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il.7O:ELT-IZi~:~2JS FOR T7I DEGREE OF
F
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MD
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USUETTS Ts1'r"UTE
OF TEGC
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Pagei
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Massachusetts Institute
of Teschnology
Cambridge 39, 1Mssachusetts.
Professor Leicester P. Hamilton
Secretary?1of the Faculty
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge 39, yMass
.
Dear Professor Hamilton:
This Thesis entitled
An Investigation of Dischare oefficients
and Steady State Flow Forces For Poppet T'ype Valves" is submitted
in p-artial fulfillment
of the requirements forthedegree of Master
of Science in Mechanical Engineering.
Respectfully submitted,
James
:3Stone
FOR POPPET IE
VALES
by
JANES
STONE
;iI]2,DLER
Submitted t 'le :Dear men of i; . ifl 2ngineering on ay, 20, 1957,
of the requirements' for -the degree of
partialfulfillment
in
astr
L
of cirene.
PBSTRACT
diSacharge oef.fice.ts
-.ralues o th>e low fore.+-;nd
The srsrental
rrTereabout 2I°%below the values predicted by analysis of an ideal
'
sommeot
opeanting in an InriC
,fluid
-~it)
.!
of tie
2,;_i
vll
-
ed i
:e
of the do'instra- ,. t h'b
;l'ow fors
e7sls
Inder!_ng -rinciples
T3 ressng
!'
; L
+.,-slyh
. -.t ie:a
....
,L
'-am-ter
i..
hesma ne
-_
aco-mm
tn
o! ..
- fea :op
r'
.o that
w
-a;
tors .
of coopet valre
dica
b=t+er nderstanding of di'
Thesis Surervisor
'itle= P:rofes-,sor -f
rofessor John 1trones
ch,,anl
-2ns -'iL
nee-r,-nn
scter
;aodccrreation
71i If'
,7T
e 'ongly
inflaniced
-
as se
i,r
oe.iiont
i-n We values f Je
for
the foo for-es.
thre
Lthoi
i
gher te
n.l
forces
-eIvng
sudy
-r:1
on.
ou . a de
The ost
f ffientso
Page iii
AC
!,7,
NTS
BEI,
I
Many thanks are given to Pantex Cor-oration whose grants
have furnished the financial aid for the project; To Dr. Gerhard
Peethof Twho
first helped formulate the roblem and start it on its
way; To rofessor J. LowenShearer ho helped Tith many difficult
pha3es of
sthe
project
To Professor John Hrones -whohelped in
carrjing the project through to completion; To Mr. James Coakley
whose help was invaluable in clearing p the many problems of the
project
as well
as his aid in preparing the manuscript;
To Mir.
ienneth Gxriffith for his sLl1: in turning the written ideas into
hardTwrare;To iMr. onaventuras Tautvaisas for ais aid in preperation
of the many graphs; To 'Miss Rebecca Emery for her secretarial services
and to all
others
f
e Dynami Analysis
and ControlLaborator.y
ho
w,,ereinstrumental in -he completion of this project.
:LV
s>ection
.. .*.*** v
*
Page
Letterof Transmittal...+.
·.·
.···
.....
... *
Abstract. ...........
ary.....
,.
. ...
a*
.
*
*
ii ·
ii
***
*..*.-.
· . . . . . . . . . . . . .. * * *
Introducti
on and ackground
** ...
...
2
i
.. ..............................
Acnoowledgeiment
...................
.
Gloss
.· *
......,
Theoretical Analysis
2.1 ackground
and Method of
.i.....
2.2 deal oppet owthdeal Fluid.....
2.3 Ideal Poppet
.
....................
***
4
:xhausting into a Finite C'hamber.........6a
2.4 Ideal Poppet ith Finite Interface....................8
2.5 Ideal Ploppetwith Real Fluid Exhausting into Air......9
2.6 Ideal Poppet r,Tith
Fluid.
2.7
Real Fluid
dxhausting into a Real...
.....
., ... ... .........................
10
ffect of Finite Interface
;in
'·jssu-O
orceson
on the
te Closed
"Iosed
*3 P...slure
Tores
Feal Fluid..........l
?oppet..................
l
oT
.9 Methods of F.
Forc,
or.c.e..
Compensation
......
3
Design of Exerimental
Apparatus
31 Descr iption of paratus
3.2 Instrmentation
and
Accuracy
o
9
9 eo.18
3 Detenrmination
of ariables
............
......
3*4 Operational Procedure
4
..
20
'........*v*O****
..
Experimental Results
4.1 Description of Test Condtion
.......
**
.
...
4.2 ExSerimntal
alues of Cd
i .3 ExoerLmental alues of F. ..... ....... .. ..... ....
O 2
4.4
Flow
Characteristics
when Exhausting into Air..
4.5 Flow Characteristicswhen
5
ConclusiLons and
hausting nto 0il......... 4
ecommendations
5*1Corlusions* *..4*
-. 2 ecoomrendations flor
*- -*
* *****--* *-***-Work.. ...... . . .
7· urthe
*******
Bibliogra ohy*..*..¢
Appendix A-.Derivation of a SVnid
Appendix B. Data.
*....*23
*
*
*v*
ortmi
..............
....... -.. ..
..
fj on
itses
"oet-,
Jd
27
*e **29
Equation
Appendix C. Drawings of Aparatus............................
.endix D
P
*26
=i Oil ......................
**
*
V,
GLOSSARY
M bol
Dwfinition
a
distance between corners of opening -Derpendicular
to the flow
A
valve area
C
A
exhaust cha-mber area
area of top of poppet
P
inlet area
AV
b
width of upstream chamber for two dimensional valve
Cd
discharge coefficient defined by Cd = (Q/A)
Cv
velocity coefficient defined by C
D
valve diameter
De
eauivalent diameter defined by 4(cross-sectional
F
force on poppet
F
extra closing force on poppet
F.
force on valve interface
F
pressure force on poppet
e
=
V
/2P
2P4P
area/ wetted perimeter)
P
F
shear force on poppet
h
valve opening perpendicular to flow
A-xt
equivalent
n
an,'nteger
P
spring
constant
defined
a er an even integer
pr essure
Pe
exhaust pressure
Pi
inlet pressure
P.
