LIBRARY
OF THE
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY
mm
24
Research Program on the
Management of Science and Technology
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES:
THE INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGICAL GATEKEEPER
f^J.^ Allen,
J.M. Piepmeier, and S. Cooney
^67-70
June 1970
MASSACHUSETTS
...QTE OF TECHNOLOGY
50
MEMORIAL DRIVE
IDGE,
MASSACHUSETTS
1S"0
i
MASS. iNST.licnl
I
'JUL
20
1970
DEWEY LIBRARY
^
Research Program on the
Manaqement of Science and Technology
TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO DEVELOPING COUNTRIES:
THE INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGICAL GATEKEEPER
T^J/ Allen, J.M. Piepneier, and S. Cooney
June 1970
#467-70
The research was supported by An Foras Taluntais the Irish Agricultural
Raymond N. Seal'.an provided assistance in the data analysis.
Institute.
The authors gratefully acknowledge the cooperation of the manaqerm nt and
employees of An Foras Taldntais.
,
|
RFCFIVED
AUG 241970
M.
1.
I.
L-ldSKAKItS
ABSTRACT
A questionnaire was developed and administered to tho
research personnel of An Foras Toluntais , the Irish agricultural
research and development organization, to study the operation
of corrimuni cat ions channels for the international transfer of
technological infcrnation. The techniques employed are consistent
with those used in previous studies of the purely domestic flow of
technological information into American research and development
aboratoriesI
Results of the study show that the international transfer,
like domestic transfer, takes place in a two-stt^p process operating
through certain intermediary agents called technological gatekeepers,
These technological gatekeepers must be well integrated into two
information networks, an external network of information sources
and an internal network of users to whom the information can be
delivered.
Possible strategies for gatekeeper development are
discussed.
THE PROBLEM OF INTERNATIONAL TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY
A great deal of attention has been devoted during the past decade
both to the problems of economic development and to the implications
of the so called "information explosion" in science and technology.
Far less consideration, however, has been given specifically to the
point at which these two areas intersect.
The problem posed by this intersection can be stated quite simply.
A massive body of technical
information exists in the world which,
theoretically, the developinq country should be able to tap and apply
in
its development programs.
The developing country must select and
apply this technology efficiently, however, in order to reap the greatest
Cut technology continues to multiply and accumulate
benefits from it.
at such a rapid p?ce that it Is extremely difficult to keep track of it.
How then does tho scientist or engineer working in a developing
country with modest resources isolate and identify those pieces of
vast reservoir of the world's accumulated technical
are relevant to his cur'-ent work?
How,
-fr.e
knowledge that
indeed, can he even discover
whether his particular problem has already been solved by researcher
in
another country?
efficiently
if
Surely limited R&D budgets can be applied more
existing solutions to current technical problems and
new advances in research techniques can be communicated to these abroad
who need them, rather than having to "discover" them over and over again
In
each separate country.
Of course, as many authors have already pointed out, all
from this malady
in
a small
—
P*.D
suffers
however the symptoms are likely to be much more acute
country with limited resources.
duplication of research.
Such a country can ill
afford
-2-
The question to be addressed, therefore,
thf-
is
—
hov/
do
v/c
improve
information from research groups
one country and deliver it to research groups in another (particularly
in
a
cornmuni cations channels that carry
developing) country?
A
prerequisite for answering such a question
must be a good understanding of the ways in which scientific and technological
information flows between countries.
An understanding of the
way in which the existing system functions can oft.jn, by itself, suggest
directions for irprovement, and will
errors
in
lessen the likelihood of costly
policy formation or system design.
THE PROBLEM OF
I
NTER-ORGANIZATIOIJAL TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY
Before turning directly to an examination of channels used in international
technology transfer, it will be useful to look first at an anal-
ogous situation.
The large, technology-based firm faces a problem very
similar tc that confronted by the small country.
can be technologically self-sufficient.
No single organization
There will always be relevant
technology to be inported into the organization.
The means by which large
American corporations accomplish this feat has been the subject for much
research in recent years.
(I)
Most attempts at bringing new technology into the firm have assumed a
straightforward model of information flow.
interface between technical personnel
environment
is
a
in
According to this model, the
the firm and the external technical
Each and every member of the
simple and direct one.
organization accomplishes this interface
in
exactly the same way.
reads the literature and talks with people outside of the firm.
