MASSACHUSETTS INSTnTTE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Urbanizing the American Dream:
Symbiotic Housing for Baltimore
FEB 2 2 2010
by
Rachel Gealy
B.A. Physics, Art History & Practice, Williams College, 2004
LIBRARIES
SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE INPARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARCHITECTURE AT THE MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
FEBRUARY 2010
@2010 Rachel K.Gealy. All rights reserved.
ARCHIVES
The author hereby grants to MIT permission to reproduce and to distribute publicly paper and electronic copies of
this thesis document in whole or in part in any medium now known or hereafter created.
Signature of Author:
Department of Architecture
January 15, 2010
Certified by:
Kent Larson
Principal Research Scientist, Department of Architecture
Thesis Supervisor
Accepted by:
Julian Beinart
Professor of Architecture
Chair, Department Committee on Graduate Students
Thesis Committee
Thesis Supervisor:
Kent Larson
Principal Research Scientist, Department of Architecture
Thesis Reader:
Michael Dennis
Professor of Architecture
Thesis Reader:
Nader Tehrani
Professor of Architecture
Urbanizing the American Dream:
Symbiotic Housing for Baltimore
by
Rachel Gealy
Submitted to the Department of Architecture on Jan 15, 2010 in Partial
Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Architecture
Abstract:
Inthe 1950s, the American dream of owning a suburban single family home was directed at one demographic, the nuclear family. America's resources
seemed limitless: industry marketing and government policies encouraged over consumption and enabled middle class families to buy their own mass
produced tract house on aplot of private land accessible only by car. The result was a landscape of sprawl and the draining of urban cores. Today, nearly
sixty years later, attitudes toward how the middle class should live have shifted dramatically along with the make up of middle America itself, and the dream
is no longer valid. The 21st century definition of the middle class has expanded to include unending variations of living groups which do not fit into the
suburban mold. Further, our awareness of sustainability concerns drives us toward resource sharing and space exchange which is impossible to achieve in
decentralized developments. Despite these issues however, housing for the middle class has changed very little.
This thesis proposes an alternative dream, an urban one. The hypothesis: the conflict between how Americans want to live and what the urban environment
has to offer can be resolved through a symbiotic relationship between three programs: long term family oriented housing, short term rental housing, and
flexible education space. Decades of "dream" propaganda has left us with cultural attitudes which demand certain qualitative characteristics from housing,
specifically access to light and air, privacy, safety, security. and permanence. Also critical are rising concerns with living "green" and education opportunities
for children. However, inner city Baltimore as an environment for family oriented housing is inhospitable to say the least, plagued by crime and lacking
quality schools. Inaddition to these two real factors isthe psychological dream, which is entrenched inour culture. This project explores how the design of
symbiotic housing can attract middle class families back to the city, thus urbanizing the American Dream.
Thesis Supervisor:
Kent Larson
Principal Research Scientist, Department of Architecture
Thank you.
To my thesis committee for their criticism and guidance.
To my parents for their never ending support.
To my class for the past 3.5 years together ;-)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTEXT
8
INTRODUCTION
THE AMERICAN DREAM: THEN AND NOW
URBAN CHALLENGES: BALTIMORE
ARCHITECTURAL CHALLENGES
SITE ANALYSIS
DESIGN PROPOSAL
41
PLANS
SECTIONS / ELEVATIONS
HOUSING SCENARIOS
PUBLIC SPACE SCENARIOS
EXTERIOR DETAILS
RENDERINGS / AD CAMPAIGN
MODEL PHOTOS
ADDENDUM
PRECEDENT STUDIES
DESIGN STUDIES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
83
THE AMERICAN DREAM ISNO LONGER VALID
"ll 9Ninssnd NO SISISNI SSVI) IlaGIW IHI '11A aNV
THIS PROJECT PROPOSES AN ALTERNATIVE DREAM: AN URBAN ONE.
symbiosis - a relationship between two organisms which is critical to the exsistence of one
HYPOTHESIS:
THE CONFLICT BETWEEN HOW AMERICANS WANT TO LIVE AND WHAT THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT HAS
TO OFFER CAN BE OVERCOME THROUGH A SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THREE PROGRAMS
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM:
SYMBIOTIC HOUSING FOR BALTIMORE
THE AMERICAN DREAM THEN &NOW
Since the early 1900s, attitudes toward how the middle class should live
have shifted dramatically along with the make up of middle America itself,
invalidating the American Dream. To support this assertion, we examine
how American has changed over the past century:
Inthe 1950s, the American dream of owning asuburban single family home
Delores Hayden writes: "Many individuals and families are now experiencing
was directed at one demographic, the nuclear family, which consisted of serious difficulties infinding housing that meets their particular needs... more
a bread winning father, a stay at home mother, and 2.5 obedient children. subtle options are hard to locate, and hard to finance...The United States
Today, the definition of the middle class has expanded to include unending
has ahousing crisis of disturbing complexity. We have not merely ahousing
variations of living groups: singles, elderly couples, fathers and daughters,
shortage, but a broader set of unmet needs caused by the efforts of the
same sex couples, and various combinations of remarried couples with their
step children, to name a few. And yet the choices offered to the middle
entire society to fit itself into ahousing pattern that reflects the dreams of the
mid-nineteenth century better than the realities of the late twentieth century."
class American public are still best suited to 1950s TV's the Andersons.
