LIBRARY
OF THE
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY
AUU 30 iy/4
'-'HHIARIES
MASS. INST. TEOt
AUG
DEWEY
ALFRED
P.
WORKING PAPER
SLOAN SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT
COMPUTER USAGE IN PUERTO RICO:
Ramon
729-74
C.
1974
Barqum
August
1974
MASSACHUSETTS
INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
50 MEMORIAL DRIVE
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS 02139
2 9
74
LIBJWiry
.
MASS.
AUG
COMPUTER USAGE IN PUERTO RICO:
Ramon
ll'i-lk
C.
1974
Barqum
August
1974
This work is part of a larger study on
computation in the Latin American nations,
The survey for Puerto Rico was done with
the assistance of ADSEI (Asociacion de
Directores de Sistemas Electronicos de
Informacion)
INSrr.
2 9
TtCH.
74
RECEIVED
AUG 26 1974
.
PAHF
TABLE OF CONTENTS
NTRODIICTI ON
4
1
I
2.
THE DATA PROCESSING MARKETPLACE -r
fi
.3.
APPLICATIONS AND SOP-HVARE
S
4.
EDUCATION
1.!^
S
PERSONNEL
20
6.
MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES
?.^
7.
HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
8.
INTERNATIONAL POSITION
"^2
9
CONCLUS I ON
^S
.
-
?.9i
in.
REFERENCES
40
11.
APPENDIX A
42
>2. APPENDIX
R
--
62
2
PAflF
LIST OP TABLES
1.
TABLE
1:
Table of CTDP Indicator Croups
"^4
2.
TABLE
2:
Group B ami Croup A Characterization
?>S
^.
TABLE
3:
Comparative wages in Latin American DP
36
4.
TABLE
4:
Summary of Latin American DP
37
7>
PACE
4
INTRODUCTION
computers in Puerto Rico has
The usajre of
followed
renarkably
a
rapid path of ascension both in the volimes and sophistication of
the
users
processing,
organization
and
position within
community. V/orking
France had
Puerto Rico
of 1973,
the highest
American sphere was
others due to
and the present
its
90 computers
ratio of
any country
situation in this
special relationship with
dynamism of its economy has
sttidied carefully to insure that the
guide
In addition,
other developing
63.
At the
within the
Latin
It becomes
30.
area, as
in
many
the United States,
created
a
situation
industry. This needs to be
most is made o^ these vital
in the socio-economic development of
it can serve as a much
lands
technology for development.
per
for every
installed
Venezuela with slightly over
skills and equipment to aid
V.'est
time frames,
using the same
of tremendous potential within the DP
the Island.
43 computers
with over
counted
Puerto Rico's
evident that
GMP,
the country, while Italy had about
million people in
1071
end of
by the
Using a conservative figure for the
had slightly over
Puerto Rico
data processing
billion dollars of
of GNP. Similarly,
billion dollars
same time,
data (RPFl)
about 41 computers per
Germany had 36 and Italy 34.
end
computers
300
the international
with AFTPS
data
the
some hasic statistics illustrate
installed in the country today,
its relative
of
levels
approximately
With
professionals.
skill
the
in
needed model to
the appTirntion
of
computer
PACT.
This work
has been done
keeping this
survey
a
conprehensive
encompassinjr
carried out
svirvey was
(Asociacion
ADSEI
Infomacion)
in Puerto
which
the
is
Processing Manager's
DP
international
This
of
Electronicos
de
equivalent
o^
the
Data
presentation, the
put forth in seven parts covering
and
software,
of resources, historical
position.
more
the assistance
Sistemas
Island's
applications
marketplace,
personnel, management
Rico with
a
America.
Latin
Association. For ease o^
results of this survey will be
the
^11 o^
Directores de
de
and its
conducted in relation with
findings are based on
study
purpose in mind,
S
Detailed
survey itsel^ is given in Appendix A.
information
education,
perspective, and
concerning
the
PAGP
6
THE DP ^fARKETPLACr,
The Puerto Rican narket is tailored to the United States econony,
and
therefore
finds
one
the
biculturalisn
mandatory.
to
In
condition, and
insular
make
terns
an
of
the
the Spanish
characteristics
the
study
independent
processing,
data
with
sinilarities
strong
sufficient differences based on
mainland. There are
heritage,
very
of
most
Ptierto
of
the
of
Rico
U.S.
manufacturers are represented in the Island. No census of systcns
has ever been taken, but a
recently estimated the
Island "^o be
group of knowledgeable persons (RnF2)
total number of systems
installed in the
dominates the marketplace
around the 30n mark. IBM
with Burroughs, Honeywell, NCR, and Univac also strongly present.
Hewlett-Packard, MAI,
CDC, DEC,
share of the
out their
have staked
and XDS
smaller, although sometimes
Puerto Rican market in
very significant portions.
The hardware installed
in the Island runs the full
manufacturers' product
line, with the largest
installed being IBM
Island
although
are
37n/lS.S's.
concentrated
important
San
installations
Guayanilla-Ponce-Guayama
systems presently
The bulk of the
in the
industrial
can
Juan
be
area
gamut o^ the
conpiiters in the
Metropolitan
found
(i.e.,
also
area,
in
the
refineries,
petrochemicals, cement, etc.) and at the School of Engineering of
the University of Ptierto Rico in Mayaguez.
PACF
Based on a sample of approxinately
and
somewhat
biased towards
can
we
spectrum,
give
prototype
a
unavailable, representing
of the installed universe,
hipher
the
This installation
marketplace.
10^,
of
is,
only a
7
end of
the
installation
computer
for
the
course, fictitious
and
statistical calculation
of an
average response to the questionnaire.
Our prototype system has 12 SK
has direct
access devices
they do they number about
installed
substituted
opposed to
inferred
and averages
a
II/R
from
for
S
three
previous
ADP
equipment)
the memory
29%
of
communications is being
respondents
system during
the
years,
and
7S%
system, which
of
was
the
a
size,
there
are some
the sample, and this
and when
installations
they did
present year.
time
computer
it
(as
As can be
rather
large
is also clear
capacity, which is of 114
form
some
performed, and almost two
indicated that
tlie
per system.
per system. The typical computer has
from the average on-line direct access
In
spindles
in two thirds of those cases.
installations represented in
Megabytes.
4
have tape drives,
of the installations also
About 50%
been
positions of memory, almost always
not plan
of
data
thirds of the
to change
their
PAGE
8
APPLICATIONS AND SOFTWARE
There is
a
wide variety of activities and application mixes heinci
carried out
purely
in Puerto Rico's
commercial
computer installations.
installations,
wholesalers; and purely scientific
University's Areciho
now entered
which
systems
Ionospheric Observatory.
The computer
has
Puerto Rico,
minor ones also. There are systems
which aid in
in a
major
demand deposit accounting
control
industrial
which
calculate
processes
odds
in
reservation systems, student scheduling
of the
linos.
y
industry in
of outpatients
which manage
Rallester
as
installations such as Cornell
virtually every important
and many of the
scheduling
such
There are
more important
medical center;
in large
banks; systems
large
installations;
in
gambling
establishments;
systems, etc. Among some
applications which
Island, or developed here are:
systems
can be
found in
the
(RPF!^)
Banco
Banco Popular,
Major banks, such as Banco de Ponce,
Chase Manhattan Bank, First
Credito, First National City Bank,
all
handle their major applications
Federal Savings, etc.,
using computers. In many cases there are visual display devices
which assist in the operations of areas like installment loans,
credit card accounting, and others.
Ionospheric Observatory run by Cornell University
The Arecibo
keeps close tab on the path of all celestial bodies observed by
CDCiSTinn.
All
a
controlling their radio-telescope through
is
computation
telemetric data for further statistics and
premises.
received and stored on an XDSDIO on the
Authority handles all telegraph
The Puerto Rico Communications
automatic message
traffic within
the
Island through an
to
IBM 7,60/7>0*s
switching center in San Juan, utilizing 2
in
78 municipalities
control over 110 lines connecting all
Puerto Rico.
The Puerto Rico Department of Ediication developed a statistical
PAnr
all investigation
Rico.
in the field
Comandante"
Horse
odds
calculates all
and
9000 series conputers.