Po
p
pressure under exhaust jets
= P.-P
pressure dron across valve
1 e
poressure across top of poppet
q
by k = PonDCdC sin2
= ap/TTan odd integer
Q
volume rate of flow
r
radial clearance bett,.ween
-iston and valve
R
Reynold' s number
valve seat Tidth
V
fluid velocity
V.
inlet velocity
I-n
Vo
Xutt exit
ale velocity
pening in drectiono
motion
motion
X
valve opening in directionof
ey
direction perpendicular to fluid velocity
ai
Symbol
Definition
ar,
valve angle between vertical and poppet face
in
c(2n-l)/q
at I
,a(2n)/q
3
change in fluid angle from entrance to exit
entrance velocity/ exit velocity
eddy coefficient
real throot of
fI
,u
coefficient of viscosity
IT
3.14159
ft
density of oil
shear force
contraction coefficient for exit defined by= V
oinb/Vouta
"JIUTIODUCTTs iiat
'erpend'i.:ar
n.er
S)
T
es
U
X
tQ
qF
f;,.4
>R
FiX
>,
A~-j
W
0S
seat.
its
hr.
j
T-h
t.,
Lhe poppet
.
)
n
aitz
is
,wltn
'i`van
by the arrrows
,'
Fo
S
'L
heor
e ie,c-n.
-
siding
to
tme valvreta ce
cGU
btej
u
~-l:?
npr
iJi'sLCli4,,eiIame
Cl=.og
' 'llc'ai
dirt
he
a -0
r-(tooe
....
-·, 5El Stt.
· If
*1-r;yl;-9
u*:
1 i.a
· 7Me
c·
L
F3r.(n
.e P
f
__
-i
i
t
,i
.
-
m
han
T,,. n;iS
V
ar.
C
E
"
·_,
*
-oLYL
*-EZ )Y^·sa%
15-j
rrr Y*,,
·-·
6 11
1'
5
-a ·-- -i
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P
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e _owT induced
from
The main flow fore
*
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i
poppet-nd;ratte
o
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he
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ct
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cause th:~ef.!id
thenth" '"#e
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f-a
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urfac
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s
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aaP
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._
tcntrol
o
forc:
norrial to the . wt
7
J
r
'u
+-'-.r
Ar.zent.
to difference betweentfe
due1 the
face
i
*bW~~c'
r1'""
>
ann
increasinz flo
>!ith
:and
tFhe 1valrv
These :~hernne.na arise
on the
nressr
Undercertain drna c ondito ns of.a o ertionr,
X.cXL_.~ma:agL -da;
1-2. In
t o curve .3 o .fire
sa rotn
or
-~
to 'ontm.ct i-nto an area sraller
hs effcts se.
F
a nscharte coefficint
vo.city
o
graaonts,
accounted
fr b}'fritio'n
.ni.g
A
s~l·I
Co ...
..
u.....
tha
faow, . th~e r-ea
i erp,
ndi a t
where
i.
toc...umez
rate of
-, e 1ua,
, ,-"lioS
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;
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,
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ay be
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L rD te canThg
measured,
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ea've.
ffects of caning
S.
ention
state
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::.sC~1"
:-..=_
6 .
FIGURE 2-2
3
1.0
F
Cd
PoDX
0.8
2
0.6
0.4
20
0
40
60
80
a IN DEGREES
FLOW
FORCE
AND
DISCHARGE
COEFFICIENT
VS.
POPPET
CALCULATED
FROM
ANGLE
VON
MISES
THEORY
0
Inn
....
_~.'2.
.
vA-E
J'C" _
L..vI
....
,
'--
.',i.+...2.
t..,"-=a
e,t-a
~:-,.
·
^*
~ PeZtl<~^>-q
~
~ I-la
~
3
c;'-
. :.
....;
; ^zvo!',;,.?:.~
.4-* ""
^5-^tp
1
-^Jo
id4t
..
r
^
,
"7
s
3
<,0
,r
,
wn
t
I
I-
-
.'
- -.
r
'
-
.'
-
I
r
I
PJ
_
P
PF
I
I
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I
I pj,
-IN
_
_
lhk
K Av
F
.
'-
t
v
i-r
v~x
9S
··"
r-
S
f
line is Lhe contrl
volmie and the solid line
the -;opet and striking the exhaust chamber walls.
chamber area, A the area of the top of the
The exhaust rOssure is P , the
poppet
A is the exhaust
oppet, and Av the valve
p
area.
fidtu jet leavin
s he
ressure across -the top of the
, and .he pressure under the
luid jet P.
With a erfect
fluid there is no mridng between the jet and the stagnan t fluid
so that Pe, P , and P are all constant and P equals P .
e
j
p
e
the difference in pressure between P
e
p
Although
and P. causes the jet to turn, it
j
does not change +lthefollowing argument.
F, the aal
2-6.
If the
change in
F/cosa.
momentum ito
Le ontrol
volumeis
·
iven b7 equation
et hits the wall and turns vertically upwards with no
elocity,
ten the momentmleaving the control volume is
Equating the pressure and momentum leads to
P A
+
cc
F/osa
= F + P (A -A
c P
)
+
P A
ep
(2-13)
(
1-
1 )F=
cosa
Because F is positive P
(P -P)e
(A-A).
C
P
is greater than
P
e
and there i
an opening
force on the valve equal to
F
(PP)
(A-A).
(-14)
Combining equations 2-13 and 2-14 leads to
e
~~F
(
F
This is not a realistic
effect
o
1
(
cosa
A-A
P
A -A
c
representation
).
se-at is arall
(2-1)
p
because
the exhaust chamber is to introduce
2*4 Ideal PoppetwithFinite
I fh
-1)
experiments
show that the
an extra closing
force.
Interface
l to
follow the sharp bend (labeled
the poppet, ten the fluidis unableto
A in figure 2-4) and it separates
B
A
"r.
,
anl s
3nJ04
an
!?,.aher
int labee
-....
7
f.4ew
*k'
ahen
"
- ~
'f:i--=
.1,- .t
*8
2ntrol<
vAu
3e
' - '
..
,
i.
- ' ?
,
,
l
o
oc
Z_
.t.'i
...
14
*r'S
c. a
f
... L
'a
c* nuence
;
i.0.r this
n e ..iamoy
o
2-r ,m
aor e
ihSressu
2 C. and chsi4- luo
Th,
ree
' vr:> an..-o*
o.h
he
-
on
,
S3.1>e,-r...........................
. ?.... .................
. 1'.... r~.,s_~
~,i.
.......
i¥,',
Lo:n
he
t1-hetol v3ol,,e
r e
s
J~~~~~~~~~~t'e
1
e
ton n +,.
tIhe-al.
n l
U-h
" icx
'
e..................... i
*
-.
-'
pO
P
S,,f-
- . '
.A=
-ts-eccti
in the hih oressre
s ton
pse
ali
ln ..
%o
:= ..
c ,a
r. 9as
7
o
eC-
.L-.
o7
M,
.
that t> contact
......Le
-+
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u,
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cz
atwavs t'hoejmsi
. i
eor.,
'-'
s
-i,.-
maa-n
velocit'y -t~+·1Vet " '.o t:"-g
' ~l~j
·
1e
C1
.
4
7
, on00o,
-'',e
-,
..
..
O0
number
Based upon an equivalent hydraulic diameter, the poppet
(.)
