronic components and products
Household appliances
Electrical lighting, equipment, and supplies
Motor vehicles and related equipment
Aircraft and parts
Aerospace products and parts
Railroad rolling stock
Ship and boat building
Other transportation equipment
Sawmills and wood preservation
Veneer, plywood, and engineered
wood products
Prefabricated wood buildings and
mobile homes
Miscellaneous wood products
Furniture and related products
Medical equipment and supplies
Toys and sporting goods
Miscellaneous manufacturing
Unspecified industries
Total
Non-Hispanic
Number Percent
Mexican
Number Percent
Other Hispanic
Number Percent
Total
Number Percent
5,140
6,807
3,883
6,604
2,734
15,627
36,478
17,269
2,895
2,493
309
1,775
6,227
1.1
1.4
0.8
1.4
0.6
3.3
7.6
3.6
0.6
0.5
0.1
0.4
1.3
257
0
312
0
0
200
1,571
0
0
0
176
0
1,358
0.8
0.0
0.9
0.0
0.0
0.6
4.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.5
0.0
4.0
581
0
0
0
0
602
581
163
0
0
603
0
0
4.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5.0
4.9
1.4
0.0
0.0
5.0
0.0
0.0
5,978
6,807
4,195
6,604
2,734
16,429
38,630
17,432
2,895
2,493
1,088
1,775
7,585
1.1
1.3
0.8
1.3
0.5
3.1
7.3
3.3
0.6
0.5
0.2
0.3
1.4
2,208
0.5
155
0.5
0
0.0
2,363
0.4
1,365
9,694
22,730
10,783
3,364
10,927
9,593
480,416
0.3
2.0
4.7
2.2
0.7
2.3
2.0
0
1,836
2,365
0
845
565
0
33,713
0.0
5.4
7.0
0.0
2.5
1.7
0.0
0
223
785
256
0
468
0
11,973
0.0
1.9
6.6
2.1
0.0
3.9
0.0
1,365
11,753
25,880
11,039
4,209
11,960
9,593
526,102
0.3
2.2
4.9
2.1
0.8
2.3
1.8
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, Terry College of Business, The University of Georgia, based on U.S. Census Bureau,
American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
69
TABLE 18
Civilian Employment by Occupation, by Hispanic Origin, 2004
State/Occupation
Non-Hispanic
Number Percent
Mexican
Number Percent
Other Hispanic
Number Percent
Total
Number Percent
Georgia
Business
Cleaning
Community/social services
Computers/math
Construction
Education
Engineering
Entertainment/sports
Farming, fishing, forestry
Finance
Food preparation and serving
Health services
Legal services
Life, physical, social sciences
Management
Medical services
Mining
Office and admin. support
Personal services
Production and operations
Protective services
Repair
Sales
Transportation, material moving
Total
83,521
118,735
53,884
84,251
216,189
220,267
76,082
67,425
20,941
93,433
181,100
62,857
36,477
27,072
367,477
159,505
2,136
573,897
108,447
275,689
91,797
159,466
458,094
252,798
3,791,540
2.2
3.1
1.4
2.2
5.7
5.8
2.0
1.8
0.6
2.5
4.8
1.7
1.0
0.7
9.7
4.2
0.1
15.1
2.9
7.3
2.4
4.2
12.1
6.7
100.0
1,452
30,900
573
257
58,908
1,260
716
187
3,650
641
18,497
1,158
232
0
5,904
271
0
11,313
3,608
33,384
0
2,858
8,502
13,080
197,351
0.7
15.7
0.3
0.1
29.8
0.6
0.4
0.1
1.8
0.3
9.4
0.6
0.1
0.0
3.0
0.1
0.0
5.7
1.8
16.9
0.0
1.4
4.3
6.6
100.0
1,297
4,420
879
2,120
17,682
4,494
877
1,097
269
892
4,033
265
1,452
0
10,457
1,535
0
9,186
3,038
7,140
984
2,790
6,979
4,630
86,516
1.5
86,270
2.1
5.1
154,055
3.8
