1 Bibliography of Community-Based Participatory Research and Ethics prepared by Julie Hollowell and Gregory Carr Prindle Institute for Ethics, DePauw University A Resource for the Workshop on Community-based Participatory and Research Ethics at the Prindle Institute for Ethics, April 19-21, 2009 BOOKS AND BOOK CHAPTERS Denzin, Norman, Yvonna Lincoln and Linda T. Smith. Handbook of Critical Indigenous Methodology. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2008. Battiste, Marie. “Research Ethics for Protecting Indigenous Knowledge and Heritage: Institutional and Researcher Responsibilities.” In Handbook of Critical Indigenous Methodology, edited by N. Denzin, Y. Lincoln and L. T. Smith, pp. 497-510. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2008. Jones, Alison with Kuni Jenkins. Rethinking Collaboration: Working the IndigeneColonizer Hyphen. Handbook of Critical Indigenous Methodology, edited by N. Denzin, Y. Lincoln and L. T. Smith, pp. 471-486. Thousand Oaks: Sage, 2008. Green, L.W., et al. “Background on Participatory Research.” In Doing Community-Based Research: A Reader. Knoxville: The Loka Institute, Amherst/The Community Partnership Centre, 1997. Harrison, Barbara. Collaborative Programs in Indigenous Communities, From Fieldwork to Practice. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, 2001. Ibánez-Carrasco, Fransico. “Desire and Betrayal in Community-Based Research.” In Public Acts: Disruptive Readings on Making Curriculum Public, edited by Fransico Ibanez-Carrasco et al. Routledge, 2004. King, Nancy M. P. Henderson Gail, and Jane Stein. Beyond Regulations: Ethics in Human Subjects Research. Chapel Hill, NC : University of North Carolina Press, 1999. Lutz, John S. and Barbara Neis (eds.). Making and Moving Knowledge: Interdisciplinary and Community-based Research In a World on the Edge. McGill-Queens University Press, Montreal, 2008. Mauthner, Melanie L. Ethics in Qualitative Research. London ; Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage Publications Ltd, 2002. McIntyre, Alice. Participatory Action Research. Sage, 2007. 2 Reason, Peter. “Learning and Change through action research.” In Creative Management, ed. J. Henry. London: Sage Publications, 2001. Reason, Peter, and Kate Louise McArdle. “Brief Notes on the Theory and Practice of Action Research.” In Understanding Research Methods for Social Policy and Practice, edited by Saul Becker and Alan Bryman. Bristol: The Polity Press, 2004. Stoecker, Randy. Research Methods for Community Change: A Project-Based Approach. Sage Publications, 2006. Strand, Kerry. Community-Based Research and Higher Education: Principles and Practices. Jossey-Bass higher and adult education series. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, 2003. DePauw ROW Library / Campus Life: LC237 .C613 2003 Stringer, Ernest T. Community-Based Ethnography: Breaking Traditional Boundaries of Research, Teaching, and Learning. Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1997.DePauw ROW Library / General Collection: GN345 .C643 1997 -----. Action Research. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1999. -----. Action Research: a Handbook for Practitioners. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1996. -----. Action Research in Education. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill/Prentice Hall, 2004. -----. Community-Based Ethnography: Breaking Traditional Boundaries of Research, Teaching, and Learning. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1997. : Trimble, Joseph E. and Celia B. Fisher The Handbook of Ethical Research with Ethnocultural Populations and Communities. Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage Publications, 2006. Zlotkowski, Edward. 1999. “Pedagogy and Engagement.” In Colleges and Universities as Citizens, edited by Robert Bringle et al., 96-120. Boston: Allyn & Bacon. Conservation Brosius, J. Peter, Anna L. Tsing, and Charles Zerner. Communities and Conservation: Histories and Politics of Community-Based Natural Resource Management. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 2005. Russell, Diane and Camilla Harshbarger. Groundwork for Community-Based Conservation : Strategies for Social Research. Walnut Creek, CA : Rowman & Littlefield, 2002. 