Reynold's number is
fP2
VDe~
=
(T z)
/.
lWhere D
is
2
4-DXsin(
( ..
Cd
..
Orr
3ecauasethis is an awkward
the elquivalent hydraulic diameter.
formulation, the
C /Cd term will be drorped
V
nd
Reynold's number defined as
A
R =
..6 Ideal Popret. ?,th
(
)
(2-17)
).
a.eal Fluid
Exhaustinc
into a Real Fluid
Velocity gradients between the moving fluid jet and the stagnant
fluid introduce
shear forces on the control
volume which tend to close
the valve because they oppose tle fluid motion.
there is a large
shear forces
mount of turbulence present.
Tidor
14I·
has shouwn that
This turbulence creates
-hich -riayeither open or close the valve.
Turbulernt,-fluidwithin
the exhaust chamber strikes both the top and underside of te
poppet
and thne
resulin,,
Although
momentum
tends to close or oen the valve.
the general solution is difficult
made by considering
the
to analyze, a rough estimate can be
control volume of figure 2-3.
volume is drawnfar enough downstrsm,
If the control
then viscousforces and fluid
eddying will have dissapated the fluid jet so that I.t
volume :ith
negligible velocity.
leaves
If the shear forces on the
the
control
all are
negligible then
A-A
F
A -M
(2-18)
c p
The negative sign shows -that
P. is 1
J
than
ess
e
so that F is a
e
closing force . The analysis asum s that ? is rn_~rmacoss
~clZan.e
.nra Ci ,~$ r- OI
rnd tat . h· ...
--~23, '.¥-: t'':~
n
th e:it
.re jet
s ishan uniform.
atmotpnptri
The increase in
lease
nld
the fluid may comeout f solj 3
and %r
aizs kA-sj
losing force, low pressure
f aissoTved r
that e ation
-have
been observed
:-l&)3 a better
nder the fluid et,
+er
representation
and e-
aentaLy
suggesti4ng
of
aZ-hppening
i
than equation (2-15).
2.7
Effect
If S =
f
nterface with a Rea ?
Finte
id
iterface,
, thereis a dragforce along the poppet,
.which tends -to open the poppet, howeter
the pressure
face gives a muchlarger opening force.
Assuring that the flow is
acting along tzis
laminar, then euating the shear force
and pressure dropacro:s the
passage leads to the shear force Fs
2F s = TTDhP .
(2-19)
0
In aminar flow the pressure drop is uniform along the passage so that
the
ressure force F is
P
Fp =TDS(Po/2)
(2-20)
UTowever,
for laminar fow S is at least ten times as great as h so that
F can be neglected when compared to F .
axialdirection
Resolving this
orce in the
leads to an opening force of
nDP
F
F sinc =
p
Ssinx.=
2
(2-21)
2.3 Pressure Forces on the Closed Pooct
Consider the closed poppet shown in figure 2-5 where F
_
$
F%i
-
.LJfi2 -
.
,1,
- .- -T,
.
I: J -*
, -fs~·?C2
is the
12
rvalvte eat
force rhich acts along the
and P
If
P.
is
the inle+ pressure
the exhaust pr-essue, the force t;nding to oen
F
--4
(D + 2S sin)
P.
T
2
the
v7al
ve
4s
+ . sinc.
(2-22)
F is the product of theseat -rea times
a pressure wvichis between
andP
If the, seat angle is greater than the valve angle then the
poppet seats aainst
interface is P
poi.nt
42-4
and te
of figure
If the seat angle
ressure on the
less than the valve angle then
is
-thepressre along the interface is Pi. If the two faces are parallel,
it is assimed that the pressure drop will e linear so that
P. + P
Fi=
(2-23)
wDS.
Combining equations 2-22 and 2-93 and noting t .t
P
= (D+ sin) (P.-P
- ) 2.9 Methods ofrFore
S4<D leads
to
(D + S sina)2 (2-24)
Compensation
Usually the oresslre .orce is balanced out by an oD-osinr
The most commonmethod of balancing
the fore
preloaded to the value given by euation
The disadvantage
t attach
force.
a spring,.s
2-24, to one side of te
valve.
of this method is that the spring force incr eases with
opening giving the rising pressure flow curve of figure 1-2.
met;od is to attach a
A.mother
iston to the high pressure side of the poppet.
If the piston has the same diameter
(D
S sin
+
for best results) as
the valve, then the high pressure fluid acting on equal areas but :in
opposite directions cancels out.
This method has several disadvantages.
It is expensive to manufacture because of close tolerances and the piston
introduces a force which tends to open the vtalve., Consider 'the
control
volumeof figure 2-6.
If the radial
.
.
.
.
learance, r, is snmall.
.
.
.~~~~~~~~~~~~!-
FIGURE
the lnekae flow pcastthe
z-6
iston is laminar
3ecause laminar
fl ow has
a parabolic velocity !rofile, there is no shear force in the center
of the passage.
Hoever as the control volame no longer follows
the wall, there is a pressure force tending to open the valve equal to
F 2
(2-25)
or
F
=()
(D
(2-26)
mnother
methodof balancing out forces, 'wferefriction is a
major
.onsideration, s showr, in fire
.. -
2-7.
-
- - _.j7
"m
0
The phighpressure acts
14
on both
an upstream and doctmstream side of the valve.
does the same so that the net force on te
valve
The lo-w pressurie
s zero.
The major
disadlantage ofthisconfiguration is the difficulty of algning the
ponpets and having them both seat simultaneously.
The mromertum force may also be cancelled out.
Consideration of
equation2-6 shors that the momentumforce is zero -rhena
A mushroom shaped poppet has
= 9Q0
-thedesired shape nd has proved successful.
15
A. .r,.
USPRi-.~}NTAL
DESIGN
OF
The apparatus used was a modification of the equipment designed
by
he
iraings
author for his
ar
The assembly and major
ac.elor's thesis.
The original part numbers have
reproduced in appendix C.
been retained although etensivre alterations
is a close p
were made. Figure 3-1
view of the apparatus and fijgre 3-2
shows the plumbing
connections
.
The fluid
The principle of operation is as follows.
The main pres sure
high pressure chamber and .then flows past the poppet.
force is balanced out by a piston placed in te
ligh
nters the
chamber.
pressure
A relatively
low pressure fluid is introduced into the chamber below
the piston
The pressure of this fluid tends to o-penthe valze and
counteractsthe flow forces tendingto close the
of static equilibrium is maintained.
exhaust chambers may be tested
alve
so that
a oosition
Various poppet configurations
and
on the apparatus.
The major changes between the original and present apparatus
are the method of force measurement and removal of the fi,xed diameter
exhaust
chamber.Theoriginal apparatus used a proving ring to measure
the flow forces.
to
This method was impracticable 'ecause it was necessary
een the poppet and ring
very accurately aligned.
