THE EFFECT
THE SHRINKAGE,
OF CARBONATION
STRENGTH, AND PERMEABILITY
OF PORTLAND
CEKENT
CONCRETE
by
.
ADOLFO LAU-CHANG
Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of
the Requirements for the Degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
at the
MASSACHUSETTSINSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOTf
May 1962
re of the Author.
e d by. ......
P* **
d byo***'*O'.*#***
Chairman
t
De p a r
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t,;""/nn
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of
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.
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Thesi
..........
.
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Is
Civil Engineering
I -11-
ay 1962
"
-
Swo
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or
Departmental Committee on Theses
.
ABSTRACT
THE EFFECT
STRENGTH3
AND
OF CARBONATION ON THE SHRI!qKAGE,
ERMEABILITY
OF PORTLAND
CEkENT
CONCRETE,
by
Adolfo Lau-Chang
Submitted to the De artment, of Civil Engineering on
18 May 1962 in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the Degree of Bachelor of Science.
The ex-oerimental work of this investigation
as
ade
using Portland 6e-i2ehtmortar specimens' By using mortar
it i -o6ssib'le't(omdkesall specimens'. If concrete ere
dimensions would be necessary. tut it is evident that the results obta"ed with'
used' s-oecimens ofmi-ch larger
mortar are ualitatively
alicable
to concrete.
This study is concerned with hree items: the inves-
tigation of the tme r'equired for secimens of Portland
cement mortar to reach moisture euilibrium when stored
in mediumsof different relative I aidities; the investi-
gation of the effect that the following factors have on
the weight stability and dimensional stability of Portland
cement mortar: time of exposure to carbon dioxide,
concen-
tration of carbon dioxides and the curing time; and finally.,
the nvestigation of the effect of carbonation on the
strength and 'ermeabilit7 Of ortland cement mortar.
It was found that the amount of weight loss and shrinkige due to drying increases s the relative hidity
of the
surrounding mediumdecreases. The relationship between the
weight loss and shrinkage due to drying is not necessarily
direct.
Portland"dities
cementreach
mortardimensional
specimensstored
at diffeiequilibrium
after
hum1 U_
ent relative
100 days. in most of the cases sudied
to decrease after 100 days.
he eight continues
The data coll e' ted indicated 'hat -ore-carbonation in
mediumsof 50%co2 concentrations for tmes of carbonation
no longer than 72 hours, in an atmosphere of 52% relative
humiditys has no significant effect on the dimensional stability of Portland-cement mortar. Pre-carbonation in
mediu--ras
of 100%Co concentration reduces shrinkage significantly.
In the Ltter cases shrinkage decreases with increasing time of carbonation.
i .
Curing tine does not modify the reduction of shrinIcage caused by pre-carbonation.
Curing tine afects the
amount weight los's reduction-caused by pre-carbonation.
For a constant carbonation time, the amount of eight loss
reduction increases wth increasing uring tine.
Weight loss decreases with ncreasing tine of carbon-
ation.
Experiments-'jo'rovedthat the compressive strength of
Po'r"tland'lerdeh-t-,
'mort6-r'sdecreases with decreasing caring
tire
T compressive strength of Portland cement mortars
increases with increasing title of carbonation. Hir7her
strengths are obtained for secimens carbonated in ediums
of higher CO2 concatration.
Finally, it
as fund that the permeability of Portland
cement mortars decreases ith increasing'time of carbonation, until carbonation reaches 23 hours. Permeability
starts to irease
with increasing time o carbonation after
2.3 hours*
The collected data is ortrayed br menas of graphs.
Photographs and drawings of pertinent
aparatus
and machines
are included to illustrate
eerimental
techniques.
formation concerning the general testing method is
Presented
Thesis Su-pervisor:
Ttle:
In-
Lloyd Cutcliffe
Instru'ctor
ACKNO-VVLEDGE11fl-ENT
The author wishes to express his
to the Supervisor of this Thesis
Cutcliffe,
ratitude
J. Lloyd
for introducing him and encouraging
his interest in the subject of carbonation of
concrete
The author is very graUteful to Mr. Albert J.
O'Neill, Technical Instructor and to r. Joseph
E. White of the Building Dfiateria18Laboratory
for their technical assistance in the experimental
work of --his investigation.
for
Finally,, to iss MautildaZa-,,qanian
typing this manuscript.
iv.
TABLEOF CONTENTS
Chapter
i
ABSTRACT .....................................
iii
ACl\'lTOWLEDGEMENT
............................
N
0
I.
INTRODUCTION
........................
II.
PREVIOUS AND PRESENT WORK ON
E
k
fIi
II
i
1
CARBONATION
..........................
The echanism of Carbonation
4
Previous Work on Carbonation
6
4
Present Work on Carbonation
I
10
.1) Stabilization ..............
2)
3)
Vleigjat
11
and Dimensional
Stabllity.........
11
13
Iler,-,,-eab- lity
!II. RESULTS
.........................
15
IV.