1.0
55,336
1.4
2.5
86,628
2.1
20.4 292,779
7.2
5.2
226,021
5.5
1.0
77,675
1.9
1.3
68,709
1.7
0.3
24,860
0.6
1.0
94,966
2.3
4.7
203,630
5.0
0.3
64,280
1.6
1.7
38,161
0.9
0.0
27,072
0.7
12.1 383,838
9.4
1.8
161,311
4.0
0.0
2,136
0.1
10.6 594,396 14.6
3.5
115,093
2.8
8.3
316,213
7.8
1.1
92,781
2.3
3.2
165,114
4.1
8.1
473,575 11.6
5.4
270,508
6.6
100.0 4,075,407 100.0
Alabama
Business
Cleaning
Community/social services
Computers/math
Construction
Education
Engineering
Entertainment/sports
Farming, fishing, forestry
Finance
Food preparation and serving
Health services
Legal services
Life, physical, social sciences
Management
Medical services
Mining
Office and admin. support
Personal services
Production and operations
Protective services
Repair
Sales
Transportation, material moving
Total
27,290
68,386
36,428
33,510
107,897
101,721
42,912
26,467
9,079
37,460
90,649
41,024
22,472
17,395
172,546
121,646
5,177
256,658
47,566
172,742
40,582
80,594
225,139
156,291
1,941,631
1.4
3.5
1.9
1.7
5.6
5.2
2.2
1.4
0.5
1.9
4.7
2.1
1.2
0.9
8.9
6.3
0.3
13.2
2.4
8.9
2.1
4.2
11.6
8.0
100.0
150
1,116
0
0
9,962
258
0
0
433
0
2,881
213
0
0
1,297
0
258
420
691
10,747
0
197
1,310
2,897
32,830
0.5
3.4
0.0
0.0
30.3
0.8
0.0
0.0
1.3
0.0
8.8
0.6
0.0
0.0
4.0
0.0
0.8
1.3
2.1
32.7
0.0
0.6
4.0
8.8
100.0
76
0
271
440
469
169
177
231
0
356
1,104
330
0
0
444
191
0
800
0
560
423
675
101
0
6,817
1.1
27,516
1.4
0.0
69,502
3.5
4.0
36,699
1.9
6.5
33,950
1.7
6.9
118,328
6.0
2.5
102,148
5.2
2.6
43,089
2.2
3.4
26,698
1.3
0.0
9,512
0.5
5.2
37,816
1.9
16.2
94,634
4.8
4.8
41,567
2.1
0.0
22,472
1.1
0.0
17,395
0.9
6.5
174,287
8.8
2.8
121,837
6.1
0.0
5,435
0.3
11.7
257,878 13.0
0.0
48,257
2.4
8.2
184,049
9.3
6.2
41,005
2.1
9.9
81,466
4.1
1.5
226,550 11.4
0.0
159,188
8.0
100.0 1,981,278 100.0
70
TABLE 18 (Continued)
Civilian Employment by Occupation, by Hispanic Origin, 2004
State/Occupation
Non-Hispanic
Number Percent
Mexican
Number Percent
Other Hispanic
Number Percent
Total
Number Percent
Mississippi
Business
Cleaning
Community/social services
Computers/math
Construction
Education
Engineering
Entertainment/sports
Farming, fishing, forestry
Finance
Food preparation and serving
Health services
Legal services
Life, physical, social sciences
Management
Medical services
Mining
Office and admin. support
Personal services
Production and operations
Protective services
Repair
Sales
Transportation, material moving
Total
15,106
39,973
15,291
11,560
69,892
64,277
13,086
16,947
13,561
16,819
59,470
26,841
13,949
6,979
100,171
68,178
3,022
169,820
39,567
120,670
26,319
47,809
136,305
87,029
1,182,641
1.3
3.4
1.3
1.0
5.9
5.4
1.1
1.4
1.1
1.4
5.0
2.3
1.2
0.6
8.5
5.8
0.3
14.4
3.3
10.2
2.2
4.0
11.5
7.4
100.0
0
263
0
0
2,116
0
0
295
2,057
0
1,252
109
0
0
426
295
796
755
295
1,767
0
1,062
511
3,481
15,480
0.0
1.7
0.0
0.0
13.7
0.0
0.0
1.9
13.3
0.0
8.1
0.7
0.0
0.0
2.8
1.9
5.1
4.9
1.9
11.4
0.0
6.9
3.3
22.5
100.0
0
0
0
0
550
367
0
344
0
0
0
78
0
518
151
101
0
499
378
553
44
68
938
361
4,950
0.0
15,106
0.0
40,236
0.0
15,291
0.0