3 Wilmsen, Carl, William Elmendorf, Larry Fisher, and Jacquelyn Ross (eds.). Partnerships for Empowerment: Participatory Research for Community-based Natural Resource Management. London: Earthscan Publications, 2008. Archaeology Nicholas, George P. “Education and Empowerment: Archaeology with, for and by the Shuswap Nation, British Colombia.” In At a Crossroads: Archaeology and First Peoples in Canada, edited by G.P. Nicholas and T.D. Andrews, pp. 85–104. Archaeology Press, Burnaby, B.C., 1997. Watkins, J and TJ Ferguson. “Working With and Working For Indigenous Communities.” In Handbook of Archaeological Methods, Vol. II. edited by H. D. G. Maschner and C. Chippindale, pp. 1372-1406. Lanham, MD: AltaMira, 2005. Health Blumenthal, Daniel S., and Ralph J. DiClemente, eds. Community-Based Health Research: Issues and Methods. New York : Springer Pub., 2004. Brugge, Doug Hynes H. Patricia. Community Research in Environmental Health: Studies in Science, Advocacy, and Ethics. Aldershot, Hants, Eng.; Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2005. Israel, Barbara A., et al. Methods in Community-Based Participatory Research for Health. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 2005. Minkler, M., and N. Wallerstein (editors). Community-Based Participatory Research for Health: From Process to Outcomes. 2nd Ed. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 2008. Israel, B.A., et al. “Critical Issues in Developing and Following Community Based Participatory Research Principles.” In Community-Based Participatory Research for Health, ed. M. Minkler and N. Wallerstein, pp. 263–288. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 2003. Springett, J. Issues in Participatory Evaluation. In Community-Based Participatory Research for Health, ed. M. Minkler and N. Wallerstein, pp. 263–288. JosseyBass, San Francisco, 2003. Themba, M. N., and M. Winkler. Influencing Policy Through Community Based Participatory Research. In Community-Based Participatory Research for Health, ed. M. Minkler and N.Wallerstein, pp. 349–370. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 2003. Murphy, E., and R. Dingwall. Qualitative Methods in Health Services Research. In Health Services Research Methods: A Guide to Best Practice, edited by N. Black, J. Brazier, R. Fitzpatrick and B. Reeves, pp. 129–138. BMJ Books, London, 1998. 4 Stringer, Ernest and William Genat. Action Research in Health. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill/Prentice Hall, 2004. Youth Leadbeater, Bonnie J. Ross. Ethical Issues in Community-Based Research with Children and Youth. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006. ARTICLES and REPORTS Alexander, Leslie B., and Kenneth A. Richman. "Ethical Dilemmas in Evaluations Using Indigenous Research Workers." American Journal of Evaluation 29.1 (2008): 7385. The Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS). Guidelines for Ethical Research in Indigenous Studies, Canberra, AUS. (May) 2000. Ayala, Jennifer. “Split Scenes, Converging Visions: The Ethical Terrains Where PAR and Borderlands Scholarship Meet.” Urban Review 41(2009):66–84. Barazangi, Nimat H. “An Ethical Theory of Action Research Pedagogy.” Action Research 4.1 (2006):97-116. Boser, Susan. "Ethics and Power in Community-Campus Partnerships for Research." Action Research 4.1 (2007): 9-21. [ABSTRACT] ----- “Power, Ethics, and the IRB: Dissonance Over Human Participant Review of Participatory Research” Qualitative Inquiry 13.8 (2007): 1060-1074 [ABSTRACT] Brown L, and W. Vega. “A protocol for community-based research.” Am J Prev Med 12 (1996): 4-5. Brydon-Miller, Mary and Davydd Greenwood. “A re-examination of the relationship between action research and human subjects review processes.” Action Research 4.1 (2006): 117-128. Brydon-Miller, Mary, Davydd Greenwood, and Olav Eikeland. “Editorial.” Action Research 4.1 (2006): 5-8 Brydon-Miller, Mary, Davydd Greenwood, and Olav Eikeland. “Conclusion: Strategies for Addressing Ethical Concerns in Action Research.” Action Research 4.1 (2006): 129 - 131 5 Burthansstipanov, Linda et al. “Lessons Learned From Community-Based Participatory Research in Indian Country.” Cancer Control (November 