XIV.
ON
pon,
At,
This report is
AND
more,
J. Keyser
T. Langendoen
M. Lightner
M. Postal
Reitzes
J. Viertel
E. Walker
TYPE VERBS IN RUSSIAN
obrazovat,
an extension of previous
Jakobson 1 and Halle.2
S.
D.
T.
P.
J.
J.
D.
Dr. Paula Menyuk
T. G. Bever
J. A. Fodor
C. Fraser
Barbara C. Hall
J. J. Katz
Prof. R. Jakobson
Prof. A. N. Chomsky
Prof. M. Halle
Prof. L. M. Kampf
Prof. A. L. Lipson
Prof. H. Putnam
Dr. G. H. Matthews
A.
LINGUISTICS
work
done
on the
Russian verb by
We discuss only the present tense and the infinitive; further-
we shall not consider prediction of stress location.
For this reason, Halle's
rules regarding stress assignment and imperative, infinitive,
and participle derivation
have been omitted.
We shall be concerned,
with the following forms; the forms in the
in particular,
left-hand column represent the Basic Verbal Stems from which all forms of the verb
may be predicted:
Stem
1 sg
Pres
po+jm
pajmui
3 sg
Pres
3 pl
Pres
Infinitive
pajm, ot
pajmut
pan, at,
s+jm
sn, I mu
sn, im,I t
sn, imut
sn, at,
obraz+ou+a
abrazuju
abrazujrt
abrazujut
abra zavat,
After the application of the precycle rules given by Halle, these forms will be represented by the following strings, in which parenthesizing indicates the immediate constituent structure:
1 sg Present
3 sg Present
3 pl Present
Infinitive
((po+jm+o)+u)
((po+jm+o)+t)
((po+jm+o)+ut)
(po+jm+t,)
((s+jm+o)+u)
((s+jm+o)+t)
((s+jm+o)+ut)
(s+jm+t,)
((obraz+ou+a+o)+u)
((obraz+ou+a+o)+t)
((obraz+ou+a+o)+ut)
(obraz+ou+a+t,)
Th, following rules apply in a cyclical fashion to the smallest constituent containing
no parentheses:
C-1.
Insert j in env:
+ [+voc
+
+voc
-cns
-cs
-fit
+f t
*This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation (Grant G-13903);
and in part by the National Institutes of Health (Grant MH-04737-02).
QPR No. 67
177
(XIV.
C-2.
LINGUISTICS)
u -
v in env:-
+voc
(+)
-cns
C-3.
V - ¢ in env:-
(+)
F+voc
L-cns
C-4.
[+cons] - [+sharp] in env:
+ F+voc
-cns
+
Y
where Y may not be null.
L+fltJ
C-5.
Erase parentheses and return to C-1.
If there are no more parentheses,
to the postcycle phonetic rules.
We apply these cycle rules to some of the strings given above.
Phonetic Form
1.
pajmu
Rules Applied
In Derivation
Derivation
((po+jm+o)+u)
C-5
(po+jm+o+u)
C-3
(po+jm+u)
C-5
po+jm+u
2.
pajm, ot
((po+jm+o)+t)
C-5
(po+jm+o+t)
C-4
(po+jm, +o+t)
C-5
po+jm, +o+t
3.
sn, im,It
((s+jm+o)+t)
C-5
(s+jm+o+t)
C -4
(s+jm, +o+t)
C-5
s+jm, +o+t
4.
sn, imut
((s+jm+o)+ut)
C-5
(s+jm+o+ut)
C-3
(s+jm+ut)
C-5
s+jm+ut
5.
pan, at,
6.
sn, at,
7.
abrazuju
(po+jm+t,)
C-5
po+jm+t,
(s+jm+t,)
C-5
s+jm+t,
((obraz+ou+a+o)+u)
C-1
(obraz+ouj+a+o)
C-3
(obraz+uj+o)
C-5
(obraz+uj+o+u)
C-3
(obraz+uj+u)
C-5
obraz+uj+u
QPR No. 67
178
then go
(XIV.
abrazujIt
8.
((obraz+ou+a+o)+t)
C-I
(obraz+ouj+a+o)
C-3
(obraz+uj+o)
C-5
(obraz+uj+o+t)
C-5
LINGUISTICS)
obraz+uj+o+t
9.
abrazavat,
(obraz+ou+a+t,)
C-2
(obraz+ov+a+t,)
C-5
obraz+ov++t,
In order to obtain the correct phonetic forms, we must now apply a number of postcycle phonetic rules.
1. Insert n in env: < [+cns]> +_
jm +
[+cns]>
where at least one of the entities enclosed in < > must be present.
2.
[+cns] -
[+sharp] in env:
3.
[-cns] -
a in env:
4.
j -
5.
[+nsl] -
6.
Erase all + markers
7.
Unstressed o -
8.
Unstressed
9.
Unstressed a -
i in env:
(+) j
[+nsl] + [+cns]
[+nsl]
[+nsl]
4 in env:
+ [+cns]
a
-
in env:
+conshrp
a in nonpretonic,
noninitial positions
We complete the derivations of the examples given above.
1.
po+jm+u -6-
2.
po+jm, +/+t -6-
3.
s+jm, +o+t -1sn, im, at -8-
pojmu -7-
pojm, ot -7-
s+n, jm, +o+t -4-
s+n, im, +o+t -6-
sn, im, ot -7-
sn, im,I t
s+jm+ut -1-
5.
po+jm+t, -. 1po+n, at, -7-
po+njm+t,
pan, at,
6.
s+jm+t,
s+njm+t,
7.
obraz+uj+u -6-
s+njm+ut -- Z
S/
po+n, jm+t,
-2-2-
-6-
s+n, im+ut -6-
s+n, jm+ut -4-
s+n, jm+t,
obrazuju -7-
8. obraz+uj+ot -69. obraz+ov+a+t,
pajm, ct
s+njm, +o+t -2-
4.
- 1-
pajmu
obrazujot -7obrazovat,
-- 3-
-3-
po+n, am+t,
s+n, am+t,
-5-
sn, imut
-5-
po+n, a+t,
s+n, a+t,
-6-
-6-
sn, at,
I.
abrazuju
abrazujat -8-7-
abrazavat,
abrazujzt
-9-
abrazavat,
It is interesting to note that the present treatment of the , a/[-cns][+nsl] alternation
in Russian is not restricted to the pon, at, type verbs.
Thus, for example, the verb with infinitive nacat, but 3 plural Present nacnut, can
be derived with the help of one additional (independently motivated) postcycle phonetic
QPR No. 67
179
(XIV.
LINGUISTICS)
rule that applies after Rule 4:
j - 0 in env:
4A.
[+cns]
The derivations will be
nacnut
phonetic:
phonemic : ((na+cjn+o)+ut)
C-5:
(na+vjn+o+ut)
C-3:
(na+cjn+ut)
(na+jn+ut)
C-5:
na+cjn+ut
3:
4A:
(na+cjn+t,)
na+cjn+t,
na+can+t,
na+cn+ut
5:
6:
v/
nacat,
na+ca+t,
nacnut
nacat,
T. M. Lightner
References
1.
Roman Jakobson, Russian conjugation, Word 4, 155-167 (1948).
2. M. Halle, Note on cyclically ordered rules in the Russian conjugation, Quarterly
Progress Report No. 63, Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T., October
15,
1961, pp. 149-155.
QPR No. 67
180