I
!
.
New Mexico B u r e a u of Mines
&
.
Mineral R e s o u r c e s
O p e n - F i l eR e p o r t
86
HYDROGEOLOGIC STUDIES OF THE
SOCORRO L A N D F I L LS I T E
BY
NEW MEXICO BUREAU OF MINES
AND MINERALRESOURCES
William J. Stone and R o y W. zoster
..”
December,
1977
Contents
.....................
1
Results of Auger-Hole Investigations . . . . . . . . . 1
Water-Well Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
General Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
.
Results of Chemical Analyses . . . . . . . . . . 6
Ground-Water Table and?qovement . . . . . . . . . . .
11
References Cited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
Appendix A: Results of Textural Analyses . . . . . . .19
Appendix B: Trilinear Plot of Dissolved Solids . . . .6 2
Introduction
INTRODUCTION
Operations a t t h eS o c o r r os a n i t a r yl a n d f i l lb e g a ni nO c t o b e r ,
The l a n d f i l l s i t e i s i n a t r i b u t a r v o f
N o g a lA r r o y ol o c a t e dn o r t h w e s t
Socorro Bldg. a t Escondida.
o ft h eC i t yo f
l o c a t e di nt h es o u t h e a s tq u a r t e ro fS e c .
fromthe
Most o ft h eo p e r a t i o n
26, T.2.S.;
o ft h el o c a l
water s u p p l y .
R?.1 W.
is
Citizens
over t h e l o c a t i o n o f
community of Escondidavoicedconcern
thelandfillfromthestandpointof
1977.
l i t t e r a n dp o t e n t i a lc o n t a m i n a t i o n
I n r e s p o n s et ot h i sc o n c e r na d d i t i o n a l
investigationshavebeenconductedbytheEnvironmentalImprovement
Agency a n d t h e
Thisreport
New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources.
i s a summary o f t h e s t u d i e s d o n e
of t h eB u r e a u .I n c l u d e d
are a n a l y s e so f
by members o f t h e s t a f f
two a u g e r h o l e s d r i l l e d f o r
theCityofSocorrobyAlbuquerqueTestingLabsunderthesupervision
ofDennisEngineering
C o . and b a s e l i n e water d a t a f r o m
wells i n t h e
v i c i n i t yo ft h el a n d f i l lo p e r a t i o n .D e t a i l e di n f o r m a t i o no nt e x t u r a l
a n a l y s e sa n d
dataon
water c h e m i s t r y a r e on f i l e a t t h eB u r e a u .A d d i t i o n a l
trace e l e m e n t s a n d c l a y a n a l y s e s
w i l l be. forwarded as soon as
available.
R E S U L T S Q F A~UGER HOLE- INVESTIGATIONS
~~
On November 1 7 and 1 8 , 1 9 7 7 two a u g e rh o l e s
determinethedepth
u n d e r l y i n gt h e
t o ground water a n d t h e n a t u r e
were d r i l l e d t o
of t h e s e d i m e n t s
area of t h e S o c o r r o s a n i t a r y l a n d f i l l . D u r i n g d r i l l i n g
o p e r a t i o n ss a m p l e s
ofDennisEngineering
were c o l l e c t e d a t 5-fOOt i n t e r v a l s b y p e r s o n n e l
Co. a n dt h e
N e w Mexico BureauofMines.
t e s t (Auger Hole 1) was d r i l l e d n e a r t h e n o r t h e a s t c o r n e r
T.2 S.,
R . l W.
t o a d e p t ho f
8 0 f e e t .T h i s
The f i r s t
of Sec. 35,
t e s t i s a t t h e s i t e o ft h e
planned water well f o r t h e C i t y o f S o c o r r o a n d r e a c h e d t h e
a t a d e p t ho f
73 feet.
Auger Hole 2 was l o c a t e d i n t h e l a n d f i l l
about 1 2 0 0 f e e tn o r t ho fH o l e
T.2
S.,
R . l W.
e n c o u n t e r e dt h e
water t a b l e
1 inthesoutheastquarterof
T h i s t e s t was d r i l l e d t o
a d e p t ho f
Sec. 2 6 ,
9 5 f e e t and
water t a b l e a t 8 7 f e e t .E l e v a t i o n sm e a s u r e db yD e n n i s
E n g i n e e r i n g show t h a t Hole 2 i s s l i g h t l y over 1 5 f e e t h i g h e r t h a n
Hole 1; t h e water table i s t h e r e f o r e n e a r l y
in the
t w o wells.
a t t h e same e l e v a t i o n
During d r i l l i n g it was n o t e d b y t h o s e p r e s e n t t h a t
t o t h e water t a b l e .
samples were m o i s tf r o mt h es u r f a c e
t h e water c o n t e n t a p p e a r e d t o b e g r e a t e r i n H o l e
Further,
2 a t the landfill.
The g e n e r a l n a t u r e o f t h e s a n d s a n d g r a v e l s p e n e t r a t e d i n t h e
two a u g e rh o l e s
are shown i nF i g u r e
on m i c r o s c o p i c e x a m i n a t i o n o f
1.