"El
of public education
9
in Puerto
records,
4 Univac
Racing
Track keeps
all
payoffs
computes all
using
The University of Puerto Rico's Mayaguez Canpus pioneered in
systems
by
establishing the
Island's
first
automatic
registration and student scheduling application.
A Spanish type
composition program for newspapers was written
and is
on the
Island by Ivan Colon,
an IR^^ Systems Engineer,
throughout
the
now used in various Spanish-speaking nations
world.
automatic systems for scoring and statistics in
competitions was developed in Puerto Rico and has noi-/
for its
adopted by the International Judo Federation
Championships and Olympic events.
An
The
distribution of
survey,
applications being
fairly homogeneous,
however, was
butter"
applications
appearing
run,
Judo
been
l''orld
according to
the
the "bread
and
with
Although
prominently.
some
probable distortion is present due to differences in terminology,
and
issues,
other
a
frequency
count
yielded
the
follov/ing
percentage of installations v/hich listed these applications among
their five most important:
Payroll
Accounting
Inventory
Rilling
Accounts/Rec.
Statistics
Accounts/Pay.
Costs
'
71%
63%
46%
33%
29%
2S%
17%
13%
Software usage presents
an interesting panorama in
Most of the installations indicated they
operating
system,
ranging from
the
S/3
Puerto Rico.
were using some form of
OCI,
or
DMS
,
through
PAGE 10
Burroughs'
and MCPV,
flCP
indicating usage
to
IBM's
Of
OS.
operating systens
of an
"Sl^
of
the
installations
71^ were
DOS, and has never used any other system (86^)
Approxinately
the
installations
at all.
report that
working in nultiprogranming mode at least
using IBM's
they
are
for some part of their
operations. This percentage seems excessive hasod on the author's
personal
experience
in
Puerto
Rico,
and
should
again
be
attributed to the over-representation of the larger installations
in the sample.
The usage
of programming
obtained quite
managers and
languages and
their distribution
clearly from the questions
of the programmers
and analysts.
the distribution of usage is the following:
RPG
asked both of
Avas
the DP
By installation,
PACT!
mannitude of
the progranminn
programs written,
staff, and thus
the distrihution
of the
of prograns
11
niimher of
coded by
these
respondents followed the distribution showed below:
COBOL
RPC
FORTRAN
Assembler
NEAT
PL/I
Others
5 5.6%
29.4%
6.5%
4.9%
2.9%
0.2%
0.6%
Rut their preference for coding was the following:
COBOL
PL/I
60.0%
17.0%
11.0%
6.0%
3.0%
NEAT
3.0%
RPC
Assenbler
FORTRAN
With the following reasons for answering:
PERSONAL PREFERENCE
BETTER LANCITACE
OTHER REASON
59%
38%
3%
Programming packages are an important software factor that should
not
Especially since
be omitted.
it is
a
very
for
good tool
avoiding duplication of effort, and decreasing programming costs,
and application
implementation time in
an installation.
the responding installations indicated that
such package. Of
with the
Scientific
the packages mentioned
Subroutines package,
inventory
of
they were using some
those, 86% said that they had
same. Among
SO'i
had good results
most were
the IBM
control and
banking
applications packages.
Asked
what they
installations, 21%
considered the
of the
most urgent
DP managers
problems in
mentioned some
their
software
PACF 12
related problem. IVhen asked the sane question with respect to the
country
as
a
whole, the
frequency
of
such
software-related
problems presenting the most urgency diminished to
programmers
expected
the
question
answered
software problems
13^ mentioned
a
bit
and
analysts
differently.
the most pressing
documentation, which
related to this also.
when
295;
of
8^;
asked
them
in their work.
is probably
As would be
the
same
considered
Tn addition
very intimately
PAHP 13
EDUCATION
Systens education in
points of
sources of
at fron various
Puerto Rico must be looked
view. First of
should attempt to
all, we
Second, determine
DP instruction.
locate the
the scope
of the
educational proj^rams at each of these institutions and assess the
quality. Lastly, match the sources of education with the manpower
needs
professional career
and the
respect to
paths. With
the
first point, there are six basic sources of computer education in
the Island. These are:
1
2
7,
4
5
6
Of
Manufacturers' Education Centers
Universities
Private DP Schools
Professional Orj^anizations
High Schools
In-House User Education
these,
most
the
important
of local
far
rather large share of
DP professionals at
Nonetheless there are now
1.
IT^^J's
^'he
still
the educational preparation
the programmer and
analyst level.
important educational activities boinp
carried out at
some of the main universities.
University
Puerto
of
number
is
facilities, and especially
manufacturers' education
account for a
by
Rico
(Rio
Piedras
Especially at the
Campus)
where
the
Instituto de Estadisticas of the School of Commerce is awardinj^
a
already graduated
a
major in computer
number of
science. This program has
people in spite
final approval
of the
of the fact
curriculum on
that there has
the part
of the
not been
Academic
PACP,
14
Senate. The faculty counts with sone rather knowledfrnable people,
and future experience should improve the propram considerably, to
allowing
the point of
graduate computer science
a
distant future.
not too
degree in the
being given
list of courses
(RnF4) The
under this program are included in
Appendix
V,
The University
consideration
of Puerto
a
Rico (Mayaguez
program to award
a
computer science concentration
within the Department of Mathematics.
curriculum was
Science)
made in
major
to
1971,
with
a
strong
orientation. This has never been
is not
being granted
courses are
as of
being given
a
mandatory
course
undergraduates which
methods
techniques
A proposal revising the RS
include an
and
yet. A
number of
for second
computer related
nonetheless, both
in Mayagiiez,
will
scientific
approved totally, and the mnior
of Engineering.
or
third year
be
needed
for
Tlie
in the
latter
engineering
and numerical
covers the basic programming
that
(Computer
ARPA IT
mathematical
Mathematics Department and the School
has
had under
fampus) has
computer-aided
problem-solving later on. The
Industrial Engineering Department,
for one, also teaches several
computer oriented courses, such as
one
on systems
Department offers
simulation.
(PFF.S)
The Electrical
some computer related
Engineering
courses in the
area
o*"
hardware design.
The
Mayaguez Campus,
under its
Division
de Extension,
grants
various associate degrees in engineering among which there is one
in computer programming.
A similar degree Avith
the title "Crado
Asociado en
Ciencias de Conputadoras Difiitales
granted by the UPR's Ponce Regional College.
Division
de Extension
Conpiitinj^
Center
in
offers
a
collaboration
PACF.
15
Electronicas"
is
UPR (Rio Piedras)
University's
with the
program leading
Certificate in
to a
Progranning, and another in computer operations, program and sone
of the above mentioned are covered in more detail in Appendix C.
Although the other
major universities have, in
form of data processing capability, we
any
computer-related courses
given either
which wore
University (San
University
Ponce's Catholic
,
were not able to learn of
instruction
of
at the InterAnerican
or Rayamon)
Rey,
most cases, some
being
German, Uato
Colegio
or the
Universitario del Sagrado Corazon.
There
are
relatively
three
basically dedicated
ECPI
(Electronic
and
Instituto
relatively well
to DP
well
education in
Computer Programming
Tecnico
Puerto
de
best
known
established, although
operations. In
Miami,
Caracas
of
the
three
addition to
and
education, as well as
Madrid.
These are:
Institute), PHP
of
becatise
Puerto ^ico,
now
are
ECPT is probably
its
multinational
they have
pattern
the
College,
o^ education
the quality
in reality.
However,
three
The
schools
DP
the Island.
Rico.
imparted seems better on paper than
the
private
known
that of the other schools seems
branches in
for
their
to be
the
same. They have little or no hands-on capability to provide their
students,
and don't
policy. The case
seem to
have
a
very selective
of the Instituto Tecnico
is
admissions
somewhat di^'^erent
PACF 16
and
operations. In
conputer
keypunching, verifyinn
also involved in teaching
since they are
area
this
are a
they
successful, and the quality of the education is better.
invade the conputer
same type of problems
run into the
commercial
private
Other
mechanized
accounting,
results. Overall
mentioned these schools as
Private
government
or
enter the
starting to
introduce the
Perpetuo
Socorro
computer as
Publica. Following
future.
