Summary 3 – Chapter. 2 – “Prudent Practices…,” p. 2128
Prudent Planning of Chemical Experiments
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Levels of Formality in Experiment Planning
Depending on the experience of the planner this might include:
(1) simple mental evaluation of hazards for straightforward experiments by experienced chemists
(2) formal discussion of the experiment and options with experienced peers for more hazardous operations
(3) a formal hazard review process with complete written documentation of the procedures to be employed for new, unfamiliar, or intrinsically hazardous operations.
The following special areas of laboratory work will almost always require some approval steps: work with radioactive materials; experiments involving pathogens that cause serious or lethal infection; highand lowpressure work; research involving especially hazardous materials; and experiments being scaled up.
Diversity in local, state, and federal regulatory issues and institutional policies also enters into the planning of an experiment. A compound subject to specific regulations or for a large quantity of the same compound might demand a detailed written experiment plan, review by others, authorizing signatures, and accounting of material balances.
Individual Responsibilities for Planning Experiments
Implementation of effective preexperiment review programs must be initiated and backed by the highest level of leadership in an organization. Primary responsibility for daytoday implementation of such programs should rest with individuals who supervise particular laboratory activities. While the experiments may be prepared and conducted by the laboratory workers, it remains the responsibility of the laboratory supervisor to determine what level of experiment planning is appropriate and to be accountable for necessary training, documentation, and compliance with regulations.
The laboratory workers involved with the experiment or procedure should participate actively and monitor the planning process carefully. When planning for new or unfamiliar procedures or experiments, the workers should review the literature and consult experts to assist with the review. These experts may be outside the regular chain of leadership in the organization or may even be outside the organization altogether. They could include program leaders, coworkers, and safety, health, toxicology, and industrial hygiene personnel who are associated with chemical research. Experimenters should also consult appropriate sections of the book and any other available safety, toxicology, and industrial hygiene reference materials that might aid in planning the experiment. At the completion of the preexperiment review process, the workers should have complete familiarity with the planned activities, their associated risks, all protective measures needed, and contingency plans to deal with unexpected events or accidents. The protection of the individual worker and the public is paramount. When conducting
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laboratory activities, workers not only must have the knowledge necessary to ensure their own safety and that of coworkers and society, but also must be willing to accept the responsibility for that safety.
Institutional Policies and Emergency Response Planning
The institution in which the experiment is to be conducted is also responsible for certain aspects of experiment planning. It is generally most for the experienced professionals directly involved in the work to attempt to set guidelines for specific experiments.
However, the institution shares the ethical, legal, and financial burden of ensuring that experimental work is carried out safely and responsibly. Thus, the institution must establish general guidelines for what constitutes prudence in laboratory work practices.
The institution is responsible for setting standards and keeping records of any necessary training of laboratory workers. Moreover, in specific circumstances the institution may spell out guidelines for working with specific hazards, as in the case of an especially toxic compound or a federally regulated drug intermediate. These issues are addressed in the Chemical Hygiene Plan.
Steps for Planning an Experiment
1. The research goals and objectives should be stated clearly in order to generate unambiguous data
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Use the minimum amount of materials needed to successfully carry out the experiment. Consider the substitution of benign alternatives to some reagents.
Consider treatment methods.
Pollution prevention methods can minimize exposure to hazards and the potential risk to the researchers while also minimizing the cost and waste disposal requirements associated with the experiment
Evaluating Hazards and Assessing Risks in the Laboratory
The Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for each hazardous chemical is one of the resources that should be incorporated into experiment planning. Laboratory Chemical
Safety Summaries (LCSSs), which are compiled in Apps. B of PP should be consulted or developed for the materials involved.
In many experiments, new materials are produced whose physical properties and toxicity are unknown. Extreme caution should be used until their compositions can be determined and they can be proven safe. A critical analysis should also involve consideration of the accidents that could occur in even simple experiments – broken glassware causing release of materials, power failures, loss of water to condensers, etc.
Management of Chemicals
The experiment plan should include plans for acquiring and storing chemicals (just in time ordering and just enough) and equipment to be used in the procedures. Materials must be labeled; there must be inventory maintenance and reagent tracking for shelf life; periodic monitoring of reactive chemicals; and avoidance of storage of incompatibles;
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correct storage of flammables, reactive chemicals, etc. Regulations governing shipping and storage of chemicals must be observed (more details in Ch. 4).
Working with Chemicals
Anyone planning the experiment relies on judgment and consultation with the literature and fellow scientists in determining which factors require particular attention. The proposed experimental procedure should be considered in adequate detail before any laboratory operations begin. Preparations should include procedures for sample preparation, equipment assembly, startup, calibration of equipment, data acquisition, product purification and analysis, and storage and disposal of materials after the work is completed. Special consideration should be given to planning for unattended operations, novel equipment that is to be purchased or fabricated, and experiments that are undergoing significant scaleup.