(Hayden, 14)
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
DEMOGRAPHICS
St
SFATHER WITH
t9 1
www.artofmanliness.com
1950 2009
-ft
CHILDREN
MARRIED COUPLE WITH
GRANDFATHER AND SON
I
SAME
SEX
COUPLE
WITH DAUGHTER
CONTEXT
13
THE AMERICAN DREAM THEN &NOW
In the 1950s, America's resources seemed limitless; sprawl encouraged
was falling dramatically, putting it within reach of many Americans. Although
consumption and autonomous living. On the left is a picture of William J. America isstill a consumerist society, concerns about sustainability and the
Levitt on the cover of Time magazine with the caption: "For sale, a new
recent economic crisis has caused many in the middle class to rethink their
way of life." The single family home was promoted by manufacturers of consumption habits. Al Gore's environmental movie "An Inconvenient Truth"
automobiles and appliances, who were converting from wartime production,
was a blockbuster, and even Time and Newsweek magazine, both widely
as containers waiting to be filled with consumer products. More space meant
read amongst the American public, warn of global warning. Even if we are
higher rates of consumption. Further, these individual plots of land were
not acting on it, Americans are aware that pursuing the American dream has
outside of the city, reachable only by car, and the price of the automobile
environmental costs.
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES
TIME
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It
http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19500703,00.html
1950
2009
http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,20060403,00.html
CONTEXT
~
15
THE AMERICAN DREAM THEN &NOW
David Harvey, professor at Johns Hopkins University and long time resident
post industrial cities, Baltimore has been bleeding population since 1950
of Baltimore writes: "..Baltimore is,for the most part, a mess. Not the kind
when it peaked at nearly one million. Over the past half century 31% of the
of enchanting mess that makes cities such interesting places to explore,
population, or 300,000 people, have left the city. Meanwhile, the surrounding
but an awful mess... There are some 40,000 vacant and for the most part
suburban counties have exploded. Between 1990 and 2000, the number of
abandoned houses in ahousing stock of some 300,000 units within the city households in Howard County grew by 30 percent while Baltimore city while
limits (there were 7,000 in1970)." (Harvey, 133) What makes these statistics the number of family households in Baltimore continues to plummet. The
even more staggering, is the disparity between the decay of the inner city image on the left shows rowhouse owners cleaning the marble steps infront
and the affluence of surrounding suburbs, a place where the much sought
of their homes. On the right, an image that can be found throughout the city:
after American Dream lives. How did this disparity come about? Like many
the marble steps of vacant homes crumbling away from neglect.
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
DRAINING OF URBAN CORES
1950 2009
nttp://www.flickr.com seanlewis
photostream
CONTEXT
17
THE AMERICAN DREAM INDUSTRY ADS THEN VS AMERICAN DESIRES NOW
DESPITE THESE RAMIFICATIONS,
MIDDLE CLASS AMERICANS INSIST ON PURSUING THE SUBURBAN DREAM.
Baltimore, founded in 1729, is not far away from its 300th anniversary. For
conformity...as a panacea for the breakdown and disintegration of urbanity."
much of its lifetime, it has been, perhaps not always healthy, but certainly a These American preferences raise a stream of questions. How did this cycle
thriving and growing urban environment. Decentralization, or whatever name
begin, and how isit perpetuated? What are the origins of the American Dream,
you wish to give it, is not a trend exclusive to the city of Baltimore. The
which compels people to buy homes in sprawling, unsustainable, suburban
draining of population from cities continues across America. Harvey writes:
"bourgeois utopia," abandoning a once thriving urban environment? Was
"The affluent (black and white) continue to leave the city indroves ...
seeking
this fate for the city inevitable? Is the American dream embedded in our
solace, security... Developers offer up this great blight of secure suburban
genes, or has it been embedded in our culture?
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
HOW CAN WE CONVINCE THEM TO LIVE AN URBAN ONE?
Lawrence J. Vale, professor of Urban Studies and Planning at MIT argues
private industry in support of homeownership. Herbert Hoover, who served
that the staggeringly high rate of American homeownership (68.3 %in 2003)
as secretary of commerce and then as president from 1921 to 1932, was the
has been "neither an accident nor an inevitable outcome of land availability country's most visible and vocal proponent. Vale points out that Hoover's
and widespread prosperity. Rather, it has been nurtured by generations of term was marked by, "an arsenal of national efforts that wholly warrants the
public policy which were in turn preceded by concerted efforts to instill an use of the term propaganda,' ... [It is here] that homeownership first gained
ideologically grounded belief inthe moral value of the owned home." (Vale, 16)
prominence as a moral issue rather than afinancial calculation." (Vale, 19)
The 1920s was a period of nation wide rhetoric by both the government and
In other words, owning a home was not just a symbol of wealth anymore,
CONTEXT
19
THE AMERICAN DREAM MARKETING THEN & NOW
www.levitowners.com
2009
--
------
I
AMERICANS STILL WANT
A LIFESTYLE
LIGHT
GREEN
SPACE
PRIVACY
but asign that one was apatriotic citizen and an upstanding man. Under the
such booklet published by the National Association of Real Estate Boards: "A
Hoover administration, the Department of Labor began the "Own-Your-Own-
home isthe most valuable of all material possessions. Ithas greater influence
Home Campaign" which inturn inspired the real estate industry's "We-Own-
over life and character and greater effect upon success and happiness
Our-Own-Home" Campaign in 1917. Banners, recipes, a lecture series, and
than any other single thing that can be bought with money.