Academy
Puerto
schools in
computers as
School
a
suit, Colegio San
to
uses
small
a
PT)V
high school level course
de Instruccion
the American
Ignacio, and
planning similar
In the coming years,
1\'anting
possible, the
early as
in Santurce
now
arc
Rico
computer education.
field of
approved by the Departamento
are
low
is
professionals
of the
11';
same
the
v/ith
of their graduates
hardware aid in teaching
a
in computer science
hiilitary
subjects
source of education.
high
High
field they
keypunching,
similar
a
students to
they
basic
teach
survey only
our
V.'hcn
the schools.
schools
and
nore
as the rest of
the employment rate
according to
since
programming and systems analysis
bit
courses
for
the
near
however, the only necessary hardware
terminals with access to
for these courses will be simple
APT.
or
Basic for elementary instruction in programming.
Also
as
sources
organizations
sponsor
programming or
Ingenioros,
education
of
seminars
a
and
related with relative
for example,
has
run
number
eA'^en
of
courses
frequency. The
various courses
professional
conputer
in
Colegio de
in
Fortran
PACP 17
progranming, conputer nethods
at
locale
their
in
for civil engineers, and
Rio Piedras.
accountants, physicians,
other
At
teachers and
tines
the like
groups
other professionals
of
have
sponsored introductory seminars on computer applications in their
respective fields.
After the major manufacturers started to charge separate fees for
computer education, many large installations commenced to develop
their own educational
advanced in many
the aid
capabilities. These are by
(PI)
hands-on experience, it has proved to be
manuals,
a
of the education to the user.
and sufficient
workable arrangement.
is still the manufacturer
Overall, though, it
some years
slots, and with
of the more sophisticated user
of Programmed Instruction
now relatively
who provides most
If not by direct classes as much as
ago, still by providing
the manuals,
the
advice and
the tiltimate expertise in problem-solving.
The
distribution
of
systems
edtication
sources
was
obtained
directly from our survey for programmers and systems analysts:
^lanufacturer
University
In-house
Private DP School
Other
86^
28%
6%
11%
8%
(Percentages add up to more than 100% since more than one
source of education was possible for each respondent.)
The basic
time spent in systems
tine, usually
the latter, was
6..'^
education, either full
months. During that
or part
tine IHM
PAGT-
manuals
used as texts 12%
ivere
manuals were used
general 20% of
that more
course
of
?>9%
of the tine, other manufacturer's
of the time,
and other texts or manuals in
indicate, of course,
the time. These percentaj^es
than one
source of
the respondents'
text books
training.
were used
of the
91%
during! the
time
these
manuals were in English, in spite of the fact that only about
of the respondents indicated that they
3%, however,
language. Only
18
indicated
had
a
60?;
"pood" grasp of the
that they had
only "bad"
knowledge of English.
The programming languages learned by the programmers and analysts
seem to cover
cnnoL
a
rather wide range. They were:
PAGE 19
More specifically from our survey, however, we deternined that of
those progranners and analysts who
possessed
a
RBA (Bachelor of
were university [graduates S2%
Business Adninistratinn)
other baccalaureates and 71 had Master decrees.
,
37^ had
PAGE
2
PERSONNEL
When we
speak of
those people
data processing
laboring in
sone direct involvement
personnel here,
posts wh^se
with
neant
is
job descriptions
computer system.
a
it
specify
This means, for
all relevant purposes:
Data entry personnel (keypunch operators, verifiers, etc.)
Computer operators (computer and auxiliary)
Programmers
Systems analysts (including m inu. acturors' systems personnel)
DP managers (at all levels)
Administrative personnel (user and mantifncturer)
Maintenance technicians (user and manufacturer)
shows that on the
Our survey
Rico has
about 25
clerical
and
average an installation
persons in
data
entry
its total
personnel,
staf<^,
The
Puerto
in
including
distribjition
here
is
as
can
be
follows:
Supervisors
Systems analysts
Programmers
Computer operators
Aux. Eqpt. Operators
Keypunch-Verifiers
Administrative Staff
Total
There
are
3.7
1.2
4.9
3.7
1.4
6.4
3.6
24.9
major variations
imagined, between the
in
systems
analyst and
distribution, as
smaller and larger installations.
of the IBM System/3 installations
as
this
In some
often the supervisor functions
partial programmer,
and the
programmer
fin n
tRvlRHR
2n9-t?.va
2F,
PAGF 21
as computer operator.
sometimes serves
installations count with
the larger
systems staff. Based on the above
that
number
average
the
number is
very large
programming and
given figures however, we find
of programmers
installation is 6.1, and that
4.08. This
the same time some of
At
and
analysts
an
in
the programmer-to-analyst ratio is
extremely high both
in relation
to Latin
America and the United States where the ratio is 1.4 (RFF?)
The
distribution
of
unsatisfactory by at
answering the
personnel
given
above
least 35% of the respondents,
question. All those
considered
was
with
answering that they
26?;
not
were not
satisfied with their personnel volumes indicated that they needed
more staff.
61% of the
programming
DP managers indicated that in
and
systems
differentiated. This
analysis
seems to
functions
be borne out
programmers and analysts themselves, who
dual in
58%
of
the cases
their installation the
considered. A
were
well
not
well enough
by the
gave their functions as
classification of
the
tasks they mentioned in a definition of their job appears thus;
Code
Design
Analyze
Document
Test programs
Systems implement
Debug programs
Prepare specs.
Supervise
Maintain programs
Develop logic
Flowchart
81%
53%
50%
28%
25%
22%
19%
17%
17%
11%
8%
3%
PAGF 22
Prepare test data
Operate hardware
Statistical analysis
Organize
Instruct
3%
3%
3%
3%
31
according to
In addition,
systems analyst
processing for
is about
our survey,
30 years
a
programmer or
typical
in data
old (30.2), has been
5.7 years and during
worked in
that time he has
2.03 installations. Thus, the average length of time he works for
one employer is
2.8 years. He is almost always
(9A^,)
citizen) although one finds
(Puerto Rican, U.S.
a
national
a
sprinkling of
non-Puerto Rican born U.S. citizens, Cubans, Dominicans and other
he indicates that he knows
nationalities. Two thirds of the time
in a multiprogramming environment,
how to work
is very
teleprocessing techniques. It
he is familiar with
the time that
over hnl^ of
and
probable that these figures
again arc high.
^hc reason
for this comes partially because of the overrepresentation o^ the
larger installations,
and
also from
with the
the tendency
more experienced
to confuse
working knowledge. The Puerto Rican
to belong
to a
professional DP
professionals,
vague familiarity
with
DP professional would appear
organization 37%
of the
time.
Again this number is probably high due to the fact that APSPI was
instrumental in
the distribution of
for the
the qtiestionnaires
survey.
When
asked
what
difficulties he
following manner:
the
most
encounters in
urgent
problems
his work are,
or
technical
he answers
in the
PAGH
Education
Software
Management attitude
Lack of computer tine
Hardware
Documentation
Insufficient memory
Other
2:?
32%
29%
17%
13%
13%
13%
4%
9%
(Percentages add up to more than 100 because
more than one problem may have been indicated
by some respondents.)
He
learns
nev;
techniques and
co-workers 36%
of
his supervisor
14% of
the time,
methods in
from the manufacturer
his
33% and ^rom
he cites
personal
his learning new techiques in his
Later on he transmits them to someone else 81% of the time.
On the question
of wages, there is a wide
the size of the installation,
etc.
Host often
the time.
studies (56%) as the source of
work.
programming from
Nonetheless, the
variance depending on
experience, distribution of tasks,
averages
by
survey present the following array:
MONTHLY
function according
to
our
PAGF 24
Lastly, the
DP managers
survey showed
that alnost
40% of
the
respondents considered personnel-related problems to be anonp the
nost
pressinf^ in
Pure personnel
installation.
their
appeared in 211 of the cases, and
problems
the rest is added by education
and nanaj^ement understanding. The sane basic aj^frrej^ation produces
a
figure
above
50%
for
personnel-related problems
those
as the
DP
nanapers
most urgent
considering^
in the
data processing when looking at Puerto Rico as a whole.
field of
PACE 25
MANAGEMENT OF RESOURCES
The different
resources in
properly managed. Some
a
conputer
of the hasic points on
heen made in previous sections. It
the average
how
installation need
is
this have already
interesting to cover, now,
installation
computer
to he
allocates resources
in
Puerto Rico.
First of all, our
survey indicates that in
97,%
of
the cases the
computer itself is leased and not owned hy the installation. This
contrasts greatly with the rest of Latin America, where ahout
of the computers are
(REFO) At the same time,
oimed.