11,560
11.1
72,558
7.4
64,644
0.0
13,086
6.9
17,586
0.0
15,618
0.0
16,819
0.0
60,722
1.6
27,028
0.0
13,949
10.5
7,497
3.1
100,748
2.0
68,574
0.0
3,818
10.1 171,074
7.6
40,240
11.2
122,990
0.9
26,363
1.4
48,939
18.9 137,754
7.3
90,871
100.0 1,203,071
1.3
3.3
1.3
1.0
6.0
5.4
1.1
1.5
1.3
1.4
5.0
2.2
1.2
0.6
8.4
5.7
0.3
14.2
3.3
10.2
2.2
4.1
11.5
7.6
100.0
Tennessee
Business
Cleaning
Community/social services
Computers/math
Construction
Education
Engineering
Entertainment/sports
Farming, fishing, forestry
Finance
Food preparation and serving
Health services
Legal services
Life, physical, social sciences
Management
Medical services
Mining
Office and admin. support
Personal services
Production and operations
Protective service workers
Repair
Sales
Transportation, material moving
Total
44,446
96,559
36,110
42,546
139,861
134,454
48,554
41,952
6,379
52,625
135,453
46,356
23,158
27,617
227,898
149,499
1,539
392,883
70,204
277,128
44,988
109,862
299,734
191,073
2,640,878
1.7
3.7
1.4
1.6
5.3
5.1
1.8
1.6
0.2
2.0
5.1
1.8
0.9
1.0
8.6
5.7
0.1
14.9
2.7
10.5
1.7
4.2
11.3
7.2
100.0
270
3,362
189
143
13,067
1,023
132
1,311
5,254
435
4,703
0
0
0
2,373
333
756
789
1,018
8,802
1,131
961
2,165
5,190
53,407
0.5
6.3
0.4
0.3
24.5
1.9
0.2
2.5
9.8
0.8
8.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
4.4
0.6
1.4
1.5
1.9
16.5
2.1
1.8
4.1
9.7
100.0
726
2,272
0
458
3,846
827
667
232
535
292
1,430
119
0
709
494
1,199
68
1,500
820
4,198
135
93
961
2,440
24,021
3.0
45,442
9.5
102,193
0.0
36,299
1.9
43,147
16.0 156,774
3.4
136,304
2.8
49,353
1.0
43,495
2.2
12,168
1.2
53,352
6.0
141,586
0.5
46,475
0.0
23,158
3.0
28,326
2.1
230,765
5.0
151,031
0.3
2,363
6.2
395,172
3.4
72,042
17.5 290,128
0.6
46,254
0.4
110,916
4.0
302,860
10.2 198,703
100. 2,718,306
1.7
3.8
1.3
1.6
5.8
5.0
1.8
1.6
0.4
2.0
5.2
1.7
0.9
1.0
8.5
5.6
0.1
14.5
2.7
10.7
1.7
4.1
11.1
7.3
100.0
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, Terry College of Business, The University of Georgia, based on data from U.S. Census
Bureau, American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
71
TABLE 19
Annual Wage Ranges, Employed Civilians, by Hispanic Origin, 2004
Wage range (dollars)
Alabama
10,000 or less
10,000 to 20,000
20,000 to 30,000
30,000 to 40,000
40,000 to 50,000
50,000 to 60,000
60,000 to 70,000
70,000 to 80,000
80,000 to 90,000
90,000 to 100,000
100,000 or more
Total
Georgia
10,000 or less
10,000 to 20,000
20,000 to 30,000
30,000 to 40,000
40,000 to 50,000
50,000 to 60,000
60,000 to 70,000
70,000 to 80,000
80,000 to 90,000
90,000 to 100,000
100,000 or more
Total
Mississippi
10,000 or less
10,000 to 20,000
20,000 to 30,000
30,000 to 40,000
40,000 to 50,000
50,000 to 60,000
60,000 to 70,000
70,000 to 80,000
80,000 to 90,000
90,000 to 100,000
100,000 or more
Total
Tennessee
10,000 or less
10,000 to 20,000
20,000 to 30,000
30,000 to 40,000
40,000 to 50,000
50,000 to 60,000
60,000 to 70,000
70,000 to 80,000
80,000 to 90,000
90,000 to 100,000
100,000 or more
Total
Non-Hispanic/Latino
Number Percent