songs were the pieces of propaganda used to spread the message. Booklets
homeowner sends you up inthe social scale. Better things are expected of
and homeowners manuals were published which indoctrinated the reader
you. You expect them of yourself." The illustrations above are examples of
with the link between morality and homeownership. Some excerpts from one
the propaganda published during this era. The first "incentive" stressed was
Becoming a
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
Source:Own-Your-Own-Home
Section;
RealEstateDivision;U.S.Housing
Corporation,
RecordGroup3;
NationalArchivesandRecordsAdministration,
CollegePark,MD.
2009
AMERICANS STILL WANT
HOME OWNERSHIP
AN INVESTMENT
SAFETY & SECURITY
PERMANANCE
gettyimages.com
the economic benefit of owning over renting, which truly came to fruition
how valid were these promises then, and more importantly, do they ring true
during the post war era with the availability of FHA and VA backed loans. A today? The promises of the 1920s and subsequent marketing campaign were
second incentive was the assurance that owning a home was morally the
not all valid. However, mass advertising was an extremely effective way to
right thing to do. Last, homeownership was seen as astatus symbol, the key
convince the middle class of what they should want in a home, dictated by
to membership in the exclusive gated community pictured second from left. the government and industry leaders. Ifthe main goal of this thesis isto draw
The economic, moral, and identity related incentives that are offered by the the middle class back to the city, an examination of what Americans wanted
American dream are still alive and influencing the American public. However, then vs their desires now isneeded.
CONTEXT
21
THE AMERICAN DREAM MARKETING THEN &NOW
The ManWho Own
2009 ---
-
--
AMERICANS STILL HAVE A
CIVIC RESPONSIBILITY
TO LIVE SUSTAINABLY
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Source:
Own-Your-Own-Home
Section;
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Estate
Division;
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Corporation,
Record
Group
3;National
Archives
andRecords
Administration,
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Park,
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V
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
2009
-o------
AMERICANS STILL WANT
THE BEST FOR THEIR CHILDREN:
EDUCATION
Ir i
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Source:Own-Your-Own-Home
Section;RealEstateDivision;U.S.HousingCorporation.
RecordGroup3; NationalArchivesandRecordsAdministration,
CollegePark,MD.
CONTEXT
23
URBAN CHALLENGES BALTIMORE DEMOGRAPHICS
WHY BALTIMORE?
BALTIMORE HAS LOST 1/3 OF ITS POPULATION SINCE 1950,
WHILE THE SURROUDING SUBURBS HAVE EXPLODED.
Populaton
Trends
Map 1 - Population Growth in Baltimore PMSA
MarriedCouple
Families
/ Children
Single PersonHouseholds
Bamore
Coy,
180t 200
Baflmnre
City,
1980to2000
aa150.897
0
22.3%(
2
a
r90
200,000
300,000281,414
275,977
180,000
257,996
250,000
160,000
140,000
a aten
754a292
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.0
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200,000
120,000
100,000
150,000
80,000
100,000
60,000
40,000
843
4,410
90,124
50,000
20,000
1980
8-ltlmoes
Prlm
e Mtropola
n SatW
tfc
Area
h g.
arown
7.2%
.in- 1990
1990
2000
ETotalFamlles E MarriedCouples WithChildren
1980
SAll
Households
1990
1 SinglePerson
2000
I
-
_
~
_
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
TODAY, BALTIMORE ISGAINING SINGLES BUT STILL LOSING FAMILIES.
WHAT DRIVES FAMILIES FROM BALTIMORE?
1. REAL FACTOR
2. REAL FACTOR
3. PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTOR
CRIME
LACK OF QUALITY SCHOOLS
THE AMERICAN DREAM
CONTEXT
25
-II
URBAN CHALLENGES - CRIME
The chart at far left (page 24) shows a demographic trend that is common
possibility of reincarnation." (Dierwechter, 188) Although the city has it has
amongst many post industrial American cities: aggressive migration out of the
succeeded somewhat in enticing a slightly younger population (Jenna Bush
urban core. However, despite all of the factors working against it, downtown
and Michael Phelps have both recently bought property in Baltimore, also
Baltimore has shown some signs of revival in recent years. Dierwechter
see website www.livebaltimore.com) the urban center has yet to attract,
writes, "The City of Baltimore perhaps vies with only a handful of other
and is in fact still loosing, families. This can be attributed to three factors:
large American communities (Detroit, St. Louis, Camden) for the city most
the psychological pursuit of the American dream as well as two irrefutable
shaped by a "near-death" experience but also the poignant, if still precarious,
statical ones: high crime and lack of quality educational opportunities.
The map at right tracks crime inthe neighborhood of Mt Vernon over a six month
of Upton in West Baltimore which has seen 19 shootings in the past six
period beginning in April 2009. Violent and non-violent crimes are plotted
months. The area around the chosen site has seen only one shooting, but is
(http://data.baltimoresun.com/crime/baltimore_county/).