32
DISCUSSION
OF RESULTS
. . . . . . . . . . .
Graphs 1 and 2 ...............
32
ura-oh 3 to 1
33
............
Gra-phs 15 and 16 .............
Gra-oh
35
36
7
38
V.
CONCLUSI0,',-iS
VI.
R:E,,COl.,U,,lENDATIONS FOR DRTHEEIR
40
ORK
APPEYDIX A'. APPARATUS AND EXIDERIDYTENTAL
TECHNIQb--,'--S .................
APPENDIX
B:
BIBLIOGRAFTZ
ClfiPUI-'=,,
PROGRA1,11S * . . . .
0
,
412
50
?0
V*
LIST
OF GRAPHS
Gra-,oh
1
Percent
Change in Weight vs. Time
COoConcentration
Curing
2
Percent Change in Lngth
n I'll
n
ju
Cui`g
3
Time - 7 Days
__ -
_
I
oncentration
15
*
-
*
*
16
0. *Is .
18
.
*
*
eight vs. Time
co2 Concentration -
Dd7--
%
''
- 52%, 710F .,
Percent Change in Length vs. Time
CO Concentration Cuing
R.H.
. Percent
Time -
- 52%, 7OF
Day'
%
.. ,
O..
Chan,re in Weight vs, Time
GO2 Concentratio
-
Curing Time - 3 Days
0%
R.H.- 52%7F .... ..
6
* *
- uxo
Time - 7 Days
l
Percent Change in
R.H.
5
O
vs. Time
I .
Curing Time -
4
%
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
*
*
i S-11
Percent Change in Length vs. Time
C02 Concentration
- 50%
Curing Time - 3 Da'ys'
R.H. - 52/O",7F
7
Percent
20
Change in Weight vs. "Llime
CO, Concentration Curing
Time -
R.H, - 5,,%., 7F
Percent
DaY s-
%
21
Change in L.ength vs. Time
COo Concentration
-
Curing Tirie - 7 Days
R.H4
0%
52%., 7F
22
Percent Chan'e in
I. Weight vs. Time
co 2 oncen'ration
- 00%
;l
Curing Time Day
R.H.2% 7F
.0 ......
23
k* -4 -V.
f
-I...
I .- :1
.i.,
vi.
II
Gra-oh
I I.
10
-'-Pe
Percent Change in LenF'h vs' Time.
co 2 Cncentration
- 10%
Curin--,- Time
I
R.H.
11
-
52/05
'70:Hl
Day
I/
#.
C02 Concentration
R.H.
-
Percent
- 52%, 7OF
Cha,,age i
24
. . . . . . .
Percent
-
.
...............
C02 Co]acentration
R.H
00%
0.90
25
Length vs. Time
'Curing Time 13
I --
Percent Change in Weight vs. Tine
Curing Tme - 3 Days
12
-
3-
- 00%
Da'ys
26
5 2`/0.9 7F
- Change in Weigh'U vs,0 Time
co 2 Concentratio
- O01,I,
Curing
Time - 7 Da7,s
R.H - 52%7F .........
, :,I
t
14
:,
Percent Change i
ROH'a
z
15
Length vs. Tirne
CO
- 100%
-2. Concentration
Time - 7 Ddys
....
Curing
5:2-/-,o
Compressive
Carbonation
co2
S45rength vs. Time of
Concentratio
Age - 270 Days
16
Compressive
Carbonation
-
0C4
O*..* O
.
*
29
O
rength vs. Time f
CO Concentration
2
. Age - 278 Days
17
28
7F
00,%
*00 a- -0.. 0 .. OI** *001*
Permeabili-7 vs. Time of Carbonation,
and Com-pressive Strength vs. Tme of
Carbonaion
co2 Concentration
.
- 100Y
. ......
*.
30
vii.
LIST
OF PHOTOGRAPHS
Page
!'ho t o g,r a-ph
1
Snecimen
andMold
2
Measurin'9 Sample in the Upriglat' -
...
4 ..........
Gauge ............................
3
Stabilization
4
Carbonation Equi ),-,.ent
5
Specimens Cut -,'or Strength'
6
of Specimens
a 1P0
U
Measurements
60,000 Found-,draull 'Testin' ' Permeability
0
*
43
*
44
46
-46
PIa c h -IL
ne
7
42
00
Measuring Apparatus
47
48
1
I.
INTRODUCTION
Concrete has certain properties
that have been respons-
ible for its widespread use as a building material.
Struct-
ural membersmade of reinforced concrete can develop very
high strength.
low cost,
In addition it is a material of relatively
it can be molded into complex shapes, it is dur-
able and fire proof.
But concrete also has some shortcomings.
One of the
most iportant ones is its relatively low dimensionalstabilit7Concrete tends to cree-P and shrink. Creep is
defined as the increased deformation with time due to sustained constant loads. Shrinkage is due to dimensional
changes caused by water loss. The effect of shrinkage in
a structural
member made of concrete can be serious.
