Serving the Farm and Home
Interests of Oregon
1934-1936
By
FRANK L. BALLARD
Extension Bulletin 493
November 1936
Oregon State College
Federal Cooperative Extension Service
Corvallis
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Serving the Farm and Home
Interests of Oregon
1934-1936
By
FRANK L. BALLARD
Extension Bulletin 493
November 1936
Oregon State College
Federal Cooperative Extension Service
Corvallis
Cooperative Extension Work in Agriculture and Home Economics
Wm. A. Schoenfeld, Director
Oregon State Agricultural College and United States Department of Agriculture, Cooperating
Printed and distributed in furtherance of the Acts of Congress of May 8 and June 30, 1914
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL
5
A COOPERATIVE PROGRAM FOR RURAL BETTERMENT
7
Oregon Agriculture on Sound Basis
Sources of Information Broad
Funds Come From Three Sources
Definite Projects Followed
All Types of Service Increased
Rural Home Betterment is Objective
County Leaders Determine Program
Outlook Conferences Held in 25 Counties
State Funds Shrink; County Support Gains
Federal Emergency Funds Help
Bankhead-Jones Appropriation Replaces Emergency Funds
Federal Funds Restricted
UNFILLED DEMANDS ON EXTENSION SERVICE.
Vegetable Seed Industry Asks Help
Weed Eradication Program Needed
More Home Economics Workers Needed
Crop Pest Control Urged
Program for Older Rural Youth Impends
Summary of Immediate Needs
DEPARTMENTAL REPORTS
Home Economics
Specialists Added
Vacation Camps Popular
Homemakers' Conferences .
Four-H Clubs
Entire Staff Supports Program
State Leadership Strong
Local Leaders Important
Horticulture
Plant Certification Established
Varietal Trials Conducted
Little-Leaf Problem Solved
Soil Moisture Studied
Soils
Soil Problems Varied
Orchard Soil Problems Important
Western Oregon Irrigation Increased
Soil-Erosion Projects Started
More Lime Used
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Farm Crops
Better Forage Crops Introduced
Community Seed Production Fostered
Most Ladak Alfalfa Seed Grown in Oregon
Pea Seed Industry Developed
Field Nurseries Maintained as Demonstrations
Seed Certification Expanded
Weed Control Work Spotted
Dairy Husbandry
Butter Scoring Encourages High Quality
Oregon Leads in Bang's Disease Program
Herd Improvement Associations Being Increased
Animal Husbandry
Lamb Shows Aid Industry
New Lamb-Scours Treatment Tested
Taylor Grazing Act in Effect
Logged-Off Land Put to Use
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Poultry Husbandry
Turkey Industry Advanced
Turkey Marketing Stabilized
Marketing
Cooperative Principles Emphasized
Existing Cooperatives Encouraged
Wise Production Basis of Sound Marketing
Competition Lessened
Grades and Standards Supported
Statistical Data Compiled
Cooperation with Biological Survey
28
Miscellaneous
New-Settler Schools Conducted
Grange Committees Cooperate with County Agents
32
SPECIAL FEDERAL COOPERATION
AAA Programs Introduced
County Agents Serve Associations
Drought-Relief Program Directed
Water Development Permanent
Farm-Debt Adjustment Outstanding
Rural Rehabilitation Aided
Grazing Act Vital to Oregon
Extension Range Work Established
Liver-Fluke Control Effective
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September 5, 1936
To Dr. George W. Peavy, President,
Oregon State Agricultural College.
Sir:
I have the honor of transmitting herewith the
biennial report of the Federal Cooperative Extension
Service, Oregon State Agricultural College, for the
period July 1, 1934, to June 30, 1936, as prepared by
Professor Frank L. Ballard, Vice Director of the
Agricultural Extension Service.
May I invite your close inspection of this report,
entitled "Serving the Farm and Home Interests of
Oregon." It contains many matters of interest from
administrative, organization, and subject-matter
standpoints. It epitomizes into terse paragraphs
important work rendered by the Agricultural Extension Service to the several agricultural industries and
areas in the state of Oregon.
May I ask you to forward a copy of this biennial
report to the Chancellor, Oregon State System of
Higher Education.
Respectfully submitted,
Wm. A. Schoenfeld, Director
Agricultural Extension Service
Serving the Farm and Home
Interests of Oregon
1934-1936
By FRANK L. BALLARD
A Cooperative Program for Rural Betterment
IN
NO
NO
SIMILAR PERIOD since the first establishment of Federal
Extension work in Oregon in 1914 has the work
of the staff members of the Extension Service been so greatly in
demand or the results of their work so striking in volume and
inclusive in its application as during the past two years.
This has been due only partly to the many emergency and
other special federal programs that have been carried into effect
in this state through the cooperation of the state extension forces.
While these special programs have greatly increased the work of
the extension division the regular projects of state origin, which
are the foundation of sound extension work, have been continued
and in some cases expanded.
Perhaps the most outstand-
ing example of this 'was the
holding of 25 agricultural out-
:
look conferences in as many
counties of the state to reap- 00.4
praise the work done by similar tY*I
conferences which were a pio-
neer venture of the Extension
Service in Oregon more than
ten years ago. Oregon's methods in this respect were looked
.
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to as a guide for a nationwide movement in this direction.
The departmental reports which follow show also the extent
to which the regular projects of the Extension Service have been
carried on in the face of unprecedented emergency demands upon
the time and facilities of the extension staff.
Oregon agriculture on sound basis
Oregon has emerged from the depression in sounder condition than has been the case in many other parts of the country. This is probably due to the soundness of Oregon's agri7
8
SERVING THE FARM AND HOME INTERESTS OF OREGON
culture, which has been guided in its development to a great
extent through the work of the Extension Service in applying
to Oregon conditions the findings of Oregon's agricultural
experiment stations and the facts developed by federal and
other public agencies.
It will be shown in the following pages that extension
work was carried on by 61 regularly appointed extension
agents in 34 of the 36 Oregon counties. The agricultural
agents and their assistants alone held close to 8,000 meetings
and tours during the biennium, attended by more than 300,000
persons. This type of service, together with office calls, letters
written, and similar contacts, shows an increase of almost 50
per cent over the preceding biennium.
Sources of information broad
One of the three major functions of Oregon State College
is extension. The fundamental purpose of the Extension Service is to carry information in the sciences and the arts to the
farms and homes of the state. Much of the subject matter
thus carried to the people naturally originates in the various
research laboratories of the State College, or the branch agri-
cultural experiment stations. Offerings are not confined to
subject matter of home origin, however, the findings of adapt-
able research everywhere are reviewed by the specialists of
the Extension Service and suitable projects evolved for inclusion in the definite programs that are developed in cooperation
with the local people in Oregon rural communities.
Funds come from three sources
The Extension Service represents the United States
Department of Agriculture and is the agency within the state
through which extension work of the National Government is
brought to the farm and the home. Federal funds supplied
57.8 per cent of all extension appropriations for the fiscal year
1934-35 and 54 per cent for 1935-36. All projects now in effect
since the withdrawal of all millage funds in 1933-34, are con-
ducted cooperatively with the United States Department of
Agriculture.
Along with the State and the Federal Government, a
third cooperating agency in building the Extension Service
is the counties of Oregon, which make annual appropriations
to the state, to be expended through the State College, for
establishing extension agents within the counties. For the
calendar year 1935, these county appropriations increased
101 per cent over 1934, and for 1936, 71 per cent over 1935.
A COOPERATIVE PROGRAM FOR RURAL BETTERMENT
9
Definite projects followed
Effectiveness is gained by conducting work under definitely organized cooperative project agreements. These pro-
jects together constitute a state program. This program has
its origin in the accumulations of biological and economic
data available after they have been interpreted, revised, and
adapted to local conditions by committees and groups of
research and extension workers, farm organization leaders,
farmers, and homemakers. In each county the extension
agents follow a definite program, which is given annual revision. This program is reviewed to obtain an annual summary of accomplishments. Production, marketing, home improvement, training boys and girls in the fundamentals of
agriculture and home economicsin short, broad economic
and social advancement in country life, are objectives in these
programs.