As evidenced by nevertheless dangerous, plagued by assaults and theft. The rate of reported
the data, crime is a real, not just perceived problem in Baltimore. In 2007,
larceny isdouble that of the Upton neighborhood. Also of concern are recent
the city had the second highest murder rate in the country (45 per 100,000
seemingly random attacks on residents in the area. These statistics offer
people, second only to Detroit). This neighborhood in central Baltimore,
plenty of reasons for families to get out and stay out of Baltimore. Thus, this
however, suffers less from violent crime than for example the neighborhood
project must incorporate architectural strategies which create security.
I
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
SHOOTING
*ASSAULT
*ROBBERY
58
22
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*BURGLARY
48
*LARCENY
300D
0
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00
*
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VIOLENT AND NON VIOLENT CRIME - APRIL 2009 to SEPT 2009
CONTEXT
27
--
3
URBAN CHALLENGES - LACK OF QUALITY SCHOOLS
The Baltimore City public school system, like many urban school systems, is schools are about 4miles away, two public magnet high schools on the light
underfunded and leaves much to be desired especially when compared with
rail line, and two private schools which can reached by car or bus. However,
the educational opportunities for young children available in surrounding
educational opportunities for elementary aged children are absent, as well
counties. In astatewide Maryland ranking, 6 out of the 10 "worst" schools
as the children themselves. Roy Strickland's project Designing a City of
were in Baltimore City. For those with young children, the lack of quality
Learning for Patterson, NJ, is"a design and planning strategy that capitalizes
educational opportunities remains a critical barrier against city living. There
on pre K-12 school facilities as agents for revitalizing cities, towns, and
are few schools inthe immediate Mount Vernon area, with one exception, a neighborhoods" (Strickland, 3)which inspired the impulse to use education
high school, Baltimore School for the Arts. At least four well respected high
program as atool for urban regeneration.
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I
ARCHITECTURAL CHALLENGES CLOSED VS OPEN
AMERICANS WANT
AMERICANS WANT
SAFETY &SECURITY VS LIGHT &NATURE
Decades of "dream" propaganda has left us with cultural attitudes which
demand certain qualitative characteristics from housing, specifically access
to light and air, privacy, safety, security and permanence. However, trying to
satisfy all of these requirements sustainably within an environment like inner
city Baltimore brings to light the friction which arises when "closed" and
"open" architectural strategies are needed simultaneously.
http://www.architectenwerk.nVarchitectenprakdjkO2/FarnsworthHouse
Can urban housing be designed with all of the above characteristics in mind
and then marketed in a way which will draw middle class families back
to Baltimore? The concept diagrams at right hypothesize how the conflict
between what Americans want and what the urban environment has to offer
can be resolved through a symbiotic relationship between three programs,
owned units, rented units, and education space.
: -;---;;;-iii~-;-:
~-;--i-'i --P'-;"; :------
SECURITY
VS
LIGHT&
NATURE
SECURITY
-
AND
LIGHT&
NATURE
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
AMERICANS WANT
URBAN SAFETY REQUIRES
AMERICANS WANT
PEACE &QUIET VS PRESENCE OF PEOPLE
www.gettyimages.com
PEACE
& QUIET
VS
PRESENCE
OFPEOPLE
-I
i
......
............
.°....
SUSTAINABLE LIVING REQUIRES
PERMANANCE VS FLEXIBILITY
DavidEwing,www.woddofstock.com
http/reevestonehouse.blogspot
.com/2009/03history-of-old-stone-house.html
toozgor.com
PEACE
& QUIET
PERMANANCE
PERMANANCE
AND
VS
AND
FLEXIBILITY
FLEXIBILITY
PRESENCE
OFPEOPLE
. °
o....
.. ... o...
...
CONTEXT
31
ARCHITECTURAL CHALLENGES CONCEPT SECTION
::
~s~B~i~- -;:ra- :::-:
i::--i:i--1
;-
RENTED UNITS MAXIMIZED
The original concept for this project is illustrated in images above. Flexible
private green spaces for the residents, while the lowrise typology has private
owned residential units are organized around a central courtyard, a (back/
green space embedded in the south facing wall. Each owned unit (cyan)
front) yard for the residents, and each unit has direct access to this green
can expand into or contract out of its associated rental unit (light blue) to
space. There are two evolved housing typologies, the "lowrise" which
accommodate avariety of living grounds. The skip stop corridor organization
has south facing owned units and north facing rentals, and the "inverted
allows for the necessary adjacencies in plan and section. Each owned unit
rowhouse." The latter has astepped section to allow maximum sun exposure has a double height space and aflexible but hierarchical room configuration.
to both the courtyard and the north facing windows. The terraces become
The rental units are non-hierarchical and designed more for the graduate
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
OWNED UNIT
RENTED UNIT
EDUCATION PROGRAM
COMMERCIAL PROGRAM
- -
I
I
-
OWNED UNITS MAXIMIZED
student population which isalready thriving inthis area. Access to the sunken
school entrance, or from the street, allowing it to house avariety of programs.
courtyard is controlled, creating asecure communal "back yard" within the
Initially, education space will not be at street level due to safety concerns,
urban fabric. The project does not turn its back to the city, however, because
however if crime decreases, the school can expand into these spaces. The
public space (red) engages the street and activates the perimeter of the
public space will adapt to the education demands of the new residents as well
site. The cathedral street face houses commercial program on the first floor
as to the needs of the existing community. Similarly, as the neighborhood
and flexible education space above. The south facing public space can be demographics shift to include more family living groups, the building can
accessed inthe three ways, from the residential entrance, from the dedicated
respond by shifting space between the rental and owned units.