Working with Laboratory Equipment
The equipment hazards should be evaluated. Consideration should be given to whether proper maintenance procedures have been followed and documented for all equipment. The proper use of personal protective equipment such as aprons, face shields, gloves, safety glasses, and respirators should also be planned.
Disposal of Waste
Environmental and waste disposal issues for source reduction, waste minimization, and recycling of materials must be considered in any experiment plan. The chemical composition of all products and waste materials generated by the experiment should be considered, and appropriate handling and disposal procedures for each of these materials should be evaluated in advance.
Laboratory Facilities
The facilities proposed for an experiment should be assessed completely to identify any associated hazards and to determine if the facilities are adequate for the purposes of the experiment being planned. Work with hazardous chemicals should be carried out with fume hoods, elephant trunks, and glove boxes for some operations.
Discussion of Accidents – Paper 3 – How are we exposed to chemicals?
1.Elizabeth Griffin, 22 – died from herpes B virus after being splashed in the eye from body fluids of a rhesus monkey – problem – no goggles $100,000 fine
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2.Dartmouth Chemistry Professor Karen Wetterhahn, 48 – died from mercury poison – one drop of dimethyl mercury penetrated her latex gloves (15 seconds) and was absorbed into her skin – died 298 days later from CNS damage – wrong gloves – needed silver shield gloves – must verify the correct protective equipment is used.
3. Nitric acid and halogenated organic solvents in lab created an explosion – can’t mix incompatible chemicals you must wear your safety glasses at all times in the laboratory even if you aren't "doing anything."
Accident Prevention
· Pay Attention to what you are doing. Lab accidents happen most often when you are cleaning up or doing something you think isn't dangerous. If you notice an unusual fog etc. coming from a waste bottle do not cap it . Close the hood sash and notify your supervisor immediately.
· Always double check the label before pouring anything (waste or otherwise). In the case above, someone in the lab did not read the tag on the waste bottle.
· Properly label your reactions and containers . Specifically label the contents, date and person responsible
· Hoods are not meant for chemical storage .. If you're not using certain chemicals, put them away. This minimizes the risk of mixing incompatible chemicals..
· Never run experiments in hoods where waste is stored . Do not use or store incompatible materials in the same fume hood. In the case above, the combination of organics, acids and bases contributed to the resulting fire.
· Minimize potential injury . When possible, avoid performing benchtop work immediately across from a fume hood that is being used for waste collection or an experiment.
· Use the fume hood correctly . Keep the fume hood sash closed except when necessary to contain accidental fires, ejecta and shrapnel (as well as fumes).
· Do not perform unauthorized experiments . Not only is this generally forbidden, but it increases the chance of an accidental mixing of incompatible chemicals. A student doing this in a lab course may be expelled from the laboratory, charged with a crime, and/or receive a failing grade in the course. Don't risk injury to yourself and others, your
GPA, those dreams of med school, or whatever by pulling a stupid lab stunt.
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Fire and Fire Extinguishers
Fire is the most common serious hazard that one faces in a typical chemistry laboratory.
If your clothing is on fire (and the floor is not), STOP, DROP and ROLL on the ground to extinguish the flames. If you are within a few feet of a safety shower or fire blanket, you can use these instead, but do not try to make it "just down the hall" if you are on fire. If one of your coworkers catches fire and runs down the hallway in panic, tackle them and extinguish their clothing.
The two most common types of extinguishers in the chemistry laboratory are pressurized dry chemical (Type BC or ABC, left) and carbon dioxide (right) extinguishers:
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In addition, you may also have a specialized Class D dry powder extinguisher for use on flammablee metal fires (if not available, use sand on a metal fire). Waterfilled extinguishers are not acceptable for chemistry laboratory use.
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) classifies fires into five general categories (U.S.):
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Class A fires are ordinary materials like burning paper, lumber, cardboard, plastics etc.
Class B fires involve flammable or combustible liquids such as gasoline, kerosene, and common organic solvents used in the laboratory.
Class C fires involve energized electrical equipment, such as appliances, switches, panel boxes, power tools, hot plates and stirrers. Water is usually a dangerous extinguishing medium for class C fires because of the risk of electrical shock unless a specialized water mist extinguisher is used.
Class D fires involve combustible metals, such as magnesium, titanium, potassium and sodium as well as pyrophoric organometallic reagents such as alkyllithiums, Grignards and diethylzinc. These materials burn at high temperatures and will react violently with water, air, and/or other chemicals.
Handle with care!!