All types of service increased
During the biennium county agricultural agents and assistants held 7,974 meetings and tours in 35 counties, which
were attended by 307,531
persons. This compares
with 5,417 meetings attended by 209,939 persons during the previous biennium,
an increase of 41 per cent in
number of meetings and of
46 per cent in numbers attending. There were 314,063 office calls during the
biennium, which was an increase of 77 per cent. In
addition, the agents wrote 199,005 letters, as compared with
116,217 in the previous biennium.
A similar increase in activity was shown by the six home
demonstration agents who held 6,220 meetings, attended by
165,084 persons, as compared with 3,660 meetings attended by
104,830 persons in the previous biennium. These home dem-
onstration agents cared for 12,502 office callers and wrote
10,066 letters, as compared with 10,677 office calls and 8,195
letters the two years before. Four-H club work continued to
advance, with a total enrollment of 42,950 girls and boys, in
4,390 clubs, as compared with an enrollment of 39,903 in 4,277
clubs during the previous biennium.
10
SERVING THE FARM AND HOME INTERESTS OF OREGON
Rural home betterment is objective
In all the plans and programs of the Extension Service
the ultimate objective is the rural home. Through all the
years since the definite organization of the Extension Service
by the passage of the Smith-Lever Act May 8, 1914, there has
been increased realization that presentations of both scientific and social subject matter, from the technical departments
and from the humanities, bear equal importance in driving
toward a more profitable farm and more cultured home.
Viewing extension from what we believe to be an adequate perspective, therefore, these plans and programs give no
authority to the term program "for men", "for women", "for
club young folks". Instead, all effort is directed toward
the conception of work with men directed toward increased
profits from improved management, but always with under-
4-H
standing that this is work for the family. Likewise, work is done
with women but not necessarily for women, but for the family;
so likewise with the 4-H club young people.
County leaders determine program
In the counties, every extension agent works on a program which is to a great degree determined by the leaders
within the county, the nature of the work, of course, being
that contemplated by the originatinglegislation. The extension
agents who deal most directly
with farm problems are working on long-time programs de' termined mainly as a result of
formal
conferences with leaders
.
in all phases of agriculture with-
,
in the county. These confer-
ences were held throughout the
- state in the period between 1924
and 1927. Revisions are made
annually to meet changing con'. ditions. The work with women
is likewise to a great degree de-
termined within the county by special home extension committees. Four-H club work is carried on in close cooperation
with school officials and local leaders.
Outlook conferences held in 25 counties
The programs under way in the counties were given
critical review during the past winter when 25 county outlook
A COOPERATIVE PROGRAM FOR RURAL BETTERMENT
11
conferences were held. These were two-day meetings of the
leading farmers in each county, most of the time being spent
in committee consideration of biologic and economic factors
connected with farm production and marketing. Five thousand farmers participated in these conferences. One result is
a revision of the work being undertaken in most of the counties.
State funds shrink; county support gains
There has been no increase in revenues from the state
during the biennium other than $18,147.14 of state duplication of county appropriations as a result of increased support
in the counties. The State Educational Extension fund and
the Cooperative Farm Demonstration fund were again reduced 20 per cent by action of the 1935 Legislature. In the
last appropriation period, when counties arranged cooperation for the calendar year 1937, twenty-one of the cooperating
counties increased appropriations somewhat to meet the increased costs and greater volume of work.
Federal emergency funds help
In the first year covered by this report, Agricultural Adjustment Administration funds were applied to the Federal
Cooperative Extension Service in the amount of $71,568.98 in
order that adequate assistance could be given in several emergency programs affecting agriculture and rural life, originat-
ing in the Department of Agriculture, mainly in the AAA.
These temporary or emergency programs, it was found,
greatly increased interest in the longer-established extension
projects under way in the field. Many thousands of farmers
conferred with the extension agents in order to gain information on such questions of current interest as the production
control plans, drouth relief, and water development. These
contacts developed other demands on the agents, and as a
result the work increased heavily.
Bankhead-Jones appropriation replaces emergency funds
To provide for a part of this increased demand and to
assist in caring for a continuation of the presentation of current AAA plans, the United States Department of Agriculture
in 1935 joined appropriate committees of the Land-Grant
College Association in helping to obtain an additional congressional appropriation for the Extension Service. Under
12
SERVING THE FARM AND HOME INTERESTS OF OREGON
the terms of this legislation, known as the Bankhead-Jones
Act, effective September 1, 1935, new funds were available in
the amount of $71,300.75 annually. This was not an addition
to the current budget of this amount, but rather a replacement
of certain temporary funds by a smaller total of permanent
funds. For more than 18 months the annual contribution of
so-called emergency funds to the Extension Service for participation in educational programs underlying federal projects vital to the country people had exceeded on an annual
basis the sum now made a permanent annual appropriation.
When this fund became available, certain changes in organization were made. The number of emergency assistant
county extension agents was reduced, and funds were budgeted for offering additional extension agents on a permanent
basis in eight counties, The addition to the central staff of a
long-needed second specialist in farm crops was approved, as
was the addition of a rural life specialist, two specialists in
home economics, and a specialist in agricultural engineering.
Federal funds restricted
It should here be recorded that, so far as Federal Cooperative Extension proper is concerned, it has been operated on
funds appropriated for specific purposes, or restricted funds,
since the millage funds were entirely removed in 1933-34.
True, a small amount of millage, $6,138.00, was allotted to
Extension for the fiscal year 1935-36, but it was not used to
any appreciable degree for the projects that are cooperative
between the United States Department of Agriculture and
Extension Service, or the Extension Service and the counties
and is not administered as extension work. Instead, it is used
for certain miscellaneous field activities that are always a requirement in the School of Agriculture, but that cannot properly be charged, it seems, to resident instruction, research, or
cooperative extension. They more closely approach general
extension activities and should properly continue to be financed by millage allotments.
Unfilled Demands on Extension Service
THE Extension Service has representation in every
ATHOUGH
county in the state except twoJosephine and Harneyand
in these 34 counties there are 61 extension agents, including home
economics workers and 4-H club agents, the demands for service
greatly exceed the ability of the staff to meet them.
UNFILLED DEMANDS ON EXTENSION SERVICE
13
Vegetable seed industry asks help
For instance, farmers of the state are insistent that the
Extension Service organize and lead an educational and promotional project in the establishment of a vegetable seedgrowing industry. Possibilities in this field point toward a million dollars or more additional income to the farmers of the
state annually within five years. The program, if properly
'
(
handled, would require the leadership of an extension specialist full time, working on field demonstrations and other educational and organization phases.
Weed eradication program needed
There is likewise an insistent demand from the northeastern part of the state for the organization and development
of an extensive program of
noxious weed eradication.
Organized work in some of
those counties has shown
the possibility of accomplishment if enough directional force is placed behind
the movement. This would
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require at least the half-
time services of a specialist
in this field.
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More home economics workers
needed
The time has come when
there should be no further
delay in increasing the num-
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ber of county home demonstration agents. Twelve additional
home demonstration agents would make a fairly well rounded
staff for the present, as in some of the counties with the smaller
number of farms, extension specialists in home economics, by
close cooperation with the county agents and the training of
local leaders, can work out a fairly satisfactory program for a
time, without the services of a resident home demonstration
agent.
Crop pest control urged
Producers of intensive crops in Western Oregon have for
several years been urging the establishment of a field program in entomology, and also in plant pathology. The work
in these fields is done in a rather unorganized manner, through
14
SERVING THE FARM AND HOME INTERESTS OF OREGON
occasional drafting of services of resident staff men. Such
work, however, while satisfactory for meeting certain emergencies, does not develop that continuity and organized force
which carries such programs to successful large-scale accomplishment.
Program for older rural youth impends
There is a demand also in Oregon for the organization of
extension projects especially conceived for the rural young
men and young women who have passed the 4-H club or
Smith-Hughes age, and perhaps cannot attend any college or
university. Young people within the age limits of 18 and 24,
for instance, have interests not served by established extension projects as these are organized at present. It is hoped
within a year to organize projects for this group in four counties to develop, in an experimental and tentative way, some
preliminary methods which may point toward an enlarged
service to this group.