2005): 70-76. Cahill, Caitlin et al. “Participatory Ethics: Politics, Practices, Institutions” ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies 6.3 (2007): 304-318. Chavis DM, Stucky PM, Wanderman A. “Returning basic research to the community: A relationship between scientist and citizen.” Am Psychol 38 (1983):424-434. Christopher, Suzanne, Vanessa Watts, Alma Knows His Gun McCormick, and Sara Young. Building and Maintaining Trust in a Community-Based Participatory Research Partnership 98.8 (August 2008). Collier, Connie S. and Hal A. Lawson. “Toward Academically Based Community Scholarship: Ideals, Realities, and Future Needs.” Quest 49 (1997): 380-393. Dewhurst, C. Kurt, Narissa Ramdhani, and Marsha MacDowell. “Lessons Lived and Learned in Developing and Managing a Bi-National Cultural Heritage Sector Project in South Africa.” Museum Anthropology Review 2.1(Spring 2008) Dickert, Noel, and Jeremy Sugarman. “Ethical Goals of Community Consultation in Research.” American Journal of Public Health 7 (July 2005): 1123-1127. Dove, Michael R. Indigenous People and Environmental Politics. Annual Review of Anthropology 35.1 (2006): 191. Firehock, Karen. “Protocol and Guidelines for Ethical and Effective Research of Community Based Collaborative Processes.” Community Based Collaboratives Research Consortium (November 2003). First Nations Centre. OCAP: Ownership, Control, Access and Possession. Report sanctioned by the First Nations Information Governance Committee, Assembly of First Nations. Ottawa: National Aboriginal Health Organization, 2006 Flicker, Sarah, et al. "If you could change one thing... What community-based researchers wish they could have done differently." Community Development Journal 43.2 (2008): 239-239. Genat, Bill. “Building Emergent Situated Knowledges in Participatory Research.” Action Research 7.1 (2009): 101 – 115. Giese-Davis, Janine. "Community/Research Collaborations: Ethics and Funding." Clinical Psychology: Science & Practice 15.2 (2008): 149-52. Greenwood, Davydd, Mary Brydon-Miller and Carla Shafer. “Intellectual Property and Action Research.” Action Research 4.1 (2006): 81–95. 6 Jacobson, Maxine. “Community-Based Participatory Research: Group Work for Social Justice and Community Change.” Social Work With Groups 30.4 (2007) :21-39. Johnston, Charlotte, and Sheila Woody. "Ethical Challenges in Community-Based Research: Introduction to the Series." Clinical Psychology: Science & Practice 15.2 (2008): 115-17. Kesby, Mike “Retheorizing Empowerment-through-Participation as a Performance in Space: Beyond Tyranny to Transformation.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 30.4 (2005): 2037 – 2064. Kidon, Sara and Sarah Elwood. “Introduction: More than Methods—Reflections on Participatory Action Research in Geographic Teaching, Learning and Research.” Journal of Geography in Higher Education; 33.1 (2009):19 -32. [ABSTRACT] Krimerman, Leonard. “Participatory Action Research: Should Social Inquiry be Conducted Democratically?” Philosophy of the Social Sciences 31.1 (2001): 60-82. Lofman, Paivi, Marjaana Pelkonen, and Anna M. Pietila. “Ethical issues in participatory action research” Scandinavian Journal of the Caring Sciences 18 (2004): 333– 340. Mackenzie, Catriona, et al. "Beyond 'Do No Harm': The Challenge of Constructing Ethical Relationships in Refugee Research." Journal of Refugee Studies (2007):xx Mayo, Kevin, Komia Tsey, and the Empowerment Research Team. “The research dance: university and community research collaborations at Yarrabah, North Queensland, Australia.” Health and Social Care in the Community 17.2 (2009):133–140. Maiter, Sarah, et al. "Reciprocity: An Ethic for Community-Based Participatory Action Research." Action Research 6.3 (2008): 305-25. Manderson, Lenore and Ruth P. Wilson. “Negotiating with Communities: The Politics and Ethics of Research” Human Organization 57.2 (Summer 1998): 215-16. Marullo, Sam, et al. “Community-Based Research Assessments: Some Principles and Practices.” Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning 9.3 (2003): 5768. McDonald, J. A. “The Tsimshian Protocols: Locating and Empowering Communitybased Research.” Canadian Journal of Native Education 28 (2004): 80-91. McMullen, Ann. “The Currency of Consultation and Collaboration.” Museum Anthropology Review 2.2 (Fall 2008): 54-87. 