He both
To promote
technology transfer under the terms of this model, all one must do
is
increase the degree and ease of contact between organization members and
the
tv/o
external
Information sources.
Although in theory, this
is
very
simple.
In
practice it often becomes very costly and
Is
frequently In-
effective.
Research now shows that neither of these sources has been successful
in
providing information to the average industrial scientist or engineer.
The literature is ineffective because It is not used (2).
The average
engineer makes very little use of his literature, particularly that
contained
more,
do
professional engineering and scientific journals.
in
Further-
Increasing the quantity of literature to which he is exposed will
little to alleviate this situation, since he already feels swamped by
written material
Direct contact with people outside of the organization is ineffective
for different reasons.
Such contact occurs quite a lot, but studies
have shown a consistent negative correlation between the use of this
There are many reasons
information source and the user's performance (3).
for this.
Suffice It to say at this point that the channel
is
a "noisy"
one, subject to misinterpretation, and is, therefore, an ineffective
medium for technology transfer (4).
There
is
only one information source,
in
of these studies, whose
all
use has consistently shown a positive correlation with technical per-
formance.
It
lies not outside the firm, but within.
A colleague of the
Information seeker within his own organization proves to be the most
effective direct source of information.
This, however, begs the question
of transferring Information into the firm, and it isn't until one steps
back and looks more carefully at the internal consultant that the most
effective connection to the outside world appears.
Those who were highly
chosen as internal consultants also, on the average, made significantly
greater use of the professional and scientific journals and maintained
on going informal
contact with many colleagues
in
other organ! zations.
-4-
particularly university and non-profit laboratories (5).
They, thus
serve as intermediaries between the average member of the firm and
external sources of information.
the name "technological
For this reason, they have been given
gatekeeper".
The technological gatekeeper receives information from a wide variety
of sources external to the laboratory and,
source for his colleagues
in
in
the laboratory.
turn, acts as an information
Such a two-step flow seems
to be significantly more effective in transferring technology than a simple
direct connection from source to receiver.
Gatekeepers, in at least some
organizations, exist not as solitary intermediaries, but have actually
developed a network among themselves (6).
The gatekeeper network extends
considerably the range of contact between organization members and sources
of information in the world at large.
The two-step phenomenon has been show to play an Important role in
communications over a wide spectrum of human effort including:
the
adoption of hybrid seed corn by farmers (7); the prescribing of new
drugs by doctors (8); and the spread of political opinions among the
electorate (9).
process
is
It
important
is
in
not surprising therefore that the same two-step
technology transfer into R&D labs.
For some time now it has seemed possible to extend the methods
used in the study of American R&D laboratories to the problem of the
small
nation.
As a first step
in
this direction, an empirical analysis
has been made of the way in which foreign agricultural
information is
acquired, by one small country, and then disseminated among its agricultural
scientists.
This study hypothesizes that communications channels for the
international transfer of technical
information will also demonstrate a
two-step flow process and that "international technological gatekeepers"
can be isolated and identified as key intermediaries through which
""]
-5-
information from abroad is channelled and distributed.
To facilitate comparison, the methods used to identify
international
gatekeepers are tailored on the pattern of previous studies of American
laboratories.
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION
The sample population comprised the native-born personnel
of An Foras Tal untais (AFT - the Irish Agricultural
researcti personnel
including
and first and second line supervisors but not tech-
nicians or the Headquarters (administrative) staff.
spending less than
(10),
Institute)
2^1>
Those who reported
of their tine on RiD were also removed from the
sample.
An Foras Taluntei s operates under a charter similar to that of many
other government supported research institutes.
One of its primary
goals is the acquisition of information to promote agricultural
as a means toward the economic and social
It,
therefore, acts
in
innovation
development of the nation.
one sense as a gatekeeping institution, rrediating
between the Irish farmer and agricultural developments occurring both
within and outside of the country.
AFT
is
(II)
divided into six divisions.