Mexican
Other Hispanic/Latino
Number Percent Number Percent
Total
Number Percent
428,974
410,317
351,461
276,804
177,373
93,985
57,999
47,923
25,481
6,617
64,697
1,941,631
22.1
21.1
18.1
14.3
9.1
4.8
3.0
2.5
1.3
0.3
3.3
100.0
9,439
17,633
4,604
197
645
312
0
0
0
0
0
32,830
28.8
53.7
14.0
0.6
2.0
1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
825
2,535
1,797
916
664
80
0
0
0
0
0
6,817
12.1 439,238
37.2 430,485
26.4 357,862
13.4 277,917
9.7 178,682
1.2
94,377
0.0
57,999
0.0
47,923
0.0
25,481
0.0
6,617
0.0
64,697
100.0 1,981,278
22.2
21.7
18.1
14.0
9.0
4.8
2.9
2.4
1.3
0.3
3.3
100.0
799,984
666,939
715,055
492,178
390,856
224,305
133,087
97,404
60,435
61,340
149,957
3,791,540
21.1
17.6
18.9
13.0
10.3
5.9
3.5
2.6
1.6
1.6
4.0
100.0
58,350
77,393
31,024
15,700
4,701
5,855
412
2,225
318
275
1,098
197,351
29.6
39.2
15.7
8.0
2.4
3.0
0.2
1.1
0.2
0.1
0.6
100.0
20,879
12,925
20,174
13,194
7,168
1,904
3,048
1,079
613
1,138
4,394
86,516
24.1 879,213
14.9 757,257
23.3 766,253
15.3 521,072
8.3 402,725
2.2 232,064
3.5 136,547
1.2 100,708
0.7
61,366
1.3
62,753
5.1 155,449
100.0 4,075,407
21.6
18.6
18.8
12.8
9.9
5.7
3.4
2.5
1.5
1.5
3.8
100.0
304,620
261,132
235,541
141,050
89,106
56,688
29,536
20,117
6,717
0
38,134
1,182,641
25.8
22.1
19.9
11.9
7.5
4.8
2.5
1.7
0.6
0.0
3.2
100.0
3,796
5,394
1,397
2,519
1,049
1,155
78
0
0
0
92
15,480
24.5
34.8
9.0
16.3
6.8
7.5
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.6
100.0
1,432
1,561
1,070
496
41
68
0
0
0
0
282
4,950
28.9 309,848
31.5 268,087
21.6 238,008
10.0 144,065
0.8
90,196
1.4
57,911
0.0
29,614
0.0
20,117
0.0
6,717
0.0
0
5.7
38,508
100.0 1,203,071
25.8
22.3
19.8
12.0
7.5
4.8
2.5
1.7
0.6
0.0
3.2
100.0
598,087
503,580
540,086
374,679
232,955
138,058
74,896
51,183
30,560
13,006
83,788
2,640,878
22.6
19.1
20.5
14.2
8.8
5.2
2.8
1.9
1.2
0.5
3.2
100.0
15,978
19,602
9,764
4,128
2,216
294
1,063
362
0
0
0
53,407
29.9
36.7
18.3
7.7
4.1
0.6
2.0
0.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
100.0
3,028
10,856
3,737
571
3,638
413
466
782
0
299
231
24,021
12.6 617,093
45.2 534,038
15.6 553,587
2.4 379,378
15.1 238,809
1.7 138,765
1.9
76,425
3.3
52,327
0.0
30,560
1.2
13,305
1.0
84,019
100.0 2,718,306
22.7
19.6
20.4
14.0
8.8
5.1
2.8
1.9
1.1
0.5
3.1
100.0
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, Terry College of Business, The University of Georgia; based on data from: U.S. Census
Bureau, American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
72
TABLE 20
Total Money Income by Source, by Hispanic Origin, 2004
Source of Income
Total
Amount Percent
Alabama
Total personal
90,420,315
Wages or salary
66,901,786
Self-employment
4,847,951
Interest, dividends, rent
3,410,978
Retirement
5,978,846
Social Security
6,814,401
Supp. Security
625,765
Public assistance
51,810
All other
1,788,778
Georgia
Total personal
195,627,546
Wages or salary
154,576,354
Self-employment
12,632,234
Interest, dividends, rent
6,069,549
Retirement
8,265,995
Social Security
9,488,251
Supp. Security
700,686
Public assistance
126,410