7,^1
due to the
previously indicated hias towards the larger installations in our
average numher
survey, the
indicating
multiple
that
per installation
of CPU's
computers
to
the
United
States.
installations have four
suhstantially
.
estahlishment
,
(REFIO)
is
a
ratio for Latin America
Of
course,
or five computers and
Independently
the
1.2S,
that numher seems high when compared
whole is 1.1, and even
a
installation
per
relatively frequent occurrence. The same
as
is
of
the
numher
specific
raise the average
of
per
systems
works approximately
average installation
hours per week. This is almost two
some
shifts
a
66
day per 40 hour work
week.
The DP
computer
manager's survey yielded an
installation
in
average annual hudget
Puerto Rico
o*^
!';6n8,46?.
f'his
for a
was
PAGF,
26
subdivided as follows:
Hardware
Personnel
Materials
?!236,876.- per year
$>7>7<0 ,7^7 .- per year
F,
other
per year
l';4n,84n.-
The personnel-to-hardware ratio is l.:^8, indicating how rmch nore
is
spent on the software preparation, mananenent and operation of
an installation as opposed to rental
is
conparable to
slightly lower
although
(REFll)
sane for
than the
of Latin
the rest
for
any case it proves
In
for sometime now:
as such,
the results
of the machine. This
America,
the United
what many DP manat^ers
fif^iire
States.
have known
the principal cost of their shop is people, and
this is the most expensive resource, and not necessarily
the hardware.
by management
External consultants are often used
they were utilized by about
or
another. When
performance
satisfied,
16% that
they
with 37%
were
answering
only partially
same time,
among
the users
of
is
critical
within each
that you
to know how important the
organization. Of
are asking
answer. Nonetheless, out
were
that they
satisfied,
26%
ivas
the
1.0.
computer's function is
course, when
there will
their
external consultants,
average number of times that they had been used
It
resource
not answering at all. At
claiming dissatisfaction and 21% simply
the
a
satisfaction with
utilized,
varied greatly
As
of the installations at some time
80';
they were
.
probably be
it's the
a
DP manager
somewhat
of a possible importance scale
biased
of
1
to
PACP.
4
Very
Important
as
Important,
Important,
7S% ranked
their system as vnry
important,
with
no
one
Not
considering
Important,
Very
Not
important, and
any
of
the
27
7S?;
other
categories.
At the same time, when asked to measure the computer's acceptance
within their organization, the DP managers considered that on the
whole it was not bad. The actual distribution was the following:
Very Positive
Positive
Indifferent
Negative
Very Negative
38?;
46%
8%
8^
0^,
PAHE 28
HISTORICAL PF.RSPF.CTIVP
Puerto
Rico,
within
well
mainstrean
the
States
United
of
influence during the ZOth century, kept alert to all developments
As the needs
in the area of data processing and computer science.
for fast and efficient processing of large volumes o^ information
Island, mechanization was looked to
arose in the
Following
footsteps of
in the
pioneered in
state government
utilizing
Tahulator plus key punches and
Merceditas Sugar Mill
to process
Rico
complex cost
Ponce
temporarily
Administration.
19:^8
P.y
Ry 1936
of the Puerto
automated.
increase
Ouite
a
few
although the
accounting
of
power
electric
the late thirties, and
the
that,
within the
and departments.
been likewise
slowed
after
the Island
being used by the Census Bureau
had
unit record
accounting applications
installations flourished by
war
similar configuration
keep tahs on the
into
2RS
Shortly a^tcr the
(RrF12)
state government agencies
Reconstruction
in
trickled
personnel and
machines were
billing
It^M
10?52
the sugar industry. Electromechanical
primarily for
IJ/R
sorter.
as
in Ponce imported a
equipment slowly
federal and
early
as
the
processing hy
of data
the field
its large payroll and
accounting of
(II/R)
mainland counterparts,
its
machines
tahulating
as a solution.
machine
installation in Puerto Rico, the late forties and fi<^ties made up
for lost
time.
In
fact, by 1958
the Island
was ready
for the
installation of its first electronic computer system. This was to
be
an IBM
650 installed
at
the Puerto
Rico Water
Resources
PACn 29
Authority (PRWRA)
.
delivered for use at the Conputinji
College
(CAAM)
sane year, another 650 was
Shortly after that
in
Mayaguez.
Center of the Puerto Rico
IBM
The
was
6Sn
AF,M
snail
a
scientifically oriented system, however. It was anain left to the
state governnent
to hring
was in
system. This
the form
scale connercial
first large
in the
IBM 705
of an
installed hy
the
Treasury Department in 1959.
It
was
also the
Treasury
second-generation computer to
computers, now
These
replacing many
of the
that hrought
Department
easily
large
Puerto Rico in 1961:
programmed
an IBM 1401.
and operated,
started
taking over
installations and
II/R
first
the
there were over two dozen
their DP functions. By the mid-sixties
second-generation digital computer system in operation throughout
the country.
<
i
Computers were by now being utilized in many more areas depending
on
the
and installation.
system
industries
Special
devices, such
requiring customized
manipulation
direct
of
systems, etc.,
gave the DP industry
as magnetic
teleprocessing
data,
central computers in
connected to
within
fixed
ink
random access storage for
readers for check-processing in banks,
fast
needs
the mainland
a
terminals
for reservation
varied outlook
and great
potential within the Puerto Rican economy.
In
spite
of
transistorization
the
great
in computer
advantages
brought
manuf acttiring, it
about
from
was not
until
PAGF
integrated monolithic circuitry and
about as
result of the
a
in nicrocircuitry
generation and
need for unifying
possible. The
lar^e scale integration came
advances
that third
state electronics,
developing
direction for
series was the
to show
line.
and therefore
was soon
It
Spectras, Univac's
the
sized
local small
punched card
end of 1967
mostly
Island,
by
NCR Century
engaged
within
to the
of total
than three years.
field
of
in the
control
in
special
calulations, or
single most important factor in bringing about
applications. The
this explosive expansion, aside from
Island underwent
small comptiter.
80 computer systems
the
RCA
systems
the number
Puerto Rico in less
for
same time,
prices acceptable
than tripled
there were over
series,
At the
advent of the
systems, at
.'^60
product
the same
third-generation
accounting, engineering
administrative
This was
others.
made
had
enterprises more
computer installations in
By the
within
brought about the
possible, also
vSmall
which
time allow
growth,
the
The IBM
of computer systems
the same
and at
9000 series, and
advances
same
followed
and commercial
systems.
first and most important set
compatibility,
made
aided greatly in determining
these new
these characteristics
and solid
beyond were
both scientific
computation within one basic system
the
:^o
during the
the first
the economic boom which the
period, was the
truly popular
IBM
system locally,
7)(^0
Hoi\eA
70.
reaching its
peak number of installations during 1970, when it accounted for a
sizable percentage of all installed systems in the Island.
Large
scale
integration
and
new
technological
developments
PAGE 31
brought about further events along the same line.
The IBM 370
series, the S/3, the Burroughs 1700, the Basic 4, and other new
systems basically shared the same characteristic of providing
more computing power at
a
lower cost.
The impact of this, as the
lower end of the computing spectrum is approached, is to make the
computer more accessible to organizations that could not afford
it before.
This has been the principal cause for the fast growth
in the number of computer installations
last few years.
in Puerto Rico over the
PACP
.-52
INTERNATIONAL POSITION
inferred from the introductory statement,
Puerto Rico, as can be
comfortable position in the
holds an extremely
community.
no matter
present point,
assembled
a
how much the
against underdevelopment. At
aware of
Rico has
North
those of the
America.
South
technology
and
make
it
It
assimilate it.
know-how without
the usual costs
in Puerto
Rico. The
travels to
stru^nle
in the
Island should be
other developing
serving as
bridge between
for
It
a
translate
can
United
provide North
can
American
no import
the United States
programmer or
Latin American
States
Spanish-speaking
the
involved. There are
to work or
it has
region. Puerto
or royalty payments to
Puerto Rico
the
Latin American
easier
professionals to
duties, federal taxes,
to nov/,
trying to help
the important function of
and
cost up
the same time the
its responsibility in
nations, especially
resources to
of weapons
valuable arsenal
most
computer
developed its
By having
international DP
learn can do
analyst that
so in
his
o\'m
native tongue, and be introduced to machines and languages before
they arrive in his own country.
categorization of the
In a
their
potential
for
Latin American nations
the development
(REF13) which was done two years
in
Group B,
and
ranked fotirth
o^
a
according to
computer
industry
ago, Puerto Rico was classified
in all
complete categorization is given in Table
of
1,
Latin America.