CONTEXT
33
SITE ANALYSIS
The site isavacant lot inthe heart of Baltimore's Mount Vernon neighborhood.
three to four stories, however, there are many exceptions to this rule. While
The area is known as the city's arts district, and while still plagued by crime,
the rowhouse abounds, it isnot the only building type, in contrast to almost
it also offers museums, historic landmarks, green space, restaurants, as well
all of Baltimore, save downtown. As the analysis on the follow pages shows,
as easy access to the light rail, the primary means of public transportation.
the site issurrounded by amix of residential and commercial, the latter which
Close proximity to these urban amenities will also be acritical selling point for
is concentrated on Charles street. The site fronts on Cathedral Street, but
potential home buyers who might otherwise gravitate toward the surrounding
also has two connections to Charles through gaps in the eastern adjacent
Maryland counties. The buildings surrounding the site are predominantly
block. Two historically significant rowhouses border the site to the north.
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
datafrommaps.balimorecity.govAimap
CULTURAL
MUSEUM
LANDMARK
MONUMENT
STADIUM
EDUCATION
SCHOOL
UNIVERSITY
LIBRARY
SERVICES
HOSPITAL
POLICE / FIRE
TRANSPORTATION
LIGHT RAIL
METRO
PROPOSED LT RAIL
CONTEXT
35
SITE ANALYSIS - VIEWS, TRAFFIC, ACCESS
STREET LEVEL
STREET LEVEL
3RD FLOOR
5TH FLOOR
11I'
i ........
MORNING
VIEWS
MORNING
Bc
I
=i
.
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EVENING
....
NIGHT
Ur
$s
ACTIVITY
.\
mm
PUBLIC / PRIVATE USE
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
PROGRAM KEY
PUBLIC
*
NIGHT
CLUB/BAR
RESTAURANT
RETAIL,
CAFE,GROCERY
SEMI - PRIVATE[
PRIVATE[]
UPPER LEVEL SITE USE
CHURCH
OFFICE,
RESIDENCE
STREET LEVEL SITE USE
II
6
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n
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ST
lplj
OW
41
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w
I
CONTEXT
37
SITE ANALYSIS - EXISITING CONDITION IMAGES
NORTH, SOUTH, EAST VIEWS
googleearth
awr"-
I
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
CATHEDRAL ST VIEWS
CONTEXT
39
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
DESIGN PROPOSAL
URBAN PLAN
The diagrams below show a phased implementation urban strategy. The first is built on the adjacent vacant Charles St lot. The public program adjusts to
intervention is on the primary Cathedral street site. Flexible public space on accommodate the needs of both the resident families and
the surrounding
the upper floors is used to accommodate educational facilities for students community. As athe school aged population increases, apermanent school
who live inthe building. As more families move to the area, asecond structure
PHASE 1
is built and the public program shifts yet again.
PHASE2
PHASE 3
SITE PLAN
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
5 -x
I
1
DESIGN PROPOSAL
43
FLOOR PLANS
The basic organization of the project, owned residential units opening onto
courtyard via elevator or private stairwell, while the rental units are accessed
a central green space and buffered from the urban environment by rented
from interior corridors. The detail plans which follow show how each owned
units and public space, comes through clearly in the floor plans. Entrance
unit can expand and contract to accommodate avariety of living groups over
to the residential portion of the project is through a controlled entrance off an extended period of time. The public space scenarios demonstrate how the
of Cathedral street. The residents pass through a gate to abalcony which is flexible space may be used for education, residential amenities, commercial
open to the courtyard below. Each owned unit has direct access from the
or a variety of other programs.
_ OWNEDUNITS
LOWRISE
RENTED
UNITS
HOUSING CIRCULATION & ACCESS
INVERTED ROWHOUSE
OWNED
UNITS
RENTED
UNITS
ALLUNITS
OWNED
UNITS
RENTED
UNITS
ALLUNITS
SOUTH
FACING
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URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
PARKING LEVEL PLAN
DESIGN PROPOSAL
45
FLOOR PLANS
COURTYARD LEVEL PLAN
1,t °
STREET LEVEL PLAN
FLOOR PLANS
LEVEL 2 PLAN
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
i
LEVEL 3 PLAN
DESIGN PROPOSAL
49
SECTIONS
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
DESIGN PROPOSAL
51
ELEVATIONS
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
DESIGN PROPOSAL
53
OWN / RENT HOUSING SCENARIOS CONCEPTS
OWNERS - COUPLE
RENTER - SINGLE
OWNERS - FAMILY
OWNERS - COUPLE
RENTER - COUPLE
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
NON-HIERARCHICAL SPACES (RENT)
HIERARCHICAL SPACES (OWN)
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DESIGN PROPOSAL
55
OWN / RENT HOUSING SCENARIOS
LOWRISE UNIT 1
1050 - 1660 SF 1 - 4 BEDROOMS
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57
OWN / RENT HOUSING SCENARIOS
INVERTED ROWHOUSE UNIT 2
520 - 1130 SF 1 - 3 BEDROOMS
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FL2 EXPANSION 2 - 810 SF
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DESIGN PROPOSAL
59
OWN / RENT HOUSING SCENARIOS
LOWRISE UNIT 3
765 -1180 SF 1 - 3 BEDROOMS
UPPER FLOOR EXPANSION - 410 SF
---------
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
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DESIGN PROPOSAL
61
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DESIGN PROPOSAL
65
EXTERIOR DETAILS
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URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
INVERTED ROWHOUSE NORTH TERRACE
DESIGN PROPOSAL
67
RENDERINGS - URBAN AMERICAN DREAM AD CAMPAIGN
NEED MORE SPACE?