All other
3,768,066
Mississippi
Total personal
50,455,482
Wages or salary
37,510,906
Self-employment
3,334,796
Interest, dividends, rent
1,518,455
Retirement
2,614,333
Social Security
3,846,931
Supp. Security
464,067
Public assistance
50,269
All other
1,115,726
Tennessee
Total personal
122,747,888
Wages or salary
92,485,097
Self-employment
8,590,369
Interest, dividends, rent
4,740,672
Retirement
5,797,845
Social Security
8,061,833
Supp. Security
569,530
Public assistance
100,152
All other
2,402,390
United States
Total personal
6,864,655,346
Wages or salary
5,193,126,210
Self-employment
437,168,473
Interest, dividends, rent
327,908,461
Retirement
343,576,933
Social Security
388,085,843
Supp. Security
30,004,712
Public assistance
8,694,662
All other
136,090,048
Income (in thousands)
Non-Hispanic
Mexican
Amount Percent
Amount
Percent
Other Hispanic
Amount Percent
100.0
74.0
5.4
3.8
6.6
7.5
0.7
0.1
2.0
89,553,925
66,132,198
4,802,466
3,408,713
5,964,859
6,797,146
622,845
51,810
1,773,888
100.0
73.8
5.4
3.8
6.7
7.6
0.7
0.1
2.0
589,121
556,574
6,278
1,797
6,918
4,730
1,837
0
10,987
100.0
94.5
1.1
0.3
1.2
0.8
0.3
0.0
1.9
277,269
213,014
39,206
468
7,068
12,525
1,083
0
3,904
100.0
76.8
14.1
0.2
2.5
4.5
0.4
0.0
1.4
100.0
79.0
6.5
3.1
4.2
4.9
0.4
0.1
1.9
186,781,124
147,022,997
11,750,518
6,036,457
8,157,578
9,408,749
693,789
124,838
3,586,197
100.0
78.7
6.3
3.2
4.4
5.0
0.4
0.1
1.9
4,700,003
4,152,687
394,887
6,959
43,702
35,159
3,838
971
61,800
100.0
88.4
8.4
0.1
0.9
0.7
0.1
0.0
1.3
4,146,419
3,400,670
486,829
26,133
64,715
44,343
3,060
601
120,068
100.0
82.0
11.7
0.6
1.6
1.1
0.1
0.0
2.9
100.0
74.3
6.6
3.0
5.2
7.6
0.9
0.1
2.2
49,780,427
36,955,664
3,283,724
1,505,346
2,593,117
3,822,576
462,790
49,953
1,107,257
100.0
74.2
6.6
3.0
5.2
7.7
0.9
0.1
2.2
427,574
375,382
18,121
2,002
15,419
12,859
593
30
3,169
100.0
87.8
4.2
0.5
3.6
3.0
0.1
0.0
0.7
247,481
179,860
32,951
11,107
5,797
11,496
684
286
5,299
100.0
72.7
13.3
4.5
2.3
4.6
0.3
0.1
2.1
100.0
75.3
7.0
3.9
4.7
6.6
0.5
0.1
2.0
120,629,180
90,663,879
8,427,655
4,729,288
5,767,249
8,025,252
567,248
95,982
2,352,628
100.0
75.2
7.0
3.9
4.8
6.7
0.5
0.1
2.0
1,255,591
1,057,480
142,729
427
14,589
21,131
1,649
3,987
13,600
100.0
84.2
11.4
0.0
1.2
1.7
0.1
0.3
1.1
863,117
763,739
19,985
10,958
16,008
15,450
633
183
36,163
100.0
88.5
2.3
1.3
1.9
1.8
0.1
0.0
4.2
100.0 243,835,970
85.2 202,173,081
5.9 14,351,484
1.2
4,750,301
2.0
5,461,648
3.0
8,923,075
0.5
2,034,389
0.3
809,865
1.9
5,332,128
100.0
82.9
5.9
1.9
2.2
3.7
0.8
0.3
2.2
100.0 6,295,002,215
75.7 4,713,376,295
6.4
403,599,861
4.8
319,394,248
5.0
331,603,770
5.7
369,386,790
0.4
26,323,950
0.1
6,794,873
2.0
124,522,424
100.0 325,817,161
74.9 277,576,834
6.4 19,217,128
5.1
3,763,912
5.3
6,511,515
5.9
9,775,978
0.4
1,646,373
0.1
1,089,924
2.0
6,235,496
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, Terry College of Business, The University of Georgia, based on data from U.S. Census
Bureau, American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS.