Each division is further sub-
divided into several departments (Glasshouse Crops and Mushrooms, Meat
Each department may be spread over
Research, Pig Husbandry, etc.).
several geographic areas and,
departments may be lumped into
furthermore, sections of several separate
a
single research center.
personnel of AFT aro overwhelmingly Irish by nationality
of tht Republic of
Ireland or Mcrthern Ireland).
of 168 scientists contained 55 Ph.D.'? and most of
The research
(95?.
are citizens
The sample population
th^.
remiMninq held
dearee or certification higher than the bachelors level.
a
l/iETHOD
OF INVESTIGATION
The Questionnaire
A brief questionnaire containing 30 questions v;as administered
to all scientists in An Foras Taluntais
.
In
addition to the usual
demographic and biographic questions, the respondents were asked to
name the people both within and outside of AFT with whom they most fre-
quently communicated on scientific matters, and to estimate the intensity
of thoir foreign correspondence over the past year.
enjoyed an
85?^
The questionnaire
response.
Criteria for Choosing International Gatekeepers
To be an effective gatekeeper in an international sense an individual
must be well
integrated into two netv;orks:
an external
information sources end an internal network of domestic users to whom the
Internal
I
—
required information can be delivered.
The
ftetwork
The structure of the internal
by examining the
responses to
tite
communication network can be approximated
question
scientific discussion partners are named.
nected to those whom he names.
or diagram format (Figure
I).
in
which "most frequent"
Each respondent Is thus con-
This can be accomplished in either matrix
This allows the ccrrputatlon
o-f
the number
of entering branches can be used as an index of the number of people who
turn to a given individual
for information, or the number of people who
can potentially bo reached by information held by that person.
A person
with a large number of entering branches is likely to be a very impor-
tant source of information for his colleagues in the organization.
For
purposes of the present study, this person will be called a "communication
star" (12).
^
neiwork of foreign
Numbers 20 and 28 are communication stars in the figure.
.
BY
CHKO. BY
DATE..,
DATE..
SHEET NO._
JOB NO.__
OF.
Network
External
For a communication star to also be a technological
gatekeeper
he would have to be well
integrated into an external
information sources.
choosing a discriminator to identify those who
In
network of foreign
have established and do employ an enternal network two factors are imThe discriminator must identify:
portant.
(a)
those who frequently
and continually use the network, and (b) those whose network is broad
enough to include diversity of foreign information sources.
Two criteria
—
the frequency of foreign technical correspondence
and the frequency of foreign scientific and professional
are used.
society attendance
Each of these channels can be used frequently and each allows
contact with a large number of overseas colleagues.
The degree to which
they are used is therefore judged to be a good measure of integration
into the external
network.
For the concept of the "technological
operative,
it
gatekeeper'' to be proved
must be demonstrated that the communication stars described
above actually do receive a greater amount of foreign information than
do their colleagues.
foreign technical
If
each Individual were to receive most of his
information directly from its source (direct flow)
the role of gatekeeper would be meaningless.
Similarly,
if
the high
international communicators were isolates within the country, the gate-
keepers would be non-existent.
be instrumental
in
Simply stated, a single individual must
both the acquisition and dissemination of foreign
information.
In
fact, the data show that technical
discussion stars actual
receive significantly more International technical
ly
do
information than non-
stars as measured by frequency of foreign correspondence and attendance
BY
CHKD. BY
SHEET NO
JOB NO
DATE...
DATE..
Me,/fA/ A/i/M6e/l
i^P
OF.
r/M£S
Connerp<3f^peAice w/r//
/^rr^/^OAf^C£
^7-
O
8y
10
/f^TS/d^yfL
'^O
3o
C^AfM^/^^^^r/fi^ ^^>i«^r
„
•10-
at foreign scientific and professional society conferences (Figure 2).
They also read a significantly greater number of foreign journals (13).
The gatekeeper hypothesis is quite strongly supported.
O^A^ACTERISTiCS OF THL INTERNATIONAL GATEKEEPER
(14) have found that gatekeepers
Recent studies
in
American laboratories
are better educated and higher in performance than their non-gatokeeper
They are, on the average, more likely to have a Ph.D. degree,
colleagues.
likely to be named Ly their
are more frequently published, and are rnore
organisations as
the,
most important contributors to its technical goals.
The gatekeeper (15) on an international scale also displays greater
technical competence th^n his non -gatekeeper colleagues.
performance
Technical
of course, extremely difficult to measure, but to tht extent
is
that publication of scientific and professional papers and the acquisition
of patents serves
hirjh
performer,
as an
indeed.
the average, sifini
'f
indicator, the international gatekeeper
The technological
a
is
gatekevjirs in AFT are, on
icanl ly superior to their colleagues
and patents and a higher proportion have a Ph.D.
in both
publications
degree (Figure 3).
THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL GATEKEEPERS
Given the existence of gatekeepers at an international
their importance
portant problem
in
nov/
level
and
coupling the country to foreign technology, the imbecomes how to develop people into this rclo.
There
are of course many possibilities, but two v/ould appear most likely.
First of all, a scientist might develop contacts through foreign education
and maintain these after returning home.
ment desiring
If
this were the case, a govern-
to stimulate the importation of foreign technical
could do so by supporting the education of its citizens
in
information
those countries
DATE...
BY
CHKD. BY
DATE..
SHEET ud
JOB NO._
or„
/S
<o, ^o/
,^^
Pf2oressr/^//f^L
*"
O/f-TEf^ee/^e^^
pj£oP^M'r/aA/ w/ia
Ph.
D
oe^fe^^e.
f <o,or
zr
with which it hoped to promote conrnuni cation.
On the other hand, a
more direct attack upon the problem might be to encourage the employment
of foreign nationals.
in
The foreigners would presumably retain contacts
their home countries, thereby establishing
tliernsel
1
J
ves as potential
gatekeepers for tht host country.
fact, neither of these potential
In
solutions appears worthy of
support.
The people who are functioning as gatekeepers for the agri-
cultural
institute were not predominantly foreign-educated (Figure 4).
Proportionately, gatekeepers have fewer foreign degrees than do nongatekeepers.
Foreign education does not appear to be an effective strategy
for creating gatekeepers.
Employment
in
however, quite effective In this regard.
research
in
another country is,
A very high proportion of the
gatekeepers (R9.3 percent) were either employed by a foreign agency or
firm nr visited another country to vrark on a sabbatical or research fellowship.
This finding seems quite reasonabU:.
Far more enduring relationships
can be established during post-graduate research than during the educational
process.
government wishing to er.tablish foreign communicotion channels
A
would, therefore, be well advised to support the graduates of its own
universities
for short periods of work abroad,
rather than to support
foreign education.
The effectiveness of foreign visits in promoting communication is,
naturally,
a
decaying function of the time since the last visit (Figure 5).
Unless given an opportunity to renew acquaintanceships, a person's
level of foreign communication will
from the present data, scientists,
should be encouraged to participate
to ten years.
steadily decline with tine.
wlio
in
Judging
are to function as gatekeepers,
foreign sabbaticals every five
international conferences certainly have a potential
offsetting this decline.
for
Just how effective they are in maintaining these
M-
communicatlon channels remains to be determined.
When it comes to the question of employing foreign nationals
the recipient country, the situation is somewhat different.
in
While
international transfer of technology is fostered by enabling talented
researchers to undertake periods of foreign research employment, the
reverse process seems to work poorly.
by the recipient country
That Is, foreign nationals employed
a research capacity have not become gatekeepers
in
r]
for international transfer of technology (16).
Even the many foreign
personnel who display all the other qualities applicable to the gate-
keeper (authorship of many papers, Ph.D., foreign employtnent, substantial
foreign correspondence, and frequent attendance at foreign scientific
conferences) do not communicate with a sufficient number of colleagues
within the country tc qualify themselves as gatekeepers.
Although they
have successfully established the requisite network of external contacts,
they seem unable to construct the internal
network and therefore fail
to function effectively as gatekeepers.
This most certainly does not imply that their direct contribution
to the nation
is
at all
small.
The foreigners in the sample are very
productive scientists, and are undoubtedly making a very large direct
contribution to the Irish economy.
in
a
gatekeeper capacity.
They are merely not functioning
That role,
it
appears,
is
reserved for the
native-born scientists.
The reasons for this failure to develop an internal network ©ven
when an extensive external network has been put together are not entirely
clear.
The ten researchers of other nationality in our sample have been
employed by the agricultural
institute a fewer number of years on the
average than the gatekeepers or the other Irish researchers.
Gatekeepers,
on the other hand, have been employed slightly longer than their colleagues.
BY
CHKD. BY
SHEET NO
JOB NO
DATE..
DATE..