The fixed
diameter chamber ,wasremoved because of the complexities it introduced
and the desire to test several different diameter harbers.
Other minor differences are:
the cylinder;
the wTash-.ers)-art
part
50 wThich-:eepsthe piston in
46, which rovidefor different
poppet confisgurations, the "Linearsyn", part 12, which s
a t-hreaded alznir.t
tu be for easier handli
otted into
t;he "'Linearsyn" slug,
.
-rL
t
/n,
n~..ach
-
l
portiJoono
.a. -ed
1
i
:
F;IBIE.
-t-a
'-P-'
i-· -49uL;
.F
:·-
·_
-·e
. a iit-
L
f
.S
·
t·-· iiXfi'"Pi
e
·;I
Poi *; r·,
-ri
15c -p
i
·-k·
·.
1:
c
oiston
to
ttached
A ,slenoidIs a
.
-dekfo
r ~10
t
ss, -and to r0aJ-radia
onmi 1,e e soan3,--L
reue
cl- aratta
t ],
*,
ir*·iaii4=i-·L3i;OW·p-
~lrAT·-"""·
: i - ··
i
` ""''
", r
i"?·r, ·ql
iu· ./-C -D ··- -· . · I L·-
,..
I)
0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
U)
D
4
<
.
CM:
w a
-LL
C(
bi
In
I.e
Q
ha;e the
body to
to t
eff ect of
l
betw een Ithe i.s on nd ~nder.
rc*ion
st
is c-vered by a l. g
cear
orovide 11dither
-paratus,
-o
.-
Jinder
and
duce the
The ..
t1 s
roide a
and
the
vew ofte poppet in operatoAn.
inst~amentaion and ~-cl~'n
.,.2 :.~
Instrmantat n n -\.C<> ....
he
Lc7vI
-measured by a =000
ouit
by the Drymmic ; nalysis
,nit
onssts
.e ressure
Bourdontbe
estimated
is
,age
the
to an act
op acros
is
tach ometer
acy o
the wra
'
ressure
loss between
read
by a voltmeter.
b- a 0-3000 psi
s £ earc:
to 1
tlhe
full
T'heo-eng i.s measuredby
gage and hign
The
pressurechamber
"inearsyn" or linear differential
transformer excited by 10 volts at 25,000 cps.
4
is 2.2
The sensitivity
inLchand essentially independent of freauency*
tube volt eter-,
a
-ccurateto I%, measured both input
Chaonge of
scale.
overall
a±...t accur.acy is -it.hin 25 psi.
osi :So
milvots/1
rc-istn -t
e Jinding
A~ithi
tenerafi-><9t¢r-
ntrodu-ces
temerat-r, .ad-.i.n.
.
are taken only at steatdy state con tons.
the seat
"truheo
the
n ooening measurmen t is
e.rror
n
eo
th
BeCu
-e --o-4ocets leak,
en
ven
e.stimated th.-at
n:rlo. Is
L
of
ushed against
totin 1 the "Linearsn" is ot necessarily
e * Thezero oy.sti.n
error
ath
lengti
he etermination
QosLe
readings f o.w versus "Linearsyn" reading to
this method t
voltages.
:nother
Because the connecting rod chanes
The la.rse,5
acumm
and output
or appro:c~Lmatel
y
the zero '~~
The
05 m.
The umit is calibrated
maximum
and
ent hydraulic
's.sl.,ac motor which drive
utput of
h'e nit is calibrated
Laboratorny of M1.i.T..
.ndControl
of a ostve
a tacscometer. The
ersined
si 0-Ogpm flow meter
he
rapo'a`tn
ero flow.
det rminad zo
With
-itn
19
l-
*7 x
inches.
t full opening the overall accuracy is 47.
The fluid temperature is measured b a thermometer placed in the
inlet lines. Theaccuracyis
-
5° F.
The low pressure fluid is measured by two gages placed in parallel
so that the whole range can be covered.
measurementis 1l.
The accuracy of the pressure
Because the gages are 5" below the piston, the
actual pressure on the piston is 5" of water less than the gages
If the fluid exhausts into one of the exhaust chambers, 9
read.
water
is subtracted to account for the
of
height of the fluid column
above the poppet.
3.3Determination of the Variables
the corrected pressure by
The flow force is found by multiplying
the piston area, and then subtracting the piston and poppet weight.
The compensated oppet
7/16
All
lbs.
of
eighes 17/16 lbs. and all of the others weigh
the,tabulated data, except for the compensated poppet,
lists this corrected force.
The data for the compensated poppet is
also corrected by meansof equation 2-25 to provide a better comparison
between different
57., for
jpressures.Estimated accuracy on the flow force is
large openings.
The quantity XCd is computed using equations 1-1 and 2-5
which
reduce to
XC d = (constant)
where the constant is only
(3-1)
Q/J-O
a function of fluid properties and valve
geometry.
Cd is determined by dividing XCd by X.
The oil used is a mixture of Univis 40 and J43.
of these oils are
-iven in appendix D.
The properties
R e is determined from equation
e
£0r
2-1:7 sing the average properties of the two oils.
with temperature is
3.4 Oerational
.ariation of R
iven in figure 4-4.
rocedure
Before every run, the valve was ground to give sharp edges.
Consider
the piping diagramn of figure
P and age C rds
3-2where gage B reads
the pressure belot the piston.
making a run was as follows.
The method of
'Wiith
val-ves
1 and 2 closedthe pump wias
adjusted
to a pressure 500 psi above the desired testing pressure.
This provided forthe ressure loss in fittings and the -flowmneter.
Valve 4 was closed
and valve
gage A read about 300 psi.
value.
Valves 3, 4, ad
was obtained.
variables
0
reached the desired
The adjustment of these valves depends upon experience
Qarameter, flow or force.
these valves wTere quclicklyset .
After a little
Small increments
of the
ere made by observing either the flovnueter or gage C while
making the adjustments.
onrened until
force
Valve 1 was opened until P
6 were adjusted until a desired flow or force
and which wTas the indepenent
experience,
3 opened. Then valve 2 was opened until
P rose to the proper value.
and flow when this
contr-ol valve
After the adjustments were made, valve 1 was
:ibration.
There were small changes in
adjustmentwas made. Valve 5 Jas used to
~APTR
V
EXPERDIENTAL RESULTS
4.1 Description of Test Conditions
Tests -ere rn on four diferent
poppet
opet configurations,
cone, a 4 ° cone cmpensabe3dfor flow forces,
30 cone.
The 450 cone was run
Three of the rlns ;-0ere to
a 45 sphere, and a
nder five different
n1"'finite
a 45
conditions.
xhaust ch-:anberuith varying
and t-woruns were made.with the poppet eausting
o-I troieratures
into
a finite chamber. The other poppets all ehausted into infinite
chaambers. The data
4-1 to 4-4.
condition,
Rn
isreproduced in appendix B and plotted in figures
Each set of data, for a particular
has been
poppet and running
iven a run number.