IT'S NEVER BEEN EASIER.
OWN / RENT UNITS SECTIONS
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
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DESIGN PROPOSAL
69
RENDERINGS - URBAN AMERICAN DREAM AD CAMPAIGN
WHO SAYS YOU HAVE TO CHOOSE...
RESIDENTIAL ENTRY FROM CATHEDRAL STREET
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
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DESIGN PROPOSAL
71
RENDERINGS - URBAN AMERICAN DREAM AD CAMPAIGN
BETWEEN THE CITY AND ABACKYARD?
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RENDERINGS - URBAN AMERICAN DREAM AD CAMPAIGN
ASHORT COMMUTE FOR YOU?
OR AGOOD EDUCATION FOR YOUR CHILD?
NOW YOU CAN HAVE THEM
BOTH.
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URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
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75
MODEL PHOTOS - 3/32 SCALE MODEL
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
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77
MODEL PHOTOS - 3/32 SCALE MODEL
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
DESIGN PROPOSAL
79
MODEL PHOTOS - 1/16 SCALE MODEL - 1:50 SITE MODEL
1:50 SCALE SITE MODEL
1/1R" = 1' SCAI F MnnFI
- CHIPROARI' PAPER WOOD PLEXI
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
DESIGN PROPOSAL
81
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
ADDENDUM
PRECEDENT ANALYSIS - ORGANIZATIONAL CONCEPTS
The House of Flowers (Housing for Young and Old)
* wide range of living groups accomdated by variety of layouts
Seville, Spain
* shared functions
Selgas & Cano
This housing project stemmed from research finding that 56% of the Spanish
group housing. Shared apartments are non-hierarchical. Four individuals
population does not live with a traditional nuclear family. The architects
or couples have equal private spaces which include bathrooms and storage
found "an urgent need to explore different forms of association between
(25 sqm), but share kitchen and living/dining areas. These apartments are
people who, while preserving enough space for thier privacy, can share
intended for young people, students, or senior citizens with low incomes.
zones, functions and expenses, not to optimise resources, but to improve
The Apartment house iscomprised of seven "semi-independent apartments"
their standard of living and articulate themselves in society."
(48 sqm per) and common services. Shared spaces are also present. Each
The project contains a range of housing clusters with varying degrees of
unit can be accessed two ways, either through commuication cores or via a
sharing between occupants ranging from traditional independent housing to
series of landscaped outdoor spaces.
INDEPENDENT
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APARTMENT HOUSE
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URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
Prototype Dwelling APMT Project Construmat
* fixed shell
Barcelona, Spain S&A Frederico Soriano, Delores Palacios
* flexible interior
This project re-examines the room as the basic spatial dwelling element. In
F
order to erase the limitations that the room places on houseing, this project
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erases walls and partitions, leaving the only element that is freely manipu-
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lated by the user: furniture. The prototype allows the user the maximum
freedom in the arrangement of the interior environment. Kitchen and bathroom locations are not even specified. The dwelling can be rearranged for
summer and winter conditions. Walls are treated like partitions as opposed
to permanent barriers.
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YEARLY FLEXIBILITY
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YEAR
10
YEAR
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YEAR
5
YEAR
10
YEAR
20
ADDENDUM
85
PRECEDENT ANALYSIS - CIRCULATION / ACCESS / SERVICES
CORRIDOR ACCESS
303 3RD STREET
THE SARATOGO CONDOMINIUMS
OCTAVIA GATEWAY
CAMBRIDGE, MA
BALTIMORE, MD
PHOENIX DEVELOPERS
SAN FRANCISCO, CA
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1536sf
3 bed
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764sf
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1513sf
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510 sf
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750 sf
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1475sf
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living
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URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
POINT LOADED ACCESS
THE RED MAPLE CONDOMINIUM
CONDENSED HOUSING
CONDENSED HOUSING
HOWARD COUNTY, MD
BRAZIL
BURKHALTER SUMI ARCHITEKTEN
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4 bed
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2150 sf
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ADDENDUM
87
PRECEDENT ANALYSIS - BUILDING SYSTEMS SCALE
PLAN
STRUCTURE
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ADDENDUM
89
PRECEDENT ANALYSIS - BUILDING SYSTEMS SCALE
PLAN
STRUCTURE
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ADDENDUM
91
PRECEDENT ANALYSIS - UNIT SCALE STRUCTURE, DIMENSIONS, LIGHT
DEEP & NARROW
AGNES LOFTS
LOCATION- SEATTLE, WASHINGTON
ARCHITECT - WEINSTEIN A/U
CONSTRUCTION - CONCRETE BASE, TIMBER
SIZE -1 BED, 1.5 BATH, 901 SF
167"
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URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
WIDE & SHALLOW
LOCATION - CAMBRIDGE, MA
ARCHITECT - CETRA / RUDDY
CONSTRUCTION - STEEL FRAME?