After
a structural memberis set in place, srinkage will introduce tensile stresses. Concreteis weakin tnsion. The
presence of tensile
causes cracks.
stresses
in a concrete memberusually
These cracks can deteriorate
the structural
value of these-members severely.
There are several theories that describe the exact
mechanism of srinkage.
Amongthe most aeptable
ones are:
the capillary tension theor7* the'surface sorption theor72
the swelling pressure of the gel theoryy and the interla7er
of crystals theory.
A short descripion of these theories
2.
3.
cost.
In additions improved strength, and hardnesss and
reduced ermeability mayresult from carbonation of concrete. The contribution that carbonation can give to con
crete technology seems excellent.
As it is explained in the following section of this
relports carbonation of concrete depends on vaA ous factors
such as relative
humidity of the surrounding medium, con-
centration of carbon dioxides length of exposure to carbon
dioxide, curing conditions
etc.
The purpose of this in-
vestigation is to gather data concerning the agnitude of
the effect of each one of these factors in the carbonation,
of concrete and the resulting
improvement of the dimensional
stability of the material It is also the purpose of this
investigation to correlate the empirical information obtained
with the theory of the process of carbonation developed so
far,
This'study is also concerned with the effect that
carbonation has on the strength and the permeability of the
concrete.
4.
II.
PREVIOUS AND PRESENT WORK ON
ARBONATION
The Mechanism of Carbonation
There has been substantial
in the field
amount of research
f carbonation of concrete. Existing evi-
dence indicates that sstantially
of cement are sbject
conditions
done
all the constituents
to ultimate carbonation under deal
().
At the present time2 tere is significant technological
and theoretical interest in the effect of carbonation on
Portland cement based materials.
The reaction between car-
bon dioxide and Portland cement might be the partial
explana
tion for te slow shrinkage of these materials in service
over
a long period of time.
There is also enough evidence
Uo indicate that the low dimensional stability
may be improved by intentional
pre-carbonat-2 on.
of concrete
In addition,,
pre-carbonation can increase the strength-and lower the
permeability of concrete.
The slow shrinkage of concrete is due mainly to two
causes: water loss due to drying and &ange in length due
to carbonation.
To obtain coiTplete understanding of carJ-
bonation it is necessary to investigate both the process
and the effec-s of carbonation*
5
The four principal
compoundsof Portland cement are
as follows:
Tricalcium
Silicate
Dicalcium Silicate
Tricalcium
Aluxainate
Tetracalcium
3CaO*SiO 2
(C3 S)
2CaO*SiO
2
(C2 )
3CaO*Al2 0 3
Aluminoferrite
A)
4CaO*A1 0 Fe
2 3 2 3
(C3
(C AF)
4
All four compoundsset by reacting with water and forming
hydrates,
different.
The rate of hydration of all four is quite
Whenwater comes in contact with the cement
particles, it is expected that C3A crystals on he surface
of the particles react immediately, while the other surface
crystals will react at a slower rate.
With time the hydra-
tion will proceed towards the center of the particle
times taking years for the particle
hyd-ated.
This is the reason
some-
to become completely
hy fresh concrete should be
cured for several days after it has been placed.
The product
o
he
reaction of tricalcium silicate a3fd
water is a saturated solution with lime due to hydrolysis.
'In a short period of ime calcium hydroxide crystals begin
to appear in the hydrating mass, mixed with the usual
structure of less hydrated silicates,
The reaction between
the calcium hydroxide and carbon dioxide is usually referred
to as carbonation, This reaction occurs in the presence of
water$ and the' products are calcium carbonate and more water:
6.
Ca(OH) 2
00 2
CaC03 + H20
(2.1)
In the presence of excess carbon dioxide and wa-
CaCO
3
reacts to yield calcium bicarbonate:
CaCO-
C-
2
+H o
--2
T,-T
r0
-3'2
Usually the supply of C02 for these reactions to occur
comes from the surrounding ar.
The concentration of CO
2
in air is approximately.03%.
There are several factors which influence the extent
and the rate o carbonation.
are: the relative
hidity
The mst important factors
during exposure to carbonic gas,
the concentration of carbonic gas in the surrounding medium,
the length of the exposure the specimen size, and the ur-
ing conditions.
Previous Work on Carbonation
Mortars have been used in -mostof the experimental
work done in carbonation. By using mortars it is
ossible
to make small specimens to study the process of carbonation.
If concrete were used much larger specimens would
be required, but it is obvious that the results obtained
with mortars are qualitatively
applicable to
As it was mentioned before, the relative
oncretes.
hmidity
during exposure to carbonic gas is a very critical
factor
in carbonation. The relationship between carbonation and
the relative hmidity is dependent on the specimen sire.
71
If the rate of carbonation is very rapidy secimen size
becomes very critical.
Water is released during arbonation, If the specimen is not small, moisture
ill not
be able to diffuse out rapidly and the internal
relative
humidity will differ from the relative humidity of the
surrounding medium,
Verbeck 4 studied the effect of relative humidity
on carbonation
using mortar secimens, I by by 111 in.