I wasmade with no control over the temperature which varied
from85QFat the low pressures
to 120F at the high pressures.
3 mrasmade with the oil temperature 'held at 140 F.
the temperature
as held at
a
Run
r was
t
Run
For all other runs
a special
run to see what
effect varying oil temperature had.
4
.2Exprimental Values of
C
The discharge ooefficient
Cd is plotted against flow and Reymolds
number n figre 4-1. There is a lot of scatter in thle data.
scatter is most evident in
agrees -ithte vale
7 where the first
.
data, taken at 500 psi,
predicted by Von Eiisesbut the valuefor the
rest of the run is 20 lower.
experimenters
This data does not agree with other
The value of Cd for the 45° cone varied from un to
run and wvaS
usually lo,,er than the predicted value of .747.
value at
sphere
was
This
arge openings
was about
lght;ly lower at .62.
numerical reillts should bSeused
.67.
The value
The average
of Cd for th.-e
45 °
Because of the large
scatter,
the
udiciously.
1_
__I
· __II
oltted
urns. hen the data is
need
different
r
ays
ca f1orthe other
a,
ae
lotted as in figures 4-3a and 4-ec the valve
opening XIdoes not need to be determined.
not
he opening in
n -arious
-The differences in -or~rezo
4
nftre
0
4 the data iJs
For rul
24-7.
o
is plotted nondimensi9nally ersus
force
The flow
fir e
ae s
V
menta
!~._:34r-
flow does
~-3d 'e
For fimre
to be determined.
-argeo-enings, are
The values of he force, at
b1ythe
value redicted
ses t eonr.
on
of he
20%o
wthi-;
determined
he experimentally
If
.ra used in. ecuation 2-6, the predicted forces ;are within
vale.s of
Equa.tion 2-5 checks out
10%of the experimentall-y deterrsned forces.
ell3 shoTingtat
the cl.sin. forces increase withdeceasing size of
the exhaust chambers. The closing forces for the 45° sphere are 15%
O
igher tha= Lhosefor the 5 cone. For the 45 poppet in he middle
ranges o oen-ing, the force i.s croport-ional to the
ressure times the
,
correlation
opening to the three alves potwer.Thereis
and the
data was receatable ,
Ru3n8 s for the compensated poppet.
The flow force is virtually
The plot is not nondimensionaelizedbecauseof the 'small
eliminated.
magnitudesof the force. Thezero
fisure
ization about small zt
Non-densiona-
to
ccura
i
i.l
thi
l pound.
would
error,
:ead o meaninlnss curves. The data for this curve is corrected
for
~tLe opening'force
h
n
is
resented
correlatin
indi.ae
-.
khepiston
Peoi
9 shows tl,}i effIects
The F/PoDX rs ~
plot
of
etee
h
t
.!
Xo'.
>'?,r
f
conparison
by equation
te-vDerat-e
?;-25.
uo tlhe f
.:il
hange and ' '
'forces.
lots rhile the F/P DXCa
with other
beceause of better c orre'a7tion. There
tem^erature
e
*
seems:tobe no
fheseolotsseemto
o forces ale a strong function of:~-il'','-'rte
fow,
o
,
O
g
p
I
90
.
2
o
o
0a a
a
mm
r
iY
a
o
^0
o
a
25
C
i rll
6I
C
U
-4
0
-4
I
,
S
o
z
--I
.
-
-
6
'f.'*
0_
_
- - oo '
)oa
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---l-
t~~~~~~~
25 I"
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ma
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0
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·
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oa
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25
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2-c
FIGURE 4-3b
RUN No. 4
FIGURE 4-30
RUN No. 4
I
4
0
F
Po-C-dx
0
0°0 .
0
*
0
O0
I
_
%IPSIDE
POPPET100
WALLSI
&
0
XCd
10
4
POPPET
WITH
3.5"
40
'4
X
SIDE
PSi
20
INCH
)
45'
WALLS
POPPET
K00
NCH
FLOW FORCE V.
FLOW FORCE VS. OPENING
45-
000
WITH
OPENING
:.5"SIDE
WALLS
FIGURE 4-2d
RUN No. 4
FIGURE 4-3c
RUN No. 4
2.0
2.0
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400
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1.5
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0
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500
1000
*
1500
PSI31
A
2000
PSI
PO
---
O
500
PSI
o
1000
PSI
1500
PSI
2000
PSI
;-
PSI
PSI
i*
*
0&
i
Z
I
R
0
400 800~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
0
0
IN
8
GALLONS
PER
12
X
45
FORCE
POPPET
WITH
VS.
3.5"
4
INCH
MINUTE
FLOW
FLOW
10
t60
40
20
4
FLOW
SIDE
45
WALLS
FORCE
POPPET
WITH
VS.
3.5"
OPENING
SIDE
WALLS
2ZA.
FIGURE4-4a
RUN No.9
2.(
I.!
P
P,DX
I.1
0.
T
F
FLOW FORCE VS. TEMPERATURE
FOR 45' POPPET
AT
CONSTANT"OPENIN
REYNOLDS
ANDOPRESURE
NUMBER VS. TEMPERATURE
FIGURE 4-4b
RUN No. 9
au
I00
120
T
*F
FLOW FORCE VS. TEMPERATURE
FOR 45? POPPET
AT "CONSTANT OPENING AND PRESSURE
REYNOLD'S NUMBER VS. TEMPERATURE
140
although they are ot
s trrong a
3rn; temPerature
ei tncreaand seer
rersrmn
The forces
mct+onof Emod 's nne r.
t eel
off at a igh te-a
gatgre.
The fores
runs fi
afr_
and
ar
r
neary
te asame but
+ter
discharge coefficients dfPer uidely. if the brce plotl had been made
as F/P DCXdinstead
oVfF/P DX, then they also would differ
higher temperature -ould have e leower orce.
vwith the
ata of
Thisslk
and the
nconistent
-un 9.
4.4 Flow Characteristics
when Eidhaustim into lir
inches) openings, tie
For flow at low momentumand large (10
fluid leaves +thepoppet in a solid sheet trith the shape shom in
figLe 4-5.
FIGURE 4-
At small openings and low momentumthe flow pattern is siilar
L4L
W
--
b figure
n a soI1asheet
The flow- -enas
labeledA wThereit breaksu
jets are ver ical.
nt-il it reOaches
into discrete
The f low
ontinues
jets
anrd Oends until
o c-
;at.so t he
ba;L.
k
. . oo . he ponpet. Th's "Teapot effect
+
others.'