Summary of immediate needs
Thus, there is active immediate demand for work which,
if met, would require the services of three additional field men
and twelve home demonstration agents. Other needs are a
full-time extension editor and two field men to direct a farm
management program. Such a program would be a distinct
asset to the work now in progress and would result in a definite contribution to the state.
Addition of this much-needed work would require approximately $50,000 annually. There is a real demand for at
least six additional county 4-H club agents, which, under our
present cooperative arrangement with the counties, would
require approximately $12,000 annually.
Departmental Reports
N THE FOLLOWING departmental reports, no attempt has been made
I to give a complete picture of all of the activities conducted
under the various projects of the Extension Service. In each case
a few representative accomplishments are reported as indicative of
the results achieved during the biennium.
HOME ECONOMICS
During the past biennium, development of home economics
projects has been broadened. During the preceding biennium, at-
HOME ECONOMICS
15
tention was given 'almost exclusively to those projects which
pointed the way to reduced cash expenditures in the field of foods
and clothing. The object of home economics projects is not only
to attain these objectives, but also to point toward more satisfactory rural life through development of interest in recreation,
drama, and appreciation of the arts in general.
Specialists added
During the biennium, a state specialist in child development and parent education and a state specialist in home interior design and arrangement were added to the staff ; a fulltime leader was also provided in the field of recreation and
dramatics. An excellent example of the demands made
in these broader fields is
the experience of the project leader in recreation and
dramatics. During the last
year of the biennium only,
every county in Oregon
asked for some service in
this field. Eight training institutes and 24 single train-
ing meetings were held.
State Grange conference
meetings were attended and
recreational and dramatic features supervised in 35 counties.
Fourteen county recreational training units were scheduled,
attended by 628 people representing 241 organizations. Play
lists and monthly recreational bulletins were distributed. The
surprising number of 12,525 copies of recreation program outlines were requested by interested people in the state.
Dramatics institutes were held in seven counties each
year preceding county-wide contests of one-act plays. Each
of the seven counties sent its winning play to the State College
to be given at the Annual Home Interests Conference.
Vacation camps popular
A feature of home economics project work during the
biennium was the development of homemakers' vacation
camps. In each of the past two years, approximately 12 of
these camps for rural women have been held. The camp program, covering a period from three to five days, was built
around the idea of vacation and recreation with leadership
provided in sports and nature study. Instructional leadership
was provided in the crafts and in dramatics.
16
SERVING THE FARM AND HOME INTERESTS OF OREGON
Homemakers' conferences
The annual state conference for the study of home interests, held at the State College under the auspices of the Extension Service, has become increasingly important in the calendar of state conferences relating to family life. At the last
meeting 22 counties were represented, with a registration of
445 homemakers. It appears that only physical limitations in
caring for prospective visitors will prevent this from becom-
ing one of the largest-attended women's conferences of the
state.
A feature of the home economics program is the series of
annual family living conferences held each spring in more
than 30 counties. In every county there is now a home economics advisory committee authorized to develop, through
other extension agents where there is no home demonstration
agent, some educational offerings in home economics projects.
FOUR-H CLUBS
Four-H club work continues to be an important part of the
Extension Service program. In the last calendar year, the ratio of
4-H club enrollment to the number of young people in the rural
districts of the state was two and one-half times greater than in
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FOUR-H CLUBS
17
any other of the 11 western states. In the past two calendar years,
4-H club enrollment was 20,637 and 22,313. The percentage of
completions was 87.15 and 84.23, which was the third highest
completion record in the western states region.
Entire staff supports program
A broadening interest on the part of all staff members in
the junior programs has aided the general progress of 4-H
club work to a great degree. County agents, for instance, in
the northeastern counties of the state, where no county club
agents are employed, increased the participation in club work
in that district by more than 15 per cent in 1935. County agricultural agents, assistant agricultural agents, and home demonstration agents are giving an increasing amount of time to
junior work.
State leadership strong
To a great degree, the high place of 4-H club work in
Oregon is due to the continuity of service of the three state
leaders of the 4-H program. All threeH. C. Seymour, State
Leader; L. J. Allen, Assistant Leader; Helen Cowgill, Assistant Leaderhave been continuously employed in their positions for more than 20 years. This has resulted in a stability
of program and continuity of objective over such a long period
of time that the junior extension programs have become very
definitely fixed as an important part of the state's activities.
Local leaders important
An important aid in 4-H club work is the local leader, a
person who voluntarily and without compensation serves as
a guide to one or more clubs. The enthusiasm of these local
leaders, in fact, makes possible the broad accomplishments in
this field. County associations of these local leaders are organized in the following counties : Benton, Clackamas, Clatsop, Columbia, Coos, Deschutes, Douglas, Harney, Jackson,
Josephine, Klamath, Lane, Lincoln, Linn, Malheur, Marion,
Multnomah, Sherman, Polk, Tillamook, Union, Wasco,
Washington, and Yamhill. A similar association is organized
for the city of Portland.
Each year during, the past biennium an annual conference
of these local leaders in Western Oregon has been held on the
State College campus. Instruction given the leaders was
intended to improve their efficiency as organizers, directors,
18
SERVING THE FARM AND HOME INTERESTS OF OREGON
and teachers of 4-H clubs. In 1936 the first meeting of local
leaders for Eastern and Central Oregon was held at the East-
ern Oregon Livestock Experiment Station at Union. The
leaders attending voted to make this an annual event.
HORTICULTURE
In the field of horticultural extension, the establishment of
pruning demonstrations, permitting actual measurements of results, continued to be favored as compared with initial demonstrations in methods of pruning. While it has not seemed desirable up
to this time entirely to discontinue the method plan of pruning
demonstrations, it has become increasingly apparent that to obtain
satisfactory results for the time and money expended the result
demonstration must replace to a great degree the method plan.
Already in 12 of the 16 counties in which pruning demonstrations
were held last year some of the demonstrations are of the result
type. Farmers meet in the same orchards year after year to observe results and to hear reports of yield and growth data carefully
compiled.
Plant certification established
Improvement of strawberry planting stock is an interesting and valuable phase of the horticultural program. Selection of Marshall strawberry plants for their general health and
freedom from crinkle disease was started in 1930 by the
county agents in Multnomah, Lane, and Washington counties.
This work was continued during the biennium and extended
to other varieties. It is carried on in close cooperation with
the Experiment Station. Certified strawberry plants must
virtually be 100 per cent free from crinkle disease and other
diseases which may cause a run-out condition of the strawberry planting stock. County agents in Lane, Hood River, Washington, Benton, ClackamI ... N.
.
as, Linn, and Deschutes
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counties cooperated in
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this work and established
increased plantings of
certified stock. Reports of
results from these counties indicate increased
4)4,
yields as well as a better market for Oregon-
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19
Varietal trials conducted
To obtain information on the market value, productivity
and local suitability of new varieties of small fruits, particu-
larly strawberries, demonstrations were established in 13
counties ; namely, Deschutes, Clatsop, Columbia, Curry, Baker, Malheur, Grant, Umatilla, Clackamas,
Lane, Yamhill, Washington, and
Bramble-fruit nurseries
were also established in Wasco,
Wasco.
44'
Crook, and Coos counties.
Little-leaf problem solved
The use of zinc sulphate as a
corrective for little-leaf condition
of sweet cherry trees in Wasco
County, a serious problem in this area, was one of the outstand-
ing developments of the year. The zinc sulphate method was
first used by the county agent and extension horticulturist in
the spring of 1933. Results have been outstanding, and the
method is rapidly expanding.