The i n t e r p r e t a t i o n i s b a s e d
the cuttings and the general distribution
sizes i s estimated.
ogfr a i n
S e d i m e n t sp e n e t r a t e di nH o l e
c l a y e ys a n d s
and g r a v e l s .I nH o l e
to light yellowish
o fc l a ya n d
1 consist of light to
silt.
medium brown
2 s e d i m e n t sc o n s i s to fl i g h t
brown s a n d s a n d g r a v e l s w i t h
I n Hole 1 t h e l a r g e r
brown
a smaller p e r c e n t a g e
c l a s t s c o n s i s tm o s t l y
v o l c a n i c material; i n Hole 2 t h e s e are m i n o r v o l c a n i c
of
clasts with
most of t h e material c o n s i s t i n g o f f r a g m e n t s o f q u a r t z , q u a r t z i t e ,
feldspar and granite.
Sedimentsunderlyingthehighersurfacenorth
inthevicinityof
sourceforthese
Hole 2 were depositedbytheRioGrande.
sediments i s t o t h e n o r t h a n d ,
of c l a s t s p r e s e n t , was d e r i v e df r o m
i n t h e Ladron o r Manzano Mountains.
. I )
of NogalArroyo
The
based on t h e t y p e
a P r e c a m b r i a nt e r r a n es u c h
as
The m a t e r i a lu n d e r l y i n gt h el o w e r
,
"
..
Auger Hole # I
City Water Well Location
Elev.4664.84'
Deoth
3
Auger Hole %A2
Sanitary Landfill
Eiev.4680.22
sd:mbn,vf-c,gran&pebs,cly,sity;
ang-sr:qtz,fisp,&volc frogs;
few.frags sdy caliche; pebs
increase toward base,
. .~
sd; I f hn,peb,vf-c,.sa-rdd,sliy;
sdgrns qtz8qtzt;pobsof qtz,qtrt,
granit-e 6. fewvolc.
gravel;m bn,voic pebsto2"
matrix sim to above; few
sdy,gran clay balls
gravei:Iibn-Itywlibn,vf-vc,y&
becoming c-pabinlawarport,
sa; pebs ofqtraqtzt;
sd g r n s o f q t r , q t z t & f I s p
peb s d sim too-10'interval
sim to io-25'interval but
lacking cloy balls
sd:ltywhbn,peb,gron~~l-vc,ongrdd;grnsofqlz,qizt,&flsp,fsvr
volc pobs.
. .
sd: It bn,gran t o small pebs;
frogs
f-m,ang-sr,minorwrgrns;
small amaunt o f silt;qtz,flsp,
volc
.
.
..
-sim taabave;inein
lurgorpabs
and some small cobs,
sd: rn bn, peb, ciy,slty: f-rn
WT-73' (no samples)
i,
dim: decreasain amount ofpsbs
s i m b 65-70; less clay
- WT- 87'
sim;grns in upper partcootcd'wiih
clay
.
NENE Sec.35,T.Z.S;jR.I
W.
SESE S e c 2 6 , T2S, R.1 W.
X-301665.03'
Y- 1127815.78'
- clayey
- silty
s d - sand
sdy - sandy
vf: -- -veryfine
f: . - f in'e
m
-.
cly
slty
.,
.
c
vc
:grampebs
kobs
-
I.
I-
.
..
medium
coarse
very coarse
granules
pebbles
cobbles
.
.~
ang
sa
sr
rdd
qtz
qtzt
flsp
volc
bn
ywh
It
fmgs
slm
grns
inc
WT
-X textural analysis
- angular
- subangular
- subrounded
- rounded
quartz
- quartzite
- feldspar
- volcanic
- brown
-
-
-
. .
yellowish
light
fragments
similar
grains
increase
watertable
Hales drilled by Albuquerque Testing Lob.
Figure 1.. Logs of Auger Holes 1 and 2
*
. .
-.
.
.
. .
.
.
...
-
4
area
near
drainage
site
of Hole 1 is younger
the
system
of
Nogal
Arroyo
andwas deposited
following
by the
dissection
of
the
high
surface to the north. The primary source for the material would be
from a volcanic
and
Lemitar
terrane
analyses
were
and seven from Hole2.
an
asterisk
Only one
as
exposed
to west
the inthe Socorro
Mountains.
Textural
by
such
of
on
made 13
of samples,
Figure
1 and
the
textural
in
the
1.
than in Auger Hole
determined,
important
minerals
can
substances
in
a sanitary
thus
ingeneral. coarser
In addition the average amount
of clay and
attenuate
and
size
range, is
canbe seen that the
landfillare
The
silt is only 3.37 percent in Hole2.
is highly
in Table 1.
resultsare summarized
parameters
2 at the
Hole
Auger
1,
Hole
from
The location of these samples
is indicated
presented in the table. From these data
it
sediments
six
presence
landfill
lateral
potential
or
in.
that
vertical
of
clay
certain
movement
contamination.of
minerals
clay
of
toxic
ground-water
supplie
"
It is doubtful
from
encountered at the
an
effective
the
small
landfill
natural
amount
that
barrier
to
of
fine-grained
there
is sufficient
material
clayto form
of possibly
migration
hazardous
substances.