^T
X
!
o
I
^
S
-^
10
ye/f£s s/f^cE j/^sr
0—e
& G
ij
o
u^a/^/>^//^^
>
^O
/S'
v/s/t
OF.
16-
The shorter average duration of employment might well explain the fact
that no foreigners appear among the communication stars.
fact we suspect that a more general
In
Cn the average, the longer an
Tal untais the greater
communi
Celt ion
is
mechanism
is
operating.
Irishman has been employed by An Foras
the number of colleagues who choose him for
and, therefore, the wider his internal
network becones.
The foreigner, on tht ottier hand, does not seern to be able to increase
his range of contacts with
tii-ne
(Figure 6).
The foreigner requires much
longer to become integrated into the nation's technical
network.
communication
Foreigners heve been employed by the institute up to six
years, but still
do not show a degree of
integration comparable with
Anyone hoping tc rely upon foreign nationals for
that of the natives.
the gatekeeping function should be blessed with great patience.
CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS
The existence of international technological
gatekeepers as inter-
mediaries in the technology transfer process has now been clearly derronst rated.
The international gatel.eepers display characteristics which are very
similar to those found
in
American R&D laboratories.
They are, on the
average, technically more competoni and more productive.
They regulcrly
read a large number of technical publications and hold a Ph.D. degree
significantly more frequently than their colleagues.
The international gatekeeper^ ability to keep abreast of foreign
technological developments is an important asset for every small country.
The gatekeeper mechanism is not only an effective way for a country to
import technological
information, but
inexpensive way as well.
it
would appear to be
a
relatively
The cost of allowing a gatekeeper to maintain
SHEET NO
JOB NO
.DATE..
.DATE..
I
/
-
3
G
<f
/Z-
OF.
his foreign contacts through
in
light of
th(5
periodic travel
benefits tc be derived.
certainly not the copiplete answer to
al
quite small, whtn viewed
is
The getokeeper phenomenon is
of the
I
srnol
Put an undorstcinding of this process coupled with ?
itilize
I
upon it
Ittle costs
tr;
Ci>rtainly bo
\/ill
th-
in
a
in
in
v/i
I
i
I
ngnoss to Ccp-
this dirnctior, with
indicates that the gatekeeper develops hi?
most effoctivoly through active research experience
(,T>nt.>cts
Coing rosearcti
foreigr. ccuntn/.
fective
long step
n.>tIor..
The present evidunco
'.xtern.il
ri
nation's prohlotns.
I
another country
in
is rriore ef-
estaljlishinq corrmun cat on with foreign scientists than is
i
i
university attendance,
tablished during
more enduring re!
^lucfl
.jt
ionshi
i
ps
seer'i
to be es-
year of postgraduate research than are established
ci
curing several years of education.
The implications of these results are unambiguous.
transfer of technology
is
to open those channels through which
In
educated research personnel
dcrriost ical ly
research abroad.
It
international
i
information flows most effectively.
order to foster increased information flow
able,
If
to be fostered, the small nation should seek
a
country should assist
in
getting grants to dc
should encourage researchers to take foreigr. sabbatical;
fellcwships and other forms of extended foreign technical experience.
It
should not, however, spend rroney directly on foreign education for its
personnel.
Foreign research
emf) loync-nt
and other
forriis
of foreign technical
experience greatly increase an individual's ability to fill
international technological
inlernat
In
ion.il
the role of
gatekeeper and thus improve channels for
communications.
Foreign education, per se , does not.
addition, the nation should recognize that gatekeepers are an
efficient r-^chani
their role.
srn
f(r trcinsfer and it should help them to perform
This can be done first of
al
I
by helping tliem to maintuin
19-
existing contacts ihrouph foreign travel.
A second possibility is suggested
from observation of gatekeeper functioning in AnPTican research
(20).
Analysis h?s shown that
n
sotne
U.S.
I
ijbcrcitories
laboratories thtre has
developed, quite spontaneously, a rather extensive and very cohesive
networks of gatekeepers.
These networks are generally confined to a
single technical specialty, but often overlap and can include
of several
specialtiv;5 in
a
mt
rnhers
single network, depending upon circumstances.
This clustering of gatekeepers into a network enhances their functic.ning
considerably.