'^he
and Puerto Rico can
PACr
be seen behind only Argentina,
doubt that in
.3.'^
Brazil and Mexico. Yet there is no
other individual statistics the
Island leads even
these Latin American giants.
For exanple,
in Table
4
we can
see how Puerto
Rico is
way in
front of every other country in the re.nion in nnmbor of conputers
million inhabitants,
per
billion dollars of GMP.
characteristics of
the
and also
of conputers
per
At the same time, by looking
at some of
Group A
2)
mentioned catej^orization,
its
in number
and Group
some insipht mipht
R
(Table
bo obtained
in
the
as to
state.
Table
3
is
included also to
provide
a
comparative view of salary
ranges in data processing in the other Latin American countries.
PACE
TABLE
1
Table of CinP Indicator Groups
.-54
PACn
TABLE
.-55
2
CROUP B AND GROUP A CHARACTERIZATION
Croup B
-
Considerable number of computers zin country,
(200 to
some
fairly
ones.
including
large
Systems
400)
analysis, development and DP management at almost all
levels carried out by native personnel. Some relatively
implemented.
Elementary
complex
applications
teleprocessing systems are established. User groups are
organized as
professional organizations,
well as
although they yield very little actual benefit to
members.
Data processing
schools are established,
Consulting
totally dedicated to systems educations.
tasks now taken on increasingly by native peronnel, and
some
software
commenced.
Heavy
production
computer-oriented
courses
universities,
giA^en
at
including probable concentrations in programming within
the mathematics or engineering departments. Covernment
awareness and participation increase.
Group A
-
in
Large number of computers
in country
(over 400)
government
most ranges,
sizes and models. Most major
and administrative work carried
out by computers. Well
established
schools.
private
data
processing
Consultants and
sophisticated
manufacturers offer
systems
organizations
courses.
Professional
DP
flourish.
their
User
groups
increase
largely
productivity and information sharing is incremented.
Participation
information
and
sponsorship of
in
to
activities is incipient.
Some
support offered
neighboring less advanced countries. Universities of^er
information
formal degree programs
in
compriter
or
sciences. Planning and policy for the industry seen as
major concern by government and some research is done
towards
the
in
the matter.
done
Certain work
manufacture of snail systems, mainly in academic or
government circles.
SOURCE: Barquin, R.C.
,
(REP13)
PAGF.
TABhV.
3
COMPARATIA/E WAGES IN I.ATIN AMERTCAN
T>V
AVERAGE SALARIES IN U.S. DOLLARS***
7,6
PACr.
TARLE
4
STATISTICAL SUMMARY OF LATIN AMFRICAM DP
7>1
PAflF
.38
CONCLUSIONS
that with respect to Latin America,
It is quite easy to conclude
Puerto
development which compares
the
region.
characterizes
the
countries, creates
are
same
At the
not utilized
Island
much
time,
relation
with
for studying the industry in depth
guide. There is a strong need
more exactly the
Rico. This can
be done in a
however, should
Puerto
marketing research
months
number of manners. The
of systems.
research
through the
such as
assistance
ADSEI, this
The
project,
firm could easily perform
time. Also,
organizations
some
in Puerto
who's o^ DP
why's and
include a census
through
Rico,
very
there is
can be followed or taken as
little by the way of standards which
to determine
wastefulness. Machines
potential, and
full
developing
other
to
of possible
to their
which
affluence
of the
of
stape
a
the giants of
favorably with all but
spirit
a
bein^ at
advanced,
relatively far
Rico is
task and
first step,
University of
or
private
a
a
few
of professional
DP
this iob in
survey
the fuller
which must be done can be accomplished.
Working with computers is often entertaining and self-fulfilling;
rewarding. Rut we must
selling computers is usually economically
not forget the
fact that computers are also
complex machinery
which should
manner that
their cost is
accomplish.
In
very
rich
be put
justified by
countries
expensive pieces of
to good
the value oP
the
such
use, in
importance
a
what they
of
this
PACF
statement is sometimes
overlooked. In poor countries
forget the point. Puerto
poor country. Yet it
to employ
all its
Rico is neither
resources as
the local data processing
too distant future.
very rich
is no doubt a country with
possible. This is a strong enough
look at
a
effectively and
a
:^9
one cannot
nor
a
very
definite need
efficiently as
reason for justifying a closer
industry sometime in
the not
PACE 40
REFERENCES
1.
These fijTures were conputed usinp the most conservative
estimate for total numher of computers in Puerto Ricio, 25."^, and
a population of 2.8 million, and a
CNP of ^5.8 billion! The'data
for Western Europe is from:
Gassmann, H.P., "Computer IJsarc in
Western Europe," AFIPS Press, Montvale, N. J.
197.'^.
(Paper
presented at the National Computer Conference, New York N v
•.
»
June 4-8, 1973.)
,
•
2. rir.
Eduardo Fijrueroa, AnP Mananer,
Banco Popular de Puerto
Rico,
Mr. Luis
Lazaro Nazario,
Systems Manatrer, EDP Systems,
Inc., Mr.
Vicente Suarez, EDP ^^anaJTer, Computing Center of the
Treasury Department, and the author, R.C. Rarquin.
"3.
Most
of these were taken
from: Alvarez, S. and
Rarquin, R.
The State of Computer Arts in Puerto Rico,"
Paper presented to
the
III
Pan American Congress of Mechanical
and
Electrical
Engineers (COPIMERA)
San Juan,
Puerto Rico,
7-1^1
Paper No.
September 6-9, 1969.
,
'
'
4. There are
some graduate courses in quantitative methods that
are presently being given by the
graduate division of the School
of Commerce. The present computer
science faculty includes three
Ph.D. 's and two M.S. 's.
The course utilizes
simulation languages and
faculty member.
5.
CPSS
and DYNAMO as
the principal
is under
the supervision of a
Ph.D.
See Rarquin,
6.
R.C, The Degree of Penetration of Computer
Technology in Eatin America:
A Survev,
rt.I.T. Sloan
School of
Management Working Paper No.
702-74 ,' M. I .T.
Canbridpo. Mass..
April 1974, p. 38.
,
7. For
Latin America, see Rarquin(REF6)
the United
p. 43; for
States
see, Gilchrist,
R. and
Weber,
R.E., The
State o^ the
Computer Industry in the United States, A'^IPS Press, Montvale.
N.J., 1973, p. in.
,
8. How Latin American Markets Measure Up, RUSINESS LATIN AMERICA
December 26, 1973, p. 411.
9.
BarquinCREF6)
10.
Ibid.
11.
Ibid.
,
op cit, p.
47.
12. Most of
this information was obtained from the notes of Mr.
Gilberto Vails, IRM Puerto Rico, especially from his mimeographed
work "History of IBM-Puerto Rico."
PAGF,
41
Categorization of the Latin American
Rarqiiin, R.C., "A
13. See
Nations According to their Potential for the Developnent of a
Computer Industry," Sloan School of Hanajr^nent IVorkinjr Paper No.
678-73, Octoher 1973, M.I.T., Canhridge, Mass.
on
all
the information
14.
The information on salaries plus
computers installed in each country was obtained through a field
research trip sponsored by H.I.T. during the summer of 1972, and
the months of December 1972 and January- February 1973.
COL
CIII
CHILP
BOL BOLIVIA
BRA BRAZIL
15. ARC ARCENTINA
nOM DOMINICAN RPPUBLTC
COLOMBIA
COS COSTA RICA
CUB CUBA
HON
HAI HAITI
ECU ECUADOR
ELS EL SALVADOR
CUA CUATEMAI.A
PARACUAY
HONDURAS
PAN PANAMA
PAR
MEX MEXICO
NIC NICARACUA
PER PERU
URU URUCUAY
VEN VENEZUELA.
PRC PUERTO RICO
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
"Application of Comptiter Technology for Devolopment
United Nations Publication, New ^ork, N.v., 1071.
If).