The
clay
mineralogy
was
determined
by
George
Austin
of
the
Bureau staff. Samples were divided into plusand minus twornicron
fractions
Samples
and
were
following
the
finer
analyzed
saturation
heated to 375OC for
material
by
with
one
x-ray
sedimented
on glass slides.
diffraction
of the
ethylene
hour.
gylcol
and
original
material,
finally
after
being
4a
All
of
the
eleven
samples
contained
illite,
kaolinite
and
random mixed-layer illite-smectite. One sample (G 780001) from
Auger Hole 1 contained a small amount of smectite. Non-clay
minerals
in
the
minus
2 micron
fraction
included
quartz,
feldspar
and calcite. The depth interval studies for each
of the auger
holes
are
and
given
relative
in
2..
table
proportion
of
clay
minerals
(in
parts
of
10)
TABLE 1: TFXNRAL ANALYSES AUGER HOLES 1 AND 2*
(Values given in weight percent)
Auger Hole 1
I n t e r v a l (depth i n feet)
5-10
15-20
25-30
35-40
55-60
75-80
11.23
7.433.75
1 4 ;45
6.53
38.37
4.27
5.47
28.64
__
4.18
16.20
6.89
-
4.81
18.84
29.53
54.62
19.24
46.79
10.82
6.21
26.58
Very Coarse
1-2nan
Coarse
0.5"
5.33
5.78
13.10
15.98
~
10.36
4.86
6.56
9.55
8.51
,
7.10
*Complete results given in ?.pp.ndix A
Medim
Sand
Fine
11.58
10.06
8.38
4.44
6.23
18.90
14.02
. ' 17.69
8.32
31.87
15.78
-
12.55
14.54
9.48
7.00
12.59
-
-
8.02
11.23
12.88
12.87
14.15
17.76
3.87
5.43
;11.97
20.06
6.16 14.09
13.82
10.05
24.63
6.58
14.46
; 15.55
8.0725.39
9.91
29.35
22.58
17.42
15.41
24.49
7.94
4.88
8.78.
6.86
-
9.16
21.48
13.54
18.05
S i l t and Clay
Very Fine
<O.OGh
0.25-0.5m
0.125-0.25mn
0.062-0.125mn
13.74
8.70
Averages
Auger Hole 2
5-10
20-25
30-35
45-50
5.05
65-70
75-80
.90-95
Averages
Gravel
Pebble G r a n u l e s
>4m
2-4mn
16.81
9.62
15.21
-
.
27.85
18.16
28.09
-
~~
~
13.78
10.69
_
.
16.91
10.8K
". ._
11.63
5.42
23.27
~.
9.10
22.72
l d .."
31
-.
16.95
7.32
R.4K
_...
7.50
-
-
11.70
2.25
13.45
2.50
0..5.6 ~ .
~
1.0
1.91
n_."
~ w
"
"
1.48
1.66
. - 5.02
3.57
0.63
0.86
4.54
~~
3.37
5a
Table 2:
Sample E
Well
De9th
CLAY MINERALOGY
CLAY MINERALOGY
x Layer
I11 Kao Smec M
Remarks
"
"
G 780001
1
10'
2
3
1
4
w/quartz,
feldspar, calcite
G 780002
1
25-30'
3
3
0
4
w/quartz,
feldspar
G 780003
1
35-40'
5
3
0
2
w/quartz, feldspar
55-60'
4
4
0
2
w/quartz,
57-80'
3
5
0
2
w/quartz,.feldspar,calcite
G 780004
feldspar, calcite
G 780005
1
G 780006
2
5-10'
5
5
0
0
w/quartz,
f e l d s p a r ,c a l c i t e
G 780007
2
20-25'
3
3
0
4
w/quartz,
feldspar, calcite
G 780008
2
30-35'
0
5
0
5
very little clay
780009
2
65-70'
3
3
0
4
w/quartz
G 780010
2
75-80'
3
.4
0
3
w/quartz,
G 780011
2
90-95'
3
4
0
3
w/quartz, feldspar
G,
Q
-
size material
, feldspar
feldspar
..
. .
.
6
WATER-WELL STUDY
General Statement
In order
to
determine
the
present
water-table
position
and
baseline ground-water chemistry in the vicinity of the new Socorro
landfill,
a
study
of
water
wells
(Sec. 25, 26, 35, and 36,T. 2 S . ,
in
the
Escondida-Florida
1 W.)
R.
area
was carried out
during early October, 1977. This study focused on 25 wells; five
wells (1, 3, 4,
20, and 23) lie outside the area cited above but
add useful information (fig. 3). Results of the well inventory are
given in Table 3. Water samples were obtained from 23 of the 25
wells inventoried. Results of analyses foricommon dissolved constituents are given in Table
4. Analyses for trace elements have
not
yet
been
completed;
results
will
be
furnished
as
Table
5
w
B.
available. A trilinear plot of dissolved solids appears in Appendix
Results of Chemical
Calcium
(Table 4).
and
Analyses
sodium
are
the
major
anions
present
in
the
samp
Calcium may be readily derived from various sedimentary
rocks (limestone, dolosfone, gypsum, gypsiferous shales), whereas
sodium
is
available
mainly
from
clay
and
feldspar
minerals
and
salt beds. Sewage,and industrial waste may also be sources for both
constituents. The concentration of sodium approaches the recommended
limit for domestic use in only
of 2
the samples (wells1 and 11,
Table 4).
There is no recommended limit for calcium.
Bicarbonate
is
the
principle
cation
detected
in
the
samples;
sulfate, or in some case chloride, is the next most abundant ca
Bicarbonate
rocks
as
and
listed
sulfate
above
may
for
be
derived
calcium
and
from
sodium
the
same
whereas
sedimentary
chloride
is
.
7
.
..
.
A
.
Figure 3. Portion of Socorro.7.5' topographic'quadrangle
showing location of study area andmajor wells inventoried
.(see Table-3 for .additional Information)..
..
.
.