All s-Pecimens were cured for seven days.
in four groups, and each group
of 100
7
They were divIded.
as stored in atmospheres
50 and 25 per cent relative
humidity.
The
specimensattained moisture equilibrium after 52 days. After,
the specimens were exposed to carbonic gas at
until the new equilibrium was reached.
days.
atmosphere
It took 60 additional
The shrinkage due to drying increased with decreas-
-ing relative
humidity.
The amount of shrinkage produced, by
carbonation was largest for the secimens kept at 50%rela'Cive humidity.
Very little
shrinkage was caused by CO2 in
the specimens stored at 100 and 25 per cent relative
At 100 per cent relative
humidity the pores of' the
paste are filled with water$ soy t is difficult
CO2 to diffuse iard.
humidity.
for the
In addition,, Calcium ions counter
diffuse toward the surface precipitating
calcium carbonate
and clogging the pores.
humidity decreases
As the relative
more pores become emp-tied and the diffusion
of the carbonic
JR
M
........
I
. . 1-
9as into the aste is increased.
""his also reduces the
pore clogging at the surface caused by the calcium car-
bonate precipitate.
Carbonation occurs. to a very sall
cent relative
extent a 25 per
humidity due to low moisture in he paste.
The presence of water is necessary for the reaction of
carbonation to occur,
Consequently the amount
shrink-
age caused by carbonation is very small.
The effect of specimen size on the rate and extent of
carbonation was mentioned before,
The problem with large
specimensis that it takes a very long time to attain
moisture equilibrium between the inside a
the outer media.
The moisture gradient in he cross-section of a large
specimen will cause certain sections of the sioecimento
carbonate at a faster rate than others.
Wateris released in the carbonation reactions. If
he specimen has attained moisture equilibrium, the
ater
released by the reaction will disturb the equilibrium
In
the case of a small specimen, it is easy for the water to
diffuse out and the specimenwill regain its equilibrium.
In alarge
specimen this
ould take a long period of time.
The rate and extent of carbonation is dependent on
the concentration of CO
2 in the urrounding edium. Research done 4 has demonstrated that the shrinkage and
weight gain due to carbonation increases ith increasing
concentration of CO2*
The concentration of CO
also has an effect in the
2
humidity of he interior
of the pas-'U-e*Lower concentra-
tions of carbonic gas produce a slower reaction
should evolve
and hence
ater at a lower rate.
In the test described previously., secimens were stored
at different relative humidities and allowed to reach moisture equilibrium,
nd ten
subjected to carbonation while
maintaining the same hidities
was reached.
until the new equilibrium
est have also been.made,, using similar spec-
imens, where after
U--hesame initial
curing
time were ex-
posed to simultaneous drying and carbonation surrounded by
mediumsat various relative humidities.
It is quite obvious that the hmidity inside the specimens will be higher than that of the surrounding medium
during the period zPaere simultaneous drying and carbona-
tion is taking place. The result as that specimenscarbonated and dried simultaneously in relative humidities
above 50% shrank less than the specimens that were subiJected
U J
L, I.L'
Y J_.L.Lt5
P-n-r"onnatinn procedure.
The
reason was because carbonation actually occurred at higher
humidity than that of the surroundino medium* This reasoning is supported by the fact that the samples kept at 25%
relative humidity shrank more in the simultaneous drying
and carbonation procedure than in the drying and subsequeit
carbonation procedure.
..........
10
In the absence of carbon di-oxide, hydrated mortars
and concretes suffer changes in length when the moisture
conditions ae changed. Vrnenthe s'-6ec-lmen
is subjected
to wetting and drying in normal air., -the changes in length
are due to both carbonation and changes in the moisture
conditions.
The rate of carbonation in normal air is ve'rT
low because of the low oncentration of carbon dioxide in
the atmosphere.
Investigations
made by Shideler
(5) show that -ore-
carbonated secimens shrink half as uch as uncarbonated
specimens
hen subsequently
drying and wetting.
exposed to alternate
Tests made by Verbeck ()
c7rcles of'
also show
that samples subjected to the drying and subsequent carbonation procedure have
proved volume sability.
also showed hat the increase in volume stability
Results
is not
directly related to the aount of carbonation of the var-
ious secimens
Present Work on Carbonation
The presont, study is concerned with three items:
the investigation of the ime required for secimens Of
Portland cement mortar to reach moisture equilibrium when
stored in ediums of different relative huiwidities- the
facu-ors
Investimation of the effect that the _-Collowing
have on the wei,,-ht stability
and dimens ional
stabilit
Of
Portland cement mortar specimens: tme of exposure to carbon
dioxide$ concentration of carbon dioxide, and the curIng
time; and the investigation of the effect of carbonation
on the permeability of Portland cement mortar secimens.
1)
Stabilization
In he -bests to determine the time required for
the stabilization
of Portland cei,,ientmortar, secimens 1
by I by 6-4-in. were used.
for 7 davs at 73F.
and stored
cent.