7 Menzies, Charles R. “Putting Words into Action: Negotiating Collaborative Research in Gitxaala.” Canadian Journal of Native Education 28 (2004): 15-32. Minkler, M. 2004. “Ethical challenges for the ‘outside’ researcher in community-based participatory research.” Health Education & Behavior 31.6 (2004): 684-697. [ABSTRACT] Petras, Elizabeth McLean and Douglas V. Porpora. “Participtory research: three models and an analysis.” The American Sociologist (2001): 107-26. Prinsloo, Mélani. “Community-based participatory Research: A case study from South Africa.” International Journal of Market Research 50.3 (2008): 339-354. Reason, Peter. Political, Epistemological, Ecological and Spiritual Dimensions of Participation. Studies in Cultures, Organizations and Societies 4 (1998): 147-167. ---. “Choice and Quality in Action Research Practice.” Journal of Management Inquiry 15.2 (2006): 187-203. Reason, Peter, and John Heron. “A Participatory Inquiry Paradigm.” Qualitative Inquiry 3.3 (1997): 274-294. Reason, Peter, and William R. Torbert. The Action Turn: Toward a Transformational Social Science. Concepts and Transformations 6.1 (2001): 1-37. Salmon A. Walking the talk: how participatory interview methods can democratize research. Qualitative health research 17.7 (2007): 982-93. Santiago-Rivera, Asara L, Gayle Skawennio Morse, Anne Hunt, and Henry Lickers. Building a Community-Based Research Partnership: Lessons From the Mohawk Nation of Akwesasne. Journal of community psychology. 26.2 (1998): 163. Sherman JA and JB Sheldon. “Values for community research and action: do we agree where they guide us?” J Appl Behav Anal 24 (1991):653-5. Shore, Nancy, Kristine A. Wong, Sarena D. Seifer, Jessica Grignon, and Vanessa Northington Gamble. Introduction to Special Issue: Advancing the Ethics of Community-Based Participatory Research. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics 3.2 (2008): 1-4. Silverstein, Michael, Mary Banks, Susan Fish, and Howard Bauchner. Variability in Institutional Approaches to Ethics Review of Community-Based Research Conducted in Collaboration with Unaffiliated Organizations. Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics 3.2 (2008): 69-76. 8 Stoecker, Randy. "Challenging institutional barriers to community-based research." Action Research 6.1 (Mar. 2008): 49-67. ---. “Community-Based Research: From Practice to Theory and Back Again.” Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning 9.2 (2003): 35-46. ---. “Are academics irrelevant? Roles for scholars in participatory research.” American Behavioral Scientist 42 (1999):840-854. Strand, Kerry, et al. “Principles of Best Practice for Community-Based Research.” Michigan Journal of Community Service Learning 9.3 (Summer 2003): 5-15. Trimble, Joseph E. “Commentary: No Itinerant Researchers Tolerated: Principled and Ethical Perspectives and Research with North American Indian Communities” EHOS 36.3 (2008): 380-383. Tuck, Eve. “Re-visioning Action: Participatory Action Research and Indigenous Theories of Change.” Urban Review 41(2009):47–65. Walsh, Christine A. et al. “Unraveling Ethics: Reflections from a Community-based Participatory Research Project with Youth” The Qualitative Report 13.3 (2008): 379-393. Williams, L. “Participatory research, knowledge, and community-based change: Experience, epistemology, and empowerment.” Research in Community Sociology 9 (1999):3-40. Zlotkowski, Edward “Community On and Off Campus.” Metropolitan Universities: An International Forum 7.1 (1996): 113-124. Conservation Carter, Jennifer, and Greg Hill. “Indigenous community-based fisheries in Australia.” Journal of Environmental Management 85.4 (2007): 866-875. McCall, M. K., and P.A. Minang. “Assessing Participatory GIS for Community based Natural Resource Management: Claiming Community Forests in Cameroon.” The Geographical Journal, 171.4(2005): 340-356. Medeek, Wuyee Wi (John Lewis). “Forests for the Future: The View from Gitkxaala.” Canadian Journal Of Native Education 28 (2004): 8-14. Mercer, Jessica, Dale Dominey-Howes, Ilan Kelman, and Kate Lloyd. “The potential for combining indigenous and western