.,
. .
Lt.<
.
..
.-x
. .
..
Table 3.
1
Field
Well NJnr
No.
Location No.
2
Records of Wells Included i n Sooorro L m c l f i l l Study
WPrnX.
Blev.
ABS-
Nogal No. 1
1
Sanitariwn
Olguin
2
3
Olguin
A
Shaw
Citv No. 2
5
6
7
a
10
9
11
12
Sickle
Cole
Torres
Mossberg
Nuanz
Herron
mice
Kennedy
Daniel
Kelly house
Kelly ranch
Nogal Eo. 2
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
23
22
24
25
2.1.29.423
2.1.35.221
2.1.31.222a
2.1.31.22233
2.1.25.341
2.1.35.221
2.1.25.344
2.1.36.122a
~
~~~~
2.1.36.12233
2.1.36.122~
2.1.25.231
2.1.25.344
2.1.25.342a
2.1.25.34233
2.1.25.3422
2.1.36.323
2.1.36.321
2.1.36.312
2.1.36.314
3.1.2.244
2.1.36.143
2.1.36.241
2.1.22.133
2.1.26.333
2.1.26.313
,
4900
4682
4600
4600
4640
4685
4625
4625
4630
4630
4625
4620
4620
4620
4620
4628
4630
4640
4630
4610
4630
4605
4835
4755
4760
WaterTable
Elev. ( f t )
5
SWled
(ft)
water
(ft)
34
16
4884
Drilled
s
NA
NA
NA
Drilled
D
D
"P:'
18 R
14 R
42 R
4582
4586
4598
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
52.5 R
35.5 R
4590
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
35 R
25 R
110 R
120
60
130
NA
89
80
94
NA
259
>500
(.15 R
R
R
35 R
4593
NA
4545 (?)
NA.
20
NA
35 R
,
NA
4605
NA
NA
90-100 R
R
R
NA
NA
NA
NA
R
NA
N
A
140.5
>500
m.
Driven
Driven
NA
NA
NA
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
NA
Drilled
X
X
s
X
X
D
X
P
X
X
X
X
D
D
D
D
D
D
X
X
D
X
s
X
S
X
X
IR
p q x d a t 600 gpn
D
D
D
X
X
X
l e v e l s uncertain
sample kcn
i tap
sanple fm tap
IR
X
D
D
X
NA
D
X
X
..
4615
NA
S
PNX
NA
S
PNW
< 4260
WL = 9 ' , 1960(R)
X
Drilled
Drilled
Drilled
4590
N4
4570
Renwrks
m
L
. .
9
R A N G E -IO E. . '
SECTION 2.4
i 212
"(2IO)""
211
221 I222
(2iO)-
213: 214 223j 224.
: Eo01 : * ; [zoo] :
i 132 141 142 231 232 241 242
---(130)------(14!3--- --~(230)--(240)133 i 134 I43 i 14-4 233 234 2433 244
:
311 : 312 321 322 411 : 412. 421 : 422
131
I
I
I
I
I
---(310)- ~"1320)"--(4lO)-
6 miles
~
~
I mile
of numbering wells and springs:
a) suhdivision
of a township into sections, b) subdivision
of a section
'into quarter-quarter-quarter section blocks (dot
indicates locationof a well numbered . 5dfO'.24.213)
PIGURX 2-Method
-
.
I
-4420)"
%
10
Table 4.
Dissolved Solids in Ground Water, Escondida-Florida Area
AnionsWell
(ppm)
Ca
No.
Mg
Na
K
ABS-
HC03
Cations (ppm)
c1
co3
s04
N03
Calculated
TDS
( PPd
1
59.4
9.8
108.0
2.6
227.0
179.0
21.0
12.0
0.0
496.3
2
31.0
5.6
26.3
1.2
120.0
4.3
13.4
4.0
.5
182.0
3
124.0
34.0
94.0
3.6
270.0
175.0
94.0
0.0
.9
660 .O
4
95.0
28.0
69.0
4.6
195.0
238.0
65.0
10.0
1.0
600.0
5
37.0
7.5
24.0
3.4
112.0
53.0
17.0
6.0
1.3
201.0
6
40.0
6.9
27.0
1.4
112.0
59 .O
15.0
6.0
.04
207.0
7
25.0
7.2
28.0
2.9
100.0
29.0
19.0
8.5
.7
164.0
9
46.0
10.0
48.0
3.3
224.0
23.0
29.0
11.0
2.0
276.0
10
86.0
22.5
76.0
4.3
212.0
193.0
57.0
11.0
7.9
555.0
11
99.0
19.0
112.0
13.0
261.0
228.0
80.0
11.0
0.0
684.0
12
46.0
21.0
79.0
3.4
114.0
216.0
25.0
11.0
019
516.0
13
57.0
15.0
38.0
3.2
134.0
104.0
45.0
0.. 0
1.5
330.0
14
49.0
15.0
30.0
3.2
134.0
97.0
33.0
0.0
0.6
294.8
15
66.0
19.0
36.0
3.7
151.0
124.0
42.0
0'. 0
0.4
367.0
16
35.0
12.0
30.0
3.0
146.0
56.0
19 .o
0.0
7.0
235.0
17
36.0
8.5
30.0
2.5
144.0
42 .O
19 .o
0.0
0.8
211.0
18
36.0
8.3
27.0
2.8
151.0
39.0
13.0
0.0
0.6
202.0
19
63.0
16.0
38.0
3.2
171.0
128.0
29.0
0.0
1.5
450.0
20
26.0
5.0
50.0
1.5
146.0
46.0
17.0
0.0
0.8
219.0
21
56.0
14.2
40.0
3.4
188.0
89.0
31.0
0.0
3.3
331.0
22
100.0
17.0
41.0
4.3
220.0
138'.0
52.0
0.0
1.2
464.0
Recommended
Limits (ppm)
None
125.0
115.0 None
None
250.0 250.0
None 44.0
'See
Appndix
B
f
o
r
trilinear
plot
of
dissolved
solids.