Soil moisture studied
Fundamental work has been done in observations on soilmoisture relationships to orchard management. Soil-moisture determinations conducted in non-irrigated orchards of
Yamhill, Douglas, and Lane counties affected by die-back,
early defoliation, and failure to set fruit, supplied an impor-
tant clue to the solution of the problem, common in many
orchards. The results show the moisture content to be too
near the wilting point in late summer for good tree health
and indicate that either irrigation or a reduction in the number
of trees per acre must follow. Additional research needs to be
done, but the work thus far suggests the possibility of an out-
standing contribution of the Extension Service to the horticultural industry of the state. Similar work conducted in
Wasco County for several years points to the same conclusion.
SOILS
The extension work in soils is statewide in its scope. According to the 1930 census, there were about 55,000 farms in the state
comprising approximately 4,200,000 acres of land. The number of
farms is now greater. When justified by proper economic conditions, this acreage could be expanded to include 9,000,000 acres.
20
SERVING THE FARM AND HOME INTERESTS OF OREGON
Each farm and each acre included within this area presents a
potential soil problem. The geographical distribution of Oregon
farm land is such that the soil problems are many, ranging from
farms on the coast near sea level, where the climate is mild and
annual precipitation may reach 90 to 100 inches, to farms in the
interior with an elevation of 5,000 feet or higher with 10 inches or
less of rainfall and with severe winters. This variation in natural
conditions is such that the soils in the different parts of the state,
formed from different geological material and under widely different climatic conditions, present a large number of radically different problems from the standpoint of the soil itself.
Soil problems varied
In Oregon it is impossible to adopt a general soils program
suitable to the whole state. Besides the great diversity in the
number of different soil types mentioned above, there is even
greater diversity in the types of farming followed, ranging
from the intensively cultivated fruit and vegetable farms to
livestock production on sparsely productive desert ranges.
The diversity of problems presented means that a local soils
program must be devised for each region. In Oregon the
soils project divides itself logically into the following phases :
(1) soil management, (2) drainage, (3) irrigation in Eastern
Oregon, and (4) irrigation in Western Oregon.
Orchard soil problems important
According to the 1930 census an area of more than 150,000
acres of land in Oregon was devoted to orchard crops. Orcharding presents one of the most important soil-fertility
problems in the state. An orchard devoted to fruit or nut trees
is permanently attached to the land. When the fertility in
the soil is depleted, the orchard cannot be plowed up and reestablished in more fertile fields. To do so would sacrifice the
original investment in time and the expense of carrying the
orchard up to the time the fertility was exhausted.
With better orchards on better soils, this problem is not
so acute. Nevertheless, there is the problem of maintaining
present soil fertility. In the past, considerable work has been
done by the Extension Service on cover crops, and as a result,
cover cropping is generally practiced by the better orchardists
throughout the state. A permanent program of orchard fertility, however, will eventually demand the use of commercial
fertilizers, a problem that has scarcely been touched in Ore-
gon from either the experimental or extension standpoint.
We are still confronted with problems of better cover-crop
FARM CROPS
21
management, proper use of cultivation, improvements in
methods of irrigation, and the adoption of irrigation as a practice in some sections not now irrigated.
Western Oregon irrigation increased
To turn to beneficial use the abundant water resources of
Western Oregon, instruction in farm irrigation in this region
was adopted as an established project in 1929. During 1935
unusual progress was made
in this field. Extension Service instructors assisted
farmers in placing more
than 3,000 acres of land un-
der irrigation on a demonstration basis.
Soil-erosion projects started
-
During the past year
much attention has been
given in Eastern Oregon to the prevention of soil erosion.
Soil-erosion projects were established in Umatilla, Morrow,
Gilliam, and Sherman counties in cooperation with Federal
agencies.
More lime used
For many years the Extension Service, through its county
agents, has recommended the use of agricultural lime on
Western Oregon soils. On many of these soils success with
clover, alfalfa, and vetch is dependent upon the use of agricultural lime. Promotion by the county agent staff, coupled with
the availability of cheaper sources of lime, resulted in increased use of lime from 3,741 tons in 1934 to 7,500 tons in
1935. Seventy-five lime demonstrations were established by
Willamette Valley county agents in cooperation with a lime
company. The Coos County agent set up equipment which
resulted in grinding 250 tons of shell from deposits in Coos
Bay, the ground product being applied to Coos County land.
Since the cost of this lime was at least $2.00 per ton under the
cost of agricultural lime shipped into the county, a considerable saving to farmers was thus effected.
FARM CROPS
Crop improvement plans are based on the fundamental principle of improving quality ar-1 volume of certain crops that fit
soundly from an economic standpoint into the farming plan of the
various districts.
22
SERVING THE FARM AND HOME INTERESTS OF OREGON
Better forage crops introduced
For instance, in the Willamette Valley, where for many
years a shortage of leguminous feed for livestock has existed,
alfalfa production has been vigorously advanced. Records
show that only 3,000 acres were grown in the entire valley in
1926, while the acreage in 1935 was 35,000. Ladino clover, a
giant white clover brought from Italy to the United States
by the United States Department of Agriculture, is a remarkable pasture plant under certain conditions in Oregon,
particularly under irrigation in the Willamette Valley. Between 1926, when the county agents first established field
demonstrations of this forage plant, and 1935, the acreage
increased from 104 acres to 13,000.
Sweet clover, formerly considered a weed and even sub-
ject to discriminatory legislation in some states, was established in 1926 as a satisfactory pasture plant under many conditions in Oregon, particularly in the eastern part of the state.
Acreage of this crop grown for pasture has increased from 583
acres, mostly planted as demonstration pastures, in 1926 to
6,500 at the present time.
A new project of great promise, which was practically
established in the past year, was the introduction of sweet
clover as a pasture in Western Oregon. This crop had not
been grown in the Willamette Valley, because of stem rot
which would virtually destroy all seedings. The Agricultural
Experiment Station, however, has developed a resistant strain
of sweet clover, 36 fields of which were established last year as
demonstrations by extension agents.
In the Coast counties the John Jacob Astor Experiment
Station at Astoria first grew a new turnip, the Bortfield. Between 1926 and 1935, acreage of this forage crop increased
from 340 to 3,500 acres because of demonstrations in the field
by the Extension Service.
Community seed production fostered
Certain plans in crop development are worked out on a
community basis, such as the establishment of alsike clover
seed production in Central Oregon, particularly in Deschutes
County. About 1923 a farmer was first persuaded to harvest a
crop of alsike clover seed. The yield was exceptional, and the
next year a few other farmers produced the seed. In 1926 as
much as 5,000 pounds was produced on two or three farms. In
1935 the alsike clover seed in Deschutes County alone was al-
FARM CROPS
23
most 1,000,000 pounds. In Klamath
in the past
or four years the crop has developed County
to about 200,000 three
pounds
a year. Crested wheat grass was
brought to the state fairly recently by extension agents and
demonstrated in various parts
of Eastern Oregon under different conditions. Seed produc-
tion was about 30,000 pounds
in 1935, and every indication is
that the volume has doubled in 1936.
Assistance in development of the
bent-grass seed industry in Western Oregon
was continued during the past year,
and Oregon now produces 90
per cent of the domestic bentgrass seed used in the United States.
Production has increased from 56,000
pounds in 1926 to 240,000 pounds in 1935.
Most Ladak alfalfa seed grown in
Oregon
Ladak alfalfa is a variety peculiarly
adapted to some parts
of Eastern Oregon, as shown
by
demonstrations
of the county
agents there, who obtained seed for
demonstration plantings
about 1930. There are now 2,600
acres, and most of the seed of
this desirable variety is now grown
in Oregon.
Pea seed industry developed
Austrian winter peas, adapted by the
Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station
and spread by the extension
agents,
have been an important crop in the Willamette
Valley since
1929. The seed is sold in the southern
was perhaps the most profitable farm states. Last year this
ern Oregon, returns ranging from $50crop produced in Westto $100 per acre. The
acreage has fluctuated considerably, owing
to poor marketing
facilities, and the question of
more
satisfactory
marketing
methods is being given serious attention.
Field nurseries maintained as
demonstrations
Establishment of new grasses and legumes
is often accomplished through development of
nurseries where field
meetings are held to bring the
newer varieties and methods to
the attention of the farmers. Last
year in 23 counties 95 of
these grass nurseries were established
or carried through another year.