knowledge in reducing vulnerability to environmental hazards in small island developing states.” Environmental Hazards 7.4 (2007): 245-256. [send to Forbes & Solomon] 9 Minkler M, Vu’asquez VB, Tajik M, and Petersen D. “Promoting environmental justice through community-based participatory research: the role of community and partnership capacity.” Health education & behavior: the official publication of the Society for Public Health Education 35.1 (2008): 119-37. Archaeology Atalay, S. Global Application of Indigenous Archaeology: Community Based Participatory Research in Turkey. Archaeologies 3.3 (2007):249–270. http://springerlink.metapress.com/content/26j40027237t9426/ Health Arcury TA, SA Quandt, L. McCauley “Farmworkers and Pesticides: Community-Based Research.” Environ Health Perspect 108 (2000):787-792. Aronson, Robert E., et al. "Ethnographically Informed Community Evaluation: A Framework and Approach for Evaluating Community-Based Initiatives." Maternal & Child Health Journal 11.2 (Mar. 2007): 97-109. Baker EA, S Homan, R Schonhoff, and M Kreuter. “Principles of practice for academic/practice/community research partnerships.” Am J Prev Med 16 (1999):86- 93. Brown, Micaela. “Research, Respect and Responsibility: A Critical Review of the TriCouncil Policy Statement in Aboriginal Community-Based Research.” A Journal of Aboriginal and Indigenous Community Health 3.2 (2005): 79-103. Buchanan, David R., Franklin G. Miller, and Nina Wallerstein. “Ethical Issues in Community-Based Participatory Research: Balancing Rigorous Research With Community Participation in Community Intervention Studies” Progress in Community Health Partnerships: Research, Education, and Action 1.2 (2007): 153-160. Cargo, Margaret and Shawna L. Mercer. “The Value and Challenges of Participatory Research: Strengthening Its Practice.” Annu. Rev. Public Health 29 (2008):325– 50. Cargo, Margaret, Treena Delormier, Lucie Le´vesque, Kahente Horn-Miller, Alex McComber and Ann C. Macaulay. “Can the democratic ideal of participatory research be achieved? An inside look at an academic–indigenous community partnership.” Health Education Research (2008): 1-11. Couzos, Sophie, et al. "’We Are Not Just Participants, We Are in Charge’: The Naccho Ear Trial and the Process for Aboriginal Community-Controlled Health Research." Ethnicity & Health 10.2 (2005): 91-111. 10 Emmett, Edward Anthony, et al. "Development and Successful Application of A "Community-First" Communication Model for Community-Based Environmental Health Research." Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine 51.2 (2009): 146-56. Flicker, Sarah, et al. "Community-Based Research in Aids-Service Organizations: What Helps and What Doesn't?" AIDS Care 21.1 (2009): 94-102. Higgins DL, B. Maciak B, and M. Metzler. “CDC Urban Research Centers: Communitybased participatory research to improve the health of urban communities.” Journal Of Womens Health & Gender Based Medicine (2001):9-15. Israel BA, A J Schulz, and E A Parker, and A. B. Becker. “Review of community-based research: assessing partnership approaches to improve public health.” Annu Rev Public Health 19 (1998): 173-202. Janosk, Janine E., Susan B. Laird, and Qing Sun. "Content and Context of a Research Registry for Community-Based Research." Journal of Community Health 33.4 (Aug. 2008): 270-278. Kelley BR. Community-based research: a tool for community empowerment and student learning. J Nurs Educ 34 (1995): 384-6. Khanlou, N. and E. Peter. Participatory action research: considerations for ethical review. Social Science & Medicine 60 (2005): 2333–2340. Kone A, M Sullivan, KD Senturia, Chrisman NJ, Ciske SJ, Krieger JW. Improving collaboration between researchers and communities. Public Health Rep 115 (2000):243-8. Lemkau JP, Ahmed SM, Cauley K. "The history of health in Dayton": A communityacademic partnership. American Journal Of Public Health 90 (2000):1216-1217. Macaulay AC, Delormier T, McComber AM, et al. Participatory research with native community of Kahnawake creates innovative code of research ethics. Canadian Journal Of Public Health Revue / Canadienne De Sante Publique 89 (1998):105108. Macaulay, A., and L. Commanda. Participatory Research Maximizes Community and Lay Involvement. British Medical Journal 319 (1999): 774–778. MacQueen KM, McLellan E, Metzger DS, Kegeles S, Strauss RP, Scotti R, Blanchard L, and Trotter RT “What is community? An evidence-based definition for participatory public health.” American journal of public health 91.12 (2001): 1929-38. 