As the
nomentum ncreases,
t. ey leave the po.....t
at
of this
tye
the
fluid
:sros
the jets straighten out umtil
xcet+
450 sphere, where the final angle is between 35° and 40° .
is a picture
dge
las een oted by
a;ngle as th2 vaite,
+eae
thle free
;f3or
the
Figure 4-7
of flow. The jets are the thin white streaks.
As a jet hits the plastic cover its momentumis dissapated, and a pool
of fluid forms, and it runs dom
the side of the
these jets leave the poppet at different
cover.
Note that
ngles as evidenced by the
different heights at Thichthey strike the cover.
As the flowcontinues
to increase, the jets increase in number
and size.
Even
angle. Thy
at full flow, the
ets do not all leave at the same
seem to alternate in exit angle,
aboutthe sameexitangle.
with
every
other
jet
having
The total variation in angle is not more
than 2.
The flow for the compensated poppet is slightlydifferent. The
do not form until about i inch away from the poppet, and
oten
jets
at intermediate values of flow' the exit angle is 5-10° doown
from the
horizontl.
lo
C
iLtC...+
~
½Ten
USaustin
a into
Oi
7Thien
tihe experimental poppet ex.austs into a :-lber
7
f lid .t telnds t c30e
cps.
L
A!toL ,hh th• period
xauekius
t
e:iaust
-ist
e
e
'ucy
olht
of oscill atin
>taer
'he
iei'ght
hahnberis of :-or
n6
filled with
of
1
,:seems o be independent
of
deet
coesnoQtoscllate _;anless
+,e.
.nt n.
or :...tiL=
ber er gths
II-11II
IIIXI -
·I··-CII------l-^BY
I24a
V-,
OF LOW' TOE
FLET
W SHOtWWINGFLUID
FITUTjE-
JETS
7
...
,-.....i.^.;-au-··
-r^---- ----
-·-rr---···^---·-·-C---C ----- · I
25
at which the poppet
loes notoscillate
there are certain regions
.
of flowat whichthe valve is on the verge of instability
flows,
large
The diameter of the chamber does not
he valve is stable.
affect ,l-e fequency, although the valve seems to e
ore nstable with
the larger diameter chamber. Although the valve ocasionally oscillates
at a low freofuency of
;is`edioted
neath
the
eps, this seems to occur at random times.
b erquation 2-18, there is a ow presure
poppet and the disolved air
region under-
s released from the oil.
This
J
stability.
release of dissolved air seems to 'be connected witI valve
:tvizerylow flow, no air is2leased.
bubbles appear in the fluid.
4s
the flow increases, air
These bubbles are of two types, one is
under 1/32 nch n diameter and the other is about
inch in diameter.
The small bubbles are veiy fine and numerous and take a long
time to either redissolve or. break up. The large bubbles are entirely
The fluid around these bubbles is extremely turbulent with
different.
a large amount of vorticity.
?When
reaching the free surface these
bubbles often do not brea k up, but reverse their direction of motion
and travel counter to the gross fluid motion. Other bubbles of this
type, remain suspended n the middle of the
hamberand oscillate
about
this point.
Just before the ale
of both tpes
increases.
when the valve oscillates.
starts to
scillate,
the number of ubbles
The large bubbles become more prevelant
Just as the valve starts to oscillate, the
the poppet in a continuous
smallbubbles can be seen coming rff
The bubbles also increase in number when the valve is
oscillating, but does not oscillate.
tram.
on the verge of
-ONCTLUSIONS ND R""OIATTO
*..- onouSionS
A better understandlng of discharge ccJ'>fiient,
7i
nded.
Bcause there is a lot- of scatter -n te data and it differs from
other exoer~mentesrsthe numerical result+ shoul
lusedjudii..oslI.
lanatiol is -nofferod for hese di fferences.
N'orm
reasonable
If
eynoldt
's
number s chane
at low ?Fyemold's nr er he 7aue
owtar
be
ta
7dsnity
.d io
½s
'f
mediuMI9,eynolds
a'e
tiheoreticeal
c
sing
he
all, it increases
number, and hen decreases toads
This is ae!aind
t 'i-g
, ?e ynold's nmoer.
noting -th;atas Reyno'l' I number ineases
the ptasa
.
the
tX
by
e appears
;. '19i.4. r, ri<ct<ion, then
3 aJ
s a Wellrou-ndedoi''-"
i
as
oening,
irst
and finally
sh2r edged orifice.
The iaan discreprancy bet,-een the pred-ited and xperirental
value is probably cue to frict½ion
in the fluid.
r also
ma3
rotation
lay
a part.
-lthough +tie flowforces were
sraluethis "srror" was reduced o
;-rreued :t'or C
½.~he ulsToedfor
*
below the predicted
2 0Q
10%/
.
-tout::
This sug:,-ests tat
friction
f.ension altho;gh
r^ -t;or
fluid
s also
oppet characteritics.
llosinc force.
.o1 s o ed :ir.
_I
·
__lp·-
-
adeua-te
orsbentatin
f.-_
' i:. ~~ h-henor,-ena
~ ~ ~ ~ lso
.`
at low
Is
kn
7eern
omentum.
rimoorta-t n determining
hil
.hamberthe higher
te
+.
ne:
The l
11)--
aler
rol ably due +tortaton.
The smaller t;
lth.nough
.he t'lbulence
euati on 2-13 svhe an
-l`-""-1_^--
can considerabl:
imTportant
The drnztri'rc
t am chaber ;7on.lfrat
Il
e
s probably caused by urface
Te contnual c.urirng o the fl 1d *ets Is
-
eer
eS
The ormation of the, -ts
the
Surface tonsion and
chamber is rerr
-,e
romplex,
r
ted
eoaus
.o. ed she reease
et~ Co o'-e
...........
t'ed
=
'tol' valve
--------..--^I_..
.·._f·
I-----L-l---_^l^l------I--^L-----·II1LL-·Ilyl-.
I._-__-^1.--.1_- .-_II--IXIUII--C-il--
7t,
1111----
-·--
27
sta' -ilit-Y,but t is -not ownif this is a cause or effect relation.
iras reduning the
effective in
A mushroomshaped poppet
flow
o3J
rces.
, ,?rFurt erYork
,=
~.9--a4'
<.- , ~:'~
.
A fuarther- study snould be ntdertaken on discharge coefficientsZ
14
7he tr--rvs of ti-s paper and of Tidor suggest that
Cree.i n
-
phenomena,
-,n
te ]
'i;'>2
t
1.JE§t
_; ' '4=
i>L
C
ovi
.binportaPn
O
f-rce
L
and rel ase of disoved
air
S
re>di'c
-ti on
tap
whlic' should be tudied are the
-flu
..id rotation, cavitstion,
iscositTy, Surface tension,
of
effect
-=oc`c-ng
btnooftained b7 lcn
cold
ther varias ble
alonig the prot.