County agents in Wasco, Gilliam,
Morrow, Union, and
Sherman counties, in cooperation
tions, maintained grain nurseries. with the experiment staAt these nurseries new
24
SERVING THE FARM AND HOME INTERESTS OF OREGON
wheats and other grain varieties are constantly tried out, and
the results are checked with the station results. Varieties of
merit are thus released to growers at an earlier date, and
mistakes in liberating wrong varieties are avoided.
Seed certification expanded
To maintain seed supplies of recommended grain varie-
ties in sufficient volume to meet local requirements, county
agents provide certification service. Certification of grains or
clover was conducted in 16 counties in 1935 above and involved
a large amount of field inspection work in which 274 acres of
Ladino clover, 426 acres of T.A.R. red clover, 695 acres of
IV,
kIi 41a
oats, 345 acres of barley, and 919
acres of wheat were approved as
meeting certification standards.
In maintaining potato quality, county agents in Klamath,
Washington, Clackamas, Columbia, Crook, Multnomah, Baker,
Umatilla, Yamhill, Deschutes,
Benton, Lane, and Union counties were active in advancing the
potato-standardization and seed-improvement project. In
some of these counties informal seed-improvement associations are maintained among potato growers.
Weed control work spotted
Active work on weed control was conducted in 31 coun-
ties. This project received major attention for a number of
years, but because of adverse economic conditions and the
pressure of emergency work, the project has been subordinated during the biennium. Some control work, however, was
carried on. In Gilliam and Morrow counties demonstrations
were arranged to test the system of heavy seeding of winter
grains, followed by harvesting for hay, dry plowing in June,
and summer fallowing the remainder of the year. Outstanding work on weed control was conducted in Union County,
where the county agent supervised a county-wide project on
the control of whitetop.
There is great interest among farmers in the Columbia
Basin and Blue Mountain region in weed control, owing to
the disastrous effects of the increase of two weeds in particular, whitetop and morning glory. Plans are now being developed to bring experiment station and extension forces into
action for a more vigorous attack upon the weed nuisance in
this region
DAIRY HUSBANDRY
25
DAIRY HUSBANDRY
It has long been recognized that a fundamental consideration
in the dairy business in Oregon is quality of butter. The leading
market for Oregon butter is California, where the market requirements demand high quality. Work has been done by the Extension Service for some time to bring an appreciation of high quality
to both the manufacturers and producers.
Butter scoring encourages high quality
For seven years the Dairy Husbandry Department of the
State College has offered a butter-scoring service to the manufacturers of the state, and as a consequence the progress that
has been made in quality improvement during this time, as
indicated by the following table, is notable :
Year
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
Number of
samples
435
513
478
438
454
623
638
Percentage scoring
Below 90
90 to 91
20.5
8.6
38.6
37.4
39.4
26.5
22.7
5.5
3.6
11.5
7.1
19.5
21.2
9.1
91 to 92
33.1
33.1
28.1
39.3
40.3
42.9
39.8
92 to 94
7.8
10.0
11.3
25.1
28.4
40.1
49.5
During the past year extension work on quality was continued. Very few meetings were held at which the necessity
of quality improvement and methods to bring it about were
not touched upon. In addition, cooperation with a committee
of the Oregon Butter and Ice Cream Makers' Association was
continued in a state-wide series of meetings with creamery
operators, butter makers, and producers.
Oregon leads in Bang's disease program
Through Professor R. W. Morse, Extension Dairyman,
the Extension Service cooperated with the United States
Bureau of Animal Industry in its campaign to eradicate
26
SERVING THE FARM AND HOME INTERESTS OF OREGON
Bang's disease, or contagious abortion, from the cattle of the
state.
This was a national program on the part of the Bureau of
Animal Industry, and it is significant to note the comparative
progress made in Oregon. Up to December 1, 1935, approxi-
mately twice as great a percentage of the total number of
dairy cows in Oregon had been tested for farmers as in any
other state. This work has continued during the past six
months, and the latest report available shows Oregon with a
percentage of 68.7, with the next nearest state 45.6 per cent.
In this work Professor Morse and the county extension
agents handled the educational program in the various communities, and gave definite assistance in the technical phases
of bringing about the actual tests. The tests themselves, of
course, are handled by qualified veterinarians, laboratory
work being done by the Department of Veterinary Medicine
in the Experiment Station.
More than 200 meetings of farmers were called by Exten-
sion Service representatives in the field for discussion of
various phases of this program.
In April, 1935, range livestock men became interested in
applying this test to beef cattle. The result is that very com-
plete testing has already been completed in the two leading
range-livestock counties of the state, Grant and Wallowa.
Herd improvement associations being increased
One of the first dairy projects sponsored by the Extension
Service was that of assisting farmers to organize and conduct
dairy-herd improvement associations, formerly known as cowtesting associations.
During the biennium, ten such associations have been in
operation. At this time there is increased interest, and plans
have definitely been made greatly to increase this number during the summer and fall of the current year.
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
Lamb shows aid industry
As a means of emphasizing improved quality of market
lambs, spring fat-lamb shows were organized and conducted
in 1935 by county agents in Curry, Douglas, Lane, Linn,
Union, and Wasco counties. These were attended by 3,424
persons. At these shows practical demonstrations in selecting
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY
27
fat lambs for market have been of value to farm flock owners
in improving quality. Assistance was given lamb feeders in
locating lambs, computing rations, and in handling management problems in Crook, Deschutes, and Malheur counties.
As a means of finding a market for surplus feed, Willamette
Valley county agents have assisted individual farmers with
cattle-feeding enterprises, based principally on cattle-feeding
results at the Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station.
New lamb-scours treatment tested
County agents cooperated with the Veterinary Medicine
Department of Oregon State College in testing a new treatment for preventing lamb scours. Marked success was experienced. Lamb scours have caused the death of thousands of
lambs, resulting in great economic loss to wool growers in the
Blue Mountain area. Yet a trial conducted in 1935 by the
Morrow County Agent at the Kilkenny ranch indicates that
treatment of new-born lambs with acidophilus milk may prevent this loss. One-half of the lambs born on this ranch in a
single night were treated and results checked with the other
half. In the treated pen of lambs there were no scours, and
only one lamb was lost. In the untreated pen 25 per cent of
the lambs developed scours and died. More extensive use of
this method for controlling lamb scours was successful in the
spring of 1935.
Taylor Grazing Act in effect
Cattlemen and sheepmen were assisted in making application for permits under the Taylor Grazing Act on the Public
Domain. For example, in Lake County, at the request of
stockmen the county agent attended six meetings relating to
the Taylor Grazing Act and assisted 20 stockmen in making
out applications for grazing permits. In other counties assistance was given in the organization of grazing districts.
Logged-off land put to use
For the first time in
history large numbers of
Eastern Oregon range sheep
grazed on logged-off lands
of Western Oregon, principally in Columbia and
Clatsop counties. Nearly
24,000 head of sheep were
grazed in these counties.
This trial should result in developing these lands, which are
28
SERVING THE 'FARM AND HOME INTERESTS OF OREGON
now not used, into income-producing lands. County agents
organized these trials.
Established work in animal husbandry was retarded during the biennium by necessity of transferring the attention of
the specialist to federal emergency work for a considerable
period. Professor Lindgren, in charge of this work, was assigned to organize and present the educational campaign in
connection with the Corn-Hog Production Control Program,
and to act as chairman of the first State Board of Review.
This function, which seemed very necessary to the interests of
the farmers of the state, nevertheless diverted the attention
of the specialist from established work throughout most of
one year.
POULTRY HUSBANDRY
Turkey industry advanced
By advocating and pointing out methods of obtaining
high quality through improved management, feeding, and
disease-control practices, county agents have aided sound ex-
tfr/ ,.,T.
c;;''
;',..-;
1/
,/
)
l
(
... --- im
..">,
s
..kt
77
',
pansion of the turkey in-
A
dustry throughout the state.