'For
- domstic use (California State Water Pollution Control % a d )
500.0
8
31000.0 ppm
~~
i S acceptable
~
but 500 is recolrnnended by U.S. Public Health Service
3
Trace Elements i n Ground Water (ppm),
E s c o n d i d a - F l o r i d a Area
Table 5.
Well
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
'
8
'
'
0.7
-
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
24
F
p04
0.16
0.39
0.22
0.31
0.25
<O.l
0.28
0.25
0.19
0.13
. 0.26
0.18
0.23
0.22
0.38
<0.1
0.25
'
CO.1
0.33
<0.1
<0.1
0.22
Fe'
0.66
0.62
0.52
0.41
0.47
0 -52
0.52
0.43
0.42
0.47
0.42
0.43
0.46
0.49
0.40
0 -56
0.57
0.56
0.52
0.51
0.51
0.38
0.45
Mn
Cd
cu
Zn
0.0008
.51
.005
0.0
6.
968
<0.0005
-008
.06
0.
14
.8
3
0.0013
-003
-39
1.1
0.33 0.0009
<.05
.008
1.0
0.15 <0.0005
c.05
-01
2.7
<0.05
0.0026
<.05
-01
< .001
0.26
0.35
0.012 . <.05
0.22.10
0.0026
-50
< .001
1.05
0.07
0 "034
.37
< .001
0 -01
1.05
0.04
.06
< .001
0.004
0.51
0.66
< .OOl
-05
0.024
0.45
0.41
< .001
<.05
0.0
3.
506
0.007
130
.003
0.0
1.
405
< .05
.005
0.018
0.0
2.
009
0.024
< .05
.002
0.45
0.09
< .001 . o.oas <.05
0.16
0.07 < .001.
0.006 < -05
0.
20
.6
1
.44
0.005
< .OOl
0.11
0.05 < .001
0.02
-07
.15
0.7
06
.04
< .001
0.007
0.19
0.02
0.150
.18
< .OOl.
0.3
0.
66
0.022
< -001
< -05
0.23 <0.01 < -001
-16
0.068
38.0
0.19
Cr
<.Ol
<.01
<.01
<.01
<.01
<.01
<.01
<.01
<.01
<.Dl
<.01
<.01
<.Ol,
<.01
<.01
<.01
< .01
<.01
<.01
< -01
<.01
< .01
<.01
Recamended
limits1 f o r None
1.5
1.0
0.2 0.01
1.0
Healthnamestic
Use (PP)
'U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
. .
.
.
10.0
0'.05
11
e
available from most rocks and soils, sewage, and industrial effluen
Only
three
wells
approach
the
recommended
(well numbers4, 11, and 12, Table 4).
limit
for
sulfate
None of the samples analyzed
contains excessive chloride. There is no recommended limit for
bicarbonate.
The
presence
of
nitrate
in
most
of
the
samples
is
of
speci
interest. This cation may be derived from decayed organic matter,
nitrate fertlizers, animal excrement, and sewage. Although nitrate
does not exceed the recommended limit in any of the samples, its
presence
in
may
contact
bean indication
with
the
that
domestic
ground-water
supply
sewage
and
is
locally
septic
tanks
coming
should
examined.
e
Total dissolved solids (TDS) contents of the waters are
excellent,
falling
generally
well
below
the
recommended
500 ppm
do not
(parts per million) standard for drinking water: several
even approach half of this value (Table
4 and fig. 4).
Only 5 samples
3 , 4, 10, 11,and 12); oneof these
exceeded this standard (wells
(number 4) is not used for domestic purposes. There is no need for
concern
over
remaining
4 wells
the
as
water
is
considered
potable
and fresh if TDS content does not exceed
1000 ppm; lacking better
quality
saline
supplies,
waters
Ground-Water
Local
e
wells
owing
many
without
Table
water
communities
harmful
and
levels
mainly
to
have
reportedly
used
even
more
effects.
Movement
were
methods
difficult
of
well
to
measure
completion
at 4all
of
(no
but
the
access
for
water-level-indicator cable). Reported values were obtained, however,
12
26
13
-
for 10other wells (Table 3).
reported
not
values
are
necessarily
for
It should
different
be
times
noted
in
that se
the
the
past
and
thus
ar
compatible
or representative of the present
situation. Based on levels measured in the present study, the
water
table
near
the
landfill
appears
to
slope
toward
the
Rio
Grande (fig. 5). It occurs at an elevation of about 4964 ft. at
well number1 ( 3 miles west of the landfill), at about 4620 ft.
in well number 24
(1 mile west of the landfill) at 4592 ft. and
4593 ft. in Auge.n. Holes
1 and 2 at the ,landfill and at about 4590
ft. at well number
8 ( . 2 mile east of Interstate 25).