The specimens were divided into 4 groups
in-relative
An initial
All secimens 1,,ieremoist cured
humidities
of
7
76,, 52 and 33 per
measurement of length and we'igght as made
at the end ol"'the curing period.
were ade
different
in length and weight.
intervals of tme to determine changes
This as stopped when apparent equil-
at
ibrium was reached.
Subsequent easurements
The results
appear in Graphs
and 2.
Each one of the curves represent the average easurements
of six secimens. To calculate the values or these two
graphs, two programs were vriritten for the IBM1620
listing
of these programs, and Tables
pond t-,-Graphs
These to
2)
and 2 respectively,
Programs are listed
The eect
of
and 2 vvhich corresaear
as Program
Weight and Dimensional
A
in Aptendix B.
and Program 2.
Stability
he tme 0- ex-posure -to carbon dioxide,
the concentration of carbon dioxide, and the curing time
have on the
eight stability
0N
.
-
and dimensional stability
of
120
Portland cement ortar was investigated in the following
manner.
Portland
were cast.
cement mortar secimens,
Three groups o 28 secimens
by 1 b
6z in.
were cast.
These
groups were oist
cured at 73F for 1, 3 and 7 days.
Initial
Weight and length
-measurements were taken.
of these groups
as divided into two grouses of 14.
group to be carbonated
concentration
Tnen each one
One
n a medivznof-100% carbon dioxide
the other group to be arbonated in a medium
of 50%carbon dioxide concentration.
In these-grou-ps of 4j,
pairs of specimens ere carbonated for the following times:
0 min,,
10 min,,
The relative
hr.$
2 hrs.,
4 hrs*,
24 1ros., and
humidity during sultaneous
2 hrs.
carbonation and
drying was kept at 52% I-or all the secimens.
Weight and
length measurements ere taken at different intervals of
time until apparent euilibrium
was reached.
appear in Graphs 3 to 14. To calculate
graphs. two more programs were ritten
A listing
of these
programs are listed
To correlate
he values for these
for the IBM 1620.
progra-ms and Tables 3 to 14 w1iich --orrE,-,s-
pond to Graphs 3 to 14 respectively
These to
The results
the factors
above and the srength
appear in Appendix B.
as Program 3 and Progra
4.
entioned in the paragraph
of the specimens, the
ollowing
tests ere made. The length of all the secimens was reduced
to 2 inches. Tese I y I by 2 in, risms were tested for
compressive
.. ...-
strength.
The results.-a-p-pear
in Graphs 15 and 16.
......
1 __
13.
3)
Permeability
he effect of arbonation on the
To investigate
permeability of Portland cement mortar the following tests
were made.
wo 6 by 12 in.
cubes ere cast.
ylinders
and twelve 2 in.
These specimens ere moist cured for
seven days at 73F. At the end of the curing period, the
cylinders ere sliced into - in. thick slabs by eans of
a diamond saw. EQual aount
of slabs and cubes
ere car-
bonated in 100%CO
atmospheres-for the following times:
2
0, I., 14,, 40., and 87 hours.
U
U
.. There was no adequate apparatus to measure 'he per
meability of the slabs available.
One had to be designed.
A diagram and a photograph of the appartus designed appears
in Appendix A.
as follows.
The procedure to measure permeability
was
The slab was placed in the apparatus.
The sab
was subjected to a head of about 3 feet of water.
The slab
was allowed to absorb water ad stabilize
-lore taking any readings.
head
as raised
for 24 hours be-
After the 24 hours passed he
acrain to about 3 feet and a reading 1,1ras
taken. Five more readings were taken at 10 hour intervals.
The ermeability was computed after every one of the five
readings.
The average value was used as the permeability
of the slab.
The 2 i.
The results
cubes
ere stored
room after crbonation*
M
appear in Graph 17.
n the constant
tem-perature
The temperature in the constant
14.
temperature room was
cent.
F and the relative
humidity 50 per
When-IChe
cubes reached 28 days of age (standard ASTM
specification)
the7 were tested
n conTpressionto obtain
a correlation with their corresponding permeability.
i
results
I,r
.
appear in Graph 17.
I,N
.
i
The
i.
IT
wi
31
I
14)
VI
et
m
-1 'Al
4
J'
44
am
j
-J
E-5
i7
iI
I
Ml
IM '
-MMM
17
10
9
B
-- - ---I -.
-
7
6
5
4
4",
N
\Z
it
tAA
I -'-
2
i
1
9
8-7
6
I
i7l
I
t7
I
4
4.
T.. t_
I
R
7
6
11
17
-- l- 71-
-74
-- ---- ------, __ - -14L
, - ----: I
___ __:---L--i . I
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32.
IV.
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
Graph I and 2
The weight and length euilibrium
curves represented.,
in these two-graphs correspond to specimens stored in
co2 -free mediumsat 4 different relative umidities. The
changes in length and changes in weight represented in
these graphs are due to drying only.