Under this program turkeys
have proved a good depres-
_..),.t
sion-period crop. Of rela-
J
tively high value per pound,
\turkeys of high quality can
'e-'-1
_,W-r-,---
stand the transportation
costs necessary to reach dis-
tant markets. In order to
study problems of - turkey
management and marketing, turkey tours were arranged and conducted by county agents in seven counties attended by 683 producers. In addition to summer tours and
turkey killing and dressing demonstrations, county agents
arranged and conducted 28 turkey educational meetings attended by 583 individuals. Turkey killing and dressing demonstrations held during the past several years by county
agents have aided quality improvement. Ten such demon.
strations, attended by 399 growers, were held in 1935.
The Extension Service introduced government grades in
Oregon. By directing attention to the various factors which
make for improved quality, county agents have aided turkey
MARKETING
29
growers to make Oregon one of the outstanding states in
quality of turkeys marketed. This is evident by the records
of the Oregon Turkey Growers, which show that 88.75 per
cent of turkeys marketed by that cooperative association
graded prime in comparison with 78.26 per cent in 1931.
Turkey marketing stabilized
Principally through cooperation with the Oregon Turkey
Cooperatives, Inc., a central marketing agency for four local
units, county agents assisted in orderly stabilized turkey
marketing. These associations control the largest single block
of turkeys, all government graded, of the highest quality,
handled by any agency in the state.
MARKETING
The question of marketing farm products is of course one of
the most vital problems facing the producer. Instruction in marketing has been included in the curricula of the State College for
many years ; likewise, extension instruction in marketing has been
continuously provided since 1915. Work in this field has covered
marketing through both cooperatives and private agencies.
Cooperative principles emphasized
Main attention recently has been given to bringing the
fundamental principles underlying cooperative marketing to
the attention of the people of the state in order that the many
cooperative marketing associations now organized may continue to function satisfactorily. Considering the number of
farmers in the state, the cooperative method of marketing has
become very well established in Oregon. There are limitations to the results possible from cooperative marketing.
These limitations are not always understood by the membership in cooperative marketing associations, and as a result
dissatisfaction arises. Such misunderstanding and resulting
dissatisfaction have been the chief causes for the abandonment
of the cooperative plan in many cases.
Existing cooperatives encouraged
As a matter of policy, therefore, the extension specialist
in marketing in recent years has not been as active in the
establishment of new cooperative marketing enterprises as he
has been in assisting those now in existence to perfect their
market set-up and internal relationships. With the substantial start now made in this field, it is believed that the progress
30
SERVING THE FARM AND HOME INTERESTS OF OREGON
of existing organizations will determine to a great degree the
participation of Oregon farmers in this type of activity for
many years to come. An exception to the general policy of not
encouraging new associations has been the growth of cooperative marketing of livestock in Union, Baker, and Wallowa
counties, a movement actively assisted recently by the county
agents. Business in 1935 through the Wallowa Livestock
Marketing Association closely approached the half-million
mark for the seventh consecutive year.
Wise production basis of sound marketing
The production practices, including choice of enterprises
advocated by the Extension Service, are also organized to be
virtually a part of the marketing program. This policy springs
from the diversity of natural conditions. With farms below
sea level, protected by dikes, and others at more than 5,000
feet elevation ; with some receiving more than 90 inches of
rainfall and others less than 10, a great variation exists. At
one or another place in Oregon, in fact, it is possible to grow in
commercial quantities every crop common to the North Temperate Zone and even some tropical types. On the other hand,
Oregon is a long distance from the large consuming centers.
This distance from markets makes imperative a wise selection
of enterprises. In fact, among Oregon farmers, the important
question is not what can be grown, but what can be marketed.
Competition lessened
The program of the Extension Service for the past 15
years, therefore, has been directed toward turning production
effort into those fields where there is least competition between the states, such as production of winter pears, walnuts,
and sweet cherries ; toward products on which natural soil and
climate conditions give an advantage overcoming transporta-
tion disadvantage, such as high-quality eggs, high-quality
turkeys, and canning and processing crops. Attention has also
been directed to crops that will stand long shipment, such as
grass and legume seeds. It has been recognized, in fact, that
the first step in successful marketing under Oregon conditions
is the wise selection of enterprises.
Grades and standards supported
Understanding of grades and standards is another marketing question that has been given attention. In 1916, the
reports of various extension workers indicated 63 distinct
MARKETING
31
varieties of wheat in commercial
mixtures and in losses from otherproduction. This resulted in
causes. At the present time
only 15 varieties are being
This change has been
nomical to the millers andgrown.
ecoto
the consuming public and has
increased financial returns to
the producers themselves.
In
the early days of
extension
work, 30 per cent of all
Oregon wheat was graded as mixed. At the present time,
wheat is less than five mixed
per cent'
of the total, and nearly
all of
this is received
from counties
where grain growing is a minor agricultural phase.
Statistical data compiled
Continued attention has
been given to the compilation
statistical data bearing
of
on agriculture in the state and
For instance, farm price
nation.
associated interpretations indexes, outlook information, and
are made available
Monthly reports
on
periodically.
outlook were issued
during the biennium,agricultural
regularly
and
a
radio
and
of current economic
press service in the field
Cooperation in marketdevelopments supplemented this work.
news releases over KOAC
tained with the Department
was mainof Agriculture. Two reports
made daily by radio
are
covering
the
principal commodities currently moving to market,
while
other
reports are made periodically.
and more complete
Cooperation with Biological Survey
Since 1916 the Extension
has cooperated closely
with the Bureau
of BiologicalService
Survey of the
Department of Agriculture
in cooperative United States
grams directed toward
educational prodestruction of rodents.
stockmen have been organized
Farmers and
application of control methods extensively for the cooperative
after
effective control methods have
demonstrations teaching
The Legislature of 1935 been carried out.
made an appropriation of
for the biennium to
$10,000
be used by the Extension
operation with the Biological
Service in coSurvey to intensify this
This additional interest resulted
work.
that ground squirrels in
largely from
three counties of the the discovery
state were car-
32
SERVING THE FARM AND HOME INTERESTS OF OREGON
riers of bubonic plague and that this had been transmitted to
at least one human being. In the meantime, half of the appro-
priation for the first year was expended, bringing about a
thorough clean-up of this pest over a considerable area in
Lake County, where the infection was known to be established.
Particularly important work was a continuation of organ-
ized landholders' districts in Malheur County for the eradication of gophers. In fact, gopher-poisoning work was carried
on in 17 counties. In addition, 34 counties led organized campaigns against ground squirrels, eight against field mice, three
against kangaroo rats, while in Eastern Oregon county agents
again demonstrated the jack-rabbit control and assisted in
organizing for cooperative protection.
MISCELLANEOUS
New-settler schools conducted
An example of meeting an emergency situation was the
series of schools for new settlers held in the winter of 1935. It
became evident at that time that there was a large current
influx of new settlers to Oregon, particularly to the Willamette Valley. Accordingly, county agents in this region obtained names of newly-arrived farmers in their counties, and
through cooperation with various State College departments
organized a series of meetings for the specific benefit of these
new people. Much of the agricultural practice and in fact
many of the crops of Oregon were entirely strange to those
new arrivals. In this series, 23 extension schools were held in
10 counties attended by 809 newly-arrived farmers. This was
a remarkable attendance in view of the fact that only a thousand names were in the hands of the county agents to receive
the special invitations extended. These meetings were not
organized to interest established residents, and no general
notices were given.
Grange committees cooperate with county agents
Every year since 1928 agricultural committees of more
than 300 subordinate and Pomona granges have been met in
the various counties by extension agents, and occasionally by
state specialists and state leaders, for the purpose of assisting
to develop a program of agricultural activity for these granges.
Often, of course, many phases of the regular extension program were accepted as a part of the grange program. On the
SPECIAL FEDERAL COOPERATION
33
other hand, many valuable suggestions were made by the
grange committees, some of which modified extension programs in a positive way. In both years of the biennium, such
conferences were held in every county cooperating in the employment of an extension agent.