73
TABLE 21
Buying Power by State and Hispanic Origin, 2004
(thousands of dollars)
State
Total
Alabama
115,138,712
Alaska
20,616,141
Arizona
148,017,183
Arkansas
64,558,132
California
1,111,432,619
Colorado
148,197,713
Connecticut
135,095,059
Delaware
26,488,515
District of Columbia
25,026,534
Florida
496,085,072
Georgia
237,430,771
Hawaii
36,379,513
Idaho
34,402,650
Illinois
389,237,803
Indiana
169,196,989
Iowa
82,114,734
Kansas
76,044,260
Kentucky
103,354,467
Louisiana
114,050,802
Maine
36,239,634
Maryland
190,541,733
Massachusetts
232,076,444
Michigan
290,423,239
Minnesota
161,709,444
Mississippi
66,255,649
Missouri
158,910,159
Montana
22,554,664
Nebraska
49,474,092
Nevada
70,456,895
New Hampshire
43,472,344
New Jersey
315,096,864
New Mexico
45,543,820
New York
629,543,192
North Carolina
224,051,886
North Dakota
18,422,546
Ohio
320,637,044
Oklahoma
89,837,080
Oregon
95,544,221
Pennsylvania
369,566,226
Rhode Island
32,414,999
South Carolina
103,744,554
South Dakota
22,132,689
Tennessee
164,012,651
Texas
623,469,155
Utah
57,629,128
Vermont
18,418,072
Virginia
233,323,232
Washington
199,877,407
West Virginia
42,980,075
Wisconsin
157,806,145
Wyoming
15,688,122
United States
8,634,721,074
Hispanic
Mexican
1,702,281
676,388
21,930,958
1,463,345
188,114,512
15,596,833
6,650,632
829,132
1,538,456
69,024,132
9,589,785
1,724,664
1,638,455
30,527,919
4,510,301
1,544,068
3,475,657
1,306,608
2,828,501
238,055
6,160,543
8,605,119
6,910,212
3,033,385
848,161
2,558,325
315,332
1,798,257
9,051,669
517,109
26,422,853
13,345,323
58,724,554
7,472,007
180,415
4,483,246
3,075,641
4,567,203
7,185,378
1,461,975
2,027,743
212,436
2,786,545
117,710,668
3,677,745
140,515
8,878,890
8,727,299
260,654
3,633,398
727,242
680,410,526
1,157,504
316,121
18,759,386
1,091,320
146,649,068
10,836,899
641,103
356,348
229,010
6,669,073
5,094,943
521,094
1,331,847
22,325,025
3,599,633
1,200,176
2,720,479
664,177
694,231
89,699
1,052,002
411,451
4,974,674
1,747,449
537,218
1,673,275
205,822
1,416,999
6,498,928
96,987
2,087,087
6,421,862
4,570,374
4,328,042
139,382
2,164,670
2,427,693
3,170,903
1,209,598
115,280
1,167,163
148,545
1,651,366
96,784,311
2,781,811
32,882
2,472,943
6,263,434
96,417
2,166,030
459,880
384,221,613
Other Hispanic
544,777
360,267
3,171,571
372,025
41,465,444
4,759,934
6,009,528
472,784
1,309,446
62,355,059
4,494,842
1,203,570
306,608
8,202,894
910,668
343,892
755,178
642,431
2,134,269
148,356
5,108,541
8,193,668
1,935,538
1,285,935
310,943
885,050
109,510
381,257
2,552,741
420,121
24,335,766
6,923,462
54,154,180
3,143,965
41,033
2,318,577
647,948
1,396,300
5,975,781
1,346,696
860,580
63,891
1,135,180
20,926,357
895,934
107,634
6,405,947
2,463,866
164,237
1,467,369
267,363
296,188,913
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, Terry College of Business, The University of Georgia.