As it is expected,
the secimens stored in mediumsof lower relative-humidities loose more weight and shrink more. The only aparent
discrepancy is in the case of the specimens stored in a
surrounding mediumof 97 per cent.
In that case the speei-
mens gained weight and shrank at the same time.
In a
mediumof hat ty-pe it is expected that secimens will gain
weight as more and more pores of the Paste bedome filled
with water, and the
aste becomes hydrated.
As it can be
.seen in Graph 2 for samples stored in 97%relative
there is an initial
shrinkage in the first
humidity
27 days, but
after--that there is little changein lenr,-th.
It is interesting to note that after 151 days the
specimens have reached dimensional stability,
hile their
weight eilibrium
The only
has not been attained
et.
exception are the samDID
s stored at 76%relative
where after
humidity,
151 days, both weight" and dimensional stability
have been reached. This fact shows that the relationship
between shrinkage and weight change is not necessarily direct.
33.
Graphs 3 to 14
It is evident from Graphs 4 6 and
carbonation in
that pre-
ediums of 50%Co2 concentration
for tes
no longer -than 2 hours, and stored in an atmosphere of
52%relative
hu-idit7l
has no significant
dimensional stability
of the curing time.
effect on the
of the specimens. This is regardless
Apparently under these conditions
the extent carbonation is insignificant,
The efect
of curing time on the weight s11--abilityof
specimens carbonated in mediums of 50% CO
concentration
2
is significant.
This fact is evident from Graphs t5, 5 and 7.
The spacing betyieen the seven curves in these graphs increases with decreasing curing time. This can be explained
in the ollowing manner. As it was discussed reviously,
Verbeck 4 found that specimens that were carbonated and
dried simultaneously had iternal
humidities higher than
that of the surrounding medium 52%, in this case).
It
is logical to say that the longer the curing time he larger
the internal
umidity. Verbeck also found that the'rate
and extent of carbonation decreases with increasing relative
humidity (above 500.
Therefore it can be concluded that
the extent of arbonation is higher for samples of low
curing time because the internal h= id-ity
s closer to
that of the srrounding
edium.
___
34,
From (raphs
3
4
6
7 and
the effect
of the
time of carbonation on weight and dimensional stability
is not very clear.
The general trend of these curves
indicates that shrinkage and weight loss decreases ith
increasing time of carbonation.
This is eqected because
carbonation at high hmidities precipitataes calcium carbonate
in the' surface of the secimens,
paste.
clogging the -cores of the
Tis reduces the -oermeabilit7.
-in consequence the
amount of water lost due 'o drying is reduced
of shrird-age that occurs is decreased.
nd the amount
Therefore the longer
the time of carbonation, the lower the permeability and
the srinkage
It can be seen from Graphs 10, 12 and
4 tat
when
the-concentration of CO2 is 10001,
the tLirieo carbonation
/0
becomes significant to the dimensional sability of te
specimens. The extent of carbonation increases ,Keithincrease in the time of carbonation.
Therefore ermeability
decreases with increasing time of arbonation.
The result
.is that shrinkage also decreases with increasing time of
carbonation. It should be noted from these three graphs
that the uring time has no effect onluhe srinkage
The
curves on the three graphs are ver7 smilar.
From Graphs 9
11, and
3 it
is evIdent
that
the se-
parat! on between the dif-Perent curves in each graph d-
creases with increasing uring tiyme. The reason for this
.35.
behaviour has been discussed previously.
It should be
noted that for the same curing times,., the separation
between the curves is larger for specimens that were
rbonated in mediumsof 100%CO concentration than for
specimens carbonated in mediums here the cncentration
of CO2 was only 50%.
The effect of time of carbonaflon
and weight loss
and 14 than it
is clearer
in Graphs 9
is in Graphs 3
on shrinkage
0
1
43 53 63 7 and S.
12
13
In the
former it is evident that shrinkage and weight loss decrease with increasing time of arbonation.
tion for this
The ex-plana-
henomenonhas already been discussed.
Gra-,ohs 15 and 16
Gra-phs 15 and 16 show that
the compressive
srength
of Portland cement -niortars decreases with decreasing
ing time.
ur-
This penomenon is logical because the samples
cured for a longer time have a larger supply of wter to
a'tain
a more complete
ydration.
on the degree of hydration of the
The strength depends
aste.
Tniegeneral trend of these curves is the increase in
compressive srength
bonation.
tion
with the increase of the time of car-
This is expected because the extent of carbona-
increases with increasing carbonation time.
The
extent of carbonation is inverse17 related to te permeability of-the paste. The smaller he ermeability the
36.
reases
it
the
s an
gths are
ms of higher
increases
it is reas -oe c iraen s
ion.
of carbona-
ity obtained
tion.
The
average
no eMeri-
of
arbon-
of carbonaact can be
,,,later forces
Ls calcium
:)onate is
When this
s that
were
an increase
I. .71.
: ..".-,.7 -",I-I
- I -,
37.