Special Federal Cooperation
THE BIENNIUM the Federal Cooperative Extension Ser-
DURING
vice cooperated with several government agencies in extending information about projects having direct bearing on farm and
rural-life conditions. Most important among these projects was
the cooperation with the AAA in educational work required by the
wheat control and corn-hog control programs and the removal of
cattle and sheep from drouth-stricken areas. Federal agencies,
particularly the AAA, drew heavily on the services of staff members. Professor R. W. Morse, Extension Specialist in Dairy Husbandry, was granted leave to assist the AAA from February 2 to
July 23, 1934. Professor E. R. Jackman, Extension Specialist in
Farm Crops, was granted leave for three months to assist with
the wheat section of the AAA. Professor L. R. Breithaupt, Extension Specialist in Economics, was chairman of the first State Board
of Review for the Wheat Section. Others serving on boards of
review at various times during the biennium were Professors W.
L. Teutsch, C. W. Smith, E. R. Jackman, and H. A. Lindgren.
Professor Breithaupt served as secretary of the state committee
appointed by the Governor to work on questions of farm-mortgage
adjustment, and when this work was taken over by the Federal
Resettlement Administration was granted part-time leave for a
period of nine months to further this work.
AAA programs introduced
The two control programs directly applied in Oregon
were the wheat and corn-hog plans. Of these, the former was
34
SERVING THE FARM AND HOME INTERESTS OF OREGON
much the greater in importance. The educational work required for proper understanding of these programs by the farm
people has been completely in the hands of the Extension
Service. Certain parts of the administrative and service work,
however, have been less directly handled, being organized
for procedure through the hands of the State Compliance
Supervisor, a joint employee. The principal phases of the educational program are : community meetings, leadership training conferences, district staff conferences, preparation of plans
and material, publicity, assisting farmers to organize, assisting the organizations in functional relationships, and interpretations of rulings and regulations.
County agents serve associations
As part of the educational function it has seemed desir-
able throughout that county extension agents act as secretaries of the production-control associations organized in the
counties by the farmers for the proper administration of the
AAA provisions that might apply.
The Vice Director of Extension was responsible through
the State Compliance Agent for the approval of all budgets of
24 wheat control associations and 32 corn-hog control associa-
SPECIAL FEDERAL COOPERATION
35
tions. Expenditures of these organizations of farmers were
under direction of the boards of directors, but subject to budget limitations and other prescribed regulations of the Vice
Director of Extension in line with AAA policy.'
During the year 1935 payments under the provisions of
these two programs were made to 7,135 Oregon wheat growers and 3,963 corn-hog producers.
Drouth-relief program directed
During 1935 Extension Service staff members cooperated
with the AAA definitely in the removal of cattle and sheep
from 12 counties designated by the Federal Government as
drouth counties. In this program 11,973 head of cattle were
purchased from 952 stockmen in the 12 counties. Payments
made were $179,000. Sheep to the number of 163,510 were
purchased from 548 sheepmen for which they received $2.00
per head, or $327,020.
Water development permanent
An important part of the drouth program was cooperation with the State Emergency Relief Association in the establishment of wells and water holes in the range-livestock dis-
trict. There are many areas in this interior country where
excellent stands of forage are normally available but cannot be
used because of lack of drinking water for stock. This situation under drouth conditions became very pronounced. The
following tables show the extent of the water development
enterprise during the reporting period.
WATER DEVELOPMENT DROUTH SERVICE
SERACooPERATING
Springs
Counties
Baker ____
Malheur _
Harney
Lake
Deschutes
Jefferson
Crook
Grant ___
Wheeler _
Umatilla _
Wasco
Total --Per spring
Num-
bet
27
Material
Families Cattle
181
4,059.10
6,405.85
2,708.00
1,038.00
147
44
23
$ 6,319.31 $23,382.47
591
6
72
1,466.57
1,133.95
717.02
123.29
73
78
37
7
300
....
....
Labor
498.02 $ 2,922.95
962.25
1,570.40
1,418.21
4,678.17
$
$
21.06 $
77.04
81
31
84
2
.
Sheep
Acres
2,000
1,500
3,610
8,000
47,000
58,100
6,750 $ 6,750.00
13,800
18,450.00
86,210
11,640.00
4,300
2,170
2,700
3,200
84,600
9,700
6,600
104,400
73,250
98,620
41,500
13,500
19,480
65
Value
34,300.00
9,215.00
37,100.00
1,215.00
318,400 333,630 $118,670.00
1,060
1,112 $
395.56
36
SERVING THE FARM AND HOME INTERESTS OF OREGON
WATER DEVELOPMENT DROUTH SERVICE*
SER
COOPERATING
. Wells
Counties
Mum-
ber
Baker
Malheur
Harneyt _
Lake
_
Deschutes
Jefferson
Crook:
Grant
Material
and
equipment
Labor
Families Cattle
il
3
$20,791.40 $13,549.00
10,290.45
4,070.86
41
32
3
3
5,170.37
5,026.28
3,011.50
4,143.28
11
Wheeler _
Umatilla§
Wasco§ _
Morrow _
5
4,18-2.46
1,514.72
3,002.80
1,163.20
20
1
....
Per well _
.
Acres
Value
-
_
Total
Sheep
26
....
10
7,200
43,000 265,000 $ 60,000.00
2,000 120,000 360,000
65,000.00
400
3,000
.
$46,975.68 $28,940.64
$ 1,806.76 $ 1,113.10
114
---
12,500
90,000
17,500.00
35,000.00
100,000 200,000
25,000.00
'
12,600 263,000 927,500 $202,500.00
*Relationships with credit agencies have constituted an important part 'of the work of
the year.
tOne dry well.
:One dry well.
§Wells on sheep driveways..
II Well dry.
Farm-debt adjustment outstanding.
Another emergency activity was farm-mortgage adjustment. Farm-mortgage adjustment has taken a leading place
in this emergency work. In November, 1933, a voluntary
Oregon farm-mortgage-adjustment committee of 17 members
was reorganized and enlarged to a committee of 33 agricul-
tural leaders appointed by the Governor of Oregon, on request of the Governor of the Farm Credit Administration, to
continue the farm-debt adjustment work in Oregon. Professor L. R. Breithaupt, Extension Economist, who had served
as secretary of the 1933 committee, was made secretary of the
1934 committee, known as the Oregon Agricultural Advisory
Council, and was again given general responsibility for both
the educational extension phases and the debt-adjustmentservice work.
SPECIAL FEDERAL COOPERATION
37
Rural rehabilitation aided
Rural rehabilitation, an active project of the Federal Re-
settlement Administration, is conducted on a cooperative
basis with the Federal Cooperative Extension Service. In line
with a memorandum from the United States Department of
Agriculture suggesting to the Extension Service a suitable
basis of relationships between the State Extension Service
and the Rural Resettlement Administration, the office of the
State Director of Rural Rehabilitation was established at the
State College September 1, 1935. Under this arrangement
Rural Rehabilitation staff personnel are recommended jointly
by the Vice Director of Extension and the State Director of
Rural Rehabilitation, while in the counties their work must
be in line with technical subject-matter plans approved and
followed by the Extension Service.
Grazing Act vital to Oregon
The passage of the Taylor Grazing Act for regulation of
grazing on the public domain has a marked influence on Oregon. There are approximately 42,000,000 acres of land in the
state now classified as range livestock grazing areas. Of this
area 12,000,000 acres is public domain, and 10,000,000 acres
is under the jurisdiction of the United States Forest Service.
Extension range work established
Establishment of control on this large area, together with
problems resulting in the matter of cooperation with the
United States Forest Service officials and increased interest
in the methods of handling the 20,000,000 acres of range land
under ownership of state, county, and private agencies, resulted in the establishment in the Department of Animal Husbandry of instructional and research work in range management. At the same time a supplemental plan of work, including a subproject, improvement of range-management meth-
ods in Oregon, was established in the Extension Service.
Under this project a part-time specialist assists in the demonstration of improved grazing practices, mainly through establishment of contacts and relationships with the chairman and
secretary of the board of advisers of each grazing district.
Partly as a result of this work, Oregon was the first state in
the West to be completely organized under the provisions of
the Taylor Act.