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LOCATION - SAN FRANCISCO, CA
ARCHITECT - STANLEY SAITOWITZ
CONSTRUCTION - REINFORCED CONCRETE
SIZE - 2 BED, 1.5 BATH, 1100 SF
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ADDENDUM
93
PRECEDENT ANALYSIS - UNIT SCALE STRUCTURE, DIMENSIONS, LIGHT
HYBRID/ LIGHTWELL
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SECTION
2
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
SECTION
1
ADDENDUM
95
DESIGN STUDIES - MARKETING CAMPAIGN CONCEPTS
VACANT
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ECONOMIC INCENTIVES
After WWII, loans offered by the Veterans Administration and the Federal
for space sharing. The configuration must enable long term residents, who
Housing Association made it financially possible for young couples to
have expanding and contracting needs, to rent out parts of their apartments
purchase their own homes. The application of mass production to home
to seekers of short term housing. On an even shorter time scale, the units
manufacturing pushed prices down, and tax breaks on suburban land were may be designed to enable the owner to rent out his apartment during the
and still are afactor. This project must incorporate innovative ways to make
day as a work or educational space. The ability for units to expand and
city living affordable and must include both owned and rented dwellings. In contract is crucial to attract residents seeking a long term investment. Ways
particular, flexible relationships and boundaries between units should allow
to economically produce housing should also be considered.
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
SPACE
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Hardrood Floors. Ceiin Fans\Video Intercors and more. Cheaper
than renting! 15 minutes to Manhattan New Condos in NYC
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SUSTAINABILITY INCENTIVES
The cost of a home or a rental is always one of the first factors for those
Lawrence J. Vale, professor of Urban Studies and Planning at MIT, argues
looking to move. Websites such as affordablecondos.com allow users to that the staggeringly high rate of American homeownership (68.3 %in2003)
search for units within their price range. Many Americans want to buy a has been "neither an accident nor an inevitable outcome of land availability
home because it isasound investment, which hopefully will increase invalue
and widespread prosperity. Rather, it has been nurtured by generations of
over time. If a living group is planning on being in the same location for a public policy which were in turn preceded by concerted efforts to instill an
significant portion of time and can afford the mortgage and maintenance
ideologically grounded belief in the moral value of the owned home." (Vale,
costs on acondo or house, buying has financial benefits over renting.
16) The 1920s was aperiod of nation wide rhetoric by both the government
ADDENDUM
97
DESIGN STUDIES - MARKETING CAMPAIGN CONCEPTS
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and private industry in support of homeownership, and was during this
The website for The Lucinda, New York's "first green condominium registered
period that owning a home became not just a symbol of wealth, but a sign
for LEED certification, flashes the tag line "LIVE SMARTER" in front of an
that one was a patriotic citizen and an upstanding man. Today, an analogous
image of the building. "The Lucinda, a smarter kind of living," fades slowly
moral issue in society is sustainability. This project should enable space onto the screen. The selling points for the condos are its LEED status,
sharing between residents as well as incorporate multifunction spaces to achieved through water efficiency, awell designed energy efficient envelope,
conserve resources and energy. Links with public transportation should also
filtered air, and the use of recycles materials. This project must be marketable
be considered as well as residents ability to walk to work.
to those who wish to make alifestyle change.
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
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LIFESTYLE INCENTIVES
COMMUNITY SERVICE INCENTIVES
Many middle class Americans settle in the suburbs for reasons other than
The population density of an urban environment can sustain community
economic ones. Access, light, ventilation, green space, visual and acoustic
programs that would never be survive insuburbia. The inclusion of collective
privacy, and the ability to add space as needed for growing families must be programmatic spaces relating to education, childcare, recreation, and
incorporated into the design. Stanley Staiowitz's design of Octavia Gateway
health will be a crucial selling point for the middle class. The Silo Point
in San Francisco incorporates green space into the building. The L shaped
Condominiums in Baltimore advertise their location downtown and nearby
units wrap around courtyard spaces, providing both occupiable space and
amenities: shopping, lifestyle, cultural, restaurant, bar, hospital, parks, and
views of nature inthe city.
water taxi which are all within walking distance from the residences.
ADDENDUM
99
DESIGN STUDIES - SYMBIOTIC UNITS
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RENTED
LATERAL EXPANSION
DOUBLE HEIGHT, NO LOFT
NO GREEN SPACE
DIRECT ACCESS
CORRIDOR ACCESS
EXIT FOR EACH ROOM
SHARED KITCHEN/LIVING
URBANIZING THE AMEICAN DREAM
I
I
RENTED UNIT MAXIMIZED
UNIT TYPE 1 - B
OWNED UNIT MAXIMIZED
OWNED
RENTED
LATERAL EXPANSION
DOUBLE HEIGHT SPACE AND LOFT
ACCESS VIA GREEN SPACE SHARED W/1 OTHER UNIT
CORRIDOR ACCESS
SHARED KITCHEN/LIVING
ADDENDUM
101
DESIGN STUDIES - SYMBIOTIC UNITS
U
i
RENTED UNIT MAXIMIZED
UNIT TYPE 1 - C
OWNED UNIT MAXIMIZED .