The second explanation is concerned with the formation of gel. Further carbonation causes the CO
.2 to react
with the hydrated product C3 S22 fo'rming a silicate
This gel increases the pern.eability
i
gel*
of the paste*
.-I--.111-1
"I,-:,-,-,-.Z..".-.-..'.."-".,,.,",'-lz.%,I
........-
.. A.- . , . ..- - -1 ......--
I
- - .... I .. . .....7 .....--
-. . I . .
I I - --
."
II
38,
V.
1.
CONCLUSIONS
The amount of weight loss and shrinkage due to
drying increases as
ing, medium decreases
2.
e relative
(Graphs
The relationship
humidity of the surroundand 2.
between the weight loss and the
shrinkage due to drying is not -necessarily drect.
(Graphs
and 2.
3. Portland cementmortar secimens stored at different relative humidities reach dimensional 'equilibrium after
100 da7s-
In most of the casesstudied
ued to decrease after
4.
100 davs.
Pre-carbonation
the ueight contin-
(Graphs
and 2.
in mediums of 50% co concentra-
tion, for times of carbonation no 1onger than 2 hours,
in an atmosphere of 52%relative humidity, has no'signi-
ficant effect on the dimensional stability of Portland
cement mortar
5.
secimens.
(Graphs 4
6 and 8).
Pre-carbonation in mediumsof 100%concentration
reduces shrin]kage significantly.
increasing
time of carbonation
Shrinkage decreases with
(Graphs
6
10 12
and 14).
6.
shrinkage
Curing time does not modify the reduction
caused by -ore-carbonation.
10, 12 and 14)*
;i
."a
..,
I
I I-
; .....
, -
Graphs 4
f
6
So
39.
7.
Curing time affects
reduction
he amount of weight loss
caused by pre-carbonation.
For a constant
carbonation time, the aount o weight loss reduction
increases
with decreasing
curing time.
Graphs 3.t 5. '7.q
11 and 13),
B. Weight loss decreases with increasing time of'
carbonation
9,
(Graphs 3
7
11 and 13).
The compressive strength of Portland cement mortars
decreases with decreasing curing time Graphs 15 and'16).
100- The compressive strength of Portland cement ortars
increases with increasing time of arbonation.
Higher
strengths are obtained for specimens carbonated in mediums
0f higher
11,
(Graphs 15 and 16).
CO2 concentrations.
The permeability
of Portland cement mortars de-
el-eases with increasing time of carbonation$ until carbonation time reaches 23 hours.
Permeability starts to
increase with increasing time of carIz nation, after 2)
hours
(GraDh 17)
40.
VI.
1.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER STUDY
The carbonation
equipment should be redesigned.
The new system should include the following features:
no leakage2 the internal pressures suld
a fluid
be controllable,,
here CO2is not soluble should be used instead
of water.
2, uture studies of pre-carbonation should include
as variables,
the specimen sLze and water-cem-ent ratio.
Investigations
should be-m'de by exposing secimens to
longer times of carbonation (longer than 72 hours).
3.
Specimens should be stored in
ent relative
humidity or times longer than 151 day to
determine the time required to reach
4.
ediums of differeight equilibrium.
An analysis sould be made to determine the rela-
tionship between the
eight loss due to drying and he
shrinkage due to dryingo
5.
After specimens have been cured, different
dry-
ing periods should be allowed to occur before "precarbonating".
The effect of these drying Periods on the
ultimate weight and dimensional stability,
is o con-
siderable, interest.
6,
The experimental investigations
o the effect of
pre-carbonation on the permeability of Portland cement
mortar should be done again to check the results
in this study,
obtained
41,
7.
The effect on Derme4bility of other factors such
as wauer cement ratio.,
concentration
of CO2Y curing time.,
etc. in combination ith pre-carbonation slaouldbe sdied.
S.
The permeability
the following areas.
equipment should be ira-proved in
A funnel should be used instead of
a cylindrical tin can to prevent air from getting trapped
inside the apparatus,
0.254 cm2
The area of the s-tandpipe used was
To prevent any possibility
of capillarit7,,,
a standpipe of larger area should be used.
But it should
be kept in mind that the increase in te area of t-he standpipe ill increase the time interval betweenreadings,
since the water level will not descend as fast.
?-' - .-
..
I
- -
11
1.
APPENDIX
A
A P ID -"IRATUS AND
TECHT'IIQUES
Cas'-iz
Photograph
by 6 14 i.
illustrates
the imold used
o cast
by
mortar secimens,
Photor-ra-oh 1
S-oecimen and 11old
At the ends o each secimen, plugs wre
laced as rfer-
ence -ooints to measul-e changes in length. The
Standard C157-54Tdescribes
use of tis
old.
AST.Ivi
he
The mortar
as oe-oared usinr a blei,,d f four ASTM
Type I Portland cements (Fron Clad, Dragon,, Alas
.L.Lercules) The aregate,
and
used -,vas standard Ottawa sand.
Tlhlemixture was des-Igned ()
to fit consistency require-
43.
nents.