38
SERVING THE FARM AND HOME INTERESTS OF OREGON
Liver-fluke control effective
The Agricultural Experiment Station, in cooperation with
the Bureau of Animal Industry of the United States Department of Agriculture, through a resident staff member, determined effective means of control of liver fluke in sheep.
This control involved land drainage in infested areas. To
make effective headway in control measures, the Bureau of
Animal Industry allotted $75,000 to Oregon, and representatives of the Extension Service organized the field work and
supervised the advancement of this work under a cooperative
arrangement with the Bureau of Animal Industry. So effective was this work that at this reporting period definite assurance of allotment of an additional $25,000 has been received.
FEDERAL COOPERATIVE EXTENSION STAFF
November 1, 1936
WILLIAM ALFRED SCHOENFELD, M.B.A
FRANK LLEWELLYN BALLARD, B.S
Dean and Director of Agriculture
Vice Director of Federal Cooperative Extension;
State County Agent Leader
Extension Staff at Corvallis
HARRY CASE SEYMOUR
LE ROY BREITHAUPT, B.S
EDWIN RUSSELL JACKMAN, D.S
OVID TULLIUS MCWHORTER, B.S
ROGER WILLIAM MORSE, B.S
PAUL CARPENTER, B.S
WILLIAM LEROY TEUTSCII, B.S
HUBERT ELMER COSBY
JAMES RALPH BECK, B.S
AZALEA LINFIELD SAGER, M.A
HELEN JULIA COWGILL, MA
LEONARD JOHN ALLEN, M.S
HARRY ARTHUR LINDGREN, B.S
URIEL SELLERS BURT
NOBLE CLARK DONALDSON, B.S
LUCY ADA CASE, M.A
CHARLES WESLEY SMITH, 13.S
HAROLD H. WHITE, B.S
JOHN MYERS CLIFFORD
ARTHUR SOLOMON KING, M.S
IZOLA D. JENSEN, M.A
MAUD MUELLER MORSE, ALS
EVERETT HENRY DAVIS, 11.S
JOAN PATTERSON, B.Arch
LAURENCE COATS JENKINS, 13.S
State Leader of 4-H Club Work
Extension Agricultural Economist
Extension Agronomist
Extension Horticulturist
Extension Dairyman
Extension Agricultural Economist (Marketing)
Assistant County Agent Leader
Extension Poultryman
Rural Service Specialist
State Home Demonstration Leader
Assistant State 4-H Club Leader
Assistant State 4-H Club Leader
Extension Animal Husbandman
Extension Specialist in Visual Instruction
_Executive Secretary, Agricultural Conservation Program
Extension Specialist in Nutrition
Assistant County Agent Leader
Associate Agricultural Economist
Extension Secretary
Extension Specialist in Soils
Extension Specialist in Community Social Organization
Extension Specialist in Child Development and
Parent Education
Extension Specialist in Agricultural Engineering
Extension Specialist in Home Furnishings
Assistant Specialist in Farm Crops
COUNTY EXTENSION AGENTS
WALTER ARMAND HOLT, B.S
HARRY GRANT AVERY, B.S
CHARLES ALBERT HENDERSON, 13.S
RAYMOND G/LBERT LARSON, B.S
ROBERT GRAY FOWLER, B.S
OTTIS SCHULER FLETCHER, M Li'
WILLIAM FLETCHER CYRUS,
SYLVESTER BENJAMIN HALL, B.S
PHILIP TTJTHILL FORTNER, B.S
DAVID HONORE KENNEDY, 11.5
GEORGE ALLEN NELSON, B.S
SARA HUNTINGTON WERTZ, B.S
WILBUR WRAY LAWRENCE, B.S
JOHN JERRY INSKEEP, B.S
RICHARD CARL KUEHNER, B.S
GEORGE HERRICK JENKINS, B.S
MABEL CLAIR MACK, B.S
VICTOR WALDEMAR JOHNSON, B.S
ARCHIE LEE MARBLE, 13.S.A
FRANCES ANN CLINTON, M.S
CHESTER HAROLD BERGSTROM, B.S
WALTER CHRISTIAN LETH, B.S
JAMES ROLAND PARKER, M.S
MELVIN J. CONKLIN, B.S
LEROY CLINTON WRIGHT, B.S
CLAY CARL MILLER, B.S
ROBERT MYRON KNOX, B.S
GUSTAVE YNGVE HAGGLUND, B.S
WILLIAM SAMUEL .AVERILL, B.S
GARNET DOUGLAS BEST, B S
CHARLES J. WEBER, B.S
RUSSELL MELVILLE MCKENNON, B.
JOSEPH BELANGER, 13.5
RALPH EDWARD BROOKE, M.S
County Agent, Umatilla County
County Agent, Union County
County Agent, Klamath County
County Agent, Malheur County
County Agent, Jackson County
County Agent, Lane County
County Agent, Washington County
County Agent, Multnomah C01111/3,
County Agent, Baker County
County Cull, Agent, Tillamook County
County Agent, Columbia County
County Home Agent, Deschutes County
County Agent, Wasco County
County Agent, Clackamas County
County Club Agent, Lane County
County Agent, Coos County
County Home Agent, Jackson County
County Agent, Lake County
County Agent, Hood River County
County Home Agent, Umatilla County
County Agent, Tillamook County
County Agent, Polk County
County Agent, Douglas County
County Agent, Lincoln County
County Agent, Sherman County
County Club Agent, Multnomah County
County Agent, Curry County
County Agent, Deschutes County
County Agent, Benton County
County Agent, Wallowa County
-- ........ _Urban Club Agent, Portland
District Farm Agent, Gilliam-Wheeler District
County Agent, Morrow County
County Agent, Grant County
40
SERVING THE FARM AND HOME INTERESTS OF OREGON
COUNTY EXTENSION AGENTSContinued
REX WARREN, M.S
FLOYD CHARLES MULLEN, B.S
HARRY LABARE RICHES, B.S
AFropi ZU NDEL, B.S
OLIVER KENNETH DEALS, B.S
ERNEST MILLARD HAUSER, B.S
WAYNE D. HARDING
EARL A. BRITTON, B. S
KARL DEHLI N GER, B.S
LAWRENCE EDWARD FRANCIS, B.S
CLIFFORD CHARLES JENKINS, B.S
KENNETH WHITE SAWYER, B.S
OSCAR EDWIN MIKESELL, B.S
WILLIAM ARTHUR SAWYER, B.S
ETHAN LINDEN WOODS, B.S
MAUD C. P URVI NE, B.S
JAMES EDWIN ALBAUGH, 13.S
ARNOLD C. EBERT, B.S
CLIFFORD BERNARD CORDY, MS
ALICE MAL., BS
HOWARD GEORGE SMITH, B.S
THOMAS H. DEAR MO ND, B.S
BLANCHE EICKWORTH, B.S
HAZEL PACKER, B.S
CLARK WILLISTON HENE:LE, li.S
Lois LUTZ, B.S
EDWIN GUSTAVE KELLNER, U.S
EILEEN CATHERINE PERDUE, B.S
JESSIE EUNICE PALM ITER, B.S
County Agent, Yamhill County
County Agent, Linn County
County Agent, Marion County
County Agent, Clatsop County
County Agent, Josephine County
County Club Agent, Malheur County
County Club Agent, Marion County
County Club Agent, Douglas County
Assistant County Agent, Malheur County
Assistant County Agent, Washington County
County Club Agent, Klamath County
Assistant County Agent, Jefferson County
County Club Agent, Linn County
Assistant County Agent, Umatilla County
District Farm Agent, Crook-Jefferson District
County Home Agent, Columbia County
County Club Agent, Jackson County
Assistant County Agent, Wheeler County
Assistant County Agent, Jackson County
County Home Agent, Clackamas County
Assistant County Agent, Union County
Assistant County Agent, Wasco County
County Home Agent-at-Large
County Horne Agent, Multnomah County
Assistant County Agent, Klamath County
County Home Agent, Lane County
County Club Agent, Clackamas County
County Home Agent-at-Large
County Home Agent-at-Large