An
anomalous
water-level
measurement
was
obtained
at
well
number 25. At this well, located just short of a mile of
west
the
landfill, the entire length of a 500-ft. water-level-indicator
cable
If
was
this
lowered
well
is
without
open
to
reaching
the
water
water
or
table,
the
bottom
this
means
of
the
that
the
water table there lies at an elevation less than 4250 ft. At we
number 24, located directlv across Nogal Arroyo to the west (fig.
water was encountered at a depth
of 140.5 ft. (elevation 4590 ft.)
or
atleast 340 ft. above that at well 25.
One
explanation
separated
vertical
by
a
of
this
discrepancy
is that
fault
or fracture
movement
displacing
along
the
which
the
there
water-bearing
2
wells
has
strata
are
been
upward
on the .
west and downward on the east. Although wells 24 and 25 did not
exist, Waldron (1956) postulated the presence of a fault in the sa
area on
the
basis
of
a
refractive
seismic
wrofile
which
showed
14
Figure .5. Map showing generalized ground-water'table and movement
in study.area. Upper values are depths to water; lower values
are elevations of water table (reported valuesa r e - i n
parentheses). See Table 3 for other well da,ta; A-1 and A-2
are auger holes sh.own in fig. 1:''
..
~.
..
I
._
15
was i n t e r p r e t e d t o b e t h e
abrupt35-ft.offsetinwhat
water t a b l e .
a fault
t h e presenceof
Furtherstudywouldbenecessarytoconfirm
and t o d e t e r m i n e why seismic d a t a show a 3 5 - f t i r r e g u l a r i t y i n
water t a b l e w h e r e a s
w e l l 25 s u g g e s t s more t h a n 300 f t . of offset.:
The q u e s t i o n may be merelyacademic
seem t o becompatible
water a t t h e
i n a d j a c e n tE s c o n d i d a
levels n e a r t h e r e a n d
landfillbecausewater
a n dF l o r i d a
as r e g a r d s g r o u n d
( a l l a v a i l a b l e water l e v e l s ,
well 25 a n da nu n c e r t a i n
w i t ht h ee x c e p t i o no ft h ea n o m a l o u sv a l u ef o r
well 1 8 , are p l o t t e d on f i g . 5 ) .
r e p o r t e dv a l u ef o r
B e c a u s el o c a ld a t a
water
are s p a r s e , r e g i o n a l c o m p i l a t i o n s o f
l e v e l were c o n s u l t e d t o c o n f i r m t h e d e t e r m i n e d w a t e r - t a b l e c o n f i g u r a t i o n .R e g i o n a lw a t e r - l e v e l
maps were p l o t t e d byWaldron(1956)
and Bushman ( 1 9 6 3 ) .I nc o n j u n c t i o nw i t h
for the
a r e c o n n a i s s a n c es t u d y
New Mexico BureauofMinesandMineralResourcesofthe
a r e a , Stone
h y d r o g e o l o g i ca s p e c t so ft h eS o c o r r oP e a kg e o t h e r m a l
( 1 9 7 7 ) p r e p a r e d maps f r o m g r o u n d - w a t e r d a t a a v a i l a b l e i n v a r i o u s
B u r e a uC i r c u l a r s .
The BureauofMines
Magdalena t o j u s t across theRioGrande
few miles n o r t h of P o l v a d e r a t o
Basedon
maps c o v e rt h e
area from
e a s t ofSocorroandfrom
a
a few miles s o u t h o f S o c o r r o .
thesevariousregional
maps t h e f o l l o w i n g
may b e
concluded:
1.
Two f l o ws y s t e m so p e r a t eo nt h e
flow i s e a s t e r l y andone
e
t ihne
i s southerly.
zone
where
the
Rio
t o themountainfrontinwhich
G r a n d eV a l l e y :o n en e x t
whichflow
west s i d e o f t h e
i n t h e lower f l o o d p l a i n
areas i n
The r e s u l t a n tf l o wd i r e c t i o n
2 systems
merge
i s southeasterly
16
( f i g . 5 ; flow i s p e r p e n d i c u l a rt ow a t e r - l e v e lc o n t o u r s )
The s o u t h e a s t e r l y t r e n d
of thelowerpartofNogalArroyo
may be a r e f l e c t i o n o f t h i s r e s u l t a n t f l o w d i r e c t i o n .
2.
The w a t e r - c h e m i s t r yo ft h e
2 f l o ws y s t e m sd i f f e r s ;g r o u n d
waters n e x t t o t h e m o u n t a i n f r o n t
3.
less
waters on t h el o w e rf l o o d
t h a n 1 0 0 0 ppm) whereasground
p l a i n are s l i g h t l y s a l i n e
are f r e s h (TDSmuch
(TDS i n e x c e s s o f
1 0 0 0 ppm).
L o c a l l y ,o p p o s i t ef a v o r a b l ep l a c e so nt h em o u n t a i nf r o n t ,
ground waters i n t h e lower f l o o d p l a i n
are anomalously
f r e s h owing t o d i l u t i o n by f r e s h waters from the mountain flow
s y s t e m( f i g .
4.
4).
The waters o ft h em o u n t a i nf l o ws y s t e m
they originate only
Magdalenasand
a short distance to the
travelrapidly
Spring have been determined
a r a t e ofabout
mountains,and
5.
west i n t h e
(waters d i s c h a r g i n g a t S o c o r r o
t o move t h r o u g h t h e g r o u n d
Ranch F l a t s , t h r o u g h f r a c t u r e s i n t h e
down t h e d r a i n a g e
of NogalArroyo.