11 Malone, Ruth E, Valerie B Yerger, Carol Mcgruder, and Erika Froelicher. "It's Like Tuskegee in Reverse": A Case Study of Ethical Tensions in Institutional Review Board Review of Community-Based Participatory Research. American journal of public health 96.11 (2006): 1914. Molyneux, C.S. et al. “’Even if they ask you to stand by a tree all day, you will have to do it (laughter)..!’: Community voices on the notion and practice of informed consent for biomedical research in developing countries.” Social Science & Medicine 61 (2005): 443-454. Myser, Catherine. "Whose History? Whose Future? Expanding the Exploration of Lived Experience in Ethics Consultation to Include Empirical Patient and Family and Community-Based Research." American Journal of Bioethics 1.4 (Fall 2001): 5859. Omenn GS. “Caring for the community: the role of partnerships.” Acad Med 74 (1999):782-9. Park P. “People, knowledge, and change in participatory research.” Management Learning 30 (1999):141-157. Rotheram-Borus MJ, GM Rebchook, JA Kelly, J Adams, MS Neumann. “Bridging research and practice: community-researcher partnerships for replicating effective interventions.” AIDS Educ Prev 12 (2000):49-61. Schulz AJ, EA Parker, BA Israel, AB Becker, BJ Maciak and R Hollis. “Conducting a participatory community-based survey for a community health intervention on Detroit's east side.” J Public Health Manag Pract 4(1998):10-24. Wallerstein, N., and B. Duran. Using community-based participatory research to address health disparities. Health Promotion Practice, 7.3 (2006), 312-323. Technology Castleden, Heather, et al. “Modifying Photovoice for Community-based Participatory Indigenous Research” Social Science & Medicine 66 (2008): 1393-1405. Youth Harper, Gary W., Omar Bashir Jamil, and Bianca D. M. Wilson. "Collaborative Community-Based Research as Activism: Giving Voice and Hope to Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Youth." Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy 11.3/4 (July 2007): 99. Youth-Health 12 Ryan, Maura A. "The Politics of Risk: A Human Rights Paradigm for Children's Environmental Health Research." Environmental Health Perspectives 114.10 (2006): 1613-16. WEBSITES Africa Region Indigenous Knowledge for Development Program. 2007. “Toolkit 1: Guidelines for Implementation (Overview).” Capitalising on Local Knowledge: Community knowledge exchange. http://www.emg.org.za/documents/IkXchangeToolkits/Toolkit1/introduction.htm (accessed March 31, 2009). COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN THE WIDER CARIBBEAN Resilience, Adaptation, and Community Diversity: International Development Research Centre. http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-97371-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html. “Community Development Research Association Home Page.” Community Development Research Association. http://www.cdra.org.za/ “Dialogue Resources.” Community Development Research Association. http://www.cdra.org.za/DialogueResources/Dialogue%20Resources.htm Environmental Justice & Community-Based Participatory Research. http://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/supported/programs/justice/. Mercer, J. and I. Kelman. 2007. “Combining indigenous and scientific knowledge for PNG. http://74.125.95.132/search?q=cache:u8_UPI1RSgJ:www.ilankelman.org/articles1/isisa3.pdf+Framework+for+Integratin g+Indigenous+and+Scientific+Knowledge+for+Disaster+Risk+Reduction&hl=en &ct=clnk&cd=5&gl=us&client=firefox-a. Health “Community-Based Research Principles.” School of Public Health: University of Washington. http://sphcm.washington.edu/research/community.asp “Community-Based Participatory Research.” Community-Campus Partnerships for health. http://depts.washington.edu/ccph/commbas.html Technology “PAR and Community-Based Research.” Technology for Independence: Community Based Resource Center. http://disability.law.uiowa.edu/cbrc/resources/par_resources.htm