The proportions of the mix were as follows.,
1 part of water, 2 parts of cement and
by weight.
parts of sand
To miake16 specimens it was necessary to use
the following quantities
of each one of the elements in
the mix:
cement:
940 gm.
water:
470 ml.
sand:
2350 gm.
Curing
After the mix had been placed
n the molds., he molds
were placed in the moist room for curing. After 24 hours
in the molds, the specimens ere stripped-out and again
placed in the moist room or the further curing as required
3 or 7 days).
Photograph
Treasuring sample in the
2
pright Gauge
44.
After the curing period was over, samples were weighed
and measured.
An Ames Upright Gauge was used to take
length measurements. This apparatus appears in
Ph'otograDh
2.
Stabilization
The stabilization
of the specimens with res-pect to
weight and !en-crth was accomplished by the use of jars
With humidities controlled b7 saturated solutions of
different chemicals.
Photograph
Stabilization
3
of Specimens
The saturated solutions of these chemicals control
the
elative hwnidit7.0f the atmosphere n the follow-
ing way: when there is an exces's of water in the atmos-
phere, some o the crystals in the bottom of the con-
45.
tainer will go into solution until equilibrium is attained
between the liquid and the vapor above it.
If the relative
humidity of the atmosphere is below its equilibrium value.,
crystals ill precipitate and the solution will give up
moisture until equilibrium is reached.
The saturated solutions of the 'Lollowing salts pro-
vided the desired relative humidities at 7F:
Salt
Relative HumidiLZ
Magnesium Chloride(Migcl
Sodium
Dichromate
Sodium Chloride
Potassium
2
6H2 0)
33%
-D
(Na Cr 0
2H 0)
2
2 7
2
(NaCl)
Sulfate
(K2 SOA
or/-%
Twoof the jars used in the stabilization
are illustrated
in
otograp
procedure
3.
Carbonation
Photograph 4 illustrates
Carbonation of the secimens.
The detailed
description
ation equipment aear
the equipment used in the
and drawings off he car bon-
in Rference
1.
The method and
procedure to control the concentration of carbon di-oxide
in the aoriaratus is described also in Reference .
46.
Photograph
4
Carbonation Equipment
Strength Measurements
To determine the compressive strength of the secimens, their length was reduced to
illustrated
n Photograph .
Photograph
Specimens Cut for Strength
2 I
This sequence is
Measu-i.,erients
47.
The
by
by 2 in.
risms obtained after cutting
the specimens were capped wtih a thin layer of plaster
Of Paris,
These prisims were tested
for compressive strength
in a 60,000 pound hydraulic testing
achine.
The testing
machine appears in Photograph 6
Photocraph
6
60,000 Pound Hydraulic Testing Machine
PermeajiliM
Measurements
A description of the 'Procedure to
easure the -per-
ro-eability of the specimens as discussed previously
(see Section in Present Work on Carbonation).
apparatus apears
The
in Photograph . A diagram of the
apparatus is icluded a the ed of this appendix.
The eression to commutepermeability is obtained
from Darcyts Law (see Fig. 1).
The meaning of the nota-
tion in hose formulas is as follows:
giv
480
k
permeability
a
area o
A
area of the concrete slab
L
thickness of the slab
h
and t
the stand-pi-pe
height and time (See Fig. 1)
Photograph
Per-meabilitir-Measuring Apparatus
, ,+f.
,
4
+-,
Alw-& 4106
WA rFR
z E FI
-----------
I
11
11
C *IVrA iVE-P
/C-/(; I
50,
APPENDIX
C0,,,PGTER
PROGRAMS
Four computer programs were ritten
data for Graphs
a-moears at te
to 14.
end of' this
The listing
Appendix.
to -orocess the
of these programs
Pro grams
were used to process the data for Graphs
tively.
and 2
and 2 respec-
Program 3 processed the data for Gaphs 3 5.,
7, 9, 11, and !3.
Graphs 4, 61
Prograirq
, 10, 12 and
processed
4.
Tables
he data
for
to 14 correspond
to Graphs to 14 respectively.
The achine used as the IBIVI
1620 of the Civil
Engineering Systems Laboratory.
Room 14-0551
77 Massachusetts Avenue
Cambridge, MA 02139
Ph: 617.253.5668 Fax: 617.253.1690
Email: docsmit-edu
http://Iibraries.mit.edu/docs
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.
Alvarez,9 F.O.M0, "Effect
2,
Trokel and'Daviss
of Carbonation
on Creep and
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w lill
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Portland Cement Associations
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Verbeck, GJ.s
Book Co.,
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ASTMSpecial Technical Publication
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7.
Brady, F.L,, "odification
of Physical Properties of
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Bessey,' G.E., "Effects
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Taylor, D.W., "unda:mentals of Soil Mechanics."
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of Concrete
Toennies, H.Ts, "Arti'icial-Carboration
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Portland Cement Associations
11. American Society
1958, Vol* 4.
------I------
_-------
"Concrete Information ST-21.11
f Testing Materials Standards
, --
;,-
",,
-. "