The s a l i n i t y o f
waters o ft h ef l o o dp l a i nf l o ws y s t e m
b ee x p l a i n e di n
several ways.
i s c l o s e l y related t o r i v e r
f l o w i s onesourceof
both the river
A l s o ,t h e r e
at
7 times normal;Holmes,1963)
35 f t / d a y o r
a c r o s st h eS n a k e
are f r e s hb e c a u s e
may
F i r s t of a l l , t h i s water
water.
S a l i n ei r r i g a t i o nr e t u r n
elevated t o t a l d i s s o l v e d s o l i d s i n
and a s s o c i a t e d f l o o d p l a i n g r o u n d
waters.
are n a t u r a l s o u r c e s f o r t h e d i s s o l v e d
c o n s t i t u e n t s as m e n t i o n e da b o v e :l i m e s t o n e s ,d o l o s t o n e s ,
and gypsum ( o c c u r r i n g as l a y e r s i n b o t h t h e a n c i e n t
b e d r o c ka n dv a l l e y
f i l l and as v e i n s o r f r a c t u r e - f i l l i n g
material i n m u d s t o n e s o f t h e a n c i e n t b e d r o c k a n d v a l l e y
fill).
17
e
mind, t h e l o c a l ground-water
With t h i s r e g i o n a l p i c t u r e i n
s i t u a t i o n a t t h el a n d f i l lc a nb e
lies in an
area i n whichground
f l o ws y s t e m .I nt h i sa r e a ,
more r e a d i l y summarized.
The l a n d f i.11
water i s dominated by the mountain
a t o n g u eo ff r e s hg r o u n d
water flows
e a s t e r l y f r o mt h em o u n t a i nf r o n t ,a l o n gN o g a lA r r o y o ,t o w a r dt h e
Grande.Thistongueofground
Rio
water i n t e r r u p t st h ef l o o dp l a i nf l o w
is
s y s t e mi nt h ev i c i n i t yo fE s c o n d i d aa n dF l o r i d a .T h i sc o n d i t i o n
s u g g e s t e d by b o t h a v a i l a b l e w a t e r - t a b l e
a n a l y s e so fl o c a lg r o u n d
w a s n o tt h ep u r p o s e
not the landfill
t h es c o p e
data a n d r e s u l t s
waters ( f i g s . 3 , 4 , and 5 ) .
of c h e m i c a l
Although it
of t h e water-well s t u d y t o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r o r
w i l l r e s u l t i n ground-watercontamination,
it i s w i t h i n
of t h i s r e p o r t t o p o i n t o u t t h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h e
water s e t t i n gd e t e r m i n e df o rt h ea r e a .
The s i g n i f i c a n c eo fs u c h
a
a t t h el a n d f i l l ,
it
s e t t i n g i s t h a ts h o u l da n yc o n t a m i n a t i o no c c u r
canbeexpectedtomigrateeasterlytoward
ground-
various r e s i d e n c e s i n
EscondidaorsoutheasterlytowardthoseinFlorida.
18
REFERENCES
CITED
Bushman, E. X., 1 9 6 3 , Ground water in the Socorro Valley:
New Mexico Geological Society, Guidebook 14th field
conference, p. 1 5 5 - 1 9 5 .
Folk, R. F., 1 9 7 4 , Petrology of sedimentarv rocks: Austin,
Hemphill Publishing Company,182 p .
Holmes, C. R., 1 9 6 3 , Tritium studies, Socorro Spring: New
Mexico Geological Society, Guidebook 14th field
conference, p. 1 5 2 - 1 5 4 .
Stone, W. J., 1 9 7 7 , Preliminary hydrologic mawsof the Socorro
Peak area: New Mexico Bureau of ?lines and Mineral Resources,
Open-File Maps,4 sheets.
Waldron, J. F., 1 9 5 6 , Reconnaissance geology and ground-water
study of a
part
of
Socorro
County,
New
Mexico:
Stanford
University, Ph.D. thesis, 2 5 5 p.
Nentworth, C. K . ,
1922, A
scale of grade and class terms for
clastic sediments: Journal of Geology, v.30, p . 3 7 7 - 3 9 2 .
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Chemical
analyses
were
performed
under
the
direction
of
Lynn A. Brandvold, Bureau chemist. Water wells were inventoried
by Robert C. Brod and Scott
K. Anderholm, Bureau research
assistants. Textural analyses were made by Robert C. Brod.
The
trilinear
plot
was
prepared
by
X. Anderholm.
Scott
19
Appendix
A
qesults of Textural Analyses
e
e
20
EXPLANATION
The
texture
of
the
13
*
samples
studied
was
determined
by
sieving with a whole phi sieve set (difference between
adjacent sieves in the stack
was 1 phi unit). The pages
which
follow
are
Xerox
reductions
of
computer-printout
sheets
designed to present the various results
of sieve analyses. For
each sample there are
3 sheets.
The first gives raw weights,
calculated percentages (by weight), and cumulative percentages
(by weight) for each size class based
on the sieving (see
Table 1 for
names
corresponding
The
sheet
shows
by
second
means
Textures
of
of
a
bar
the
graph
samples
to
numerical
grain-size
or
both
classes).
distribution
histogram
may
be compared
size
and
a
for
the
cumulative
visually
and
sampl
curve.
statistically
through the use of these graphs.