OWNED
RENTED
LATERAL EXPANSION
DOUBLE HEIGHT SPACE AND LOFT
ACCESS VIA GREEN SPACE SHARED W/1 OTHER UNIT
CORRIDOR ACCESS
SHARED KITCHEN/LIVING
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
BUILDING TYPE 1 - LIVE / LEARN
4-5 STORIES
MULTI-USE EDUCATION SPACE AT STREET LEVEL
DAYCARE, AFTERSCHOOL PROGRAMS, NIGHT CLASSES
ADDENDUM
103
DESIGN STUDIES - SYMBIOTIC UNITS
F
0~
RENTEDUNIT MAXIMIZED
RETDUIT AXIIZE
OWNED UNIT MAXIMIZEDb
UNIT TYPE 2
OWNED
RENTED
VERTICAL EXPANSION
ELEVATED GREEN SPACE SHARED W/3 OTHER UNITS
GROUND LEVEL ACCESS
CORRIDOR ACCESS OR GROUND LEVEL ACCESS
SHARED LIVE/WORK SPACE FOR RENTAL UNITS
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
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BUILDING TYPE 2 - LIVE / WORK
2-3 STORIES
COMMUNAL WORK/STUDY SPACE
ADDENDUM
105
DESIGN STUDIES - SYMBIOTIC UNITS
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RENTED UNIT MAXIMIZED
UNIT TYPE 3
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OWNED
RENTED
LATERAL EXPANSION
DOUBLE HEIGHT SPACE W/ LOFT
GROUND OR 1ST FL ACCESS
BALCONY ACCESS, EXIT PER ROOM
SHARED KITCHEN/LIVING
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
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BUILDING TYPE 3 - SYMBIOTIC ROWHOUSE
2-3 STORIES
RESIDENTIAL ONLY
ADDENDUM
107
DESIGN STUDIES - SYMBIOTIC UNITS - SOUTH JUSTIFIED, NORTH TERRACE TYPOLOGY
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INVERTED ROWHOUSE TERRACED CONCEPT
LEFT JUSTIFIED
JUSTIFIED AND SUPERIMPOSED
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
UNIT TYPE 4
OWNED
RENT / PUBLIC
INVERTED ROWHOUSE /
TERRACED TYPOLOGY
LATERAL EXPANSION
PRIVATE GREEN SPACE AT NORTH
COURTYARD AND STREET ACCESS
STREET ACCESS
ADJACENT TO PERMANANT PUBLIC PROGRAM
ADDENDUM
109
DESIGN STUDIES - SACURITY STRATEGIES - SITE CONCEPT DRAWINGS
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COURTYARD 1
"
LOW& HIGHRISE
SECURITY BOUNDARY
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COURTYARD 2
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SECURITY, BOUNDARY
SECURITY IS CREATED WITH
HEIGHT
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URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
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SOUTH FACING BARS
LOWRISE,
MIDRISE, HIGHRISE
SUNLIGHT, LEVEL
CHANGE
FORPRIVACY
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LOWRISE,
MIDRISE, HIGHRISE
OFPEOPLE
THROUGH PRESENCE
SECURITY
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SECURITY ISCREATED WITH
PRESENCE OF PEOPLE (EXPOSURE)
ADDENDUM
111
DESIGN STUDIES - SACURITY STRATEGIES - SITE CONCEPT DRAWINGS
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MIDRISE
PUBLIC
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OPEN
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SECURITY ISCREATED WITH
BOUNDARY
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I
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
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TERRACES 1
LOWRISE
SMALL SCALE
GREEN
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SECURITY
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TERRACES & SOUTH FACING BAR
LOWRISE,
MIDRISE
SMALL SCALE
GREEN
SPACE,
SECURITY,
LIGHT
SECURITY IS CREATED WITH
BUFFER ZONE (DISTANCE)
Itf
ADDENDUM
113
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
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ADDENDUM
115
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BIBLIOGRAPHY - WEB RESOURCES
URBANIZING THE AMERICAN DREAM
http://www.houseplans.com/
http://www.ebmc.org/home/empowermentzones.html
http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/social_forces/v083/83.41uken.html
http://www.twelve091iving.com/
http://www.levittowners.com/selling.htm
http://www.silopoint.com/flash.html
http://www.nnarchitecture.com/
http://realestatedecline.com/
http://www.historyteacher.net/USProjects/DBQs2001/
http://realestatedecline.com/housingbubblecharts.htm
http://efi nancedirectory.com/articles/Rent vs BuyMyths_That Ruined theHousing_Market.html
http://www.andersonanderson.com/
http://www.adclassix.com/household.htm
http://www.afewthoughts.co.uk/flexiblehousing/
http://www.levittowners.com/BROCHURE_RESALE/brochure_resale.htm
http://www.saitowitz.com/
http://www.affordablecondos.com/
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http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/24/2451 O0.html
http://www.Iivebaltimore.com/resources/stats/region/
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http://maps.baltimorecity.gov/imap/Default.aspx
http://www.ubalt.edu/bnia/mapping/censusprofile.htm
http://www.ubalt.edu/bnia/mapping/citywide_tables.html
http://www.flickr.com/photos/baltimoreinfillsurvey/
http://www.union-square.us/
ADDENDUM
117