Class K fires are kitchen fires. This class was added to the NFPA portable
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extinguishers Standard 10 in 1998. Kitchen extinguishers installed before June 30,
1998 are "grandfathered" into the standard.
Your fire extinguishers should have ABC ratings on them.
· Dry chemical extinguishers are useful for class ABC fires and are your best all around choice. They have an advantage over CO
2 extinguishers in that they leave a blanket of nonflammable material on the extinguished material which reduces the likelihood of reignition. They also make a terrible mess but if the choice is a fire or a mess, take the mess! Note that there are two kinds of dry chemical extinguishers!
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Type BC fire extinguishers contain sodium or potassium bicarbonate.
Type ABC fire extinguishers contain ammonium phosphate.
· CO
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(carbon dioxide) extinguishers are for class B and C fires. They don't work very well on class A fires because the material usually reignites.
A few other extinguishers worth noting:
Halotron I extinguishers , like carbon dioxide units, are for use on class B and C fires.
Halotron I is an ozonefriendly replacement for Halon 1211 (which was banned by international agreements starting in 1994). This "clean agent" discharges as a liquid, has high visibility during dischage, does not cause thermal or static shock, leaves no residue and is nonconducting. These properties make it ideal for computer rooms, clean rooms, telecommunications equipment, and electronics. The superior properties of Halotron come at a higher cost relative to carbon dioxide.
FE36
TM
(Hydrofluorocarbon236fa or HFC236fa) is a DuPontmanufactured Halon
1211 replacement that is available commercially in Cleanguard® extinguishers . The FE
36 agent is less toxic than both Halon 1211 and Halotron I. In addition, FE36 has zero ozonedepleting potential; FE36 is not scheduled for phaseout wheras Halotron I production is slated to cease in 2015. A 100% nonmagnetic CleanGuard model is now available.
If you work around extremely high field magnets such as magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI) machines or nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers (NMR's), you should only have nonmagnetic fire extinguishers on hand.
You are not required to fight a fire. Ever. If you have the slightest doubt about your control of the situation DO NOT FIGHT THE FIRE. Please see the Disclaimer below.
1. Use a mental checklist to make a FightorFlight Decision. Attempt to use an extinguisher only if ALL of the following apply:
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The building is being evacuated (fire alarm is pulled)
The fire department is being called (dial 911).
The fire is small, contained and not spreading beyond its starting point.
The exit is clear, there is no imminent peril and you can fight the fire with your back to the exit.
You can stay low and avoid smoke.
The proper extinguisher is immediately at hand.
You have read the instructions and know how to use the extinguisher.
IF ANY OF THESE CONDITIONS HAVE NOT BEEN MET, DON'T FIGHT THE
FIRE YOURSELF. CALL FOR HELP, PULL THE FIRE ALARM AND LEAVE
THE AREA.
· Whenever possible, use the "Buddy System" to have someone back you up when using a fire extinguisher. If you have any doubt about your personal safety, or if you can not extinguish a fire, leave immediately and close off the area (close the doors, but DO NOT lock them). Leave the building but contact a firefighter to relay whatever information you have about the fire.
· Pull the pin on the fire extinguisher.
· Stand several feet from the fire, depress the handle and sweep back and forth towards the fire. Note:
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Do not walk on an area that you have "extinguished" in case the fire reignites or the extinguisher runs out! Remember: you usually can't expect more than 10 full seconds of extinguishing power on a typical unit and this could be significantly less if the extinguisher was not properly maintained or partially discharged.
The metal parts of CO
2 extinguishers tend to get dangerously cold practice using one beforehand or have someone show you the proper way to hold one.
Again, proper training is usually required by state or federal OSHA
· Direct the extinguisher at the base of the flames until the fire is completely out.
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· Recharge any discharged extinguisher immediately after use. If you discharge an extinguisher (even just a tiny bit) or pull the pin for any reason, call your campus or corporate Fire Marshal's office to arrange a replacement
At least once a month (more often in severe environments) you should inspect your extinguisher. Ensure that: a. b. c. d. e. f.
The extinguisher is not blocked by equipment, coats or other objects that could interfere with access in an emergency.
The pressure is at the recommended level. On extinguishers equipped with a gauge (such as that shown on the right) that means the needle should be in the green zone not too high and not too low.
The nozzle or other parts are not obstructed.
The pin and tamper seal (if it has one) are intact.
There are no dents, leaks, rust, chemical deposits and other signs of abuse/wear. Wipe off any corrosive chemicals, oil, gunk etc. that may have landed on the extinguisher.
Fire extinguishers should be pressure tested (a process called hydrostatic testing) after a number of years to ensure that the cylinder is safe to use. Consu
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