The third sheet presents the
statistical characteristics of the grain-size distribution. The
statistical
parameters
given
are
defined
below
following
Folk
(1974):
Mean
(measure
of
arithmetic
D is
class
the
average
mean=
grain
DW
where Z m e a n s the
Z W
sum,
/
size
of the
phi
size)
class
midpoint,
and
W
is
the
weight.
+ @84 : ayecage of grain
3
sizes (in phi units) corresponding to the 16th, 50th,
graphic mean =
l
percentiles
84th
and
e *
(@16
+
450
on cumulative
curve.
The phi unit( 4 ) is a logarithmic transformation
of the
Wentworth (1922) millimeter grain-size scale,employedfor
ease in computations.
21
Median = g r a i n s i z e c o r r e s ' p o n d i n g t o t h e 5 0 t h p e r c e n t i l e .
Mode = m o s t f r e q u e n t l y o c c u r r i n g g r a i n s i z e ; n o t g i v e n
on
computer-printoutsheetsbutapparentinTable
S t a n d a r dd e v i a t i o n( , m e a s u r e
'of c e n t r a l t e n d e n c y o r ,
1.
i n the
c a s e of s e d i m e n t s ,s o r t i n g )
q u a r t i ldee v i a t i o n
=
($75
-
; f o c u s e s on
625)
2
central half of the distribution'.
=
y r a p h i cs t a n d a r dd e v i a t i o n
(484-016)
2
broader portion of the distribution.
inclusiv'e graphic deviation
; covers
=
(084-416)
4
coversextremes'ofthedistribution;
~
+ -,,(1$195-65);
6.6
b e s t measure o f s o r t i n g :
lnclusive Graphic Devia'kion
.
.
.
0.350 = v e r y w e l l s o r t e d
0.35-0.'500
= w e l l sorted
0,50-0.710
= m o d e r a t e l y well s o r t e d
0.71-1.000
= moderately sorted
1.'00-2.'000
= poorly sorted
2.00-4.000
= very poorly sorted
4 . 0 0 0 = extremely poorly sorted
Skewness(measure
presenceof
of
symmetry of g r a i n - s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n o r
excess f i n e o r c o a r s e m a t e r i a l )
22
best measure of symmetry (excess fines or coarse materials):
+1.0 to
+
023 = strongly fine skewed
+0.3
0.1 = fine skewed (excess fines)
-0.1 to
+
-
to
-
to
+0.1 to
-0.3
0.1
=
nearly symmetrical
0.3
-
coarse skewed (excess coarse)
1.0 = strongly coarse skewed
Kurtosis (measure of peakedness of grain-size distribution).
graphic kurtosis
=
$95-6.5
2.44 (@75-$25)
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62
Appendix B
Trilinear Plot of Dissolved
Solids
63
EXPLANATION
The total dissolved solids contents the-.water
of
samples
were
plotted
on
a
trilinear
diagram
to
permit
their
comparison
and classification. Trilinear diagrams consist of3 parts:
2
triangular fields and a diamond-shaped field. The triangular
fields depict the distribution of cations and anions separately,
whereas, the diamond-shaped field shows the combined chemistry
of the water. Each sample is thus represented 3by
points on the
trilinear diagram, 1 in each of the 3 parts. Points in the cation
and anion fields are located
on the basis of percentage of
specific ions. Points on the diamond field are located
at the
intersection of lines projected, parallel to percentage boundaries,
from the cation and anion triangles (see points plotted for
"PI'
in
In
.
accompanying
making
diagram)
trilinear
plots,
the
concentrations
of
dissolved
solids are converted from parts per million values (as used in Ta
4) to a value which better reflects the true chemical character
of the water,equivalents per million(eprn). The epm value is
obtained as follows:
ppm
epm =
equivalent
equivalent wt. =
The
conversion
of
The
accompanying
of
ion
and
weighto,f iqn
atomic weight of ion
chemical valence of ion
ppm
to
epm
table
is
a
in
Xerox
this
study
reduction
was
of
done
the
by
printout
giving epm values and computed percentages for each ion. The
0
trilinear
diagram
given
here
was prepared
from
these
computer.
data.
sheet
64
Waters
from
different
aquifers
may
plot
in
distinctly
different portions of the trilinear diagram. The waters
involved in this study, however, all come crom essentially
the same (single) aquifer and thus plot in about the same
region on each
Ground
part
waters
of
the
diagram.
may
be
classified
on
the
basis
constituents.
T o facilitate this, the cation and anion
triangles
the
in
trilinear
diagram
are
subdivided
of
into
dissolved
'smaller
fields, corresponding to dominant ions in the water. These
(see small
subdivisions are used in classifying the water
triangles at sides
of the diagram); a water is assigned a name
from
first
triangle.
fill
the
cation
triangle
and
then
another
from
The waters in the vicinity
of the Socorro land
wouldbe classified
bicarbonate
waters.
as calcium-sodium-magnesium-sulfate-
the
anion
.
.
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41.325
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4
3.117
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34.033
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5
6
7
9
10
l.l3h
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56.3h9
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I .?'.S
1.177
55.140
!.?la
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3.1Jh
62.745
11.516
7.1'15
5.>17
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15.377
3.421
9.561
11
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13
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14
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m
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66
NewMexicoBureau
o f Mines and Mineral Resources
Water Q u a l i t y D i a g i a m
Trilinear plot of dissolved solids encountered
in ground waters of Socorro landfill study area