Information ccn now enter through
a
single gatekeeper,
and eventually reach almost any person needing it cftcr being transmitted
along the gatekeeper network.
now has not a single
worl d-at- arge,
I
i
The average scientist or technologist
nterniedi ary
functioning between himself and the
but an entire network of intermediaries.
The probability
of closing the path between information scurco and user is thereby
increased by a considerable arnount.
A small
country could, with little
effort, emuh^te this example and attempt to establish internal networks
anonq its gatekeepers.
This would most certainly enhance its ability to
import the needed technology for economic development.
REFERENCES
1.
For reviews of such studies over the past ten years see the chapters
on "Information tleeds and Uses in C. Cuadra (ed.) Annual P'leviev,' of
through IV.
For a
Inforaiotion Science and Technology , Vols.
theoretical nrjdel describiny just how the process occurs, see T.J.
Information ,
Al len Managing the Flow of Scientific and Technological
report to the Office of Science Information Service, National Science
Foundation, I9G6.
I
2.
T.J. Allen, The performance of information chc^nnels in the transfer
ndustrial Management F^.eview , 8, 1965; L.H. Berul ,
of technology.
M.E.
Filing, A.'Karson, A.B. Shafrity and H. Sleber, De partmont of
Defense User Needs S tudy, Anerbach Corp. 1965; A.F. Goodmcn, J.D.
Hodges, Jr., B.W. AnT^alet and i-:.Q. McCord, POD User needs Study
Phase II, Nortt) American Aviation, Inc. Autonetics Division, 1966.
I
,
3.
T.J. Allen, Performence of information channels in the transfer of
Industrial ^lanageirient Review, 8^, 1966; C.W. Shilling
technology.
and J. Bernard, Inform al Communication At.ion g Bio- scientists (Report
Georgo Washington University Biological
No. I6A) Washington B.C.:
Communications Project, 1964; T.J. Allen, The Use of Information
Channels in R&D Proposal Preparation (Itorking Paper i^lo. 97) Cambridge
M. I.T. Sloan School of Management, 1964; N.R. Baker, J. Siegmann and
A.H. Rubenstein, The effects of perceived needs and means on the
generation of ideas for industrial research and development projects.
IE EE Transactions on Engineering Management 14, I960.
4.
For an extensive theoretical discussion of this problem see, D. Katz
and R.L. Kahn, The Social Psychology of Organ isations New York:
v/I
5.
ley
1966,
Chapter
"3.
Allen and S.I. Cohen, Information flow
Administrative Scienc" Quarterly, K, 1969.
T.J.
T.J. Allen, Network analysis
1970 (in press)
7.
8.
R^.D
P&C laboratories.
laboratories,
Diffusion of Innovations , New York:
E.M.
Rogers,
J.S.
ODieman,
E.
Process , New York:
9.
in
in
and li. flenzel. Medical
Bobbs Merrill, 1966.
!(at2,
R.'.
D [^anagenent
The Free Press,
Innovatiop:
A
Pi
f
1965.
fu sion
B. Berelson, and h. Gaudet, The People's Choice ,
P.F. Lazarsfeld,
"The Two-Step
Katz, E.
Duel I, Sloan, end Pierce, 1948.
fjew York:
Flow of Communication", in W. Schremm (Ed.), r'as s Communication ,
University of Illinois, 1960.
2nd ed. Urbana, Illinois:
10.
Foreign born scientists are considered specially and treated
later part of +hf,: paper.
11.
M.
i
I/.
,
Woods,
strati on,
Research
in
Ireland
,
Dublin:
in
a
Institute of Public Adfiin-
1969,
Communication stars are operationally defined as individuLls with
nunber of branches entering their nodes (communication choices by
a
(references continued)
colleagues) equal to or greater than one standard deviation above
the mean number of entering nodes for the sample.
13.
They regularly read a greater number of domestic journals as well.
14.
T.J. Allen, Roles in technical communication networks.
D.K. Pollock
and C. Nelson (eds.) Communication Among Scientists and Technologists
Heath (in press.)
Lexington:
15.
Gatekeepers are operationally defined as communication stars who
also have either engaged in correspondence with research workers
in other countries or have attended foreign conferences to a degree
greater than the mean for the sample.
16.
H.M. Blalock, Social
Statistics, New York:
McGraw-Hill,
I960.
0CT6
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0,0.0,'
Date Due
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