See
,"
The division is the following:
SMALL SYSTEMS:
MEDIUM SYSTEMS:
LARGE SYSTEMS:
Up to 32K of core.
More than 32K and up to 256 K of core.
Over 256K of core.
CIDP
index is a
(Computer Industry Development Potential)
measure of the short term potential of a country for developing a
computer-user industry.
It is computed
through the weighing of
See
eleven economic, educational and technological variables.
REF13.
17.
PACr.
APPENDIX A
SURVEY ON COMPUTER USAGE IN PUERTO RICO
Structure of the Sample:
Nl = 24 installations
N2 = 36 propramners/systems analysts
Computers
=
30
(1.2S computers/installation)
DISTRIBUTION BY OFFICIAL VS PRIVATE SECTOR
12 (F>0%)
Official sector:
Private sector:
12 (50%)
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION WITHIN COUNTRY
San Juan:
22 (92%)
Rest of country:
2
(
8%)
DISTRIBUTION BY INDl IS TRY
Government
4 (17%)
Public Utilities 4 (17%)
Education
2 ( 8%)
Distribution
2
8%)
(
Construction
2
8%)
(
Finance
2
8%)
(
Manufacturing
1 ( 4%)
Agriculture
1
4%)
(
Transportation
1 ( ^^^)
Services
1 ( 4%)
Wholesale
1 ( 4%)
Media
1 ( 4%)
DISTRIBUTION BY MANUFACTURER
Burroujrhs
IBM
NCR
Univac
2
25
7%)
(83%)
(
1
(
2
(
3%)
7%)
DISTRIBUTION BY COMPUTER MODEL
Burroughs
B350n
1
Burroup.hs
H4700
1
IBM
IBM
IBM
IBM
IBM
IBM
IBM
S/3
1130
1401
360/20
360/30
360/40
360/50
9
3
1
1
1
2
1
42
PAGP
IBM
IBM
IBM
NCR
RCA
Ilnivac
37n/13S
2
.370/145
4
370/155
CENTURY 200
SPECTRA 70/4 5
9400
1
1
1
1
DISTRIBUTION BY INSTALLATION SIZE (REF3)
SMALL
12 (50%)
MI-niUM
5
LARGE
7
(21%)
(29%)
DISTRIBUTION BY COMPUTER SIZE:
14 (48%)
SMALL
MEDIUM
9 (30%)
LARGE
7 (22%)
4."^
PACT.
FACSIMILE OF QIIESTIONNMRF.
44
I
CURSTIONARIO PARA GFRENTES DE INSTALACIONES DE COMPUTADORAS
Nombre y Direccion de la Empresa:-
1.
Modelo de Conpntadora
2.
Capacidad de nemoria:
3.
Nunero de unidades de cinta mapnetica
4.
Nunero do unidades de acccso directo:
5.
Capacidad total de acceso directo:
6.
7.
Lleva a cabo operaciones de teleprocesaniento?
Si la respuesta a #6 es positiva,
cuantas y que tipo de
terninales tiene?
8.
Fecha de instalacion de la computadora:
9.
Existia alj^un sistema automatico de procesaniento de dates
previo a la instalacion de la conputadora?
Cual?)
10.)
Planea canbiar el equipo dentro del proxino ano?
11.)
Que "operating system" utiliza, si alj^imo?
12.)
Ha utilizado algun otro?
13.)
Cuales lenguajes de propranacion son nornalmente
(Indique porciento
utilizados en su instalacion?
aproxinado del total de los programas escritos?
COBOL
%
PL /I
^.
RPC
y;
NEAT
%
AUTOnriTFR
%
FORTRAN
ASSEMBLER
ALCOL
BASIC
OTROS
?;
PAGF 45
Prevee
14.)
15.)
lid.
algun canbio en esta distribticion?
Ciiales son sus cinco (5)
de importancia?
principales aplicaciones en orden
Cuales son sus cinco
tienpo de naquina?
principales aplicaciones en orden de
1
2
3
4
5
16.)
(5)
1
2
3
4
5
instalncion?
17.)
lltiliza
IJd.
al^un "projTramninR package" en
Hue resultado le ha dado?
18.)
Trabaja
lid.
en multiprofrranacion?
19.)
Cual es el pronedio de boras de trabajo senanales de la instalacion? (No. del C.P.II. si no de la instalacion conpleta)
20.)
sii
De el numero de las distintas plazas actualnente ociipadas en
su instalacion
Supervisores
Analistas de sistena
Progranadores
Operadores de computadora
Operadores de equipo auxiliar (no perforacion)
Perforadores y verificadores
Personal adninistrativo
PAGE 46
21.)
Tiene lid. exceso o falta de personal en alpuno do los
renplones anteriores?
De el numero de nas o menos en cada uno.
22.)
Hstan bien dif erenciadas las tareas del analista de sistenas
Si no lo estan,
donde es que
existe mayor yuxtaposicion dc trabajo?
y del programador?
2.^.)
Tiene
lid.
alguna regla ohjetiva para nedir productividad en
su proj^ramadores?
_^__
Cual?
24.)
Cual es la principal fuente de educacion de sus
Analistas de sist.emas
Programadores
Perforadores y verif icadores
sSnhre
25.)
sus progranadores y analistas de sisten
Los textos estaban en Ingles?
ve esto cono un problena o
26.)
Si la respuesta es si
deficiencia?
27.)
Si los
28.)
Que tiempo pronedio pasan en la cscuola sus progranadores y
analistas?
29.)
textos estaban en Espanol indiqne cualcs eran
Cuanto tienpo adicional de trabaio necesita parn considerarlo
100?, productive?
lid.
[
30.)
31.)
Conoce lid. algunas escuelas privadas de progranacion y
sistena en el pais?
Cono conpara su calidad pronedio con la del nanufacturero?
y los precios?
PAGE 47
32.)
33.)
Antes de contratar a personal de projrranacion y sistcmas, le
hace Ud. alguna pnieba de hahilidad y aptitnd?
Cviales
son los problemas mas urgentes de
sii
instalacion?
34.)
Que necesidades ve Ud. como las mas urgentes en el canpo de
procesamiento de datos en su pais?
35.)
A cuanto asciende el presupuesto general de su instalacion?
36.)
Subdividalo en Rquipo, Personal y Material.
37.)
De los sueldos mensuales pronedios de sus:
Analistas de sistenas
Progranadores
Operadorcs de computadora
Operadores de equipo auxiliar
Perforadores y verif icadores
38.)
Que tiempo paso entre la orden del eqtiipo al nanu^acturero y
la instalacion del nismo?
39.)
Oue tiempo paso entre la instalacion del equipo y el primer
uso productive?
40.)
41.)
La computadora es propia o alquilada*!*
Como evaluaria Ud. el trabajo de la computadora dentro do
organizacion? Muy importante
Tmportanto
Poco importante
42.)
No importante
Como evaluaria Ud. la aceptacion de la computadora por el
resto de la organizacion?
Muy positiva
Indiferente
Positiva
Negativa
Muy Negativa
In
PAGT:
43.)
44.)
Han contratado Uds. consultores externos
alguna vez?
Cuantas?
Quedaron satisfechos con el trabaio?
a
48
la nmpresa
PACE 49
ANSWERS TO OlIESTIONNAIRE I
MANAGERS OF COMPUTER INSTALLATIONS
QUESTION
1:
COMPUTER MODEL
(See list in preceding pages.)
OUESTION
AVG.
2:
=
SIZE OF CORE STORAGE
12SK
NimBER OF TAPE DRIVES
(Sn?) with 81 drives.
AVG.= 6.8 drives per installation with tapes.
QUESTION
7>:
12 installations
4: NUMBER OF DIRECT ACCESS DEVICES
30 systens (100%) with 116 devices.
AVG. =3. 9 devices per systein.
QUESTION
5: TOTAL DIRECT ACCESS CAPACITY
AVG. =114 Million hytes per installation.
OUESTION
OUESTION 6: ARE YOU CARRYING OUT TELEPROCESSING OPERATIONS?
YES=29% N0=71|
QUESTION 7: IF THE ANSWER TO 6 is YES, HOV.' MANY AND WHICH
MODEL TERMINALS DO YOU HAVE?