74
Non-Hispanic
113,436,431
19,939,753
126,086,225
63,094,787
923,318,107
132,600,880
128,444,427
25,659,383
23,488,078
427,060,940
227,840,986
34,654,849
32,764,195
358,709,884
164,686,688
80,570,666
72,568,603
102,047,859
111,222,301
36,001,579
184,381,190
223,471,325
283,513,027
158,676,059
65,407,488
156,351,834
22,239,332
47,675,835
61,405,226
42,955,235
288,674,011
32,198,497
570,818,638
216,579,879
18,242,131
316,153,798
86,761,439
90,977,018
362,380,848
30,953,024
101,716,811
21,920,253
161,226,106
505,758,487
53,951,383
18,277,557
224,444,342
191,150,108
42,719,421
154,172,747
14,960,880
7,954,310,548
TABLE 22
Population of Mexican Origin, by State, 2004, with Margin of Error Estimates
State
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
D.C.
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
United States
Population of Mexican Origin
66,798
17,142
1,444,736
96,139
10,077,213
643,235
41,802
5,001
21,775
453,162
390,579
27,478
104,980
1,359,765
214,407
82,950
128,640
47,527
33,481
3,071
61,754
21,829
260,030
119,358
27,348
99,826
14,621
98,272
410,010
6,518
116,479
439,351
309,115
358,648
5,159
107,210
174,865
270,788
70,798
6,932
73,485
8,946
116,006
6,485,549
188,430
1,380
111,197
423,991
5,601
168,093
21,893
25,843,363
Margin of Error *
+/17,550
8,837
70,928
20,830
183,352
50,803
13,903
4,815
9,959
45,441
41,778
11,215
21,297
75,275
31,117
19,418
23,939
14,829
12,472
3,787
16,907
10,092
34,428
23,353
11,260
21,425
8,206
20,824
39,719
5,510
23,192
39,623
37,726
40,079
4,894
22,296
27,870
34,203
18,152
5,678
18,380
6,433
23,068
146,178
28,486
2,539
22,640
42,970
5,113
27,609
9,897
331,735
*90 percent confidence interval.