--nd
'etteer
coeffircients.
t'he
t
t2at
zoneon flow orces unt- l t..re
S i cso-r
nderstallnding
cuat
ofte- .r
e .
ric`,t4$
on<,
NJoreal wor,,or
can be
better
ne
sthold 'dbe sturaad.
effect,
to be .u.didis t
a'
Dc;
rai-; ~rihenolena
-pieom-t
of
i'onl
-
wo dienslonal
" .,pers
ta.; th iss
-i/though it ap
e nes of flow.
there are several
eSffctuial
A more
tuic
could have been
,made-sing arger openings.
used for a
The present apparatus could be orofiblly
set of e-x:erml-ent-s,' The oopet
+a
furt..s.
be locked in
shoild
coefficients.
a set of runs made to determine the discharge
faLi
t;o e -laced in the rest
be :c nsile1 using theI-ish
1i
flows and low -ressure available
.ore
.iht
from
ar_
t.aperatzure ef fects.
a
atais neded oln1
accerate
",M?'.~ousx:'~odifcations
-tonce-
The poppet should be run
A further study should be undertaken of exhaust chamber
water lines
*
data.
pening -to see t£here the curv-s level off.
at largdr
csf~cts
f -e
A
-rill allow more
of t;ie discrl.ge coefficient
oete-rination
better
lace and
.. c....
3.
,~n
e
+1
-- os oc
'
eCaoaratus.
e !
rooi
inch
-/ ..
. ......
'~~
e
mad
-
-o
.
.
.1^.
...
,1
or
28
shares of
oppets s ould be ested an"d ar~.cu ' f. ze and
:°~'ts introuced
.inthe valJO
eato
--esr a
29
BIBLI OGRAPHY
1*
J
F. Blackburn and S. Y. Lee, "Steady-State Axial
Forces on Control Valve Pistons,. Trans.
A.S.M.E.,
2.
of the
Vol. 74, No. 16
J. F. Blackburn and S
Y
Lee, "Transient Flow Force
and Valve Instability," Trans. of the AS.M.E.
August 1952
3.
J.
F. Blackburn, "Steady State Operating Forces" un-
published notes of the Mechanical Engineering Department
of the Mass. Inst. of Tech. Cambridge, Mass. for course
2.789, "Recent Developments in Fluid Power Control" 1956
4.
H. Gold, E. W. Otto, "Analytical and Experimental Study
of Transient Response of Pressure Regulating Relief
Valve in Hydraulic Circuits," N.A.C.A. Technical Note
3102, March 1954
50
J. C. Hunsaker and B. G. Rightmire, "Engineering Applica-
tion of Fluid Mechanics," McGraw-Hill 1947
6.
J
J
Pippenger, "Back Pressure-How it Affects Valve
Operation,"
Applied Hydraulics October 1954
7. M. Reiner, "The Teapot Effect... a Problem" PhYSics
Today Vol. 9 No. 9, September 1956
8.
D. C. Sweeny, "Preliminary Investigation of Hydraulic
Lock" Engineerin
90
Vol. 172, 1951 pp. 513-516 and 580-582
D. C. Sweeny, "Out of Balance Reactions in Hydraulic
Piston Type Control Valves and a Preliminary Investigation
of Hydraulic Lock," Ph. D. Thesis, University of
Birmingham, 1949
10.
D. C. Sweeny and J. Manhajim, "An Investigation of
Hydraulic Lock", Presented to the Institution of
Mechanical Engineers, London, May 13, 1955
11.
J
A
Stone
"Design and Development of an Apparatus
to Study the Flow Induced Forces in a Poppet Tpe
Valve,"
Thesis (S B.), Dept. of Mech, Engr., Mass.
Inst. of Tech., Cambridge, Mass. 1955
12. W. C. Trautman,
Regulator,"
13.
Aero Digest March 1942
W. C. Trautman,. "Plastic Elements in Hydraulic Poppet
Valves,"
14
"Development of Hydraulic Pressure
Aero Digest October 1941
0 M. Tidor,
and Flow in a Poppet
"A Study of Pressure
Valve Model," Thesis (S.B.), Dept. of Mech. Engr,,
Mass. Inst. of Tech., Cambridge, Mass,, 1954
15. R. V. Mises "Berechnung on Ausfluss-und-Ueberfallzahlin"
V.DI.,
Band 71, Nr 21, 22, and 23
(Mai, Juni, und
Jui 1917) translated by H. Hug and J. Dunn in an una
published memorandum M-5.0-106 of the Dynamic Analysis
and Control Laboratory of Mass
Cambridge, Mass., 1954
Inst. of Tech.,
APPENDIX
A
-
iDERrATiN
Von Mises considers
iPEIfldDIL;
A
OF A SfIPL'hI" D FOfN OSFVON !I-S
hnefolloring general
Po
EQUATION
haped valve.
,Y
S
-0
',ICGU2 A.-I
Ait
U7-E-4
.11
l
if
inlet
(A-!)
velocity
outlet velocity
then
_bi
(A-2)
and -'he flow per unit length perpendicular to the paperis
(A-3)
By comparing with the definition
it is
(eauationl-l)
of -thedischarege
coefficient
een that
C
d
=-
i
1,
h~
'1a-&
for e(l
ey nmeansof
onforrnmal ian
rnId Bessel
(A-4)
nctions
t
Voon PThses
finds that
41 1
I-
- ae
,'>
1)
b (
~
--"
I.J
(.
al't
L··I
.
ty
=
-
r. c
?r -41
61c
"a
4
-
£
.-
4'~
I
( P/i2
I
Ii~a
T c
s
~incc
c>Os
e~=
,
I
sin
1
l
-I-
A
-t
n i 'h
~F-·-,
;>sSv-~ :uti cOS% jv
-
-4
(-
'a1
~~an
:
n ~l
t
x.
p
(x-
F;=
P
g () cos( -c;),+ SinGY
q nr) n
a+
I,",O
(ca
h~/W
O-a +
12
c
£sq
n=
and
=7
a1 = aot
..
/
_
n.
n
ot
_
a
q
_
lP
:-'2
q
q
I
=n
I
- '7 q
_
t-A
n
a
7)
i, .3i- . P
*
owd.
PiAs even,
,'tha
am
~-~0
-0.hefna
a :Flid
an;~le
$,"7$
isfond:~o
oaif
$ +
.
,
the
2~
e717
irhere
2'sin
+2 s
q-ca n 1 +,/2 - Z C5os
-51sn
(n
- n .l
f
sospitl.'
Using L
lirm f
e
(A-10)
ule
b
lin
.=
(E)
zin ae
-C3~~~~~'=
--0
p4/z
¢
a-I~
nsin
, an-
n-l
Is n
(
rnl
-r
A.
6I
c
+
*
t -k
q
.