The answers ohtained were not clear, hut they included:
IB^f 284S,
IP.M
IBM 3277, IBM 2741, Burroughs TD700,
MohawT:
key to disk
ITT 3100C,
ITT
2260,
3060, and
terninals. For installations conducting teleprocessing
terminals per
operations,
average nunher o^
the
installation is 17.
QUESTION 8: DATE OF THE COMPUTER'S INSTALLATION
Average time, of installed = 3.0 years at survey tine
OUESTION 9: WAS THERE AN ADP SYSTEM INSTALLED PRIOR TO THE
COMPUTER'S INSTALLATION? VHIICH?
YES = 75%
NO=2.S?o
Of the yes
answers 6 7?; had a conpiitor previously, and
DP
33>,
or other conventional
had Unit Record (U/R)
equipment
OUESTION 10: DO YOU PLAN TO CHANGE YOUR COMPUTER THE COMING
YEAR?
YES = 32% NO=64% NO ANSWER=4?,
QUESTION 11: WHAT OPERATING SYSTEM DO YOU USE, IF ANY^
Of the answers
indicating use of an operating system,
systens mentioned
71% were
tising DOS. Other operating
were OS, MCPV, TDOS etc.
,
OUESTION 12: HAVE YOU UTILIZED ANY OTHER?
YES=14% NO=86%
PACF 50
WHICH PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES ARP NORMALLY US^^n
INSTALLATION? (INDICATING APPROXIMATE PERCENT
OF THE TOTAL OF WRITTEN PROGRAMS.)
nUESTION 13:
IN YOUR
COBOL
PACE 51
IBM Scientific Subroutines packat^e,
and banking projTrajnminn packat^es.
inventory control,
nUESTION 18: DO YOU V.'ORK IN fflJLTIPROGRAf^lING MODE?
YES=37I NO=63%
IfflAT IS THE AVERAGE WEEKLY IVORKINC SCHEDULE FOR
YOUR INSTALLATION?
AVG.= 66hrs/week (7 days)
OlIESTION 19:
OUESTION 20: GIVE THE ACTUAL NUMBER OF PERSONS IN THESE JOBS
IN YOUR INSTALLATION:
Supervisors
Systens analysts
Progranners
Conputer operators
Aux. Eqpt. operator
Keypunch-verifiers
Adninistrative staff
TOTAL
."^.7
1.2
4.9
3.7
1.4
6.4
3.6
24.9
AVG. NO. OF PROGRAMMERS AND ANALYSTS PER INST.: 6.1
PROGRAMMER/ ANALYST RATIO:
4.08
QUESTION 21: HAVE YOU LESS OR MORE THAN IS NEEDED IN ANY ONE
OF THE JOBS? GIVE HOW MANY IN EAC!I JOB.
YES=35% NO=39% NO ANSWER=26%
All those answering yes specified that they needed more
personnel.
QUESTION 22: ARE SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND PROGRA>fMING TASKS WELL
DIFFERENTIATED? IF NOT, MIERE IS THERE MOST OVERLAP?
YES = 21I N0=61% NO ANSWER=18'^
OUESTION 23: HAVE YOU ANY OBJECTIVE RULE FOR MEASURING
PRODUCTIVITY IN YOUR PROGRAWITNG STAFF? milCH?
YES = 35%
NO=26% NO ANSWER=39>,
There were nany different "rules" mentioned,
ranging
from attempts to measure a program's complexity to
simple counts of compilations or linos of code produced
per day.
OUESTION 24: IVHICH IS THE PRINCIPAL SOURCE OF EDUCATION FOR
YOUR ANALYSTS, PROGRAMflERS AND DATA ENTRY PERSONNEL?
(Note
that percentages don't necessarily add up to
100.)
ANALYSTS
Manufacturers
In-house education
University
Private DP Schools
74%
16%
S%
25?;
PAnn 52
Other
51
25!^
5?5
QUESTION 25: WERE THE STUDY TEXTS IN ENGLISH?
YES=100^
QUESTION 26:
IF THE ANSWER WAS YES, DO
PROBLEM OR DEFICIENCY?
YES = 31?3 NO=57% NO ANSWER=12%
YOU SEE THIS
AS A
QUESTION 27: IF THE TEXTS WERE IN SPANISH, GIVE THEIR TITLES
AND AUTHOR.
No Spanish texts were mentioned.
QUESTION 28: ON THE AVERAGE, HOW MUCH TIME IS SPENT IN
SCHOOL BY YOUR PROGRAMMERS AND ANALYSTS?
(Unable to get acceptable ansv/ers to this question.)
QUESTION 29: HOW MUCfl ADDITIONAL TIME ON THE JOB DO THEY
NEED TO BE CONSIDERED 100% PRODUCTIVE?
(Unable to jret acceptable answers to this question.)
QUESTION 30: DO YOU KNOW OF ANY PRIVATE PROGRAffflNG
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS SCHOOLS IN YOU COUNTRY*^
YES=83% N0=4% NO ANSWER=13%
AND
QUESTION 31: HOW DO YOU COMPARE THEIR AVERAGE OUALITY WITH
THE MANUFACTURERS' EDUCATION CENTERS'? AND PRTCFS?
(The answers here were a bit sketchy. Approxinatcly 37?;
of those
answering considered the quality at the
private schools to be lower than at the manufacturers'
centers. At the same time,
13?; considered
it better,
and 13% found it about the same, with 37% not answering
the
question. Concerning prices, there \\ras about an
even split of opinions.)
QUESTION 32:
DO YOU GIVE
PROGRAMMERS AND SYSTEMS ANALYSTS
ANY TYPE OF APTITUDE TEST BEFORE HIRING THEM?
YES=SO% NO=33% NO ANSWER=17%
QUESTION 33: IVHICH ARE THE MOST URGENT PROBLEMS IN YOUR
INSTALLATION?
(These have been accumulated
according to twelve
related criteria. Percentages don't add up to 100%
because more than one problem was usually given by each
person.)
NO ANSWER
PACF S3
DOCUMENTATION
OTHER PROBLEMS
4%
2S?,
OUESTION 34: milCH ARE THE MOST IIRCENT PROBLEMS IM THE FIELD
OF DATA PROCESSING IN YOUR COUNTRY?
to
twelve
(These have been accumulated according
related criteria. Percentancs don't add up to 100%
because more than one problen was usually eiven by each
person.
NO ANSWER
HARDWARE
29%
8%
SOFTVJARE
8?3
PERSONNEL
EDUCATION
NEED FOR PROFESSIONAL ORG.
MANUFACTURER SUPPORT
MANAGEMENT PARTICIPATION
OTHER
25%
20%
8%
4%
4%
4%
QUESTION 35: WHAT IS YOUR INSTALLATION'S OVERALL
BUDGET?
AVG. YEARLY BUDGET=<;6 08 46 3 00
YEARLY
'
.
,
OUESTION 36: BREAK
MATERIALS:
IT DOWN
HARDWARE, PERSONNEL
INTO
HARDWARE=.1;236,87 6 per year
(39%^
PERSONNEL = $330,747 per year
MAT.f,MISC. = :?40,840 per year
(54%")
(
AND
7%)
SOFTWARE/HARDWARE RATIO: 1.38
OUESTION 37: GIVE THE AVERAGE MONTHLY SALARIES OF voUR:
MONTHLY
SALARY
Systems analysts
Programmers
Computer operators
Aux. Eqpt. Operators
Keypunch-verifiers
!^l,n27
830
594
437
458
OUESTION 38: HOW LONG WAS IT FROM TTIE TIME THE HARDWARE WAS
ORDERED FROM THE MANUFACTURER TO ITS P^STALI,ATI^M?
AVG. =8. 2 months
OUESTION 39: HOW MUCH TIME ELAPSED BETWEEN THE HARDWARE'S
PHYSICAL INSTALLATION AND ITS FIRST PRODUCTIVE USE?
AVG. =1.0 months
QUESTION 40: IS THE COMPUTER OWNED OR LEASED?
0WNED=7%
LEASED=93%
PACF S4
QUESTION 41: HOW WOULD YOU EVALUATE THE COMPUTER'S FUNCTIONS
WITHIN THE ORGANIZATION?
VERY IMPORTANT
IMPORTANT
NOT VERY IMPORTANT
NOT IMPORTANT
7
5!%
25*^,
0^
0%
YOU EVALUATE
THE
OUESTION 42:
HOW WOULD
ACCEPTANCE BY THE REST OF THE ORGANIZATION?