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on data from: U.S. Census Bureau, American Community Survey, 2004, PUMS
75
Population of Hispanic Origin, Georgia, 2004
0 to 1 (36)
2 (33)
3 (29)
4 to 7 (35)
8 to 26 (26)
RABUN
FANNIN
UNION
WHITFIELD MURRAY
WALKER
Hispanics as Percentage of Total Population
TOWNS
CATOOSA
DADE
GILMER
WHITE HABERSHAM
LUMPKIN
STEPHENS
Hispanics (Number)
GORDON
CHATTOOGA
PICKENS
DAWSON
FRANKLIN
BANKS
HART
HALL
FLOYD
CHEROKEE
BARTOW
FORSYTH
JACKSON
POLK
HARALSON
FULTON
DOUGLAS
20
1000
60
40
CLARKE
OGLETHORPE
OCONEE
WALTON
LINCOLN
WILKES
MORGAN
GREENE
NEWTON
TALIAFERRO
COLUMBIA
MCDUFFIE
HENRY
FAYETTE
COWETA
WARREN
RICHMOND
PIKE
PUTNAM
JASPER
BUTTS
SPALDING
HANCOCK
GLASCOCK
LAMAR
MERIWETHER
DEKALB
CLAYTON
TROUP
ELBERT
50000
ROCKDALE
CARROLL
HEARD
100000
0
Miles
BARROW
GWINNETT
COBB
PAULDING
MADISON
BALDWIN
BURKE
JEFFERSON
JONES
MONROE
WASHINGTON
UPSON
BIBB
HARRIS
WILKINSON
TALBOT
SCREVEN
JOHNSON
TWIGGS
EMANUEL
PEACH
TAYLOR
MUSCOGEE
HOUSTON
LAURENS
BLECKLEY
SCHLEY
CANDLER
MONTGOMERY
DODGE
EFFINGHAM
G
E
O
R
EVANS
TOOMBS
WHEELER
WEBSTER
BULLOCH
PULASKI
DOOLY
STEWART
TREUTLEN
MACON
MARION
JENKINS
CRAWFORD
G
I
A
BRYAN
WILCOX
TELFAIR
CRISP
QUITMAN
LIBERTY
JEFF DAVIS
LEE
TERRELL
RANDOLPH
BEN HILL
TURNER
CLAY
LONG
APPLING
IRWIN
DOUGHERTY
CALHOUN
WORTH
COFFEE
BACON
WAYNE
MCINTOSH
TIFT
PIERCE
BAKER
EARLY
BERRIEN
MITCHELL
ATKINSON
COOK
WARE
LANIER
SEMINOLE
DECATUR
THOMAS
BROOKS
LOWNDES
CHARLTON
ECHOLS
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth; based on American Community Survey, 2004.
76
CAMDEN
CLINCH
GRADY
GLYNN
BRANTLEY
COLQUITT
MILLER
CHATHAM
Population of Mexican Origin, Georgia, 2000
Population of Mexican Origin
DADE
CATOOSA
WHITFIELD
WALKER
CHATTOOGA
TOWNS
FANNIN
GORDON
GILMER
WHITE
LUMPKIN
STEPHENS
PICKENS
BANKS
HALL
FLOYD
0 to 90
91 to 174
175 to 330
331 to 639
640 to 929
930 to 2,499
2,500 to 5,000
5,001 to 36,016
0
20
RABUN
UNION
HART
BARTOW CHEROKEEFORSYTH
JACKSON MADISON
POLK
60
Miles
CLARKE
OGLETHORPE
OCONEE
WALTON
WILKESLINCOLN
FULTON
DOUGLAS
CARROLL
40
GWINNETT
PAULDING COBB
HARALSON
ELBERT
ROCKDALE
MORGAN GREENE
NEWTON
CLAYTON
HENRY
FAYETTE
COWETA
JASPER PUTNAM
HANCOCK
SPALDING BUTTS
HEARD
PIKE LAMAR
MONROE
TROUP
JONES
BALDWIN
COLUMBIA
MCDUFFIE
WARREN
RICHMOND
GLASCOCK
BURKE
JEFFERSON
WASHINGTON
UPSON
BIBB
HARRIS
TAYLOR
MUSCOGEE
WILKINSON
CRAWFORD
TALBOT
JENKINS
JOHNSON
TWIGGS
EMANUEL
PEACH
LAURENS
HOUSTON
TREUTLEN
MACON
CHATTAHOOCHEE
SCHLEY
O
SUMTER
R
WILCOX
CRISP
LEE
RANDOLPH
CANDLER BULLOCH
TURNER
CLAY
G
I
A
TATTNALL
BRYAN CHATHAM
TELFAIR
LIBERTY
JEFF DAVIS
APPLING
BEN HILL
IRWIN
CALHOUN DOUGHERTY WORTH
COFFEE
BACON
LONG
WAYNE
TIFT
EARLY
MCINTOSH
PIERCE
BAKER
MITCHELL
MILLER
EFFINGHAM
PULASKI
G WEBSTER E
QUITMAN
SCREVEN
BERRIEN ATKINSON
COLQUITT
BRANTLEY
COOK
WARE
LANIER
SEMINOLE
DECATUR GRADY THOMAS
BROOKS
GLYNN
CAMDEN
CLINCH
CHARLTON
ECHOLS
Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth; based on Census 2000.
77