<
P.,~
~
1/1
E
ir'
c
o *I ,or
n )
n
-
& i)
-
-i,).1
1--n
'4 *WL2
'
n
-'83.Tn/
:
2.1
t-
-r
cc
I,Q/ .
qn )
n
1 i
,.-I
-
-
Z
c::os
q
n/
i
' '
.",
S n
_ /?
I-
+ (I + :)
O 0"",
- cos a
9,~'
g,,
2 (,u(.)
O
X,.,k
I 01%"
3j =
S-
N
nrl_
n-.L
. .|1
i·-,
jp
i(
.l
'2
: 7
--
1
--. .
n,.!-!
I". .n .
i·
-*
I
' -
(L,.,
.n
:;-.-
o ...
t l
n
.i A
=0
if
f-,72
Y
to eqcual O then f
is
(6) = a-0
o +
as none of he o-ther
--
r.th
Iut
this
, ate n
=-
1
can onv- occur
wihen
true
t
ter , an uty
(A-12)
his cranb2 te-
only if
S + q
+
_i
2q
n =+ n
Therelwas
-ill
1alaiys
--off tMh series
/
C
q
the exit angle
ai n, usin L Hospitalts rule
n=n_+0
_Os I-'C
T--,ichsatisfies
eanst(ht . t i ll plins
i
1(c1ir
( ) UrnNsi~~
=i
- n N sin__
o
2
+
ne
the pocpet anle.
ac
,ar3
lim
r a
E -
at least
be
Fhi1atin if)3-I cn. This
e
tl
(A-: )
1 + c1/
1
"I. l2/
q
'"'IC
¢
t
Cos c
1+q- 1cos o
P/
+ 2 sin !x(
-1
1/ -
1- I
.l/
q
sin
n
s-in c
(3 -Il/q
~a~t·
=L sin
lin
f
I -W-
-
11
&
20
'i
-
(n
g,.+n.'
_n
k,..
,
and
1
T
ITT=
( )
'5
,
77
n-r.
n~sl
-9
.
&__
(X-i14)
at
i
'i
;2
a
c
r
s
I·
APPENDIX B
r'
··
,·
Zb.
45
OPPET
NO TEMPERATUR
RU
CTROL
#1
a~wiP~n
Cd ~W~~nf
InS
~Po
:
0..05,
x~c
F
83 .
.
DX
Re
20
" ?.5.,,7
. ,
:~~~~~~7
:
........
170
72&4
3.0
7?55
.680 .
3.9
5 O
:1.10
,762
.53
0
00
67
9Lo
89 595
-
-10,00 ilso
9o
79
0
..
1,26
1*2
1.33
12
1 ..4
,,6
4 loO
1*51
4--2
1*58
A
0 0
*8
. 00
977 2.*2[20
*5
...
*63.-l
,1
8
4 0
1. +
1
...· 80 20,
5*~O
6
6,60
'
1.0 ~
813 7,l
1.
810
804
.25
23 2
820
27 6
1 .220
·
2 *41
1 *0
805 3 2 0.0
8*0
800
290
83
-- 25
,
4-O
41 2.
.
.167
183
.
1 1
3 -,o..... 1.....................
95..... 2...4
To 5
*700
~.5
.o0
,
62
,
77 !.3.5 . o
10o
......
.3.,o .O-_0
5
2*4
,~5,
,76
780
8,
:
'
0730
l06
s-.
i4J~.4 .29
7.70_ ZU
8. 10
9..
i.''6
. . *70
. . ,7.
i31,,6026
77L ~~~~~35
7.*00
77
i ..
;~8,62
,7~
---6-6762 76Z'r9-i2'06
6.915
:
.,,752........
'25.0
~./~0
.-.
_.i
:1-o40 ... /.. 28'o90......'"'
O
o8
4--8.
5 -,a90
20 ,
1 37.
1 *40~
47
.. 8
-..
450 POPPET
CONTROL
NO TPE3RATURB
RUN #1
Po
1500.
Q
1*95
XCd
92
..3 .45
2 *75
_
.
._
6. 80
2
.2
*82
.
_ 3*10
-.....
_
...
....
804
80
812
I 830
8.20
.
.
.
.
.
_ _-, _
YYII"I---"Pllm-""I-`^I-III-LI---L
19
*10 4.10
3e65
20.*8
3
21 7
0957
98 .
900
.
.
*55-
50
1O15
6.0
1.16
7.15
- 122
1 .40
102
5 65
27-'6
o7902 9 *
..790 30-3
8.50
.
-
'
.
_- 1 1_.
...
........ , i i ._.1_
. _ w_ .
.
.
13802.5
.700
27.6,
0785
11-6
i_/!
.
1.63
23.
_.*720
9*9
i
316
.03 2
_o53
.830 1160
4*70
. _,_o825
9
_ i
_
036-
.o5
_. __
r_ .80
..55L.
4.00
m 90
...
i
1.50
20
6.35-
.
32
6.25
7.62
8.55
875
830 10.30
. .
:
1 32
1.2
124
5.o65
6 80
90I
.
1. 25
555
33.8
88
6*35
6.90'
0'
._
1.08
3 .65
31.6
825
_
2 55905
3 &5
23.5
.80 ,.80,,,30.*3
,
0.0
21.3
*774 28
·
2 .5
2000
26
.411
.600
6.
900
16 *45 .1.*65
.
.805
7 *0
8.7
8.7 ,,
............
.9
.
.73
11.85
.25 1.28
.780 1" I-
4.20 .
5.35
6.o10
4 70
_...
l_
-00.
850
.810
.752
=0796
Re
Po DX
F
I'
5.9
Cd
~~~~~~~
~
..
i
_~ _
... .
·
.
·
.
.
i
.
_
..
i
!
....
_~!__J
..
.
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12
APPENDIX
C
LI ST
-iRTS..'
,uant ity
No
1
3
·
. .;
Description
Material
1
base
Al. Alloy
1
valve body
stentor
1
piston
stentor
valve end plate
stentor
5
1
poppet
stentor
8
1
11
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C.R.S.
9
I
rod
brass
6
Linear Diferential
transformer
12
(Linearsyn st-js)
16
1
Belleville washer
25
3
0- Ring #39
26
1
0- Ring #30
32
4
38
I
Nut, hex
4+6
3
spacers
47
1
spring
48
I
brazed nut and washer
49
2
brazed screw and washer
spring stock
Screw, Socket head Cap
#8-32 x i lgo
-28
-28
50
1
wire
51
2
screw, #8-32 x
52
4
washers #8
53
2
nut, hex #8-32
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3
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4
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-rlSMOOTH IN R
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BY POLISHING.
SMOOTH IN RADIUS
Y POLISHING.
MATERIAL: 'STENTOR"
u
wun
HARDEN TO ROCKWELL C 50-55
450
COMPENSATED
SCALE
2:1
POPPET
z
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APPENDIX
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