VERY POSITIVE
POSITIVE
INDIFFERENT
NEGATIVE
COMPUTER'S
38^,
46%
8%
8%
QUESTION 43: HAVE YOU EVER BROUGHT IN CONSULTANTS FROM
OUTSIDE YOUR ORGANIZATION? HOW MANY TIflES?
YES=79% N0=21%
Of those
that said yes, the average number of tines
that consultants were contracted was 1.9.
OUESTION 44: WERE YOU SATISFIED WITH THEIR WORK?
PARTI ALLY = 16''-i NO ANSWER=21?o
YES = 37% NO=26%
PACF 55
FACSIMILE OF QITFSTIONNAIRF
II
CUESTIONARIO PARA PROGRAMADORFS Y ANAIJSTAS DF SIS^-FMAS
1.)
Indique
iino
de los dos
(
)
(
)
,
o
ambos, si sus ftmciones son nixtfis
Progranador
Analista de sistenas
2.)
Describa sus fiinciones brevenente en no mas de un parrafo.
3.)
Fdad
5.)
4.)
Preparacion academica:
Nacionalidad
(De sitio y ano)
Fsciiela Prinaria
Universidad
(ne Diplona que obtuvo)
6.)
Sitio y nombre donde estudio propranacion y sistenas?
7.)
Cuanto tienpo estudio?
8.)
Que textos utilizo?
9.)
Fstaban en Inj^les
10.)
Cono juzpa
Rien
lid.
o
Espanol?
su doninio del idiona ineles?
Med i ano
^fal
11.)
Que lenj^uajes de progranacion aprendio?
12.)
Cuales de ellos normalnente utiliza en su instalacion'
PAGF.
13.)
Distribiiya el porciento de proprainas que lid. escribe en cada
de los distintos lenpuajes dc propranacion.
(Rjenplo:
14.)
56
F,n
COBOL 60%
Fortran 20%
RPG 20%)
que lengiiaje le gusta a Hd. progranar nas?
For que?
15.)
Si existieran versiones en espanol de los distintos lenpuaics
de progranacion, cree lid. que mejoraria su trabaio?
^^^
16.)
17.)
Cree Ud. que mejoraria el trabajo en general do los
programadores del pais?
^
Cree Ud. que disninuiria el periodo educacional para prograna'
en el pais?
(lores
18.)
10.)
20.)
21.)
12.)
Cuanto tiempo lleva Ud. trabajando en el canpo de la conputacion?
Fn cuantas instalaciones distintas ba trabajado?
He quien aprende Ud. normalnente nuevas tecnicas y inetodos en
progranacion y sistemas?
Las transnite o ensena despues Ud.
a
alguna otra persona?
Con que "operating system" trabaja?
23.)
Tiene capacidad de nultiprogranacion?
normalnente?
24.)
Sabe Ud
cion?
.
programar
e
Si
la tiene,
se utiliza
inplementar progranas en nultiprograna-
Conoce Ud. la tecnica de prof^ranacion para teloprocesaniento?
2S.)
26.)
Cuales son sus principales fuentes de vocabiilario en el area
de computacion?
27.)
Considera Ud
terninologia?
28.)
o
29.)
.
que existe necesidad de unifornar la
Pertenece Ud. a alj^una orj^anizacion profesional do sistenas
progranacion?
Cual?
Cuales son los problenas o dificultades tecnicas nas urj^entes
que ve en su trabajo?
^^^^^^^^^
PACE 58
ANSWERS TO OlIESTT ONNAIRE II
PROGRAMMERS AND SYSTEMS ANALYSTS
OUESTION 1: INDICATE ONE
FUNCTIONS ARE DUAL.
PROGRAMS lER
OF THE
TWO,
OR
ROTH,
IE
YOITR
PAGF
PRIVATE nP SCHOOL
OTHER
QUESTION
7:
59
11%
8%
FOR HOW LONG DID YOU STUD^?
months
AVG.=6..'^
QUESTION
B: V/HAT TEXTS WERE USED''
IBM MANUALS=7 2%
OTHER MANUFACTURER MANUAT,S = .'^n5;
OTHER MANUALS=6%
OTHER TEXTS =14^
QUESTION 0: WERE THEY IN ENGLISH OR SPANISH''
979;
ENGLISH
SPANISH
0^
ROTii
3%
DO YOU EVALUATE
in: HOW
ENGLISH''
MEDIUM=:^9%
BAD=^'^,
G00D=5R»,
OUESTION
YOUR
OWN KNO'-'LEDGF
OF
QUESTION 11: WHICH PROGRA^^IING LANGUAGES HAVE ^OH LEARNED?
RPG
COBOL
PL/
81"^
ASSEMBLER
FORTRAN
NEAT
AUTOCODER
OTHER
61%
S8%
nn
19-^.
3^
."?%
19%
QUESTION 12: WHICH DO YOU NORMALLY USE IN vnUR INS^^ALLATION?
RPG
COBOL
ASSEMBLER
FORTRAN
NEA'^
OTHER
39%
67%
11%
14%
3%
3%
OUESTION 13: BREAK DOWN THE PERCEN'^ OF PROCPAMS
WRITE IN EACH OF THE PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES
RPG
COBOL
PL/
ASSEMBLER
FORTRAN
NEAT
AUTOCODER
OTHER
'y]]\'^
vnu
29.4%
5S.6%
n.2%
4.9%
6.5%
2.9%
n.0%
0.6%
OUESTION 14: IN WHICH LANGUAGE DO YOU BEST LIKE to CODE
YOI'P
PAHF 60
PROGRAMS? WHY?
RPC
PAHF 61
most freqtiently appearing.
23:
DOES YOUR
COMPUTER HAVE MULTIPROGPAMMINC
CAPABILITY? IF IT DOES, DO YOU UTILIZE IT NORffALLY?
YES = 56% N0=41% NO ANSWER=3?,
OlIFSTION
OUESTION 24:
DO YOU KNOW HOW TO PROCRAM AND
PROGRAMS IN A MULTIPROCRAM^HNG ENVIRONMENT?
YES=67% NO=30% NO ANSWER=3%
QUESTION 25: DO YOU
APPLICATIONS?
YES=56^ NO=44%
KNOW
HOW TO
PROGRAM
OUESTION 26: WHICH ARE YOUR M/VIN SOURCES OF
THE DATA PROCESSING FIELD?
(No adequate answer obtained.)
QUESTION 27: DO YOU THINK THERE IS
UNIFORM TER^IINOLOGY?
YES=70^ NO=26% NO ANSWER=4%
IMPLEMENT
TELEPROCESSING
VOCABULARY IN
A NEED TO COME UP WITH A
OUESTION 28: ARE YOU A MEMBER OF ANY PROFESSIONAL SYSTEMS OR
PROGRA^fMING ORGANIZATION? WHICH?
YES=37% NO=63%
of
list
(A
obtained.)
11
professiona:!
DP
orj^anizatios
was
QUESTION 29: WHICH ARE THE MOST URGENT PROBLEMS OR TECHNICAL
DIFFICULTIES WHICH YOU SEE IN YOUR WORK?
(Answers collected according to ten criteria. Note that
percentages don't necessarily add up to 100.)
Education
Software
Managenent attitude
Lack of computer time
Hardware
Documentation
Insufficient memory
No Problems
Other
No ansv/er
32%
29%
17%
13%
13%
13%
4%
4%
9%
9%
PACr 62
APPENDIX
B
COURSES BEING GIVEN AT THE UNIVERSIDAD DE
PUERTO RICO UNDER THE COMPUTER SCIENCE MAJOR
EST 200
Elenentos Basicos de Conputadoras
EST 219
Introduccion
EST
Orjranizacion de Conpiitadoras y PronTanacion
?549
a
la Conptitacion
EST 469
Lenguajes, Sistenas y Traductores
EST 401
Metodos Nimericos y Pronranacion
EST 404
Estructuras de Datos
EST 421
Aplicaciones Comerciales do Compntadoras
EST 422
Analisis y Diseno de Sistemas
M-C 551
Sistenas de Infornacion
'y\v\\n
Oa
A:^fM^;\]r
Date Due
MA5LJ_2-«7E
AUG
3 1
zJ^
I. .'II*
NOV
^^fi
19I9
a84
7 1985
MIT LIBRARIES
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